unknown

Who is Johny Srouji and why this great unknown has just become the second most powerful person at Apple

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For those who have been following Apple for a long time, Johny Srouji is no stranger. For the rest of the world yes, but after the appointment of John Ternus as CEO of Applethis Israeli engineer has become the second most powerful person in the company. The question is obvious: who is Johny Srouji? Who is Srouji and why does he matter?. Born in Haifa, Israel, in 1964 to a middle-class Christian Arab family, Srouji studied computer science at the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion) and graduated Summa Cum Laude in both his engineering and master’s degrees. He worked at Intel and IBM before Apple hired him in 2008 with a very clear assignment: to design the company’s first chips. He did much more than that. The revolution made chip. That first chip designed by Srouji was the Apple A4, which debuted in 2010 in the original iPad and the iPhone 4. From there, Srouji forged one of the most prestigious hardware careers in the recent history of the technology industry. The A7 of 2013 was the first SoC in using 64-bit architecture, and then there would come the revolution of the Apple M1 with which the company definitively got rid of dependence on Intel in its Macs. But his work goes beyond. His official title until now was senior vice president of hardware technologies, but it did not reflect the real scope of his work. Srouji not only led the chip design. Also that of batteries, cameras, storage controllers, sensors, displays, cellular modems and other critical components of the entire family of Apple devices. Almost everything that makes these products work the way they do is largely due to the work of Srouji and his team. With the new position, his responsibility expands and he will now control the entire cycle: not only the hardware itself, but also the physical design. It’s a colossal challenge, but if anyone seems prepared to take it on, it’s Srouji. He was about to leave. In December 2025 Bloombeg reported that Srouji had informed Tim Cook that he was seriously considering leave Apple in the near future. Two days later, Srouji himself published a message to his team denying the newsbut the damage was done. For Apple to lose Srouji would have been a disaster, and it is very likely that this new position is in part Apple’s response to that alarm signal. Textbook talent retention, but raised to maximum power. New position, new structure. In it internal communication that Srouji has sent to team employees, the engineer detailed how he will organize the division into five areas: Hardware engineering: led by Tom Marieb, an Intel veteran who joined Apple in 2019. Siilicio: it will be directed by Sri Santhanam, a manager with a long career at Apple Advanced Technologies: Supervised by Zongjian Chen Platform architecture: led by Tim Millet Program management: will be managed by Donny Nordhues In that message, Srouji acknowledges that this “represents a significant change” but believes it will work thanks to the entire team. It seems that you are very clear about how you want to work with your team. A fusion with a lot of historical sense. The reunification of hardware engineering and the hardware technologies division under the same leader is not entirely new. It is the structure that Apple had for years under the direction of Bob Mansfield, former head of hardware. until 2013 and? then he took charge of the failed Project TitanApple’s car. That’s when those two areas were divided, something that allowed both Ternus and Srouji to progress in their domains, but also caused some structural tensions between teams that had to collaborate. Bringing them back together is a clear commitment to strengthening that collaboration. The great cover-up of Ternus’s appointment. It is normal that the vast majority of headlines go to Ternus, who will decide the future of the company from now on, but Apple is above all a hardware company. That Srouji now becomes his leader makes this engineer a person with enormous power within the company. The change is promising in terms of promoting that facet of the product that both he and Ternus dominate, and without a doubt interesting times await us at Apple. Image | Apple In Xataka | John Ternus, vice president of Apple: “The iPhone Air had been in development for years, but we had to say ‘no’ until now”

The entire ocean floor of the Earth, in a spectacular 3D interactive map that reveals 50,000 unknown underwater mountains

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Although we are already looking other planets in the universe (especially interesting are the potentially habitable ones), the reality is that the old Earth still has a few hidden secrets left. Without going any further, the seabed continues to delight us with new species at this point in the film. NASA knows this and that is why in December 2022 it launched a satellite into space with a mission: to achieve topography of surface waters and oceans. Hence its name, SWOT. Already the first year managed to map the ocean floor in more detail than in the last 30 years and is now available in full. It is, in short, the most detailed marine gravity map in history. What he has “seen” is not just the ground, but subtle variations in the height of the sea surface. These variations reveal the existence of thousands of underwater mountains, trenches and faults, invisible to conventional satellites. To prepare this map, NASA has used state-of-the-art phase coherence interferometry, which has made it possible to measure the two-dimensional height of sea level with high precision. Historically, sonar has been used to measure the seabed, but we have only managed to map less than 30% (with the Seabed 2030 project) with this technique. On the other hand, standard satellites offered a resolution well below the achieved spatial resolution, close to 8 kilometers. This exhaustive map of the ocean floor goes beyond satisfying geographical curiosity, the impact of this cartography It is evident in: Biodiversity. Underwater mountains are oases of life and knowing where they are is essential. Safety in navigation, allowing the identification of underwater peaks that may constitute a risk for vessels. Climate change. These types of structures are directly related to ocean currents, responsible for transporting heat. If we do not know the relief, we cannot predict how the sea will warm. The map of the seabed with a level of detail never seen before With this vertical gravitational gradient map, NASA has developed a 3D model through which you can move and zoom through all the depths of the seas and oceans of the Earth. Individual abyssal hills measuring 200 – 300 kilometers in length can be seen along with other small seamounts and tectonic structures, previously hidden. In fact, abyssal hills are the most common landform underwater (in the southern Indian Ocean they can be seen, for example). NASA explains that they are formed by normal faults along the axes of the oceanic ridges. From them, plate reconstruction studies are being carried out. Also in the visualization you can see seamounts located west of Central America, which are actually underwater volcanoes formed by magmatic intrusions through the oceanic crust. Their importance is crucial as they modify ocean circulation, influence the distribution of nutrients and constitute key points of biodiversity. The high-resolution mapping reveals some 50,000 previously unknown seamounts approximately one kilometer high. Tap to go to NASA’s 3D model of the seafloor. Via: NASA/JPL The topography of surface waters and oceans from SWOT also shows great clarity in the continental margins, highlighting the high latitude areas, with tectonic structures buried under sediments and ice. Thus, it allows observing submarine canyons that transport sediment from the mainland to the deep sea along the South American continental shelf, as well as ancient mid-ocean ridges hidden under the ice in the Weddell Sea. In Xataka | Astronomers have stitched together 10,000 images from the Webb telescope to make the largest map of the universe. Something doesn’t fit In Xataka | This is the impressive interactive map to see the Earth in 4K live from space and monitor satellites Cover | POT

Yuanjie is the unknown Chinese photonics technology company whose shares have risen 780%. The surprise is who is behind it: Huawei

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Yuanjie Semiconductor Technology It probably doesn’t sound familiar to you. And it’s completely normal. Until very recently, this Chinese company barely had visibility outside its domestic market, and even within it it played in the background compared to other giants in the sector. However, something has changed radically in the last year. Your actions They have risen nearly 780%a leap that has not only caught the attention of investors, but has placed its founder, Zhang Xingang, in the billionaires’ club. And there is a detail that adds another layer to the story: Huawei would be behind the company. So you may be wondering what exactly this company does. The key is not so much in Yuanjie itself as in the terrain on which he plays. Yuanjie makes laser chips that are used to transmit data in the form of light inside artificial intelligence-oriented data centers, a field that fits within the broader boom in photonics. It may sound technical, but the idea is quite direct: move more information, faster and with less consumption. As explained by PhotonDeltathis type of technology allows the use of photons to transmit and process information, in addition to integrating several photonic and optoelectronic functions in a single chip, with clear advantages over traditional electronics in high-demand environments. A movement that targets Huawei The other key point appears when you look at who is behind. Forbes presents to Yuanjie as a company backed by Huaweia connection that adds another dimension to their recent growth. From there, details are scarce. It has not been publicly explained how this relationship takes shape or what role each party plays, but there are a series of interesting data that are worth analyzing carefully. Now, if we go down one more level in the documents, the relationship becomes somewhat clearer. Huawei’s presence in Yuanjie would have materialized through Hubble Investment, an investment firm controlled by the Chinese group. As collected by Sina Finance Its entry occurred in September 2020 through a double formula: purchase of existing shares and subscription to a capital increase. With this operation, Hubble controlled 4.36% of Yuanjie, a percentage that later remained at 3.27% after the IPO. If we analyze the jump we can say that it is not only explained by the trend of the sector, but also by recent decisions. Yuanjie announced in February an investment of 1,251 million yuan, about 181 million dollarsto build a new production base in Xixian New Area, in the Chinese province of Shaanxi, where it also has its headquarters. Shortly after, in March, communicated his intention to explore an independent listing in Hong Kong. Two years earlier, in addition, the company had announced an investment of 50 million dollars in the United States to strengthen its international presence. Yuanjie’s journey is also best understood by looking at its founder. Zhang Xingang trained in the United States, where he obtained a doctorate in materials science at the University of Southern California and worked in companies linked to fiber optics. His time at Luminent and, later, at Source Photonics, placed him at the heart of this type of technology before returning to China. There he founded Yuanjie in 2013, with an initial focus more linked to the competitive Chinese telecommunications market, and in 2022 he took it to the STAR market in Shanghai, a platform designed for technology companies. To better understand this case, it is also worth looking at the moment that Huawei is going through. After the sanctions imposed by the United States in 2019the company was forced to reconfigure much of its business, especially in key areas such as semiconductors and software. Far from disappearing, it has gone rebuilding his position relying on its own development, from its Kirin chips to HarmonyOSand has regained weight in its domestic market. This context helps to understand why any movement linked to strategic technologies once again attracts attention to the Chinese company. In this framework, Yuanjie’s relationship with Huawei, as reported by Forbes, fits as one more possible piece within this process of technological reinforcement. There are no public details that allow us to talk about a defined strategy in the field of photonics or the specific role played by each party. But there is an underlying idea that is difficult to ignore: in the midst of a race to expand the infrastructure of artificial intelligence, technologies capable of moving data more quickly and efficiently are gaining weight. Images | Huawei | Yuanjie In Xataka | The looming bottleneck in AI is neither RAM nor gas: it’s that TSMC’s N3 node is absolutely saturated

75% of the universe is made of unknown matter. Australia has gone to look for her 1 km underground

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More than a kilometer underground, in an old gold mine in a small Australian town, a group of scientists is building a laboratory that aims to look where no one has been able to look before. Its name is SABER South, and its mission sounds simple but borders on the impossible: detect the particles that make up dark matter, that mysterious component of which, until now, we only sense its existence. The search begins. To understand how we got here, we have to travel back to 1998. That year, an experiment in the underground laboratory of Gran Sasso, in Italy, registered a strange signal which some interpreted as a clue to dark matter. That observation, known as DAMA/NaI, ignited a scientific career that has not stopped since. Now, Australia enters that global race. According to ABC News AustraliaSABER South will be the first dark matter detector in the southern hemisphere and will begin collecting data next year. Its director, physicist Phillip Urquijo, explains that the objective is to reproduce the Italian observations and check whether these signals are real or the product of interference from the environment. Currently, three other teams—in Italy, Spain and South Korea— they are still trying to replicate the original experiment. However, the Australian project has a unique advantage: its location in the southern hemisphere will allow the data to be compared with those from the north and rule out seasonal or local effects. The enigma of the invisible universe. Powered by the University of Melbourne and the ARC Center of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, seeks to understand the nature of a substance that surrounds everything, but that no one has ever seen. The Standard Model of physics accurately describes the particles and forces we know, but it still leaves too many gaps unfilled. One of the biggest is this: why don’t galaxies disintegrate? What holds them together if everything we see—planets, stars, gas, dust—barely adds up to 5% of the universe? The rest is hidden from view. The physicists They estimate that around 27% would be dark matter and another 68% would be dark energy. Physicist Elisabetta Barberio, director of the ARC Center of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, puts it bluntly: “Between 75% and 80% of the universe is made of something we can’t see or touch. This experiment brings us closer to discovering what most of the cosmos is really made of.” Therefore, if SABER South detects WIMPs —those hypothetical massive particles that interact weakly—, we would be facing a new form of matter and, perhaps, facing a physics that goes beyond the Standard Model. Simply put: it would demonstrate that almost everything that exists has a tangible structure. And every time humanity has understood a new force or particle, technologies that previously seemed like science fiction have appeared: semiconductors, lasers or magnetic resonance. A mine converted into a cosmic laboratory. The experiment is carried out at the Stawell Underground Physics Laboratory (SUPL), excavated 1,025 meters deep a distance that is equivalent to a protection of almost three kilometers of water, enough to block cosmic rays and natural radiation that could interfere with the measurements. The laboratory is air-conditioned, has filtered air and has data connections linking to the University of Melbourne. At its heart, a room-sized detector houses ultrapure sodium iodide (NaI) crystals. When a WIMP particle collides with an atom in the crystal, it produces a tiny flash of light, so weak that it lasts just a few nanoseconds. These flashes are captured by photomultiplier tubes (PMT), devices capable of transforming light into measurable electrical pulses. The crystals they are submerged in a scintillating liquid—linear alkylbenzene (LAB)—that acts as a “veto”: if the LAB detects light at the same time as the crystal, the event is discarded as background noise. The entire system is sealed inside a low-radioactivity stainless steel tank, surrounded by alternating layers of steel and polyethylene, and monitored from above by a muon detector. A machine that listens to itself. SABER South will operate almost autonomously. According to the technical reports of the projectthe system records in real time the temperature, humidity, detector voltage, nitrogen gas flow and even mine vibrations. If something goes out of normal values, it generates an automatic alert. In addition, human presence will be minimal: scientists will monitor the data remotely and will only access the laboratory for specific maintenance tasks. Even before its construction, the operation of the detector was simulated with the GEANT4 software, a tool also used by NASA and CERN. These simulations allowed us to estimate the background radiation levels and optimize the sensitivity of the system. Each light pulse captured will be analyzed with programs designed to distinguish between noise and possible real signals. Some are not optimistic. In a study by the University of Ottawa, physicist Rajendra P. Gupta poses that what we think we see as dark matter could just be a mathematical effect. Their model suggests that the fundamental constants of the universe could vary with time, and that the so-called “tired light”—the loss of energy of photons as they travel through space—would explain the observations that until now we attribute to an invisible mass. Waiting for the flash. For years to come, SABER South’s crystals will remain in the shadows of the mine, waiting for a flash so faint it could barely illuminate a speck of dust. If that signal is confirmed, it would be the first direct trace of dark matter, the invisible glue that holds galaxies together. But if it doesn’t appear, it will also be an answer: a sign that perhaps the universe works in a way we don’t yet understand. As detailed theoretical physicist Nicole Bellfrom the University of Melbourne: “This project represents the definitive quest to understand the world in which we live.” And perhaps, in that tiny spark beneath the ground, humanity will find the answer to a question it has been pursuing for decades: what is the universe actually made of? Image | … Read more

Microsoft has just made the greatest investment in its history. And not in Openai, but in an unknown Dutch company

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Nebius Group, an unknown company based in Amsterdam, has signed a surprising multiannual agreement worth $ 19.4 billion with Microsoft. It is in fact the largest investment ever made by the firm of Redmond, and the question, of course, is why. What is Nebius Group. The company was founded in 1989 as Yandex NV, Yandex’s legal matrix, the well -known search engine that was a rival of Google in Russia. After the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, Nebius Group Yandex sold to a group of Russian investorschanged his name to the current one and focused on a key segment: that of artificial intelligence. Data centers to power. Specifically, in the field of servers and data centers. Since then Nebius Group has been dedicated to providing cloud infrastructure for companies that develop and run AI models. Your rivals They are companies such as Coreweave, Crusoe or Lambda Labs, which are a step below the “hyperscators”, Aws, Azure, Google Cloud or Oracle. The agreement. In it Document registered in the SEC The US indicates that Nebius will yield the computing capacity of the GPUS of its data centers in varisa phases this year and the one that comes, and that the total value of the contract will be 17.4 billion until 2031, with an option for Microsoft to extend those services worth 2,000 million additional dollars. Microsoft cloud reinforcement. The agreement will allow Microsoft to access the computing resources available to Nebius in its Vineland Data Center (New Jersey, USA). It is a movement clearly for solve the shortage of resources that is coming when managing AI workloads: more and more users make use of this type of technology and Microsoft current data centers have a limited capacity. More than OpenAi. The operation is even greater than the one that Redmond’s firm He did in Openai Estimated at $ 13,000. This alliance has allowed Microsoft to have exclusive access to OpenAi’s models and reuse them in the form of its Copilot platform. Meanwhile, Openai has been able to use the Microsoft infrastructure to train and serve those same models to the general public. Nebius rises to the beast in the stock market. The agreement has triggered the value of Nebius’s shares, which had already folded their value in what we had been, but after the news They have grown 60%. The effect is contagious, because one of its srival, Coreweave, has also risen 5% in the stock market without having made any announcement: it has simply become possible candidate for Microsoft or any other large company to invest in its services soon. European taste centers. Although it has roots in Russia, Nebius seems to want to leave that past behind to settle definitively in the European Union. The company current account with five data centers: three operations (Helsinki, New Jersey and Kansas City) and two in development (Keflavik, in Iceland, and Paris). The focus on the installation of data centers in European territory is clear, as these last two projects in full development demonstrate. Another great “European” unicorn. After the creation of its Data Center in Paris – which will presume to have N200 N200 chips – Nebius announced its intention to invest more than 1,000 million dollars in mid -2025 in its AI infrastructure in Europe. Its new data centers in Paris and Iceland demonstrate that vocation, and the company is managing to capitalize on that commitment to AI. It is undoubtedly one of the last protagonists of the European technological scene, which little by little begins to raise alternatives. Freepik did it in Spainthey have done it Mistral and ASML with its unique agreement This week, and now Nebius does. Image | Nebius In Xataka | The ASML-Mistral alliance reveals the European plan B: if we cannot manufacture chips, we will at least control how they are manufactured

In 2015, the US revealed the meeting of two fighters with an “unknown object”. China has just presented it to the world

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At the end of 2017 the New York Times launched One of that news that is remembered for what it could mean. A secret program of the Pentagon was revealed that was dedicated to investigating the threats raised by possible UFOs. And among all the information, the star news: the encounter of an unidentified object with two combat fighters (with video included). The origin of those strangers in the sky has never been confirmed. Until China has announced something. The echo of the “gimbal”. As we said, that object video called as “gimbal”, captured by A F/A-18 From the US Navy, he unleashed a global debate on inexplicable aerial phenomena and technologies beyond known military capacities. Today, almost a decade later, China, through the Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, has presented A tracing of what we saw in those images, an experimental take -off and vertical landing drone (Vtol) whose design, surprisingly, reminds that of that mysterious artifact: a fuselage With elliptical wing in closed ring -shaped, reinforced by vertical stabilizers and four rotors located at the binding points. One of the Chinese Experimental Drones in Test Flight in Zhengzhou, Henan Province The Chinese revolution in Vtol. At first glance it seems A flying spindle more than a conventional aircraft or quadcopter. However, in that unorthodox form an engineering is hidden that combines the best of multi -reliable and fixed -wing systems: maneuvering capacity and vertical support to operate from ships, irregular land or even aquatic surfaces, and at the same time aerodynamic efficiency in horizontal flight, thanks to a wing whose slope of support curve overcomes In more than 100% to that of a straight wing. Radical aerodynamics. Beijing researchers have that the annular wing channels high pressure flows and delays the loss, which allows stable to fly At low speeds or high attack angles, key conditions for military recognition missions in complex environments. The horizontal stabilizer mounted at the ends avoids internal turbulence and improves control. Plus: Tunnel tests and test flights confirmed that the device maintains the adhered flow even in extreme conditionsvalidating computational models that predicted a leap in benefits. A close look at DRON VTOL Chino Purposes. Its robust modular structure allows, on paper, integrate Optical sensors, thermal cameras, rescue equipment or supply capsules, which makes it a multipurpose platform for both military missions (battlefield supervision, maritime surveillance) and For civil applications (Environmental analysis, rescue in difficult access areas, light emergency transport). Limitations and margin of improvement. The great challenge is still The aerodynamic draginherent to the geometry of the closed wing. In that sense, researchers They have underlined that work to refine the profile to reduce pressure resistance and optimize the support/resistance ratio. Plus: They seek to perfect control algorithms to minimize unnecessary corrections that generate induced drag, and also study “more stylized variants designed to operate from war ships”, which would multiply its strategic value in naval operations. Of speculation to the battlefield. Thus, what for much of the world was A ufological unknowns A decade ago, China has now translated it into a tangible system, the result of the convergence of academic research and, of course, military pressure to reach the next generation of drones. If in the cold war the boldest experiments were on paper, today engineering (and China goes in the top positions) manages to validate designs that were just a few years ago as pure fantasy. The similarity with the “gimbal” is casual or intentional, but the truth is that the drone opens a different aerodynamic languageone in which the borders between science fiction and military development are blurred. Image | Handout, Pentagon, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics In Xataka | The Pentagon confirms the truth and shows for the first time three “secret” videos of alleged UFOs that had leaked In Xataka | The Pentagon has just published the study on the material found in 1947 from an alleged “extraterrestrial” ship

The science behind one of the AI pillars has an origin as unexpected as unknown: pigeons pecking for food

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Imagine a missile guided by a dove. It sounds absurd, but it happened in the middle of war: someone proposed to train them to Picute the target from a screen and thus redirect the projectile. The system was never usedbut left something more powerful than the anecdote: A way of learning based on proof, error and reward. The comparison helps to understand logic, but it is not literal: today there are no birds in algorithms; What is maintained is the idea of strengthening behaviors through signals. That logic, simple and direct, is the one that many artificial intelligence models follow. What was previously an answer conditioned by food, is now a score, a preference or human indication that the model learns to pursue. The test and reinforcement mechanism was not lost over time. In the 1940s and 1950s, the American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner formalized that idea with his theory of “operant conditioning”: A behavior increases its probability of repeating itself if its consequences are positive. Although behaviorism was displaced by approaches focused on mental processes, its logic found a new field in computer science. Since the end of the seventies and, above all, in the eighties and ninety, Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto applied it to the design of artificial agents capable of acting, receiving a signal and adjust ‘Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction’. As Mit Technology Review points outthe idea of molding behaviors without resorting to fixed rules became a useful tool to teach machines. From the 1980s, reinforcement learning began to be implemented in algorithms that explore simulated environments, fail, receive feedback and try again. They do not follow human instructions step by step: learn based on the result. This approach proved to be especially effective in tasks with clear objectives, such as games. And it was there that he gave one of his most visible jumps. Alphago’s story marked a before and after in artificial intelligence. In March 2016, he beat South Korean Lee Sedol 4-1 in a series of Go games. He succeeded by combining supervised learning of human games and reinforcement learning. A year later, Deepmind was one step further with Alphago Zero. Instead of training with human data, he started from scratch and learned playing against himself: each victory reinforced his strategy, each defeat the corregía. In 40 days he surpassed not only the human championbut also to all the previous versions of Alphago himself. Today, reinforcement learning is not only used in games; It is also used to refine the models behind services such as Chatgpt. The OpenAI system incorporates a technique known as Reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF): people compare model responses and those preferences become a signal that guides their evolution. According to Openai, this phase seeks to align the behavior of the model with the user’s intention. It does not learn explicit rules, but patterns that maximize the reward, that is, what receives better assessments. Reinforcement works, but it doesn’t work for everything. Its effectiveness depends on the signal being well defined and represents the objective well. If it is confused or poorly designed, andThe system can adopt ineffective or even problematic strategies. This has fed a scientific debate. Some biologists have indicated the paradox: Association learning is considered limited to animals, but is celebrated in AI when it produces advanced results. It is no accident that great technology have adopted this approach. More than 80 years after that experiment with pigeons, their pecks are still present in the technology we use every day. Images | Nist Museum | Google | Xataka with Gemini 2.5 Pro In Xataka | The strange case of the diminutive AI: how tiny models are taking the colors to the mastodons of the AI

Connecting to unknown networks can be risky for your personal data. Protecting you don’t cost even 2 euros per month

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It is a reality: cyber attacks have become increasingly common. There is a lot of undesirable loose looking to get sensitive information, whether large companies or a user like us. If we work from home or we usually connect with our network we have a safety layer, but what if we use ourselves A network on which we don’t have any control? The good news is that there are several ways to protect our Internet traffic, wherever we are. The simplest, useful and effective way to do so is to use a VPN, and if we can afford it, better bet on one of payment. In fact, There are very cheap: Surfshark’s barely costs 1.99 euros a month. Protect your traffic and IP with a good VPN As we say, it exists A good variety of free VPNperfect if we need to use something at a timely moment. The problem they have is that, in addition to being little safe, They work limitedly in terms of traffic or speed volume. For this reason, the ideal is to bet on a payment like this Surfshark, which also has a great price. One of the advantages that this has is that We can install it in an unlimited number of devicesideal to take it in the laptop, on the mobile or on the tablet (or everywhere at the same time). With this, we can protect our Internet traffic, thus gaining a greater dose of privacy. Moreover, it also helps us hide our IP, information that is better to keep away from undesirable. Surfshark VPN is included in its Starter Plan, which also comes with another tool called ALTERNATIVE ID. With it, we can create a series of fictitious data to use them on web pages where we do not want to enter our real information. That way, we keep our personal data at a good collection. As we have commented before, for 1.99 euros A month we have a quality VPN. That means that its two -year plan comes out for a total price of 47.76 euros, a fairly affordable price to have this tool with us for a long season. There does not end the thing, because we will also receive three extra monthsin such a way that we will have surfshark for 27 months instead of 24. You may also interest you NORDVPN – Basic Plan (Monthly) * Some price may have changed from the last review Some of the links of this article are affiliated and can report a benefit to Xataka. In case of non -availability, offers may vary. Images | Chase Chappell in Unspash In Xataka | In Xataka |

Galileo Galilei of the 21st century is an unknown man who has discovered more moons than no one is going to discover

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If they asked you about an astronomer, you would probably think of Copernicus or Galileo Galilei. Maybe Carl Sagan came to mind. If they add “to be alive,” you might answer Neil Degrasse Tyson or, in the event that you are a fan of Queen, Brian May. The name that would hardly come out in the conversation is Scott S. Sheppard, an astronomer as prolific as unknown. The number 1 in yours. Yeah Cristiano Ronaldo He is the greatest scorer in the history of professional football, Scott S. Sheppard is the CR7 to discover objects in our solar system. In total, he has put his name in more than 200 planetary moons: 78 of Jupiter, 119 of Saturn, three from Uranus and three of Neptune. Practically half of all known planetary moons. A record that, as points out Iflscienceprobably will never be overcome, and he has continued to swell it in recent months. The true king of Jupiter. In April, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) confirmed the discovery of two new moons in Jupiter, raising the official total giant to 97. Their provisional names are S/2017 J 11 and S/2017 J 10. Both are small moons and with retrograde orbits, that is, they revolve in the opposite direction to the rotation of the planet, something common in the outer and smaller satellites of Jupiter. And yes, he has discovered them Scott S. Sheppardthat with these two new findings, he adds almost 80 moons of Jupiter to his credit. To put it in perspective: Galileo discovered the first and largest moons of Jupiter in 1610. Since 2000, Sheppard has overwhelmingly dominated the search for Jovian satellites. What is resisting: Planet 9. He extensive curriculum Sheppard looks more like the index of an astronomical atlas than to the discoveries of a single person. In addition to natural satellites in Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptunethis astronomer of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington DC has also discovered 23 minor planets, six candidates for dwarf planets, three comets that bear their name (Sheppard – Trujillo, Sheppard – Tholen and Trujillo – Sheppard) and The most distant object ever observed In the Solar System: 2018 Ag37 “Farfarout”, about 130 times the distance between Earth and the Sun. This is where your work becomes even more fascinating. Many of his discoveries are transneptunian objects such as 541132 Leleākūhonua “The Goblin”. And it is no accident. Sheppard and his colleague Chadwick Trujillo found them while looking for something much bigger: The hypothetical planet nine. Themselves proposed in 2014 The existence of a superstraier -type distant planet to explain the strange orbits grouped from objects such as the Minor Sedna planet. Image | Carnegie Science In Xataka | What types of satellites exist: guide not to get lost in a gigantic network of which we are increasingly dependent

Not even the greatest US attack has achieved its goal in Iran. Nobody knows where is the great unknown of 400 kg

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After the first hours, and with them the Trump statements That the Iranian nuclear program had been “complete and totally annihilated”, senior US officials have recognized that, in reality, they do not know where the most sensitive Iranian element is, an unknown of 400 kilograms of reserve. A latent bomb. After the overwhelming offensive American Aeria on the main Nuclear facilities From Iran (Fordow, Natanz and Isfahán), the attention of intelligence agencies does not focus solely on craters, but on an invisible but crucial element: the, a priori, just over 400 kg of enriched uranium at 60%, very close to the military threshold, whose whereabouts remains uncertain. As we said, despite the Trump’s proclamations On Iranian nuclear capabilities, experts and officials recognize that the true unknown is whether the material was destroyed, transferred (they have had plenty of time since the conflict broke out) or disseminated in clandestine facilities. The difference between a neutralized nuclear and latent program It depends on the destination of that vital stock. The Shadow of Fordow. He counted In the Financial Times The former American official Richard Nephew, that the destruction of the visible facilities It might not have affected the most sensitive material, stored in dust Inside metal cylinders in deeply excavated tunnels. Fordowbeing hidden under a mountain, would have offered limited but not zero protection. However, there is a growing suspicion that they will move their uranium Before bombingwhich would represent an early strategic play. An informant of the Iranian regime declared that it would have been “very naive” to leave uranium in the attacked sites, and assured that the material It is still intact. Moreover, figures such as the director of the OIEA, Rafael Grossi, They take for granted After reviewing satellite images and logistic movements records near underground tunnels in Fordow, which Iran could have evacuated uranium days before of attacks. Silent withdrawal. Explained The New York Times that those evidence suggest that they will go displaced part of the uranium From Isfahán, its main storage center, towards still unknown sites. Although the centrifuging (key pieces of the enrichment process) could not be evacuated due to their size and complexity, the stored fuel would have been mobile enough as to be extracted in discrete vehicles. Satellite images showed At least 16 trucks Near the accesses to Fordow days before the attack, which reinforces the theory of a preventive evacuation. Natanz’s installation, on the other hand, It was devastated by Israel, which disabled the superficial enrichment center and caused a blackout that probably destroyed the centrifugators. However, Iran had already begun the construction of a deeper underground installation to the south of the city, although it ensures that it still It is not operational. Between deterrence and clandestine activity. Although Iran insists that his program It has civil endsthe partial destruction of its infrastructure and the selective murder of at least eleven nuclear scientists have fed voices within the regime they suggest Check the doctrine nuclear. International analysts fear that the coup catalogs a turn towards hidingwith the installation of new advanced centrifugers and the restart of activities in unstalled facilities. To the big question about those 408 kg of 60%uranium, Iran could in a matter of days refine it until reaching the necessary purity For nuclear weapons (90%) if you have the necessary technical team, although the miniaturization and assembly process would still take months or even a year. Precedents The cases of India, Pakistan and North Korea show that, even under international surveillance, it is possible to build a hidden nuclear capacity. Sima Shine, Mossad’s intelligence formerist, He affirmed in FT Being convinced that Iran has already relocated both their enriched uranium and part of their technical infrastructure, which would allow a quick reload if the political decision is made. In other words: despite the military coup, political will, scientific knowledge and industrial experience remain intact. Collapse of international control. We have counted before. The inspections of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are They have suspended Due to Israeli attacks, which has left a critical void in the verification of the Iranian program. Even before the offensive, Iranian cooperation with the agency had drastically decreasedand Tehran had already secretly built a third unstalled enrichment installation. Israel managed to damage Natanz and Isfahán, but acknowledged that he had no capacity to destroy Fordow without the help of the United States, which contributed His antibunker artillery more powerful inside its B-2. The big doubt. Thus, nobody knows exactly if we are facing an end point or A phase change. The emerging consensus between analysts is that the Iranian nuclear program has not been destroyed, but Your known form. If you survive, It will be transformed: either in a clandestine program aimed at obtaining weapons, or (in case of successful negotiations) in a purely civil version, devoid of the complete fuel cycle. Advisor Ali Shamkhani summed up with coldness: “Although the facilities are destroyed, the game is not over.” The capacities, material and determination are still there. Hence, the real outcome may not depend on visible craters, but on the dust stored in Some hidden place of the Iranian subsoil. And until you know where that uranium is, the “unknown” has only become more difficult to track. Image | Maxar In Xataka | For 125 airplanes and 14 bombs to reach Iran, the US used one of the oldest tactics of war: perfidy In Xataka | Russia recalled a threat that appears in the war between Iran and Israel: the possibility of a nuclear disaster

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