matter

Dark matter has been a mystery for decades. A strange event from 2019 could be the evidence we were looking for to unravel it

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December 18, 2019. A star of the great Magellanic cloud increases its brightness. It does so in a way that is intense enough not to go unnoticed by scientists analyzing the data from the Víctor M. Blanco telescope at the Inter-American Observatory of Cerro Tololo (Chile), but not so intense that it corresponds to an explosion. Rather, it is a gentle increase in brightness, followed by a symmetrical decrease in brightness. The entire process lasts 1 hour and baffles scientists, who baptize the object causing this phenomenon as Phoebe. Since then, Phoebe’s origin has been a mystery. Now, the same scientists who made the discovery they have answers that point to what would be one of the oldest objects that have ever been detected. Phoebe’s origin. There are three hypotheses for Phoebe’s origin. For one thing, it could be a free floating planet in the Milky Way. That is, a planet that was expelled from its solar system and now wanders through our galaxy. It could also be exactly the same, but in the Large Magellanic Cloud instead of the Milky Way. Finally, it could be a primordial black hole. That is, a very small black hole that, instead of being formed by the collapse of a star, was caused by fluctuations in the density of matter in the cosmos during the first seconds of the Big Bang. The authors of the study that has just been published have calculated the probabilities of each hypothesis and the third one beats the rest by a factor of 100,000. A gravitational microlens. While Phoebe’s origin has been a mystery all this time, it didn’t take long for scientists to understand the phenomenon that had caused the star’s brightness to fluctuate in 2019. It must have been gravitational microlensing. This is a phenomenon which is formed when a very massive object is placed between our telescopes and another object. The mass of the central object is so great that its gravity is capable of bending space-time, forming a kind of lens that magnifies the image of what is behind it. On the other hand, if what is behind it is a very distant star, what is magnified is its brightness. That is why this increase in brightness occurred, because Phoebe was passing between the star and the telescopes of the Chilean observatory. The key is in the duration. Previous studies with gravitational lensing show that the duration of the event can give us an idea of ​​the mass of the body that causes the lens to form. The lighter the object, the faster it moves and the shorter the increase in brightness lasts. In this case, the phenomenon lasted an hour. It may seem like a lot to us, but in cosmic terms it is quite little. In fact, it is just above the detectable limit. This tells us that the object that caused this increase in brightness must have been very light. According to calculations made by scientists at Swinburne University taking into account fluctuations in brightness, it would have approximately the mass equivalent to three moons. A winning option. Black holes that form from stars usually have at least the mass of about 5 suns. 3 moons is much less. It is also too small an object to correspond to a planet wandering in the Milky Way or the large Magellanic cloud. This, together with the geometry of the event and the expected spatial distribution, has led the probability calculation to lean so clearly towards the primordial black hole. Primordial black holes Big news about something very small. Primordial black holes are theoretical phenomena. It is believed plausible that could have formed in the first seconds of the Big Bang, when fluctuations in the density of matter in the cosmos caused an accumulation of matter dense enough to collapse. Most of them would be very small. They would have most of the characteristics of a black hole, but radically smaller in size. They would form before there were stars or matter as we know it, but they could be related to one of the greatest mysteries of astrophysics: dark matter. Only 5% of the cosmos is made up of “normal” atoms. The rest is unknown. One part is known as dark matter and another as dark energy. It is not known what they are, but one of the hypotheses about dark matter is that it could be composed in part of primordial black holes. Therefore, if it is shown that Phoebe is really a primordial black hole, we would perhaps be facing one of the first demonstrations of the composition of dark matter. And now what? Logically, this is just the beginning. We will have to continue looking for more objects like Phoebe to be able to prove that these scientists are right. For this, You have to know well where to point the telescopes. To begin with, not any of them will do. They need to be sensitive enough to detect gentle changes in the brightness of stars. They also need to be able to focus on large fields of vision. And, if possible, focus on places with a large concentration of stars, since it is easier for the gravitational lensing phenomenon to occur there. It is expected that some observatories, such as the Vera Rubin, will provide interesting data in this regard. Now we will have to analyze them and look for points in common with Phoebe. That December 18, 2019, a pandemic was brewing on Earth, but in space the clue could be jumping that would resolve one of the greatest mysteries in the history of astrophysics. Image |Martin Bernardi |NASA In Xataka | We have been deceived by the distances of the Solar System: the closest neighbor to Neptune is Mercury

The new Siri will arrive soon in beta phase. It doesn’t matter when you read this

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The new Siri will arrive in beta phase with iOS 27. And yes, you have already read this news… two years ago. Gurman himself failed in his predictions, as he expected the beta version of Siri to land early this year, in one of the iOS 26 betas. With Gemini Intelligence presented and the advanced state of third-party alternatives such as ChatGPT either Claudeit may seem that Apple’s delays are getting more serious. The truth is that it matters little. The new. Gurman has revealed important details about the iOS 27 news and, among them, it seems inevitable that the new Siri will finally arrive. Although it will be an independent application (like any of its rivals), it will be fully integrated into the system and can be invoked as before. To reinforce privacy, Apple will allow you to schedule automatic deletion of conversations. A function that casts certain doubts since, whether we like it or not, the proper functioning of an AI depends on how much it knows us. And if you are going to forget what we talked about for privacy, you will have a difficult time in new conversations. If you can’t beat the enemy… Siri as a direct rival to Gemini, GPT or Claude doesn’t make much sense, so the leak suggests that iOS will not depend exclusively on its model. When she is not able to respond for herself, will continue to use third partiesas it currently does in its integration with OpenAI. After the agreement between Google and AppleGemini will be at the base of much of Siri’s behavior. The question is how much and in what way, since privacy is Apple’s main concern compared to other models. what’s happening. The internal delays in the new Siri are causing chaos that is taking a media toll on Apple, and there is no firm explanation beyond the fact that they will only release it to the public when they are ready. The shipwreck of the new Siri It is a mixture of competing visions, technical errors and an internal war between the Artificial Intelligence and software teams themselves. The obsession with privacy has led to two years of delays in a territory where progress is counted weekly. For years Apple set the pace of the industry. For two years now, for the first time in a long time, he seems to be running after her. In Xataka | Welcome to the AI ​​duopoly: the sector already has a turnover of 80 billion a year, but OpenAI and Anthropic take 89% of the revenue

NASA’s alliance to finally understand dark matter

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This week, NASA launched the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, better known as the Roman Space Telescope. With its launch scheduled for September of this year at the earliest, it will become the space agency’s newest space telescope. It will coexist with others like Hubble or James Webbbut it has something that these don’t have. The ability to track vast expanses of the Universe at once. That’s what makes it special. Much more space. The Roman Space Telescope has 18 detectors that give it a panoramic view of space. It has been baptized with this name in honor of what is known as the mother of Hubble, for her important role in the development of this other space telescope. However, both have major differences. It is capable of looking at a field 100 times larger than that of Hubble. As a result, is expected that discovers tens of thousands of planets, billions of galaxies and stars and thousands of supernovae. An ideal companion for James Webb. The Roman Space Telescope also has advantages over the James Webb. If it is capable of analyzing a field 100 times larger than that of Hubble, in the case of James Webb exceeds it by 50 times. This allows you to observe without a clear objective on the part of the researchers. When exploring such large expanses, you may find something unexpected at any time. That’s where James Webb comes into play. And, although it can analyze less space at once, it is much more precise. Its mirrors are larger, so it captures more light and can discern more details. If the Roman detects something interesting, the James Webb analyzes it with a magnifying glass. Context matters. We have already seen that the James Webb can study the Roman detections with more precision. However, they can also help each other in the opposite direction, since the Roman is capable of providing context around James Webb’s objectives. Together to unravel dark matter. The biggest difference between the Roman Space Telescope and the James Webb compared to Hubble is that they can analyze space by focusing on emissions in the infrared spectrum, rather than visible light. As a result, it can see through cosmic dust, detect cold objects, and look further back in time. The latter is extremely useful for understanding the expansion process of the universe and, incidentally, unravel some mysteries about dark matter. The Universe expands. We have known for a long time that the universe is expanding. That is, the galaxies are moving away from each other, but not because they are moving, but because the space between them is stretched, like a balloon that is inflating. It is also known that this is happening more and more quickly. But why does it happen? It is not clear, but it is suspected that it may be due to dark matter. Supernovas that act as lighthouses. To better understand what is happening, it is important to measure very well how galaxies are separating. One of the ideal ways to do this is by using Ia supernova explosions as beacons. They are phenomena with a known maximum brightness, so they are used to measure distances, taking into account the analysis of their relative brightness from Earth or the place where a space telescope is located. The problem is that they only occur once every 500 years in the Milky Way. A telescope that measures in the infrared can travel very far back in time, but the James Webb only does so in small pieces. The Roman, on the other hand, can analyze such large areas that several of these explosions could be detected at the same time. That would allow several beacons to operate simultaneously to better map the Universe and understand why it is expanding as it does. Once the beacons were located, the James Webb would enter the game to do its detailed analysis. Together they can unravel very ancient mysteries of astrophysics. There is no one better than the other. Image | POT In Xataka | We have been studying the planets of TRAPPIST-1 for years with great hope. James Webb just knocked it down

In Spain we have glorified the long nap. In scientific studies they have a different opinion on the matter.

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The siesta is, for many, a fundamental pillar of the Mediterranean lifestyle and an essential pleasure during the afternoon to be able to endure the rest of the day. However, scientific evidence has put this habit under the microscope, especially when naps last several hours and even give you time to dream several times. And the duration, frequency and especially age have a lot to say about the impact on health. The border of time. The current scientific consensus draws a fairly clear line between the classic power nap and the nap of putting on your pajamas and getting into bed for several hours. Because the barrier is marked precisely at the half hour mark, meaning that whoever passes it may begin to notice changes in their health. Here, a recent study from the University of Murcia analyzed to more than 3,000 adults in a Mediterranean environment to analyze the effect of naps. And the reality is that spending more than these 30 minutes was associated with having a higher BMI, a higher incidence of obesity and also being more likely to have a metabolic syndrome such as, for example, diabetes or hypertension. And there is more. When it comes to cardiovascular health, the reality is that the heart can suffer. Here the European Society of Cardiology presented In 2023, different data associated naps longer than 30 minutes with almost double the risk of developing atrial fibrillation. But also the American Heart Association took data who supported this point by pointing out that naps lasting longer than an hour increased the rate of cardiovascular disease by 1.82 times. The age factor. In this sense, one of the most important studies published is found in JAMA, that after following 1,338 older adults for 19 years and objectively measuring their sleep, they were able to see the effect it had. Here it was seen that sleeping more during the day, doing so more frequently or concentrating the nap in the morning was associated with with higher mortality from any cause. Specifically, each extra hour of daytime sleep increased the risk of mortality by 13%. There is much left to investigate. Among the studies that are currently available, no clear correlation has been found, that is, that someone who takes a three-hour nap a day should not have any problems. The only thing that is pointed out is that having the need to sleep excessively during the day can be a consequence of a poor night’s rest because there is a disease that is beginning to see the light, such as sleep apnea. You can take a nap. Although it may seem that we are demonizing the nap, the reality is that it has an important beneficial component when it comes to naps. less than 30 minutes. Here we are achieving an improvement in cognitive performance and it is also a way to recharge our energy a little for the rest of the day. But from here to actively planning a nap that can last for hours, there is a long way that should undoubtedly be avoided. Images | Unsplash In Xataka | Sleeping four hours a day and performing at your best is not a myth, it is a genetic rarity of 1% of the population

There is a company that remains committed to saving the manual gearbox no matter what the cost: BMW

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The manual gearbox has been around for years on the tightrope within the motor world. More and more brands are abandoning it, emissions regulations are stifling it and suppliers are not exactly in favor of manufacturing it in smaller quantities. However, BMW’s M division has not yet signed his death certificate. What BMW said. Sylvia Neubauer, Vice President Customers, Brand and Sales at BMW M, confirmed in an interview with the German media Automobilwoche that the division’s engineers continue to actively work to find a solution that allows the clutch pedal to be maintained in its future models. Neubauer did not go into technical details, but according to the publication, the executive “promises a solution.” The technical problem. The obstacle is not so much power as torque. BMW M’s inline six-cylinder engines generate torque figures that current manual gearboxes cannot absorb without mechanical compromise. A clear example: the BMW M2 CS arrived without a manual gearbox option precisely because the transmission was not capable of managing the engine torque. The same S58 that produces 553 HP in the 3.0 CSL has torque limited to 550 Nm with manual, while in other configurations it can deliver an extra 100 Nm. And developing a completely new and more robust manual transmission for use in only a handful of models is, according to the head of BMW MFrank van Meel, “something that does not add up economically.” The possible solution: decelerated engines. What the engineers would be exploring is artificially limit torque output in engines that are paired with a manual transmission. It is not a new concept, it is already happening currently with the M2, whose automatic version has 50 Nm more torque than the lever variant. The question is whether buyers will be willing to accept that compromise in upcoming models. What models are left with a manual. After the Z4 M40i goes out of production this month, BMW M is left with only three cars equipped with a stick shift: the M2, M3 and M4. The current M3 is close to the end of its life cycle, with a replacement expected in 2028. What we do not know is if its new generation will arrive with a manual gearshift. From BMW Blog they are not very clear. The M2 and M4, however, still have plenty of power for a while. Why is it so difficult to save he manual. It is a constant pressure that comes from several fronts. Emission regulations in Europe they tighten more and more (in 2030, manufacturers must reduce fleet emissions by 55% compared to 2021) and automatic vehicles consume less in the approved cycle. Driving assistance systems are designed almost exclusively to work with automatic transmissions. And the transmission providers themselves They prefer to work with large volumesnot with short runs of manuals for niche enthusiasts. What this means. BMW M isn’t closing the door, but it isn’t opening any wide either. The brand is betting on saving time (and not disappointing its most purist customer base) while solving an engineering problem that is very economical. If the solution is to decelerate the engines with manual transmission, that could generate debate among those who expect maximum performance in each configuration. But for those who value the driving experience over the information on paper, it may be enough. In Xataka | China has been boasting about its driverless robotaxis for years. Until more than 100 have stood at once in Wuhan

Light and gas have become luxury items. Europe’s plan is to intervene in prices no matter what the cost

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Turning on the heating, running a washing machine or keeping a factory blind up has become, overnight, a luxury. Faced with the economic asphyxiation that threatens citizens and companies, the European Union has crossed the Rubicon: the free energy market, as we knew it, cannot sustain this crisis, and Brussels is preparing a drastic intervention to lower the bill at any cost. ORn global market on fire. The epicenter of this new financial earthquake is in the Middle East, as we have been counting these days in Xataka. The price of oil in international markets continues to suffer shocks; as the firm points out Sparta Commodities to EUobserverit is the “largest daily movement since 1988.” Investors assume that the blockage in the region will cause real cuts in the global supply of crude oil, leaving behind the idea of ​​​​a simple logistical delay in ships. Gas has not been left behind. As detailed BloombergEuropean natural gas futures—the Dutch benchmark—soared 30% in a single day, reaching €64/MWh. Europe emerges from the winter with its reserves depleted and is now facing an all-out war with Asia to obtain the scarce shipments of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) available for the summer. The daily roller coaster of the bill. To understand why this crisis punishes the consumer so much, we must look at how the price of electricity is formed hour by hour. An analysis of Finance Times shows how prices in Europe now suffer wild volatility. The example of last March 4 is devastating: at the height of the solar peak (2:00 p.m.), a megawatt hour in Denmark cost just 26 euros; Just three hours later, after the sun set and the gas plants came into play, the price catapulted to 430 euros. This “roller coaster”, with jumps of up to 1,700% in one afternoon, has been replicated with the same harshness in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. Gas thus imposes a “law of luxury” every time the sun disappears, preventing the industry from planning its production. Intervene “whatever the cost.” With a heavy industry (steel, chemicals, aluminum) on the brink of the abyss – it is worth remembering that, according to a document from the European Commission cited by Euronewsindustrial electricity in the EU was already twice as expensive as in the US and China before this crisis—Europe has decided to act. According to the documents discussed by the European leaders to whom has had access Euronewsthe emergency plan seeks quick relief by putting the scissors directly into the bill in three ways: National tax cuts: Which currently vary enormously and can amount to up to 22% of the electricity bill. Cap on tolls and network charges: Which represent 18% of the bill for large industrial consumers. Review of carbon emission costs: Which add 11% to the cost of electricity generation. The intervention beyond of tax cuts. The Prime Minister of Italy, Giorgia Meloni, has toughened her tone towards companies. In statements cited by Euronewswarned: “We will do everything possible to stop speculation. I am ready to react, if necessary, including by increasing taxes on companies that speculate on prices through energy bills.” Furthermore, the panic button for strategic reserves has been activated. As explained Reutersthe finance ministers of the G7 and the EU are negotiating to release part of the 1.4 billion barrels of strategic reserves that Europe keeps to flood the market and artificially sink prices. The impact of not intervening in time. Bloomberg details the case of Domo Chemicalsa plant in the German industrial city of Leuna, which has had to declare insolvency consumed by energy costs. This erosion of the industrial fabric also coincides with a delicate political moment in Germany, where the conservative party (CDU) of Chancellor Friedrich Merz has just suffered an electoral setback against the Greens in the regional elections in Baden-Wuerttemberg. The Spanish shield. Despite the urgency, the overall European response is being fragmented. EUobserver points out that Ursula von der Leyen has proposed as a patch to expand the Caspian Sea oil and gas corridor. Ironically, the only royal coat of arms right now is Spain. As highlighted by this same medium, the Spanish market has registered the lowest and most stable prices this week thanks to its gigantic previous investment in renewable energies, partly isolating its system from fossil volatility. Finally, the markets have experienced a slight respite thanks to geopolitics. According to the latest update of BloombergEuropean bonds rebounded and gas fell 17% on Tuesday after US President Donald Trump predicted the conflict with Iran would be resolved “very soon.” However, investors assume that if the war drags on, prices will remain high for a long time. Waking up to reality. With 67% of its consumption still tied to imported fossil fuels, the bloc is aware that depending on Middle Eastern trade routes is a huge risk for its economy. Until now, the European Union trusted that the free market would solve consumer problems and guarantee the best prices. This energy crisis has shown that this is not always the case. The authorities now assume that, in extreme situations, intervening in bills, capping profits and emptying state reserves is the only viable solution. Whatever the cost, Europe has decided to take control to ensure that turning on the lights is not a privilege reserved for times of peace. Image | freepik and Haydn on Unsplash Xataka | Neither oil nor gas: if a total war breaks out between the US and Iran, the definitive weapon will be desalination plants

saying that opera and ballet don’t matter to anyone

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A conversation about the future of cinema in theaters unleashed, almost accidentally, one of the most unexpected cultural controversies of the final stretch of the awards season that we are experiencing. Timothée Chalamet had the unfortunate idea of ​​using opera and ballet as symbols of cultural irrelevance, and the institutions in the sector have responded, while Chalamet’s chances of winning an Oscar that many took for granted have begun to be questioned. I didn’t want to dance. Chalamet did not intend to talk about opera. The conversation, held last March 4 with his partnerInterstellar‘ Matthew McConaughey, revolved around something broader: whether theatrical cinema has a future and whether actors should beg audiences to come see it. Chalamet defended that good films (he gave as an example the Barbenheimer phenomenon) they don’t need anyone to promote them. And to illustrate the alternative, he resorted to a somewhat cornerstone image: “I don’t want to work in ballet or opera, which is like ‘hey, keep this alive even if no one cares anymore.’” And he added: “with all due respect to the people of ballet and opera.” Too late. Some answers. The institutions linked to opera and ballet were the first to respond: the Royal Ballet and Opera of London posted on Instagram on Friday a video of artists and technicians on the theater stage. In the description they invited the actor to reconsider his position, without any conflict. The English National Opera was somewhat more aggressive: posted a photo of Chalamet along with his viral date and offered him free tickets with the code “Timothée” so he could “fall in love with opera again.” The Seattle Opera went in the same direction: 14% discount on your production of ‘Carmen‘ using the same code. In a later interview, the Royal Ballet and Opera made it clear: Ballet and opera have influenced contemporary theatre, film, fashion and music for centuries, and millions of people around the world continue to attend their performances. That is, it is not a dying industry. In addition, it was mentioned how the company distributes its productions in more than 1,500 movie theaters in 50 countriesand its own executive director noted in the presentation of that season that three quarters of the institution’s activity occurs outside the Royal Opera House. The artists come in with a bang. People like the Colombian opera singer Isabel Leonard have been less diplomatic, saying on social media that “only a weak person or artist feels the need to belittle the arts that precisely inspire those who seek slower and more contemplative experiences.” The Colombian dancer Fernando Montaño published a formal letter on Instagram: comparing artistic forms, he wrote, limits growth and blocks the ability to develop one’s talent. London dancer Anna Yliaho was more succinct: Only an insecure artist, she said, destroys another discipline to elevate his own. The Irish baritone Seán Tester commented that confusing popularity with value is a fundamental error. From Spain, the orchestra director Alondra de la Parrafrom the Orchestra and Choir Foundation of the Community of Madrid extended the invitation of so many other institutions to Chalamet to come see them and change his mind. Many of these statements were collected in the aforementioned article from The Hollywood Reporter. The worst moment. The statements come at the worst possible time for Chalamet’s campaign in search of the Oscar for Best Actor for ‘Marty Supreme’, one of nine for the film, including the top prize. Chalamet has had a certainly notable career in awards, since at only thirty years old he became youngest male actor to accumulate three nominations for best performance since Marlon Brando. For months, in fact, it has been the favorite, and won at the Critics Choice and the Golden Globes. But the back-and-forth of the months leading up to the awards seems to have taken its toll on the film: first an article about director Josh Safdie’s behavior on a previous shoot. Then the defeat at the BAFTAs (without a single award and with 11 nominations, a record for failure in the contest), followed by the defeat at the SAGs, where Michael B. Jordan won for ‘Sinners’ (becoming the new Oscar favorite). And now, these statements, in line with the Chalamet’s aggressive promotion stylebut that can turn away the most traditional voters. In Xataka | Cameron’s ‘Titanic’ was going to be a flop. Until a trailer that broke several Hollywood rules changed the narrative

an “invisible” galaxy made up almost 100% of dark matter

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The Universe continues to be that great unknown. Not only because of its vast immensity, but because human research and subsequent theories that explain its functioning continue to require tweaks and reformulations. we have seen it when calculating the distances between planets of the Solar System, the size of Jupiter either what is the training mechanism of planetary systems. Now, a research team from the University of Toronto has discovered to the strongest candidate for a “dark galaxy”, something that until now was only considered a possibility. The candidate. The study presents the discovery of CDG-2, an acronym that literally means Candidate Dark Galaxy 2. It is an object 300 million light years away, in the Perseus cluster, with a peculiarity: it is almost completely dominated by dark matter, with a minimal number of stars. Thus, between 99.94% and 99.98% of its total mass would be dark matter and it only delivers a light of “only” six million suns compared to the brightness of tens of billions of the Milky Way. Context. Galaxies are something like the Lego pieces that make up the universe and they all contain dark matter. The dark matter It is something scientifically fascinating: it is invisible, it does not emit or reflect light, but its gravitational influence was the scaffolding on which galaxies were formed and is what holds them together today. In the Milky Way, estimates suggest that between 65 and 90% of the mass is dark matter, depending on the model, but astronomy has always wondered if there were even more extreme galaxies. The “dark galaxies” were until now just a theoretical prediction. Why is it important. To begin with, because it empirically confirms what the theoretical models contemplated, but it has more implications: It opens a new way to detect galaxies from statistically significant groupings of globular clusterswhich serve as a trace. As a case study: the most probable hypothesis is that neighboring galaxies ripped away the gas necessary for star formation, leaving only the skeleton. It makes us look at its “twin” CDG-1 with different eyes. Detected previously, it could be a case of an even more extreme dark galaxy, possibly a pure dark matter halo. How they discovered it. The research team came across this galaxy in a striking way: looking for its shadow, since it is practically undetectable. Their fingerprints were four globular clusters, small dense concentrations of stars around the Perseus cluster. After analyzing its disposition with statistics and ruling out that its grouping was a matter of chance, they pointed the three most powerful telescopes available, Hubble, Euclid and Subaru, towards that region and created the image that evidenced its existence. Is, in the words of the main researcher Dayi Li, “the first galaxy detected solely through its population of globular clusters.” Image: NASA, ESA, Dayi Li (UToronto); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI) Pending subjects. However, CDG-2 is still a candidate and not a confirmation, which is why it keeps its name. To confirm with certainty the mass of dark matter it would be necessary to measure the velocities of its stars or clusters, something technically very difficult with current technology due to how little they shine. It will be necessary to wait for James Webb and new Euclid observations to improve the image of this object to better define it or continue finding more dark galaxies like it hidden in the universe. It would require measuring the velocities of its stars or globular clusters, something technically very difficult given their extreme tenuity. The next few years, with James Webb and new observations of Euclid, will be crucial to refine the portrait of this object and track whether there are more galaxies like it hidden in the large clusters of the universe. In Xataka | A new “solar system” has just been discovered. There’s just one problem: it shouldn’t exist. In Xataka | We have been deceived by the distances of the Solar System: the closest neighbor to Neptune is Mercury Cover | POT

Productivity science says it’s not just inches that matter

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It has happened to me and it may happen to you too: you have a monitor and you notice that it is no longer enough. You could take a leap and swap it for something a little larger, but just adding inches to the equation isn’t going to change things too much. To change our experience, we need something different, like opting for an ultrawide monitor or adding one more monitor to our setup. What is the best option for you? Both are great, but both may not suit your needs in the same way. For this reason, we are going to take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of these two configurations so that you know what to choose according to your priorities. Choosing an ultrawide monitor An ultrawide monitor is larger than a conventional one, but we cannot stop at that alone. These monitors usually have a 21:9 format, which means they are wider. This means that we have a longer horizontal space, which is a wonder for productivity. And not only that: being a single screen, there is no type of barrier or frame that cuts off the visual experiencesomething ideal for working with long lines of code or spreadsheets with countless columns. Also three windows with documents or applications open at the same time. Your entire workspace, without interruptions. And for gaming, they are the best because you have a larger field of vision and the immersion they provide is not comparable to that of a normal monitor. To this elongated screen we must add another factor, which is the curvature. There are options for flat ultrawide monitors, although if you dare to take the leap, I would recommend opting for a curved one. The reason is very easy to understand: the small curve of the monitor helps you see the entire thing at a glance. What does this imply? You don’t have to turn your headsomething you will appreciate when you finish your day. In addition, the ultrawide allows you to work centered and with a straight spine. With two monitors, your “center” will be the frames of both. Therefore, more neck movements. Another element that works in favor of the ultrawide: Fitts’ Law. This, in short, predicts that the time needed to move to a target depends on its distance and size. And how does this apply to monitors? With two of them, we will have the frames as a “barrier” separating them both. that the brain will understand as an interruption. That does not happen with the ultrawide, since the mouse and everything will move fluidly across the screen. Without constantly jumping from one monitor to another, the cognitive load is reduced and that is great for less fatigue. It is not the main reason to choose one of these monitors, but I have friends who have opted for an ultrawide because they prefer a more minimalist and tidy space. In the end, it is a continuous visual experience that you place on your desktop, which, of course, also has its downside: you need a large desktop background. I will leave for last two more cons that, without being a drama, I would value a lot before opting for this option. Since it is a screen, if one day you start the computer and the monitor does not turn on, you will be left with nothing (having two monitors clearly wins there). In addition, by having many more pixels than a traditional widescreen monitor, you are going to need a medium powerful graphics card if you don’t want your games to drop below 60 FPS. Choose two monitors The other side of the coin: two monitors, side by side. If I had to define this setting in one word, it would be versatility. To build a setup with two screens, we can go ahead and buy them both or simply purchase one and add it to the one we already have, whether identical or of a different size and characteristics. And not only that: we can also change its height as we wish or rotate one of them to make it vertical. The latter is great for reading long documents or taking a look at social networks while, at the same time, you have another horizontal screen for a normal experience. I have been working with two monitors for years and it is my choice because it offers the feeling of having two separate spaces. For example, I usually have a document open on one screen where I write and email or Slack on the other. In return, there is one thing in which the ultrawides win by a landslide: you are going to find a frame in the middle and you are going to have to move your neck more. I’m going to stop at this last point for a moment. It is very necessary that the two monitors are well placedsomething that is not as simple as it sounds. If they are identical it is easier, but it can be an odyssey as they are different sizes or manufacturers. If possible, I would pull a monitor standalthough that adds to the bill. And it is better not to skimp there, since they will have to support the weight of the monitors all the time. The good and the bad of both options, face to face ultrawide monitor two monitors THE GOOD 🟢 You work without frames in between. It is ideal for editing video (infinite timeline) or having 3 legible columns of text, and it helps you avoid straining your neck. Allows you to have two separate workspaces THE BAD 🔴 They are not for all desktops: you need a robust stand, table background and a good graphics card They involve more neck movement and there are black frames in the middle Ideal for: Have all your documents or apps on the same screen to see them at a glance More versatility: you can put one vertically (ideal for … Read more

we have to get to the month of March no matter what

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Russia has intensified a strategy of attrition that aims less to gain ground than to disrupt daily life, and it has done so hitting the energy system Ukrainian to leave the country without electricity, without heating and without basic services at the cruelest time of the year. Faced with Moscow’s missiles, kyiv has called in a group of kamikaze hunters with a very clear plan. The terror ends. It we count last week. With temperatures plummeting to -20ºC and a network already weakened by months of attacks, waves of missiles and drones they seek to collapse substations, electrical infrastructure and nodes that sustain urban heat, and there is even fear of a more precise campaign against points that feed to nuclear plants. The goal it’s simple: turn the cold into political pressure, erode civil resistance and push kyiv towards a negotiation under torment, just when the United States tries to open a diplomatic path. The result is a country forced to live in survival modewith blackouts that last for days in some districts, thousands of buildings without heat in the capital, schools closed and citizens who, unable to leave, endure in dark and frozen homes, wrapped in blankets, with candles, camping burners and a shared feeling that the front is no longer only in the trenches, but also in the living room. Heat, water and normality under minimums. In cities like kyiv, the blow is especially dangerous because the heating depends on centralized systems that distribute hot water from cogeneration plants, and when the supply is cut off in the middle of the ice, the risk is not only of being cold, but also of the pipes freezing and bursting, causing flooding when the service returns. That is why the authorities have come to recommend draining circuits in thousands of buildings, accepting temporary cold weather to avoid a major disaster, while repairs are made slow and difficult by the weather and repeated attacks. Searching for fire. Life is reorganized around of heat points: public centers where people take shelter, charge mobile phones and receive hot food, and extraordinary solutions such as adapted trains as mobile hubs to warm up and regain some autonomy. Even so, they remembered in Forbes What is most striking is the obstinacy of normality: businesses operating with generatorsneighborhoods that resist in the dark, families improvising routines and a society that, instead of becoming anesthetized, tangibly feels again what it means to sustain a country at war when the temperature turns each blackout into a physical threat. Air saturation. Russian pressure is not only more constant, it is also more massive, and its strength resides in the volume: The number of attack drones has escalated to exceed 5,000 a monthwhich is equivalent to more than 150 every nighta figure designed to deplete defenses and force Ukraine to choose what saves and what doesn’t. Although the interception rate stays highthe strategic cost is enormous because shooting down swarms with surface-to-air missiles or aviation weapons consumes scarce and very expensive resources at an unsustainable speed. Zelensky himself has warned that there are systems that run out of ammunition. Mobile teams with autocannons and machine guns provide useful and relatively cheap defense, but its scope is limited and they can only protect specific points, such as a power plant, leaving too many gaps for an enemy who strikes and repeats the pattern every night. In that equation, the “thermal terror” It does not depend on destroying everything, but on having enough impacts so that the system does not raise its head and the population can’t rest. The kamikaze “hunters”. The Ukrainian response is coming through a route more adapted to this new mass war: interceptor drones small, fast and cheapconceived like disposable hunters capable of taking down Shaheds from a distance without burning a missile for each target. They are a evolution of the FPV ecosystembut oriented towards pure performance, with “bullet” type designs and industrial logic looking for volume: different models, several suppliers, accelerated production and a cost per unit that allows you to take risks without mortgaging the arsenal. Its effectiveness is maximized by launching more than one per whitejust as is done with expensive interceptors when the priority is to ensure the downing before the drone reaches a substation or thermal plant, which requires manufacturing many more interceptors than enemy drones. Aid. And yet, what seemed impossible a few months ago is beginning to sound viable: manufacturing has been triggered and, with allied supportUkraine is reaching a scale that It is no longer symbolicbut operational, to the point that interceptors are becoming protagonists of night demolitions and claiming a growing share of the work that previously fell on missiles. Hold on until March. The strategic sense of these interceptors is not only to shoot down drones, but to open a window of timebecause Ukraine will not be able to rebuild or stabilize its energy network as long as it continues receiving daily blows on the same critical points. The winter war is decided, therefore, in the ability to reduce the impact leak enough to repair without the repair being destroyed the next day, and in maintaining morale when the cold punishes as much as the enemy. Russia bets on fatigue and despairwhile Ukraine does it for a defense cheaper and massive that allows it to resist the peak of winter demand and reach the temperate spring season with the system alive. If the Russian plan is to push a country into a dark age of ice and blackouts, the Ukrainian response is to build, urgently and with war engineering, an aerial barrier made of kamikaze hunters that not only protect transformers, but buy something much more valuable: time not to break (or freeze). Image | Denys Shmyhal In Xataka | Russia has dynamited electricity in Ukraine to activate “thermal terror”: that “warming” in winter is a lethal risk In Xataka | Russia’s drones are dropping like flies and it’s because of Ukraine’s craziest weapons: a fishing … Read more

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