Iran

Uranium centrifuges have triggered war between Israel and Iran. Without them it is impossible to have the atomic bomb

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Uranium centrifugers monopolize a good part of global attention since it began The last episode of the conflict between Israel and Iran on June 13. The government led by Benjamín Netanyahu has set as a fundamental objective dismantle the Iranian nuclear program that presumably seeks to develop the necessary technology to Manufacture atomic bombs. And to achieve it Israel and the US have bombarded The facilities in which Iran was carrying out the enrichment of uranium, such as the plants of Fordo, Isfahán and Natanz. According to Israel and the US, these Iranian nuclear facilities housed several hundred uranium centrifugers. It can even that several thousand of these machines. Its role in the nuclear program not only of Iran, but in that of any country with the ability to manufacture nuclear weapons, is to enrich 90%uranium. Otherwise it is not possible to use it to produce atomic fission pumps o Thermonuclear devices that combine fission and nuclear fusion. However, in these last pumps uranium is only used in the fission stage, which acts as a detonator of the nuclear fusion. In this last reaction two isotopes of hydrogen intervene: the deuterium and the tritium. Uranium-235 is the true protagonist of this story To precisely understand what is the purpose of uranium centrifuges it is necessary that we previously investigate in two isotopes of this chemical element Metallic, heavy and radioactive. Uranium is present in nature in very low concentrations, normally in rocks, land and water. Hence, its obtaining is expensive and its complex treatment, since it requires chemical processes capable of separating it from the other elements and impurities with which it usually lives. It has 92 protons and many other electrons orbiting around the nucleus, and the latter incorporates, in addition to the protons, between 142 and 146 neutrons. It is important that we remember that the nucleus of an atom is usually constituted by a certain number of protons and neutrons (although not always: the protio, the isotope of the most abundant hydrogen, has a single proton and no neutron in its nucleus), as well as by some electrons that orbit around it. The fact that the number of neutrons of the uranium nucleus may varyas we have just seen, it indicates that there are several isotopes of this chemical element, which are nothing other than atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but different number of neutrons. In fission reactors and nuclear weapons it is used as uranium-235 fuel The reason why in the fission reactors and nuclear weapons is used as an uranium-235 fuel, and not another isotope of this element or any other chemical element, it consists that by bombarding its nucleus with a neutron (a process that is known as induced fission) the uranium-235 is transformed into uranium-236, which is a more unstable element. This simply means that Uranium-236 cannot remain long in its current state, so it is divided into two nuclei, one from Bario-144 and another of Crypton-89, and also emits two or three neutrons. And here comes the really interesting: the sum of the masses of the Bario-144 and Crypton-89 nuclei is slightly lower than the Uranium-236 nucleus from which they come (“disappears” around 0.1% of the original mass). Where has the mass we lack? Only one can be left: has been transformed into energy. Formula e = m c²probably the most popular in the history of physics, relates mass and energy, and what it says is simply that a certain amount of mass equals a specific amount of energy, even if the dough is at rest. In fact, the equivalence between mass and energy, proposed by Albert Einstein In 1905, he tells us something more important. The C of the formula represents the speed of light in a vacuum, which, as we all intuit, is a very large number (299,792,458 m/s). In addition, it is squared, which means that even a very, very small mass, such as the portion of the nucleus of an atom, although it is at rest contains a large amount of energy. This is what we know as resting energy. If the mass is in motion its total energy is greater than its resting energy. And, if we observe the equivalence between mass and energy, it is easy to realize that the mass of a body in motion too is greater than its resting massa phenomenon that It introduces us fully into relativistic physics. In any case, the energy we obtain by merging or fissting atomic nuclei comes from the force that keeps them together: Strong nuclear interaction. Understanding with some precision the relationship between mass and energy is important because it helps us understand how it is possible that a mass as small as that of an atom allows us to obtain such a large amount of energy. In any case, the nuclear fission process does not end here. And it is that each of the neutrons that we have obtained as a result of the disintegration of the Uranium-236 nucleus in the Bario-144 and Crypton-89 nuclei can interact with other physically nuclei, causing a chain reaction. However, not all neutrons emitted during the disintegration of the Uranium-236 nucleus will interact with a physirable nucleus. But they don’t need to do it all. It is enough that only one of those neutrons achieves it to obtain a stable number of fissures, and, therefore, a controlled reaction, which is the objective of the reactors of the nuclear power plants. Centrifugators serve to increase uranium-235 concentration The most abundant uranium isotope in nature is uranium-238. In fact, it represents approximately 99.3% of the total uranium. The problem is that this isotope is not physically. The uranium enrichment process seeks to increase the proportion of uranium-235, which, as we have seen, is physically, within the total mass of uranium. However, this last isotope is very scarce in nature. So much that only represents 0.7% of natural uranium. The nuclear reactors of the power plants require … Read more

The US attack on Iran was a forceful message to the development of nuclear weapons. Less for North Korea

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It is very possible that a nation has been stuck to television by observing everything that happened in Iran. About 20 years ago, North Korea began Send engineers Specialized in the excavation of deep tunnels to Tehran. Two decades later, what was learned was tested through the greater furtive attack of the United States against Iranian underground nuclear facilities. A nuclear lesson. They had several analysts In the CNN than the recent ones United States bombings by deployment of b-2 bombersThey have caused an immediate shock not only in the Middle East, but also in Eastern Asia. For experts, this act of force launches a clear (and dangerous) message to North Korea: without nuclear weapons, You are vulnerable. For Kim Jong Un, which has been reinforcing for years Your atomic program As the Central Survival Pilar of the regime, the US attack confirms a long sustained narrative: nuclear deterrence is the only reliable shield against a regime change from the outside. Thus, far from determining proliferation, military action against Iran could accelerate Pyongyang’s arms expansion, in addition to strengthening its Strategic Alliance With Russia, which has become A military lifeguardtechnological and vital economy For the North Korean regime since the beginning of the war in Ukraine. The Moscow-Pyongyang axis. We have gone counting. Since 2024, North Korea and Russia have Institutionalized your cooperation in a strategic agreement of broad scope. According to A report of the multilateral sanctions monitoring team, Pyongyang has sent More than 14,000 soldiers and millions of ammunition, including missiles and rockets, to support the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In return, has received Air defense systems, anti -aircraft missiles, electronic warfters, critical military technology and refined fuel. Plus: the ability to Build Shaheds. This exchange not only finances the North Korean military program, but allows you to access to advanced technologiesdirect experience in modern war and an alternative source of resources to Western sanctions. In the eyes of the North Korean regime, the pact is not only pragmatic but necessary in the face of international isolation, and the attack on Iran makes it even more indispensable. Examples feeding the paranoia. From that perspective, the strategic message could not be clearer to Kim: countries that do not have nuclear weapons are exposed to American intervention. Iraq was invaded without having weapons of mass destruction. Libya left his nuclear program in exchange for diplomatic normalization, just to see Gaddafi overthrown years later. Iran signed the nuclear agreement and maintained its enrichment below the arms threshold, According to the OIEAbut it was still attacked. Two certainties. In contrast, North Korea has already done Six nuclear testshe owns between 40 and 50 active heads and has developed ballistic missiles Intercontinental capable of reaching the United States. Its arsenal, which includes multiple launch vectors, makes Pyongyang an actor with real deterrence and radically differentiates it from Iran. For Victor Cha, from CSIS, American bombings to Iran reinforce in Kim two certainties: The United States does not have a viable military option against the North Korean nuclear program, and its decision to maintain and expand its nuclear arsenal was correct. First nuclear submarine of North Korea Tripartite deterrence. In addition, there is a difference against Iran: North Korea has a Triple Defense System that complicates any American military option. First, its own nuclear arsenal, second, the defensive alliance with Russia, which allows Moscow to intervene automatically in case of attack, and third, the legal and political need of Prior consultation With South Korea, required by the bilateral treaty with Washington, which converts any action into a regional and diplomatic high voltage issue. In this regard, Professor Lim Eul-Chul warnedfrom the Kyungam University, which attacking North Korea could detonate a Total nuclear wargiven your ability to respond. “It’s not Iran,” LEIF-AMER EASLEY emphasizesby Ewha Womans University. Pyongyang can Attack directly To the United States and, in addition, Seoul is shot from most of its weapons systems. Deterrence when rearma. The foreseeable consequence of the attack on Iran is a hardening of the North Korean position. The regime could Accelerate your tests Ballistics, advance in new eyes, experiment with long -range propulsion and expand your attack vectors. I would also do it under the mantle Russia protector and in open indifference to the resolutions of the UN Security Council, whose coercive effects have been reduced to a diplomatic formality. In strategic terms, North Korea’s reaction will probably not be defensive but expansive: Technological cooperation with Moscow, joint military exercises, transfer of ballistic knowledge and new forms of economic and military interdependence. The TNP. They remembered In The Conversation That the non -proliferation treaty, adopted in 1968, was a commitment between the five recognized nuclear powers (United States, Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom and China) to not transfer nuclear weapons and commit, at least formally, to disarmament. In return, other countries promised not to develop atomic weapons. The treaty, then reinforced with the additional protocol of the OIEA, endowed the nuclear inspection agency for broad powers for Verify peaceful use of atomic energy. It was the Oiea who first warned in 2003 about the suspicious enrichment of Uranium in Iran. And it was also this organization that, weeks before the recent bombings, denounced the Iranian breach for the first time in twenty years. A fragile pact. However, effectiveness of the TNP It has been undermined for decades. The nuclear powers never fulfilled their disarmament commitments. In the case of North Korea, He withdrew from the treaty In 2003, he performed his first nuclear test in 2006 and today could possess up to 50 eyelets. Israel, meanwhile, never formally joined, and maintains a unpacked arsenal. India, Pakistan and North Korea have stayed out or have been disconnected. In other words, the covenant has weakened by its own architecture that, although universal, is structurally vulnerable. Iran and North Korea. To all this, the professor of economics underlined Anthony Burke that Iran now has Two roads. The first would be to reconstruct its uranium enrichment capacity and acquire … Read more

Iran, Ivanka Trump and Venice’s threats

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One day from the beginning of the controversy Jeff Bezos wedding in Venicethe pearl of the Mediterranean has been filled with luxury yachts, celebrities, curious and activists with intention to manifest your discontent With the inconvenience that such a private event is causing in the city. The wedding, which in principle was planned to take place between June 24 and 26, finally He postponed To celebrate for three days between June 26 and 28. That was not going to be the only change on the agenda. The protests and threats Run by different groups of activists to boycott the acts, it has forced the place where the link for security reasons will be held. Iran, Trump and a complex wedding One of the star events that was going to be held on the occasion of the millionaire link with Lauren Sánchez was going to take place on Saturday at the Scuola Grande Di Misericordia, located near the Grand Canal. However, for security reasonsthe organization has considered adequate Transfer it Al Arsenale de Venice, a medieval complex of the Venetian Republic that has already housed great events on the occasion of the Biennale. Its location is made a safer and easy to control enclave since it is located at the east end of the city. The presence of important entrepreneurs, millionaires and relevant personalities, including Ivanka Trump, daughter of the president of the United States, have extreme security for fear of a terrorist attack In response to the recent US bombing to the plants in nuclear enrichment of Iran. “We have raised the alert levels for the international situation,” said Darco Pellos, prefect of the city. Arsenale walled door Bezos, Go Home The change of location also responds to the pressure that activist groups They have been carrying out for a few weeks, with protests and banners in which it was criticized that Venice has become the wedding set for the millionaire. Among the threats of these groups of activists, to which It has joined Greenpeace, was boycoting the accesses to events Blocking the channels With inflatable boats, vessels and even throwing themselves into the water in the face of boats with guests if necessary. Carry out these threats In Arsenale it will be more complicated because it is a place with access to open water. According The published by Reutersthe change of location has already been considered as a success for this protest movement. “The news that Bezos has fled from mercy is a great victory for us,” said Tommaso Cacciari, leader of the platform “There is no space for Bezos” According to published Swissinfoin an attempt to congratulate the city, the founder of Amazon would have asked in his invitation to the ceremony that the guests do not give them gifts on the occasion of their link, suggesting them to make donations to the city in return. The tycoon would have chosen three local organizations to channel those donations: UNESCO in Venice, dedicated to protecting the heritage of the city; the Corila association, which investigates the preservation of the Venetian lagoon; and Venice International University, which investigates sustainable solutions for lake conservation in the area. An airport full of Vips Venice Airport has become a hotbed of private jets that brought the more than 200 guests to the link, among which are Oprah Winfrey, Eva Longoria, Leonardo DiCaprio, Shakira, Robert Pattinson, Karlie Kloss, Mick Jagger, Elton John, Bill Gates and a good part of the Kardashian clan. Lady Gaga has also reached the city, and her role is expected to be double, since she will attend the ceremony as a guest, but also will give a private concert For link attendees, agree To what is published by Euronews. According to published The Italian The repubblicaBezos and Sánchez would also have already landed in Venice, although in their case they did it by helicopter taking off from Your support yacht Abeona from Koruafter enjoying a journey along the coast of Croatia. The couple was seen in a boat in the Embarcadero of the Aman hotel, one of the most luxurious hotels in the city. The change of location has not been the only security measure adopted at the last minute. Some of the megayates that They planned to tie up In the city they have decided to stay away. The two most representative are Abeona and Koru, owned by Jeff Bezos, who will remain on the coast of Croatia. However, some guest yachts have tied in Venice. They have been seen he KISMETowned by Shahid Khan and the Arience, Jeff Bezos’ Investor and Personal Friend, Bill Miller. In Xataka | Jeff Bezos is not going to marry, it merges: a armored prenuptial agreement to avoid the second most expensive divorce in history Image | Wikimedia Commons (Sergey Ashmarin, Didier Descuens), Flickr (IAFASTRO)

This is the plane that USA used in Iran

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He B-2 Spirit It has been used again in a conflict scenario, this time within the framework of an American operation against nuclear facilities in Iran. It does not usually transcend information about its deployment, but this mission has been publicly confirmed. What has come to light allows us to better understand how a bomber is operated that, by design, is designed not to leave their mark. The mission, baptized as Operation Midnight Hammerwas executed under direct orders of the US president. The objective: attack three Iranian nuclear infrastructure in a coordinated, fast and with the lowest possible margin. As explained General Dan Caine at a press conference, the main deployment was made up of seven B-2 bombers, which took off from the American continent and flew for more than 18 hours until reaching their goal (about 37 hours in total). Official Pentagon Diagram showing the B-2 route in the midnight hammer operation against Iran During that journey, the airplanes made multiple reposses in flight, presumably using airplanes KC-135 Stratotankerwith the support of units that coordinated the operation in several domains: terrestrial, aerial, spatial and cybernetic. The logistics complexity was such that Some bombers were diverted to the Pacific as lurein a deception effort that only knew a handful of military controls. Go out without being seen The main formation crossed the Iranian airspace in complete radio silence, escorted by fourth and fifth generation fighters They cleared the corridor at high speed. The maneuver was backed by different commands – including the US Strategic Command and the Space Command– And it was timed to the second. According to the Pentagon, no enemy shots were recorded during the approach. Once on the ground, the B-2 attacked Fordow and Natanz, two of the most sensitive enclaves of the Iranian nuclear program. Minutes before, an American submarine had launched more than two dozen Tomahawk missiles to neutralize other defenses and surface structures. Now, piloting a B-2 in a mission of this type requires more than skill. Require Aguante. They are only two crew on board, in a cabin that – although broader than that of other bombers – is not intended for comfort. They carry suits, helmets, oxygen masks and sit in ejectable seats that have been described as “Notably uncomfortable” for those who have flown in them. The rest moments are contemplated: there are times when one can pilot, and the other sleep. As explained to Newsweek Naveed Jamali, a journalist and veteran who witnessed one of the training, the pilots must complete simulations of up to 24 hours to be authorized to participate. The plane has toilet, but not with a full bathroom. Four key reasons During his visit to Whiteman Air Force Base, the same journalist interviewed one of those responsible for the unit. He asked what B-2 was unique. The answer was clear: “scope, payload, precision and stealth”That combination, he said, does not offer any other plane in the world. And it is precisely what makes it a critical tool in this type of operations. Scope, payload, precision and stealth: are the four qualities that make B-2 a practically unmatched bomber. B-2 can travel more than 9,600 kilometers without reposting. It can transport up to 20 tons of armament – conventional or nuclear – and is designed to make even the most advanced anti -aircraft systems. It has no direct rivals. And there are only 20 active units. Image of B-2 while supplying fuel in full flight It should be noted that the B-2 is also one of the most expensive to operate. Each unit exceeded the 900 million dollars in 1997 (about 1.8 billion dollars in 2025), Considering only the acquisition cost with spare parts and support. If the total expenditure of the program – development, maintenance, training and facilities – the figure was included, the figure amounted to about $ 2,130 million per aircraft in the late 1990s, According to the US government responsibility office (GAO). The origins of the project date back to late 1970s. Initially 132 units were planned. After the end of the cold war and the dissolution of the USSR, that number was cut. In 1992, President George HW Bush limited production to 20 operational units. Years later, the Clinton administration approved to convert an additional prototype – the number 21 – into fully functional aircraft. The B-2, on stage after the incident recorded in Guam in 2008 Today, however, only 20 active units remain. One was lost in an accident in 2008, shortly after taking off the Andersen base, in Guam. The incident was due to a Anomaly in pressure sensorsaccording to A report of Air Force Safety Center. It was the first accident of a B-2 and its loss was never replaced. The B-2 also has another quality that makes it unique: its ability to transport the Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP), one of the most powerful bombs ever built. Weigh more than 13,000 kilos and is designed to pierce the surface before detonating. Image from below the B-2: its winging design is no accident In this operation, that capacity was key. The Secretary of Defense, Pete Hegseth, confirmed that it was the First time the MOP was used In a real scenarioand that his role was essential to impact facilities deeply buried as Fordow. Although we will have to wait to know the real damage of the operation. More than 25 years have passed since its entry into service, but the B-2 is still a tool without a rival. Not only for its destructive capacity, but for what it represents: an plane that can cross half planet, dodge defenses and execute a surgical attack without a trace. Images | Northrop Grumman | Dod Rapid Response | US Ministry of Defense | US Air Force (1, 2, 3, 4) In Xataka | The key between a nuclear and latent nuclear program is the destination of the enriched uranium. And that is a problem for the US

Not even the greatest US attack has achieved its goal in Iran. Nobody knows where is the great unknown of 400 kg

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After the first hours, and with them the Trump statements That the Iranian nuclear program had been “complete and totally annihilated”, senior US officials have recognized that, in reality, they do not know where the most sensitive Iranian element is, an unknown of 400 kilograms of reserve. A latent bomb. After the overwhelming offensive American Aeria on the main Nuclear facilities From Iran (Fordow, Natanz and Isfahán), the attention of intelligence agencies does not focus solely on craters, but on an invisible but crucial element: the, a priori, just over 400 kg of enriched uranium at 60%, very close to the military threshold, whose whereabouts remains uncertain. As we said, despite the Trump’s proclamations On Iranian nuclear capabilities, experts and officials recognize that the true unknown is whether the material was destroyed, transferred (they have had plenty of time since the conflict broke out) or disseminated in clandestine facilities. The difference between a neutralized nuclear and latent program It depends on the destination of that vital stock. The Shadow of Fordow. He counted In the Financial Times The former American official Richard Nephew, that the destruction of the visible facilities It might not have affected the most sensitive material, stored in dust Inside metal cylinders in deeply excavated tunnels. Fordowbeing hidden under a mountain, would have offered limited but not zero protection. However, there is a growing suspicion that they will move their uranium Before bombingwhich would represent an early strategic play. An informant of the Iranian regime declared that it would have been “very naive” to leave uranium in the attacked sites, and assured that the material It is still intact. Moreover, figures such as the director of the OIEA, Rafael Grossi, They take for granted After reviewing satellite images and logistic movements records near underground tunnels in Fordow, which Iran could have evacuated uranium days before of attacks. Silent withdrawal. Explained The New York Times that those evidence suggest that they will go displaced part of the uranium From Isfahán, its main storage center, towards still unknown sites. Although the centrifuging (key pieces of the enrichment process) could not be evacuated due to their size and complexity, the stored fuel would have been mobile enough as to be extracted in discrete vehicles. Satellite images showed At least 16 trucks Near the accesses to Fordow days before the attack, which reinforces the theory of a preventive evacuation. Natanz’s installation, on the other hand, It was devastated by Israel, which disabled the superficial enrichment center and caused a blackout that probably destroyed the centrifugators. However, Iran had already begun the construction of a deeper underground installation to the south of the city, although it ensures that it still It is not operational. Between deterrence and clandestine activity. Although Iran insists that his program It has civil endsthe partial destruction of its infrastructure and the selective murder of at least eleven nuclear scientists have fed voices within the regime they suggest Check the doctrine nuclear. International analysts fear that the coup catalogs a turn towards hidingwith the installation of new advanced centrifugers and the restart of activities in unstalled facilities. To the big question about those 408 kg of 60%uranium, Iran could in a matter of days refine it until reaching the necessary purity For nuclear weapons (90%) if you have the necessary technical team, although the miniaturization and assembly process would still take months or even a year. Precedents The cases of India, Pakistan and North Korea show that, even under international surveillance, it is possible to build a hidden nuclear capacity. Sima Shine, Mossad’s intelligence formerist, He affirmed in FT Being convinced that Iran has already relocated both their enriched uranium and part of their technical infrastructure, which would allow a quick reload if the political decision is made. In other words: despite the military coup, political will, scientific knowledge and industrial experience remain intact. Collapse of international control. We have counted before. The inspections of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are They have suspended Due to Israeli attacks, which has left a critical void in the verification of the Iranian program. Even before the offensive, Iranian cooperation with the agency had drastically decreasedand Tehran had already secretly built a third unstalled enrichment installation. Israel managed to damage Natanz and Isfahán, but acknowledged that he had no capacity to destroy Fordow without the help of the United States, which contributed His antibunker artillery more powerful inside its B-2. The big doubt. Thus, nobody knows exactly if we are facing an end point or A phase change. The emerging consensus between analysts is that the Iranian nuclear program has not been destroyed, but Your known form. If you survive, It will be transformed: either in a clandestine program aimed at obtaining weapons, or (in case of successful negotiations) in a purely civil version, devoid of the complete fuel cycle. Advisor Ali Shamkhani summed up with coldness: “Although the facilities are destroyed, the game is not over.” The capacities, material and determination are still there. Hence, the real outcome may not depend on visible craters, but on the dust stored in Some hidden place of the Iranian subsoil. And until you know where that uranium is, the “unknown” has only become more difficult to track. Image | Maxar In Xataka | For 125 airplanes and 14 bombs to reach Iran, the US used one of the oldest tactics of war: perfidy In Xataka | Russia recalled a threat that appears in the war between Iran and Israel: the possibility of a nuclear disaster

In order for 125 airplanes and 14 bombs to arrive in Iran, the US used one of the oldest tactics of war: perfidy

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The baptized as Hammer operationhe greater furtive attack From the United States against several of Iran’s critical facilities, it was based on a highly sophisticated tactical architecture, one where, above any other trick, the key was the total surprise. To do this, the United States began with one of the most tactics old and effective of war. It all started 48 hours before the offensive, when Trump It gave two weeks To “avoid” the attack. Perfidy. Those two weeks They never existed in the head of the United States, and Israel knew and few more actors. In fact, most European allies were trying to Find a dialogue A few hours before knowing the operation that was underway. From the diplomatic and ethical point of view, Washington was carrying out a form of political perfidysince Iran was participating in conversations that the United States used for the secret offensive. The maneuver also followed a strategy of classical military deception, a series of lures and public messages that, as we will see, avoided any suspicion while secretly prepared one of the most brutal offensives that are remembered in the history of modern wars. The hammer operation. The aerial offensive launched by the United States against the main nuclear sites of Iran represents not only the greatest operational use in the history of the BB-2 Spirit bomberbut also a unprecedented sample of tactical coordination, strategic deception and technological capacity accumulated throughout years of preparation. The attack included use for the first time in combat of the GBU-57/B antibunker pump Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP), of 13,600 kilograms, specifically designed to destroy deeply buried and protected facilities Like Fordow. In total, 14 of these bombs were thrown on Fordow and Natanz, while more than two dozen Tomahawk cruise missiles They hit In Isfahánthrown from a submarine Ohio class nuclear positioned in the area of ​​operations of the US central command. The art of deception. It all started on Saturday morning, when flight observers They detected several bombers furtive B-2 Spirit taking off from the Whiteman Air Base, in Misuri, and heading Towards the Pacificwhich seemed to indicate a display towards Guam or missions related to Asia. However, this movement was a decoy: the true bombers in charge of the attack departed shortly after In the opposite directioneast, in mode completely stealthycrossing huge distances without being detected until you reach the Iranian airspace. Fordow after air attacks, seen in a satellite view of the underground complex, on June 22, 2025 The surprise. As we said, the key to operational success was the Deliberate deception: both the visible deployment towards the Pacific and Trump’s statements in the previous days, where he claimed that he would take up to two weeks to evaluate a possible intervention, created the false perception that there was still diplomatic margin. In fact, on Saturday morning, senior officials indicated that it had not been issued No order of attack, reinforcing that illusion. Then, on the afternoon of that same day, from his private club in New Jersey, Trump gave the final order. According to A senior official From the administration, the objective was precisely “to create a situation in which no one would expect.” A graph with details about the hammer operation that the Pentagon published in the last informative session The B2. The main actors were those seven bombers that left in stealth to the east from Misuri. Throughout a 18 -hour flight, with multiple repayings in the air, a profile of minimum communication. Synchronization with escorts, fourth and fifth generation fighters, intelligence aircraft, electronic warfare and air replacement It was millimeter: The fighters released preventive fire to neutralize Iranian air defense threats before the bombers cross the enemy airspace, without detecting hostile activity. The full air package exceeded 125 aircraftincluding platforms such as F-35, F-22, EA-18G Growler and possibly not revealed active. A view of the Iranian nuclear installation in Isfahán on June 22, 2025, after the attacks of the hammer operation Objectives achieved. Between 6:40 and 7:05 pm Washington time (2:10 to 2:35 am in Iran), all nuclear objectives FThey were shocked. The bombings on Fordow, Natanz and Isfahán used 75 precision weapons guided and achieved what the Pentagon described as “severe destruction” of infrastructure. The first satellite images Disseminated by Maxar Technologies showed craters of more than five meters, layers of bluish ash and tunnel entries blocked by landslides. Although Iran did not fire a single antialea defense or deployed fighters, the blow was deep and difficult to reverse in the short term, particularly in Fordow, buried under a mountain and considered so far impenetrable. Hidden cooperation. As we indicated, if someone knew what the United States had in hand, It was Israel. Before the attack, the United States shared with Israel a Systems list of air defense that wanted to neutralize, and the previous Israeli campaign facilitated the opening of the air corridor for the B-2. Coordination included the shared use of intelligence and operational synchronization (in that sense, The F-35 Israeliswith their ability to collect data, they played a key role in the collection of information on Iranian defenses). During the previous weeks, they were made Large -scale exercises that simulated similar missions, and They invested years in the development of technical capacities to integrate armament, sensors, furtive platforms and unified command in a single operating flow. Operation closed? It is one of the great unknowns. Despite the magnitude of the attack, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth emphasized that the operation does not mark the start of an open campaign, but A punctual action With a clear objective: neutralize Iranian nuclear capacity. Even so, he acknowledged that US forces remain on maximum alert to possible reprisals. In His words“This was not an attempt to change regime; it was a precise operation to defend our national interests and those of our allies.” For now, Iran has limited its responses to new attacks on Israel, but senior Iranian officials already They have declared your right to respond directly against … Read more

The US has started evaluating the risks that runs if you attack Iran. What worries you most is a fearsome bomb: yours

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While the United States, in Trump’s figure, leafless the Margarita on a possible intervention American military against Iran, several scenarios open, all uncertain, and a technical, strategic and symbolic obstacle: the difficulty of destroying The ForDow Uranium Enrichment Center, a underground installation excavated deep in a mountain. In fact and, as we will see, Washington’s main concern at this time is a bomb … yours. Weigh the risks. He Financial Times and the Washington Post have published two reports on that moment of Impasse that is lived in the administration. While Trump holds intense meetings in the White House crisis room to decide if the United States joins the Israeli offensive against Iran, US intelligence and defense services draw an exhaustive map of possible reprisals that Tehran could trigger. Among the explicit warnings of the Iranian supreme leader, Ali Jamenei (who has threatened to cause “irreparable damage” if Washington intervenes), and the strategic memory of previous cycles Of climbing, the White House faces a decision that could mark the turning point In the conflict. Iranian response options cover A broad spectrum: Direct attacks against American troops or embassies in the Middle East, cybernetic sabotages, terrorist attacks, undercover actions through allied militias such as Hezbollah or hutis, and, perhaps the most serious from the economic point of view, the Ormuz Strait closurewhere a third of the world’s maritime oil travels. The dilemma of deterrence. The United States currently maintains some 40,000 military troops deployed in the region, with eight permanent bases in countries such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Catar and Arab Emirates, in addition to operational presence in other eleven key enclaves, including Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Oman. The Udeid Air Base in Catar, headquarters of the American central command, houses 10,000 soldiersand other facilities such as the Bahrain Naval Base or the infrastructure in Kuwait house tens of thousands more. Although all have aerial defenses, their geographical proximity with Iran makes them Vulnerable objectives Before a ballistic or cruise missile attack, drones or even irregular command incursions. Iran has a significant arsenal of unmanned projectiles and aerial vehicles, many of them of their own manufacture or adaptations of Russian and North Korean models, and although their response would not be immediate, the internal debate in Tehran about when and how to answer It could be intensified If Washington actively participates in the campaign. The threat of the Strait. He Ormuz narrowneuralgic point of global hydrocarbons trade, represents a Strategic risk first order. Iran has demonstrated in the past (as in 2019when it managed to temporarily paralyze 50% of Saudi production through a combined missile and drone attack) that can seriously affect the world energy market. If you choose to undermine the strait, use fast boats, submarines or coastal batteries to block the passage, the impact on oil prices It would be immediate and global. It happens that they will also It depends on the Strait For its own crude oil exports, which introduces a structural contradiction: damage ormuz would harm both their enemies and itself. Even so, like They point out analysts From the pentagon, deterrence based on mutual vulnerability does not guarantee containment if the survival of the regime is at stake. The precedent of hutis in the red seawhich have managed to interrupt maritime traffic despite weeks of US bombings, demonstrates the effectiveness of sustained asymmetric tactics even under constant military pressure. The mystery of a bomb. And here we reach the main theme from the perspective of the possible attack of the United States. In the heart of deliberations about this possible military intervention against Iran is the difficulty of destroying the center of Uranium enrichment of Fordow, that underground installation excavated deep in a mountain. He counted exclusive The Guardian that Trump has already been informed that the use of the GBU-57 pump could, in theory, Inspore fordow During a limited period of time, but according to sources close to the conversations, the president is not convinced of his effectiveness and has conditioned any authorization to attack the guarantee that the objective can be eliminated definitively. B-52 launching a MOP during the tests, 2009 Reasonable doubt. Doubts feed not only for the tactical complexity of the operation, but also of the evaluation of the Department of Defense: several experts They have warned Not even a GBU-57 pump battery would be enough to completely destroy Fordow, and that only A tactical nuclear weapon I could achieve it with certainty. In this regard, the British newspaper stressed that the option, however, has not been considered Formally and was ruled out in the meetings held between Trump, Defense Secretary Pete Hegesh and the head of the Joint Chiefs, General Dan Caine. GBU-57 limitations. It We count this week. It is a 13.6 tons pump capable of penetrate underground structures reinforced, the same one that has been the center of multiple debates in the Pentagon since the beginning of Trump’s mandate. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DRA), responsible for testing and analyzing this kind of weapons, has pointed out that Fordow, about 80 meters underground, is beyond the operational reach of this ammunition without a PREVIOUS PREPARATION OPERATION that includes the destruction of aerial defenses, elimination of GPS interference and a possible saturation attack with conventional weapons to weaken the land. Even so, even under optimal conditions, the impact of a GBU-57 pump It could be limited to collapsing tunnels, sealing accesses and burying machinery under debris, but not to completely dismantle Iran’s nuclear capacity. The bomb, in addition, has never been used Under real conditions against an installation such as Fordow, which adds technical uncertainty to the already high political risk of initiating an open conflict. Absolute success or deterrence. The Guardian explained That for some high controls, the real problem is not the bomb itself, but the expectation of a “One and Done (unique and decisive attack) that does not conform to operational reality. The retired general Randy Manner, former Draw director, He warned that ForDow could be … Read more

Iran has asked its citizens to uninstall WhatsApp. WhatsApp’s response has been outraged

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He Application blocking during protests or armed conflicts is something that We have seen before. Although it is not a blockade for now, WhatsApp is in the spotlight in Iran. In the middle of Conflict with IsraelIranian state television asked a few days ago to its population that They will erase WhatsApp from their devices. The reason? According to them, the Meta app shares data with Israel. WhatsApp soon responded. Iran’s accusation. They tell it in AP news. Last Tuesday afternoon, on Iranian state television, the population to erase WhatsApp from their mobiles was urged. Iran ensures that the app is collecting user information, including your last locationand sharing it with Israeli intelligence, although without any proof that corroborates it. The WhatsApp response. In a Message posted in your X profileWhatsApp has responded bluntly, crossing this accusation of false information and highlighting that they use end -to -end encryption. This means that the information cannot be read if it is intercepted, it is only convenient when it reaches the recipient. They also emphasize that they do not keep registration of user location. Here the full message: This information is false and we are concerned that it will be used as an excuse to block whatsapp just when they need it most. All your personal messages and calls are encrypted from end to end, so we cannot see them. We do not track your exact location. We do not keep records of personal messages that are sent to each other. We do not provide massive information to any government. Can a government ask WhatsApp information? In a response to the WhatsApp publication in X, a user questioned if “we did not provide massive information to any government” meant that they do provide more detailed information. The truth is that there are cases in which yes They can share information before requests from order forcesfor example, given an emergency situation or investigation. In your response to this userWhatsApp insists that the Iran-Israel conflict is not one of these cases. In his Help centerWhatsApp explains how the process works when one of these applications occurs, which always has to meet the legal framework and its privacy policy. Among the data they can share with the authorities is the username, the date on which it started using WhatsApp, date of the last use, IP address, device information, your name, profile photo, contact list or its email. Goal provides details about government requests in its Transparency Centeralthough the data is updated every six months, so the most recent is from December 2024. Iran and WhatsApp have history. The finishing messaging app has already been in the spotlight of the Iranian government. In 2022, during Protests for the death of Masha Amini At the hands of the Iranian police, the government blocked Internet access in some parts of Tehran. Access to Instagram and WhatsApp was also blocked in an attempt to weaken the protests, it was not until late 2024 When they lifted the blockade. On the other hand, a few days ago The Internet connection will restrict throughout the country as a measure to prevent “cyber attacks from the enemy”, although They assured which would be a “temporary, specific and controlled.” Cover image | Pexels (1, 2) In Xataka | Israel is not only attacking Iran with missiles. He also just steal 90 million dollars in cryptocurrencies

Israel is not only attacking Iran with missiles. He also just steal 90 million dollars in cryptocurrencies

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It is not much less cryptocurrency theft more large in historybut those 90 million dollars are especially significant for whom they are involved and why. Those involved They are Israel and Iran. And why, unfortunately, The war that they maintain both nations. Israel hacking to Iran. The war between Israel and Iran is intensified, and does not only New and striking tactics On the battlefield. It also does it through cyber warmen. A group called Gonjeshke Darande, (predatory sparrow, in a translation from the Persian) Hackeo has been attributed of the Iranian market of Cryptodivisas Nobitex. Possible link to Israel. There is no definitive evidence of a direct link between the Government of Israel and this grip hacker, Sophos experts indicate. Rafe Pilling, Director of Intelligence of Threats in that firm, explained that the cyber attack had all the characteristics of an attack supported by a government. 90? Millions of dollars. The Hacker Group has achieved according to The Guardian steal 90 million dollars, although the page of the Wikipedia Persian edition It indicates that the robbery amounted to 3.76 billion rials, about 47 million dollars, although that money may be stolen from one of the two troonscan wallets destination From Gonjeshke Darende they have also threatened to publish both the company’s internea information and the source code of its cryptodivsis purchase platform. The final amount is not entirely clear, and According to Cointegraph It is exceeding 81.7 million dollars. Cold purses, safe. The attack, They support Nobitexhas allowed to steal the cryptocurrencies of the “hot” purses of the platform, used to facilitate daily transactions. He has not affected cold, safer purses. Nubitex blocked access to the platform as soon as they and those responsible say that “all damages will be compensated through the insurance fund.” In a later message They have revealed that the impact of the attack is “more complex than it was initially estimated.” And above, Internet cuts. From Nobitex they explain that their capacity to respond to cyber attack has also been affected by the cuts in the country’s internet infrastructure, “together with limited access to the facilities due to the current national crisis.” They hope to recover and restore their services in the next 4 or 5 days, but in the meantime the platform is still unable to be accessed. A hacking with political motivation.Yehor Rudytsia, security researcher at the Hacken firm, said in Cintelegraph how this cyber attack is more “a political statement than a robbery with economic motivation.” In fact, according to The Guardian the hackers have “burned” those funds storing them in custom addresses (“Vanity Addresses“) that they do not have a known private password or possibility of recovering. For example, a purse such as” 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Transferring cryptocurrencies to this type of addresses is actually destroying them voluntarily by leaving them blocked forever. The hackers have used directions with variations of the term “Jo *** Osterrorists”. Image | Wikipedia | Art Rachen In Xataka | Iran and Israel are starting another war in the background: that of the false images created with AI

There are almost no images of the conflict between Israel and Iran. That is why we are starting to generate them with ia

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At the user level, the popularization of artificial intelligence is leading to everyday uses (of cheat until helping us Organize the day) already debates that affect us all (ecological, labor and Ethics). But its use is also in the hands of governments and, when they conflict, artificial intelligence becomes a valuable weapon of soft war and propaganda on a global scale. He Wask between Iran and Israel He is leaving us a few examples. The images about these lines are not real. They are generated by AI. When the Gulf War in 1991 It was said that it would be the first war that we would see live, and now we are prolonging that same idea but taken to the extreme … and seasoned with manipulation of information through artificial intelligences. Images and videos disseminated in social networks and messaging apps, where we can see live bombings, but where not everything is real. These are images of some assumptions F-35 demolished by the Iranian army, data backed by the news of the country. Israel denied it quickly. And you just have to take a look at the second photo to see that it is false: what absurd size does that hunt have? And the buildings in the lower corner are smaller than people. That did not prevent thousands of people from spreading the images in their accounts, giving them by legitimate. And also videos. The arrival of the potent I see 3 Google has helped generate videos in line with these photos. The Tehran Times, means of Iranian communication, disseminates videos where it is presumed to gigantic missiles that do not exist. How do we know? I have left the seeing water mark in the video. Something similar happened with a supposed bombardment in Tel Avivwhose images are easy to identify as generated by AI. The person responsible for all of them is the account 3AMelyonnwhich is defined as “artificial intelligence resistance”, and whose videos are also spread on Telegram. With the permission of the high positions. These actions are not always a matter of disinformation in networks. Iran’s supreme leader, Sayyid Ali Khamenei, tweet images of Iranian missiles to Israel generated by chatgptand the Israeli defense minister generates Genuine visual garbage (which The Anglo -Saxons call ‘Ai Slop’) of propaganda type of which Facebook and other networks crowd. It is not strange that the leaders of both sides join the iconographic war: it is a way not only to spread harmful propaganda for the other side, but to supply the informative limitations suffered by citizens. Please, only AI. In fact, there is another reason for the dissemination of propaganda through AI to be backed by the respective governments of Iran and Israel: when citizens spread images of killings in the cities, it was feared that with these videos they would give strategic clues to the other side. AI is a way to ensure that no one takes advantage of those videos. According to 404 mediaIsrael requested from its citizens in a statement by social networks: “The enemy examines these documents to improve their objectives. Be responsible, do not share locations on the network.” AI thus becomes a tool to share propaganda that is not strategically sensitive. How to identify artificial intelligence. The companies that create the generative tools are responsible for marking the results that their IASs yield. In addition to easily visible and editable water marks, Google AI includes an invisible, Synthidbut it has a problem set: you have to download the video that may appear, for example, on social networks, and then upload it to the Synthid platform. They are minutes, perhaps lost hours, during which perhaps the false video has reached millions of people. A very valuable time in terms of propaganda. Header | 404Media In Xataka | Welcome to the “mcdonaldization” of AI: we have cheap chatbots for mass, and ultra -premium products for the elite

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