the reason is the laws of physics

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Surely you already know (online advertising is reminding you day in and day out) that with a simple prompt you can generate a video game. The AI ​​does it for you, but what it can’t do is play it. The reason is not that games are difficult in the abstract: it is that the real world obeys the same physical laws everywhere, and video games do not. Do, not play. The paradox is striking: with tools like Cursor either Claudea prompt generates a clone of a functional classic game. ‘Asteroids’, for example. However, that same system would not even surpass the first level of its own creation. Julian Togelius, director of the Game Innovation Lab at New York University and co-founder of the testing company Modl.ai, has been investigating why for months, and has broken it down in an interview. Programming is not a game. Togelius defines programming from a structural point of view: a very well designed game. Each line of code comes with a clear statement, a verifiable success criterion and feedback on possible failures, and the program indicates exactly where and why it failed. LLMs (language models) have been trained with massive amounts of code and fine-tuned using reinforcement learning to solve exactly those types of problems. Programming is, in terms of task structure, an exceptionally “well-behaved” game, as Togelius defines it. That’s why so many people find programming fun. However, video games are another story: the action space is governed by more arbitrary rules, feedback can be immediate or take hours to arrive, spatial reasoning is essential and the margin of error is much smaller. When an AI model is asked to play something, the result documented in the paper that Togelius made is unequivocal: “absolute failure.” With a guide, please. Gemini 2.5 Pro completed ‘Pokémon Blue’ in May 2025, but it took considerably longer than any human player, made repetitive mistakes, and relied on auxiliary software to achieve it. The TIME magazine analyzed Why the best AI systems still struggle with ‘Pokémon’. And that is one of the few titles that manage to finish. They achieve this because these systems have specific APIs to consult strategic guides. That ‘Pokémon’ or ‘Minecraft’ (another title that AIs can navigate) are two of the most documented franchises in the history of video games, with millions of hours of walkthroughs available on the internet, is the key to making it easier for them. The key is in physics. But… why can a language model write an essay on quantum physics and at the same time fail in both ‘Halo’ and ‘Space Invaders’? Togelius’s response is that “those two games are more different from each other, in a sense, than two different academic essays.” Looked at another way: video games are very heterogeneous. Each one invents their own rules, their own space logic, their own reward system. The mechanics of a platform game are absolutely different from those of a ‘Tetris’. Spatial reasoning (where objects are, how they move, how they relate) does not appear in the pre-training data of the language models because it cannot be understood from one game to the next. However, let’s look at a task seemingly more difficult than playing ‘Super Mario’: driving a self-driving car. And AIs do that well. The difference with games is that the real world obeys the same physical laws anywhere on the planet. The asphalt behaves the same in San Francisco as in Shanghai, the traffic lights follow the same principles, the vehicle always responds the same. As Togelius points out, “driving is much more homogeneous than video games as a whole.” Learn to drive and you can do it anywhere on the planet. Learn how to play ‘Doom’ and you will have no idea how to play ‘Age of Empires’. The definitive criterion. That is why Togelius proposes video games as a criterion to determine the success of an AI: it is necessary to gauge whether an agent capable of learning can complete any game in the top 100 on Steam in approximately the same time as a skilled human player, without access to prior documentation or specific integration. To that scale (which does not require winning on the first try, but rather learning at a human pace) there is no system today that comes close. Header | Photo of Erik Mclean in Unsplash In Xataka | AI entered video games as an experiment. Today more than 80% of developers no longer know how to produce without it

We were going to turn trash into clean energy. Now the biogas sector faces its biggest challenge: convincing neighbors

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Spain may be emerging as great power in solar and wind energybut there are other green energies that choke him. The Spanish state is not having a nose for biogas. Or rather: it doesn’t smell good, in the most literal sense of the word. However, the sector has practically gone from zero to one hundred in record time: in just two years there are more than 200 biogas projects on the table in different processing phases. And they bring with them a problem: biogas is the green energy that no one wants close to home. The problem: energy transition vs. social rejection. In the roadmap for Spain’s energy transition (the PNIEC 2030), whose ultimate goal is for the state to achieve emissions neutrality by 2050, biogas has its role. But to make it possible, it is an essential requirement to build and launch plants. And here it collides with a wall of social rejection in the form of citizen platforms, not so much to the technology itself, but to the implementation model. There are no shortage of reasons: from the classic fear of bad smell to the lack of territorial planning, promoter companies that present projects without setting foot on the territory and talking to those who live there, the gigantism of some facilities or the shadow of macro farms as arguments, such as They explain for El País the emeritus professor of Environmental Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia Xavier Flotats and the biologist and researcher at the National Museum of Natural Sciences Fernando Valladares. Why is it important. That biogas appears in Spain’s energy transition strategy implies that, sooner or later, it will materialize; the key now is in the as. It is also a direct path to energy sovereignty that replaces natural gas. Just take a look at the electricity price map in Europe To understand it: countries that depend on imported fossil fuels suffer from price volatility, while those who have opted for their own alternatives They achieve greater independence and stability. But its value goes beyond energy. These plants generate organic fertilizers that replace chemicals derived from petroleum and offer a real solution to waste management. The slurry or agricultural remains will be produced the same, with or without a plant; The difference is that biogas allows them to be turned into a resource instead of leaving them as an environmental problem. Context. A biogas plant is essentially a stomach where bacteria break down organic waste without oxygen, known as anaerobic digestion. From here two products are obtained: a gas rich in methane and a fertilizer. Depending on the gas obtained, the plant is simply biogas or biomethane: biogas is methane combined with carbon dioxide in almost equal parts, so it is a “weak” fuel that is usually burned on site to generate electricity or local heat. However, biomethane plants add a refining step (removing carbon dioxide) to obtain a gas similar to fossil natural gas. In Europe, the biogas sector is a consolidated industry with more than 19,000 plantsof which almost half are in Germany. A picture says a thousand words: this Europe biomethane plants map of Gas Infrastructure Europe shows the density in states like Germany or Denmark compared to the Spanish desert. The ecological dilemma. For engineer Xavier Flotats, the general rejection is a contradiction: “For some activists, it is better that a landfill is emitting methane into the atmosphere than taking the waste to a biogas plant to do something useful with it.” And he goes deeper by explaining that although this outgoing digestate has 95% of the input composition by weight, its composition changes, it is mineralized and converted into fertilizer. Valladares assures that biogas plants are greenwashing in that the process does not make the waste disappear, they only remove 5%. And that “Biogas plants cannot be understood without the macro farms industrial poultry, pigs and cows.” For the biologist at the National Museum of Natural Sciences, the only viable plants are few, small, safe and expensive. Marina Gros, representative of Ecologistas en Acción recognizes that “There are discrepancies within the organization because there is debate, there are different visions.” And in fact, have published a guide to evaluate case by case. The elephant in the room. Beneath the biogas dilemma inevitably lies the controversy of macro farms: In the event of a possible deployment of plants, the reality would be that part of the biogas produced in the state would depend on its slurry. There are those who see this as taking advantage of an already existing problem, but for other people it represents a facelift to a type of industrial livestock farming designed to maximize productivity at a lower cost compared to animal welfare and the environmental balance of the territory. Separate the wheat from the chaff. Faced with this flood of projects, experts agree on the importance of distinguishing sustainable plans from those that are not. Some signs that indicate that a project is reasonable include choosing a location close to the waste it manages and operating on a regional scale, with a plan to use the digestate as a local fertilizer and a design that guarantees total watertightness. On the contrary, there are signs that are authentic red flag: that the plant is far from the waste but close to gas pipelines, the absence of plans for digestate, the reception of waste in open pits, competition with other plants for raw materials or a logic of an industrial macroplant detached from the territory. In Xataka | A strange source of energy is putting Europe’s energy unity at risk: manure In Xataka | The ace up Spain’s sleeve to grow even more in the renewable energy landscape: biomethane Cover | Spencer DeMera and Eli DeFaria

We have found a time capsule in the form of salt in Chile. And now finding life on Mars is closer

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As we continue to explore how to get to Mars with Artemis II As a critical engineering and logistics bridge in the form of a long-term trial of interplanetary travel, science continues to search for traces of life on the red planet. And it is not easy: although 3.37 billion years ago an ocean covered half the planetMars is today a dry planet devastated by radiation. The question is where to look for that life. The answer, as incredible as it may seem, may be more than 3,500 meters high in the north of Chile, in the Salar de Pajonales, a landscape that is also desolate where there is a range of extreme temperatures ranging between -23 °C and 26 °C, one of the highest solar radiation recorded on Earth, there is hardly any precipitation and winds that exceed 100 km/h. And yet, there is life. There a research team has discovered that plaster constitutes the perfect refuge for life. Spoiler: Gypsum is a common mineral both on Earth like on mars. The discovery. According to this research, gypsum is not only a sedimentary rock, but also a biological repository. Thus, this mineral is capable of harboring both current life in the form of microorganisms that live within the crystals and preserving molecular fossils and microscopic structures. A kind of time capsule that protects organic material from degradation for millions of years. Why is it important. The consequence of this finding in space research is direct: if gypsum is a “magnet” for biological preservation in hyperaridity conditions, the scientific community knows that the abundant sulfate deposits on Mars (such as Gale crater) are a magnificent place to continue searching for traces of extraterrestrial life. If there was life on Mars, gypsum is a likely place to house its traces. Context. The Salar de Pajonales seems like a place from another planet: it is in high mountains where ultraviolet radiation is high, there is extreme aridity and thermal fluctuations reminiscent of the conditions on Mars from billions of years ago, when the red planet began to dry out. In this scenario, life has learned to hide from the unfriendly surface in a lifestyle endolithic to survive. Thus, the mineral functions as a solar shield and moisture reserve. How have they done it. To read what the rocks contain, the Tebes-Cayo team has applied a kind of high-precision molecular and mineral archaeology: With habitability and climate analysis with a meteorological station that recorded data every 20 minutes for 40 years monitoring water activity. Using x-rays, petrography and microfluorescence to create thin sections to distinguish minerals and their distribution without destroying the sample. With microscope, isotopes and DNA sequencing to identify the microorganisms, the trapped corpses and to confirm that the carbon found has a biological and not a geological origin. Yesyes, but. We already know that gypsum is the ideal candidate to search for life on Mars, but that is based on a hypothetical premise: that it ever existed. On the other hand, and although the Salar de Pajonales is reminiscent of the Red Planet, the conditions on Mars are even more extreme than in Chile (there is almost no atmosphere and it is even colder), which may have affected the preservation in a different way. And then there is the practical application: it is one thing to detect these biosignatures in the high mountains of Chile and another to use a robot thousands of kilometers away for the same purpose. In Xataka | Europe has thought of throwing three robots into a volcanic lava tube and now colonizing the Moon or Mars is closer In Xataka | If the question is “how are we going to build houses on Mars” the answer today is “with bricks made of urine” Cover | Luiza Braun and BoliviaIntelligent

now we know how to use molybdenum to squeeze each photon to the maximum

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The Sun bathes the Earth every second with an unfathomable amount of energy, but human technology suffers from a serious problem of myopia when it comes to capturing it. Until now, traditional solar cells have encountered an insurmountable “physical ceiling” that prevents them from harnessing most of this light. This theoretical limit dictated that no matter what we do, a conventional panel can only harness about a third of the incoming sunlight. The rules of the game have changed. An international team of researchers has achieved what until recently was considered impossible: developing a system that achieves an energy conversion efficiency close to 130%. In simple terms, the new design is capable of producing more energy carriers than the photons (light particles) it absorbs. The master key behind this science fiction breakthrough is not an exotic new synthetic material, but an old acquaintance of heavy industry: molybdenum. The quantum relay race. To understand the magnitude of this find, you have to look inside a solar panel. As explained by Kyushu University (Japan)generating electricity from the sun is like a microscopic relay race: photons hit a semiconductor material and pass their energy to electrons, setting them in motion to create a current. The problem, the university details, is that not all “runners” are the same. Infrared photons have too little energy to activate electrons, while blue light photons have too much, and the excess is wasted uselessly as heat. This frustrating limitation is what physics knows as the limit of Shockley-Queisser. Jumping over the wall. Scientists have turned to a “dream technology” known as singlet fission (SF). According to the study published in the journal Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS)singlet fission allows a single high-energy photon to “split” into two smaller energy packets (excitons). It is the equivalent of buying a lottery ticket and getting two prizes. “We have two main strategies to overcome this limit,” explains Yoichi Sasaki, associate professor at the Faculty of Engineering at Kyushu University. “One is to use singlet fission to generate two excitons from a single photon.” But there was a catch. Sasaki points out that, under normal conditions, this extra energy is immediately “stolen” by a parasitic mechanism called Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The prize disappeared before it could be collected. This is where the hero of the story comes in. As detailed in the investigation of JACSscientists designed a molybdenum-based metal complex that acts as a “spin-flip” emitter. By absorbing light, an electron in this molybdenum material changes its spin, allowing it to selectively capture that multiplied energy and block the “thief” (FRET). Molybdenum manages, for the first time efficiently, to collect twice as much energy. The role of molybdenum. Historically, molybdenum has been valued for being an extreme refractory metal. Molybdenum has a brutal fusion of 2620 °Clow thermal expansion and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. These properties make it indispensable today for manufacturing crucibles that resist molten glass, motherboards for semiconductors, and components for power electronics that must reliably dissipate heat. This same dimensional stability and thermal conductivity are what have allowed its chemical properties to be refined at the molecular level for the “spin-flip”. However, as Kyushu University warnswe are facing a proof of concept. The impressive 130% yield has been achieved in a laboratory environment, combining the molybdenum complex with tetracene-based materials in a liquid solution. The next great engineering challenge will be to take this solution from the liquid to the solid state. A quantum leap forged as a team. This milestone was born from collaboration with Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) in Germany. It was the researcher Adrian Sauer who connected the German studies on molybdenum with the efforts of the Japanese team. The synergy was resounding: the JACS study certifies quantum yields of between 112% and an astonishing 132%, managing to activate an average of 1.3 molybdenum complexes for each photon absorbed. But the shockwave of this discovery transcends solar panels. Both JACS and Kyushu University highlight that mastering this energy harvesting paves the way to ultra-efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and promises to revolutionize key tools for spintronics and the emerging quantum industry. The end of the physical ceiling. The limit of 100% efficiency in capturing sunlight has been, for decades, an unbreakable dogma in materials physics. Today we know that it was not a brick wall, but a locked door that only needed the right key. It is fascinating to see how this key was hidden in molybdenum, an element of the old industrial guard, forged at high temperatures and known for its extreme resistance. By fusing the centuries-old strength of transition metal chemistry with the cutting edge of singlet fission, science has shown that we are still a long way from reaching the ceiling in our race to squeeze every photon that the Sun gives us. Image | freepik and John Chapman Xataka | The West stopped building nuclear power plants because they were too expensive: China is teaching it a lesson

A rural community lived isolated in caves for 500 years in Burgos. Their DNA revealed a dark history of inbreeding and smallpox

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In the year 711, an Umayyad army crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and put an end to the Visigoth kingdom in less than a generation, starting a great upheaval in the Iberian Peninsula with many changes. Kingdoms that were born and died, power struggles and great mobility that began to shape the foundations of modern Europe. However, north of Burgos, a small group of people seemed to know absolutely nothing. Where. The rural site of Las Gobasin northern Spain, offers a vision of life far from those centers of power. One of the most outstanding medieval rock communities on the peninsula, located in the county of Treviño, near the town of Laño. Here the inhabitants dug churches, homes and graves directly into the limestone, where they began to live and die there for five centuries. And now we know that they did it with their backs to the world. How do we know? At the moment we do not have any time machine to see what happened in the past, but a scientific study revealed the secrets of this enigmatic Iberian community. Here the archaeological excavations in the cemetery They discovered the remains of 41 individuals from whom an attempt was made to extract their DNA. In this case they used all the tools available to reconstruct who they were, how they were related and what diseases they carried. What we knew is that the settlement existed from the mid-6th century to the 11th century and Las Gobas had a cemetery that was used continuously from the 7th to the 11th century. But the surprising thing is that it seemed like they were always the same people. Marry each other. The most striking finding of the study does not have to do with any virus or any fractured skull, but rather that approximately 61% of the individuals with sufficient genomic data showed signs of consanguinity, so this population was quite likely to practice inbreeding. And it was not something slight, since in some cases the researchers saw that there were marriages between siblings or even between parents and children. In this way, the only source of genetic variability that could be had in this population was only the women who arrived from abroad to marry. Although the truth is something quite scarce. There was no peace. It may be thought that isolation guarantees absolute peace in the population, but the first centuries of occupation were marked by brutality. The study of the bones in this case has found clear evidence that there was interpersonal violence, including serious bone injuries consistent with direct sword impacts. An invisible enemy. If swords weren’t enough in this case, the 10th century brought with it a lethal, microscopic threat. The metagenomic analyzes carried out have made it possible to detect pathogens and zoonotic diseases, identifying traces of smallpox. Although what is fascinating about this discovery is not only that We are facing the oldest documented evidence of smallpox in southern Europe, but where it came from. Although the south of the peninsula was a commercial hotbed dominated by the Islamic world, smallpox did not reach the south from the Gobas. But the truth is that its genetic signature is similar to the Nordic and European strains of the time. How did it arrive? That a disease from the Vikings or one that was present in Central Europe reached some isolated caves in Burgos is no coincidence. Here the researchers pointed to the nascent European pilgrimage routes, specifically to the first steps of the Camino de Santiago, as the entry route for the pathogen. And although the inhabitants of Las Gobas avoided mixing with their neighbors to the south, the incipient religious and commercial traffic from the north ended up breaking, at least on an epidemiological level, their isolation bubble. Images | Wikipedia Trevino County In Xataka | After 114 years, a scan of the Titanic shows a key fact about its crew: the bravery with which they fought until the end

has reclaimed 25% of land from the sea and converts wastewater into drinking water

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There is a country in the world that, when it runs out of space, manufactures more. And when it doesn’t have water, it recycles it infinitely. It’s not science fiction: it’s Singapore, a city-state that surpasses the six million inhabitants concentrated on an island that was barely 580 square kilometers and that today it occupies 736 square kilometers. A growth of almost 25% in just over half a century. It is not ambition, but necessity: it does not have enough land or its own rivers or aquifers, so it has had to cook everything for itself. Since its independence from the United Kingdom, it has not only increased its surface area: it has also built one of the most sophisticated water management systems on the planet, capable of converting wastewater into drinking water. of superior quality to standards of the World Health Organization. Singapore’s territorial resilience. Singapore has understood that its land and water (scarcity) problems are not independent, so it is solving them jointly and in a long-term plan (its sewage system is literally designed to last 100 years). It is the urban resilience applied to territorial development in its maximum expression, that is, the capacity of a territory to face climate, demographic and economic change through its infrastructure. A concept promoted by organizations such as the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction of which Singapore is today the most advanced student. A living laboratory in real time. If those southern geometric shapes don’t seem natural, it’s because they aren’t. Google Earth Context. The quick response to why is Singapore doing all this? It is because it lacks land and water, but reality is based on three essential axes that invite urgency: Geography. Singapore is a small island (more than New York) with a brutal population density, it does not have mountains that function as a natural reservoir or large rivers or aquifers. The rain is abundantbut collecting it in such a small field is a challenge. Strategic dependence. Historically, it has imported water from Malaysia through different agreements (the last one expires in 2061) but that represents a strategic vulnerability of the first order. Also they have imported sand from neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia. Climate change. Singapore is especially vulnerable to the threat of sea level rise as 30% of the territory is less than 5 meters above mean sea level. How to gain land. We enter first-class public works engineering. The traditional method consists of dredging sand from the seabed, transporting it to where it is required and filling the hole. The problem is that Singapore has run out of sand to dredge and no countries to sell it to it. As own governmentcountries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Malaysia have banned sand exports to Singapore over the years citing environmental reasons. The second method is the dutch poldera construction that consists of setting up a dam to gain land, so that the water is then pumped outside and the soil is kept dry permanently with a drainage and pumping system, so that the land created remains below sea level. Less sand is needed, but it requires sophisticated and permanent hydraulic engineering. In any case, gaining land is increasingly expensive, complex and more delicate from an environmental point of view. Polder operation diagram. Dutch Water Sector Megaprojects to gain land. It is enough to look at a satellite map of the south of the country to see geometric shapes that do not exist in nature and that are geographical proof of their projects. And more specifically, a glimpse of some of the most impressive: Pulau Tekong. The best example of a polder is this project started in 2008 and completed in September 2025 from the hand of the Dutch Deltaresinvolved the recovery of 810 hectares of land located 1.2 meters below sea level. Jurong Island It is today a petrochemical hub, an industrial estate that was born from the merger of seven islands: Pulau Merlimau, Pulau Ayer Chawan, Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Seraya, Pulau Sakra, Pulau Pesek and Pulau Pesek Kecil. Long Island It is his most ambitious and futuristic project. It will join three strips of land in the east (from Marina East to Tanah Merah) to gain 20 kilometers of coastline and about 800 hectares. How to gain water. Singapore’s water strategy is an absolute global benchmark and is carried out by the National Water Agency. Its strategy is articulated around four sources of supply (its four national taps): water from the local basin, imported water, desalination and NE water (from NEWater). The idea is simple but effective: diversify supply sources as much as possible so that, no matter what happens, the city’s supply is not compromised. And that no drop of water leaves the cycle without being reused. The first two consist of the local capture of rainwater in its network of 17 reservoirs and the agreement with the State of Johor (Malaysia), which began in 1962 and expires in 2061. For desalination they use reverse osmosis through membranes and have five plants in operation. But he tap More interesting is the NEWater, capable of covering 40% of the total demand of the country. How do they do it? With a three-stage treatment consisting of microfiltration, reverse osmosis and disinfection. The resulting water is so pure that it is used for industrial and cooling purposes. Megaprojects to gain water. Although we have already outlined the main lines of Singapore’s water strategy, there are truly impressive specific projects: DTSS (the deep tunnel sewage system): is a huge underground network for wastewater management 206 km long that is centralized in three recovery plants in Changi, Kranji and Tuas. The recovered wastewater is what is then passed to NEWater. Marina Barrage. A project that serves to get an idea of ​​the Singapore mentality: it is a reservoir built in the center of the city thanks to a 350-meter dam. It combines three functions: producing drinking water, keeping possible floods at bay … Read more

There is a neighborhood in Spain with so many Swedish tourists that it is already a “Little Sweden”. And it’s exactly where you imagine.

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Neighborhoods change, they transform. That has always happened. What is less common is that the change is accompanied by new accents, especially Scandinavian accents, which is what has been gaining strength in decades. Saint CatherinePalma de Mallorca. What was once a fishing neighborhood has mutated into something totally different: an area in which there are many businesses oriented to the hospitality and the real estate market and in which it is surprisingly easy to find expats arriving from cities like Stockholm. There are those who already refer to the neighborhood as “little Sweden”. ‘Little Sweden’. The transformation of Santa Catalina is not exactly new. In 2017 Mallorca Diary realized and how the Scandinavians had acquired so many stores and apartments that the neighborhood had earned the nickname “Little Sweden.” It was not a phenomenon exclusive to that specific coastal area (at expats They are attracted to Mallorca in general), but it is true that it was clearly visible in its streets. What is surprising is to see how the scandinavization of Santa Catalina has advanced in the last decade, something that makes it quite clear a chronicle published by elDiario.es. “There are few Mallorcans left”. Probably the best way to understand the change is to listen to its residents, like Antoni, a 79-year-old neighbor who, after a lifetime in Santa Catalina recognize that he hardly knows anyone anymore when he walks through its streets. “There are few Mallorcans left,” he resigns. His environment agrees with him. The man talk with the press in an area where it is not difficult to find recently renovated buildings and shop windows silk-screened in foreign languages, including English, German and Swedish. If you look a little, not far from there you can even find real estate agencies focused on the Scandinavian market and the sign of an old Swedish bakery. A neighborhood in full change. Antoni is not (far from it) the only local who notices the changes in the neighborhood. Tomeu confirm that “there are only some old businesses left” and Raúl, also raised in Santa Catalina, confirms that none of the friends he played with when he was a child no longer live there. That neighborhoods change over the decades (and that extends to both neighborhoods and businesses) is nothing extraordinary, nor exclusive to Santa Catalina, Palma or the Balearic Islands. What is curious is that this change has as one of its driving forces the landing of expats and capital of northern Europe. More than testimonials. The transformation of the neighborhood (Mallorca in general) can be followed through more than just testimonies and memories. The studies do not always allow us to go into detail about each district, but they confirm the profound changes that the archipelago has experienced in recent years. To begin with, the Balearic Islands are the region of Spain with highest percentage of foreign population. According to a report of the Funcas Foundation, 29.3% of its population was born outside of Spain. As a reference, in Madrid they represent 25.7%. In 2004, foreigners represented ‘barely’ 15.3% of the Balearic census. Expensive, but not ‘Stockholm level’. The Swedes they are very far away of being a majority group in the Balearic Islands, but for some time they have shown a special interest for the region. Almost a decade ago the local press explained that many discovered its islands as a vacation destination and, over time, chose to settle in the archipelago, attracted by its climate, quality of life and prices. “There are the small things, like having a coffee for example. In Stockholm it costs five or six euros,” recognized in 2017 Patric, at the head of a practice located precisely in Santa Catalina. “In Stockholm the square meter is around 10,000 euros and that is why Santa Catalina is still cheap. For the rest of the world the neighborhood is terrible, but for the Swedes it is quite cheap.” Agency pending. Another front that makes the transformation of the neighborhood clear is real estate. for your article elDiario has spoken with several agencies established in the area and more or less focused on the Scandinavian market, such as Mallorcabyrån Real Estatewhich presents itself as a “Swedish-speaking real estate agency in Mallorca”, or Svensk Fastighetsförmedlingwhose managers they boast of having “brought the reliable Swedish real estate model to Spain”. Escalating prices. Beyond the agencies, the Idealista portal also offers an interesting clue. The real estate portal specifies that right now the m2 in Santa Catalina-Son Armadans-Maritim is paid at 6,200 eurosfar from the 2,385 a decade ago. In fact, Idealista has registered a year-on-year increase of 14.3%. Things don’t get much better if we talk about the residential rental market. The m2 is paid at 19.7 euros5.6% more than a year ago. Rental options right now more economical In the area there is a 50 square meter apartment for which they ask for 1,100 euros per month and a 38 m2 studio for which they pay 1,150 euros. In this last case (a room without an elevator), yes, the advertisement clarifies that it is a “seasonal rental.” Why do prices increase? The transformation of the neighborhood is clear and can be followed both through testimony of its oldest neighbors as well as of the newspaper archive, which takes years strengthening the “little Sweden” label. However, not everyone is so clear that the rise in housing prices can be explained by the arrival of Scandinavian capital. “In general, the main factor behind the lack of housing at affordable prices in Palma is the shortage of supply, especially new construction,” claims Vivian Grunblatt, head of a real estate agency aimed, among others, at Swedish buyers. “In the last ten years the creation of new homes has been limited, which generates constant pressure on prices.” “And what are you doing?” There are also who raises it from another perspective, like Raúl, the horse who recognizes that there are no longer any of his childhood friends left in the neighborhood. In … Read more

the strange medieval epidemic that paralyzed Europe for two centuries

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At some point in the late 14th century, Charles VI of France stopped moving. Not because of paralysis or fear of his enemies, but because he was convinced that his body was made of glass, and that any touch could shatter it. It was not an isolated case. Those affected by this collective delusion believed that all or part of their body was made of glass. The phenomenon has its own name in the history of psychiatry: the crystal delirium. And his story says disturbing things about how the sick mind always speaks the language of its time. Charles VI, nicknamed El Loco for whatever he may be Charles VI inherited the French throne in 1380, aged eleven. When he turned twenty, he removed his corrupt uncles from power and restored stability to the kingdom’s finances. The people called him le Bien-Aiméthe Beloved. Twelve years later, his definitive nickname would be different: le Fou, the Fool. In August 1392, during a military campaign towards Brittany, the king (23 years old at the time) was riding through the forest of Le Mans when a page dropped a spear. The metallic roar was enough to trigger a violent crisis: Carlos attacked his own knights and killed four before being subdued. It was the first of dozens of episodes that would accompany him until his death in 1422. Pope Pius II wrote that there were times when Carlos believed he was made of glassand that was why he tried to protect himself in multiple ways to avoid breaking, going so far as to have iron rods sewn into his clothes. Something else happened shortly after the onset of the crystalline delirium. In January 1393, the king and several nobles attended a party disguised as “wild men,” wearing linen suits covered in pitch and branches. An errant spark ignited a costume and the fire spread among the men. Only the king and another companion escaped alive, in an event that inspired Edgar Allan Poe to write his macabre story ‘Hop-Frog’. The event went down in history as the Bal des Ardentsthe Dance of the Burning Men. Whether or not that trauma accelerated his mental deterioration is something that historians still debate. When his crises took hold of him, Carlos became a different man: He could sit still for hours and, if he moved, he did so with extreme caution. This had a tremendous political cost: the monarch instability It weakened the French court and allowed rival factions to vie for power, exacerbating the challenges France faced in the midst of the Hundred Years’ War with England. In 1415 his troops were crushed at Agincourt, and in 1420 he signed the Treaty of Troyes, by which he disinherited his own son. The crystal generation Charles VI was, according to historian Gill Speak probably the first documented case of someone believing their entire body was made of glass. But he was far from the only one. The first medical text that records delirium as a recognizable condition dates from 1561, work of the Dutch doctor Levinus Lemnius. The phenomenon belonged to a broader category called “scholar’s melancholy”, an ailment that mainly affected men of letters and nobles from the 15th to 17th centuries. The documented cases are as extravagant as they are revealing. A man was convinced that his buttocks were made of glass and that sitting down would make them burst, so he avoided leaving the house in case a glazier tried to melt it to turn it into a window. Another traveled to Murano, the Italian island famous for its glass, with the intention of throwing himself into a furnace and being transformed into a glass. Engraving of ‘The Stained Glass Licensed’ A third nobleman (always unemployed people, the core issue of the topic) believed he was a glass vessel and spent the day lying on a bed of straw. His doctor ordered the bed to be set on fire with the door closed: when the nobleman pounded on the door asking for help, the doctor asked why it had not shattered with so much fuss. The cure was brutal but, apparently, effective. Transparent glass was not, in the 15th century, an everyday occurrence. It was in that century when the Venetian glassmaker Angelo Barovier invented the cristalloa clear, colorless glass that was extraordinarily rare and was seen by many as something almost magical. Before this innovation, neuroses were different: men who believed they were made of clay and later, in the 19th century, people who believed they were made of cement. The content of delusions reflects the culture of each moment: glass was a new material and therefore became the object of delusions. Glass, specifically, offered transparency: being made of glass meant being precious and fragile, a form of grandeur and isolation at the same time. Miguel de Cervantes published ‘El licensed Vidriera’, one of his ‘Exemplary Novels’, in 1613. The protagonist, Tomás Rodaja, is a brilliant and poor student who, after ingesting a love potion, is convinced that his body is made of glass due to the delicacy and subtlety of the material, with an admirable and delirious internal logic. It is a clear sign that delirium has its corresponding literature at the time: Robert Burton cataloged the phenomenon in ‘Anatomy of Melancholy’ (1621) as a symptom of melancholy, and Descartes, in his ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’ (1641), used the “glass man” as an example of madness to distinguish his own philosophical doubts from the delusions of a sick brain. In Xataka | The Middle Ages have a reputation for being a dark period. Until you discover the names they had for their pets

What did the philosopher Marcus Aurelius mean when he wrote: "Receive without pride, let go without regrets"

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There have been many philosophers throughout history. What is no longer so common is to meet someone who also served as one of the most powerful figures of his time. This double dimension occurred almost 2,000 years ago in what is probably one of the classic thinkers. most popular and cited today: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121-180 AD). If his status as a learned emperor were not enough to make him stand out, Marcus is also one of the great names of Stoicism, a school that enjoys a renewed youth. Among his many reflections collected in ‘Meditations’ There is one that stands out, both for its expressive force and for capturing a large part of Stoic ethics: “Receive without pride the goods of fortune, lose them without regrets.” Rereading the emperor. If Marcus Aurelius is a peculiar philosopher, his ‘Meditations’ are no less so. As the philologist Carlos García Gual recalls in the edition Published in the 70s by Gredos, the work is basically composed of “personal notes”, notes that the philosopher king was preparing during the last years of his life. Throughout the 12 volumes into which the work is fragmented there are profuse reflections. And there are brief ones, like the one we are dealing with here. Beyond their form, they all have something in common: they are a reflection of Marcus Aurelius himself “stripped of rhetorical artifices, concise and austere.” “We moderns would have liked to know what this or that paragraph of disgust or admiration refers to, and at what time of the night or in front of what cold Danubian landscape this or that meditation had been written. But, in his contempt for the mundane and the corporeal, Marcus Aurelius only notes the essential: the naked reasoning of the accessory and the moral incitement,” continue García Gual in his essay. A best-seller of almost 20 centuries. ‘Meditations’ probably has another merit. Few philosophical works are so cited today, both in media as in social networks and anthologies. It makes quite a bit of sense. First because of the popularity of Marcus Aurelius. Second for its format, brief, expository. And third because stoicism lives in a true rebirthrefloated by a wave that dates back to the last decades of the last century and has been growing hand in hand with a wide spectrum of voices that includes everything from gurus and cryptobros to solvent authors. What is the reason for this interest? Largely due to its practical dimension and its appeal to contemporary eyes. What Marcus Aurelius offers us, Seneca (tutor of another emperor, by the way) or any other of the many followers of the old school of Zeno of Citium It is a life guide to enjoy a good life, the eudaimonia. In other words, a formula to transform passions and appetites into a placid current of inner calm. Book VIII. 33. We said it before. The ‘Meditations’ They are full of deep reflections, but there is one in particular that is especially suggestive. We find it in point 33 of Book VIII and in it the philosopher king exhorts us to the following: “Receive without pride the goods of fortune, lose them without regrets.” Other versions translate it somewhat differently: “Receive without pride, let go without attachment” Why does that phrase stand out precisely, beyond its form and tone? Because it condenses many of the elements of Stoic ethics. In six words the author invites us to practice detachment, serenity and assume that there are circumstances that are beyond our control, but we can always decide how to face them. What does it mean exactly? To analyze the phrase you have to divide it into two parts. In the first (“Receive without pride the goods of fortune”) the philosopher encourages us to flee from pride and seek calm, a state of mental balance (ataraxia) away from passions and desires that clears the path to happiness. “Let serenity dwell within you, the absence of the need for external help and the tranquility that others seek. It is advisable to stay straight, not upright,” advises the philosopher in another passage of ‘Meditations’. His invitation connects with another fundamental concept of Stoicism, the apathythe liberation of passions that allows us to achieve that state of calm and inner peace. In Xataka Humanity has started 2026 wondering whether or not nihilistic penguins exist. And it makes perfect sense And the second half? The second part of the reflection (“Lose (the goods of fortune) without regrets”) links to another equally crucial idea: detachment and the dichotomy between what we can control and what escapes our reach. One of the pillars of Stoic thought, which goes back to its most basic roots, consists in fact of clearly distinguishing between both realities. “Of what exists, some things depend on us, others do not depend on us,” clarifies the philosopher Epictetus in his work ‘Enchyridion’. “If you consider what is slave by nature free and what is foreign your own, you will suffer impediments, you will suffer, you will be disturbed, you will make reproaches to the gods and to men.” With small print. What Marcus Aurelius invites us to do is to practice detachment, accept change and assume that not everything depends on us. As explains philosopher Jonny Thomson, this vital approach (which is by no means exclusive to Stoicism) is powerful, but it must also be handled with some caution. The reason? Avoid distortions that would adulterate your message. In an article published in Big Think Thompson asks himself a question: Is it always right to practice detachment and control pride? Let’s imagine that we suffer a very painful loss (a family member dies), isn’t it normal that we find it difficult to accept it? What’s more, wouldn’t it be harmful in some way to act as if nothing had happened? The answer lies in the nuances and in not missing the focus. {“videoId”:”x80pv1e”,”autoplay”:false,”title”:”INSERT COIN with ANTONIO DIEGUEZ Philosophy and TRANSHUMANISM”, “tag”:”Philosophy”, “duration”:”1973″} “Spiritual escape”. Thomson remember that the … Read more

The big problem with nuclear energy has always been its waste. Russia can now recycle them up to five times

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A nuclear reactor operating for 60 years using a closed system of three circulating fuel loads, subjected to cleaning processes and specific recharges in each cycle. What until recently seemed like an unattainable technical utopia for the energy industry is the reality that Russia’s latest technological breakthrough points to. The historic Achilles heel of nuclear fission—radioactive waste—is about to take a radical turn to become an almost inexhaustible resource. The magnitude of the test. The press release of Atom Media explains that Unit 1 of the Balakovo nuclear power plant (operated by Rosatom’s energy division) has just made history. They have successfully removed the last three lead test assemblies from an innovative fuel dubbed REMIX. These groups have completed three operating cycles of 18 months each. We are talking about 54 months performing at maximum capacity in a Russian commercial reactor type VVER-1000, thus exhausting its standard useful life. This puts the finishing touch to a demanding pilot program which started at the end of 2021 when the first six experimental rods were introduced into the reactor core. The resounding success. The most impressive thing about this milestone is not just that the fuel works, but where it works. Unlike other experiments designed for new generation fast reactors, REMIX fuel can be used in light water thermal reactors already operating massively around the planet. And without the need to modify its design or add costly security measures. The rehearsal went flawlessly. Yuri Ryzhkov, deputy chief engineer of the Balakovo power plant, detailed: “After each cycle, the fuel rods and structural elements were inspected using the television camera of the refueling machine. No deviations were detected during operation; neutron, physical and service characteristics remained within the design limits.” The science behind REMIX. But what exactly is this material? REMIX comes from Regenerated Mixture (Regenerated Mixture). Instead of using the usual natural enriched uranium, Russian scientists have created a matrix pellet that mixes regenerated uranium and plutonium (both recovered from already spent and reprocessed nuclear fuel), seasoned with some fresh enriched uranium. The technical key to the process is in the proportion: it maintains a very low level of plutonium, up to 1.5%. Thanks to this exact formulation, its neutron spectrum is practically identical to that of standard fuel. For practical purposes, the reactor core behaves the same and does not even “notice” the difference. The cleaning process. It is the circular economy taken to the atomic extreme. The magazine World Nuclear Newyes explains that this recycling cycle can be repeated up to five times. With each pass, the industry reprocesses the material to separate the useful uranium and plutonium from the fission products, which constitute the true radioactive waste. This useless waste is extracted and vitrified (encapsulated in glass) to be permanently and safely buried in geological deposits, while the useful fuel mixture is reintroduced into the reactor. The vision of the balanced cycle. Now it’s time for the laboratory and certification phase, where the irradiated material, now resting in cooling pools, will travel to the Atomic Reactor Research Institute in Dimitrovgrad for exhaustive analysis. Alexander Ugryumov, Vice President of R&D at TVEL (Rosatom’s fuel subsidiary), He announced that after these studies They will be able to bring the product to the market. The next evolutionary step will be to test mixtures with depleted uranium and up to 5% plutonium. All this is part of what Rosatom has called the “Balanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle” (NFC). The goal is to drastically reduce the volume and danger of radioactive waste, solving the historic problem of long-term storage for future generations and guaranteeing a truly sustainable production system. An impact on a global scale. Although the technical success is undeniable and the operational milestone in a commercial reactor is demonstrated, the mass adoption of this technology on a global level will largely depend on the commercialization costs and the economic viability of large-scale reprocessing; factors that the industry must demonstrate after the current qualification phase. However, if Rosatom manages to market REMIX at competitive prices, the global energy situation could take an unprecedented turn. We are not talking about a niche experiment. The data provided by Atom Media illustrate this magnitude: TVEL currently supplies fuel to more than 70 power reactors in 15 countries. Today, one in six reactors in the world operates with its technology. Moving from a linear “use and bury” industry to a closed loop where nuclear resources have multiple lives would not only dramatically expand the planet’s energy reserves, but could forever redefine the ecological viability of nuclear energy. Image | atom Xataka | The US has to make a crucial decision in Iran: exit without destroying its nuclear capabilities or a terrestrial “armaggedon”

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