interactive

The time since 1940 has changed a lot. We finally have a time machine to see it on an interactive map

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I was born on a Monday in September at noon and, obeying the tradition of the San Miguel summer, the weather was mild and sunny even though October was just around the corner. I know this because my mother has told me a lot of times, but today I also just confirmed it. And be careful, finding out the weather of a day in the 80s was not a priori as easy as knowing what it was last year: it normally involved resorting to scientific databases or finding paper records, which are already old. The good news is that there is a free tool, accessible from any browser and moderately intuitive so that anyone can know what the weather was like on any day (and any time!) from today until 1940, from your date of birth to your wedding or a trip. The not so good news is that it is the best test to see how time is changing due to climate change. His name is Weather Replay and in a few words it works like a meteorological time machine in the form of a weather visualization web application. Behind this website there are two top-level European projects: on the one hand Copernicus Climate Change Serviceintegrated into the EU space program and with the aim of offering rigorous climate data available to everyone. On the other hand, ECMWF, the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting, the world reference body for numerical weather prediction. Weather Replay Home Screen The climate time machine starts in 1940 The first screen says roughly what it does: you choose a date and time, use the box at the bottom left to write a location and from there you can see a 48-hour animation where the atmospheric conditions of that specific moment are reproduced: temperature, wind, precipitation, pressure and a few other variables. Everything is very visual and available in a few seconds, without installing anything or registering. Layers are a key element to learn more information. Weather Replay Although there is an initial tutorial that may be interesting to follow, the buttons and their function and the legend are easy to understand and despite its simple appearance, it is quite powerful and with practical options to only have what interests us such as zooming, modifying colors and levels or layers. An especially interesting function is being able to compare the time on two specific dates. Swipe left and right to see what the weather was like on two days from 1940 to today. Weather Replay Under the hood of this comprehensive interactive map is ERA5, the ECMWF global atmospheric reanalysis that continuously reconstructs the state of the atmosphere using real data from satellites, sounding balloons, ocean buoys and weather stations with high-resolution numerical models. Thus, it covers the entire Earth with a mesh of about 31 kilometers and 137 vertical layers up to 80 kilometers in altitude. Despite the huge amount of data it handles, the simulations and management are agile thanks to the fact that it is in the cloud DANA Floods of 2024. Weather Replay Beyond tinkering and satisfying curiosity, this tool means that anyone has access to 80 years of atmospheric data in an intuitive and graphic way to see with your own eyes how phenomena have evolved such as heat waves, extreme rain events or wind patterns in the regions you know best. In short: that everyone can see climate change. At a teaching or journalistic level, it constitutes a magnificent resource to contextualize meteorology. For example, reproducing how the tragic Valencia DANA of 2024 began. In Xataka | This is how rain has changed in Spain in the last 30 years, on maps: the result is clear, alarming and there is no turning back In Xataka | The temperature your city will have in 2080, simulated on this disturbing interactive map Cover | Weather Replay

5.4 million earthquakes gathered in an interactive 3D map

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Every day we detect 55 earthquakes on average, but one thing are earthquakes monitored and followed by the global network and another are microseisms: there the figure rises to 1,300 a day, according to data from the American National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC). It is totally and absolutely normal: the Earth is a dynamic system in constant reconfiguration where the movement of the tectonic plates releases large amounts of energy that seismography is responsible for recording. And thank goodness: beyond the impact and catastrophe of the largest earthquakes, these enormous databases are essential to predict them. But databases are unfriendly, so the EarthScope Consortium integrated into IRIS Data Services has developed the Interactive Earthquake Browsera seismic visualization tool that allows you to explore more than 5.4 million earthquakes on an interactive global map in Google Maps. The data comes precisely from the catalog of the USGS National Earthquake Information Center, the highest authority on the subject. The world map of earthquakes. The map shows complete global seismicity from 1970 to the present with dots. Each point represents an earthquake, and its position, size and color serve to qualitatively identify its geographical location, its magnitude and its depth of focus. The view can be overlaid with tectonic plate boundaries, making the map a direct tool for reading the internal structure of the Earth. This format allows you to identify at a glance the areas of greatest seismic activity and danger, such as the Pacific Ring of Fire or the oceanic ridges. The world map of earthquakes. SAGE How to use it. The points are just the beginning. In addition to being able to change the view from map to satellite format or zoom in on a specific area, it is possible to activate the 3D view, view animations or export the data directly to Excel or CSV to work with them. You can even change the data source to MIXED, which incorporates records from the International Seismological Center and expands coverage of small events outside of North America, although with less reliability in location. The most interesting thing is the filters that appear in the right column, which allows you to choose how many earthquakes to show in the window, select time intervals, magnitude and depth. The map of earthquakes in the Iberian Peninsula Some seismically hot areas. The Pacific Ring of Fire concentrates approximately 90% of all global seismicity and is the most visible region on the map: it includes the western coasts of America, the Aleutian arc, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand and has earthquakes of all colors. The largest earthquake ever recorded, the Valdivia from 1960 with a 9.5, it occurred precisely there, in the subduction zone of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate. It is followed by the Alpine-Himalayan arc, whose concentration of seismic activity on the planet is explained by the continental collision between the Eurasian, African and Indo-Australian plates. In this case, earthquakes rarely exceed 300 kilometers in depth, but they can be devastating due to their proximity to large population centers. The East African rift system is fascinating: it is an area where a continental plate is actively breaking up, with diffuse seismicity that marks the future boundary between two new plates. Why it is important. Visualizing global seismicity as a whole allows us to quickly recognize the boundaries between tectonic plates, the areas of greatest activity and the deep structures of the planet, something that normally escapes our eyes. This capability is essential for both research and seismic risk assessment in densely populated regions. For science, the option of filtering by depth is especially valuable as superficial, intermediate and deep earthquakes respond to different physical mechanisms and are located in very different geological contexts. Being able to separate and compare these groups facilitates the interpretation of data compared to a statistical analysis of the databases. In Xataka | People didn’t take drills seriously, so Japan found something much more effective: drills in video games In Xataka | There are scientists deliberately causing earthquakes in the Alps and they have a good reason for it Cover | IRIS

The entire global electricity grid, in an impressive interactive map that shows the evolution of the energy transition

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There are few infrastructures as complex and essential to living in the world as we know it as the electrical grid, which in practice for most mortals is reduced to touching a switch or connecting a plug to the socket and it works. Behind the world’s electrical infrastructure there is a huge conglomerate of equipment, careful planning and uses that are changing (among other things, due to the now so famous data centers). It is not the only thing that is being transformed: the energy transition is making it possible for those resources that once supplied the electrical grid to give way to renewable energies. But not all countries in the world have the same density of electrical networks or the same sources, because in fact there are real black holes in this very complete world map of the electrical network. Is called OpenGridWorks and is an interactive map of the entire world’s electrical infrastructure, from a small solar plant to the great lines that cross continents. And we already told you that it attracts attention not only for the beauty of the chromatic compositions, but also for practical purposes: from planning an engineering project to analyzing energy policy. Opengridworks This map is actually a web platform for geospatial visualization of electrical infrastructure. All its data comes from OpenStreetMap, the world’s largest open, collaborative geographic database, maintained by volunteers and experts on an ongoing basis. This guarantees global coverage, constant updating and completely free access. But for network and infrastructure data it uses information from Global Energy Monitor or the United States Energy Information Administration, among others. Its purpose is to show, in a clear and interactive way, where electricity is generated, how it travels through the grid and where consumption is concentrated. It is worth stopping at the layers and all the information it shows because as we warned you before it is very complete, so if you leave all the options activated you will find yourself in a mess. If you move on the map and get closer, you will be able to see information such as: What technology provides the energy in the form of a colored bubble: blue for hydroelectric, red for thermal, yellow for solar, green for wind and purple for nuclear. The size of each bubble represents the installed capacity in MW Transmission lines are drawn thicker the higher their voltage (from 100 kV to 765 kV) and substations appear as nodes where these lines converge. Data centers also appear in the shape of a white diamond as they are points of intensive consumption. On the other hand, easement strips (ROW) appear as shaded areas around lines and facilities. Opengridworks But you will also be able to see additional information when you hover the pointer over any of the points. An example: when touching the Montes de Cierzo wind farm in Tudela, we will see that it is in operation and the energy it provides. What the global electrical map reveals about the energy transition Playing with the zoom and scrolling you quickly discover that there are areas of saturation and others that are a desert of infrastructure. From an engineering point of view, the map allows you to search for the closest interconnection point for a new project or detect nodes whose failure would leave regions without supply. Beyond engineering, it is an energy policy tool: it highlights the electrification gaps in developing countries, shows the real progress of renewables compared to fossil fuels, and allows the resilience of different national networks to be compared. AND abysmal differences are observed. Opengridworks The densest networks They are concentrated in the United States, central Europe and China, while sub-Saharan Africa and central Asia show very poor coverage that reveals an electrical blackout. In South America, the areas with the most infrastructure are on the Atlantic coast, although there are also some timid points on the Pacific coast. However, inside we barely find more than a fade to black. The colors of energy sources also change on the map, still dominated by thermal generation, although in Western Europe and China the advance of solar and wind power is a reality already perfectly visible. This map also reveals curiosities such as that nuclear plants always appear next to rivers or coasts due to cooling needs and hydroelectric plants are concentrated in the large river systems of the world. The data centers are also not placed at random, but are clustered near large transmission nodes to ensure supply. In Xataka | How much electricity each country on the map produces with renewable energy, displayed on a graph In Xataka | The amount of nuclear energy generated by each country, detailed in this interactive map Cover | OpenGrid Works

The entire ocean floor of the Earth, in a spectacular 3D interactive map that reveals 50,000 unknown underwater mountains

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Although we are already looking other planets in the universe (especially interesting are the potentially habitable ones), the reality is that the old Earth still has a few hidden secrets left. Without going any further, the seabed continues to delight us with new species at this point in the film. NASA knows this and that is why in December 2022 it launched a satellite into space with a mission: to achieve topography of surface waters and oceans. Hence its name, SWOT. Already the first year managed to map the ocean floor in more detail than in the last 30 years and is now available in full. It is, in short, the most detailed marine gravity map in history. What he has “seen” is not just the ground, but subtle variations in the height of the sea surface. These variations reveal the existence of thousands of underwater mountains, trenches and faults, invisible to conventional satellites. To prepare this map, NASA has used state-of-the-art phase coherence interferometry, which has made it possible to measure the two-dimensional height of sea level with high precision. Historically, sonar has been used to measure the seabed, but we have only managed to map less than 30% (with the Seabed 2030 project) with this technique. On the other hand, standard satellites offered a resolution well below the achieved spatial resolution, close to 8 kilometers. This exhaustive map of the ocean floor goes beyond satisfying geographical curiosity, the impact of this cartography It is evident in: Biodiversity. Underwater mountains are oases of life and knowing where they are is essential. Safety in navigation, allowing the identification of underwater peaks that may constitute a risk for vessels. Climate change. These types of structures are directly related to ocean currents, responsible for transporting heat. If we do not know the relief, we cannot predict how the sea will warm. The map of the seabed with a level of detail never seen before With this vertical gravitational gradient map, NASA has developed a 3D model through which you can move and zoom through all the depths of the seas and oceans of the Earth. Individual abyssal hills measuring 200 – 300 kilometers in length can be seen along with other small seamounts and tectonic structures, previously hidden. In fact, abyssal hills are the most common landform underwater (in the southern Indian Ocean they can be seen, for example). NASA explains that they are formed by normal faults along the axes of the oceanic ridges. From them, plate reconstruction studies are being carried out. Also in the visualization you can see seamounts located west of Central America, which are actually underwater volcanoes formed by magmatic intrusions through the oceanic crust. Their importance is crucial as they modify ocean circulation, influence the distribution of nutrients and constitute key points of biodiversity. The high-resolution mapping reveals some 50,000 previously unknown seamounts approximately one kilometer high. Tap to go to NASA’s 3D model of the seafloor. Via: NASA/JPL The topography of surface waters and oceans from SWOT also shows great clarity in the continental margins, highlighting the high latitude areas, with tectonic structures buried under sediments and ice. Thus, it allows observing submarine canyons that transport sediment from the mainland to the deep sea along the South American continental shelf, as well as ancient mid-ocean ridges hidden under the ice in the Weddell Sea. In Xataka | Astronomers have stitched together 10,000 images from the Webb telescope to make the largest map of the universe. Something doesn’t fit In Xataka | This is the impressive interactive map to see the Earth in 4K live from space and monitor satellites Cover | POT

how to create an interactive list so you don’t forget the things to pack

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Let’s explain to you how to create an interactive packing list with everything you have to carry in your suitcase. We are going to do this with Claudea artificial intelligence which will create a module with elements that you can select when you put them. This list will have a counter in addition to the checks, so always you will know what you have put in and what you still have to put in in your suitcase, and this way you will make sure that you don’t forget anything. There are several ways to proceed, letting Claude create the list automatically for you based on where you are going to go and other information, or by dictating the items you want to have. Automatic packing list First, you can have Claude create the packing list for you automatically. For that, you’re going to have to tell him where you are going, for how many days and the activities What are you going to want to do? You can use a prompt like this: “I want you to make me an interactive packing list. I am going to spend 5 days on the Costa Brava during Easter from April 3 to 6. There will be some hiking, trips to the beach if the weather is good and some dinner at a restaurant. Can you make me a complete suitcase list, including clothes, shoes, toiletries and various items?” The most important thing is indicate that you want it to be an interactive list. When you ask him, Claude will first look for the weather information that there will be during those days, with the temperatures that you will encounter. And based on this data and everything you have said, it will generate your packing list. As you can see, the list will indicate what each thing is for, and there will be counters with which you will know how many items on the list you have added and how much remains to be added. Besides, you can ask it to remove a group of elementssuch as removing the hiking ones because you’ve changed your mind and don’t want to go to the mountains, and Claude will redo the list to your liking. Personalized packing list item by item But if you don’t want Claude to add a bunch of stuff that you might not need, then it’s best to create your personalized packing list with the elements you have in your head. To do this, you will have to ask him for a list telling him the items you want. You can use the following prompt: “I want you to create an interactive packing list for my trip to Dublin from April 23 to 26. It should only have the items that I tell you. I want you to add: Mountain shoes, 4 long-sleeved t-shirts, 2 sweaters, 1 jacket, 2 jeans, 4 underwear and 4 pairs of socks, 1 pajamas, toiletry bag, charger for cell phone and watch, passport, ID, sunglasses.” As you can see, in the prompt we have started by telling you that we want the interactive packing list, and then We have given you the list of items we want to add. Claude himself is in charge of categorizing them. We have also specified the dates and the place we are going, then we will tell you why. When you have the list added, leave that chat and don’t touch anything else. Then, if something else occurs to you, you can go back to the chat and ask him to add or remove thingsand Claude will regenerate this list. A useful trick is that you can ask Claude if you are missing something important on your list. That is why we told him at the beginning where and when we are going, because when you ask him if you are missing something, he will be able to take this information into account and tell you the things that you may be missing. In my case, a trip to Dublin reminded me that I will need a plug adapter, and I took the opportunity to add it. In Xataka Basics | How to create a Claude AI chatbot that responds solely based on your own documents

All the lighthouses that illuminate the coasts of the North Atlantic, gathered in an impressive interactive map

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The figure of the solitary lighthouse keeper in charge of the thankless task of keeping his tower operational and in good condition at the service of the boats has long been a rare sight: they are in danger of extinction in front of the automated towers, both in terms of lighting and other auxiliary tasks within of the DGPS differential system. There are (almost) no lighthouse keepers, but the lighthouses look like never before. Only Europe’s 90,000 kilometers of coastline They are a veritable garden of lighthousesbut one thing are lighthouses (that iconic tall tower with a light on top) and another is lights for maritime signaling, where large lights, small lights, beacons or buoys enter. The reference technical standard is IALA Recommendation E-110, as collects and translates into Spanish Puertos del Estado. If we talk about maritime signage, things change there and the figures increase: there are 23,217 lights in the northern seas alone, according to OpenStreetMaps. It must be considered that this is open data, provided by the community, with areas very well mapped and others not so well. The lighthouses of the North Seas, as we have never seen them If we stick to the northern seas, the lighthouses drop to around 2,500 units. Although his thing is teaching and business, Wharton University professor Ethan Mollick has condensed all this information into an interactive map using vibe coding: Lighthouse Atlas. Lighthouse Atlas This map of the northern seas is more than a mere cartography of that maritime signage: it is interactive, making it a tool as visual as it is impressive for the possibility of playing with zoom, filtering or the information it shows. If you also hover over the lights, you can see more data such as their name, color range or frequency. In addition to being able to filter to see only the headlights (‘Major lights only’), as Mollick explainseach light has the correct color, each flashes with the appropriate frequency, and its brightness has been scaled according to OSM data. You can also see how far away they are visible. How far are the light signals seen in the Atlantic, between the Spanish and French states Thus, the size of the points serves to get an idea of ​​how close or far the vessels can be to view the signals. For example, on these lines you can see how much the signals of the muga between the Spanish and French states illuminate. Especially striking because of how congested the Norwegian coast is, as can be seen numerically. in the database from Norsk Fyrhistorisk Forening, the company that compiles a detailed map of locations along the entire Scandinavian coast. However, of the historical 212, it has about 150 operational. It is not the only one: Scotland and the Isle of Man, the coasts of Denmark and the Adriatic Sea, on the coasts of Greece and Türkiye are also well nourished. In Xataka | A man bought a desert island in 1962: he planted 16,000 trees and turned it into an anti-rich sanctuary In Xataka | All the lighthouses of Europe, with their different patterns and colors, gathered in this fantastic map Cover | Lighthouse Atlas

This is the impressive interactive map to see the Earth in 4K live from space and monitor satellites

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Cartographically speaking, our planet is fascinating: its evolution over time, what it’s really like taking into account the precision of physics and of course, per se: the mountain ranges, the irregularities of the coasts, the tectonic plates… all of that looks great from space. And be careful, because the space that surrounds the Earth It is full of satellites: only Starlink ones around 15,000 units. But satellites allow us to have a fabulous view of the earth. And in fact, some of the main space projects that monitor the Earth have their recordings open, without going any further, what the International Space Station “sees” either NASA events They are available to anyone. The problem is that not everyone knows it, nor do the tools shine for having a clear and intuitive interface. So to someone who loves astronomy it occurred to him to create it to follow from satellites to shooting stars or racing cars. SatellitesArg Although you can see the Earth from space live and in 4K without doing anything, it is worth setting your location for a more personalized and precise experience of everything it offers. From here, there are several ways to select a satellite to follow, some as intuitive as tapping on “Satellites” and selecting from the list (there are some as popular as Starlink or BlueWalker 3) to see, for example, the ISS live camera. However, you can also save them to your favorites. Another interesting option is “Visible Passage”, which is what happens when a satellite crosses the sky illuminated by the Sun while it is night in your location. To do this, simply select a specific satellite, open it on the map and click “Visible path”. Within “Best steps” those satellites that will be highest and brightest in the coming days are shown. Likewise, there are filters to, for example, see only the steps at dawn or dusk. The “Radar” option is used to locate a specific satellite, something especially interesting if done from a mobilesince with the help of the compass you can hunt it at some point in the sky. You can also view those that are nearby, use augmented reality to superimpose the trajectory using your phone’s camera. Although you can see in real time, you can also go back to monitor past trajectories and have access to astronomical events, the phases of the moon and even have a map of the stars in the sky. But even if you don’t take advantage of all those functions, the option to see the Earth in real time in 4K by tapping on “ISS Live Camera” It is simply spectacular. In Xataka | This map shows what the Earth will be like in 250 million years. If it comes true, Spain will be very lucky In Xataka | The Earth has moons that we don’t know about: exploring them is key to revealing the secrets of our solar system

Bringing fiber to rural Spain does not come cheap. This interactive map tells you exactly how much it cost

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Those of us who live in urban areas take it for granted that we have fiber coverage, but there are many rural areas from Spain where fiber has taken a long time to arrive and even some where they are still waiting for it. To ensure coverage of the entire territory, the government launched subsidies for operators to deploy their network. Now we have a map to know the status of all deployments, interactive and non-profit. The map. It has been developed by Fernando García Álvarez, a software engineer who has contacted us to publicize his creation. It is an independent and non-profit initiative. Its objective was to gather all the information on fiber deployment plans, both the previous PEBA and the current UNICO plans in a single place, something that until now had to be consulted through various sources. His name is Fiber Programs and when we open it we find a heat map of the entire peninsula, with the red areas representing the areas with the greatest coverage and the yellow areas representing the least coverage. Detailed information. To obtain all the information on the different programs you have to zoom in and click on one of them. Here we can see which operator is carrying out the deployment, which plan it belongs to and other more in-depth data such as the total amount of the subsidy and the completion deadline. This is especially useful for those projects that are still underway because it allows you to know when a specific zone will be connected. Subsidies. That in 2026 there will be those who do not have a fiber connection is shocking, but there is a reason why there are still areas without this infrastructure: it is not profitable for operators to bring their infrastructure to an area where there are very few inhabitants. From this need was born the Broadband Extension Program or PEBA. The plan was active from 2013 to 2020 and subsidized almost 800 projects from more than 100 operators. In 2024, the UNICO Broadband plan took over the baton, with more than 18 million euros and with Avatel and Adamo as the main recipients of the aid. Spain and fiber. Although there are some areas left to cover, they are the least. The reality is that 95% of the Spanish territory has access to fiber optics, which places us well ahead of the European average, which is 64%. Our colleagues from Xataka Móvil made a devastating comparison: a town in Soria has better internet than Berlin. Image | Fiber Programs In Xataka | In 2023 Spain tried to create its own “Starlink” to connect the rural world: it has failed miserably

A comprehensive interactive map to explore all the blood circuses of the Empire

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If you are one of those (non-generic masculine) those who are fascinated by the Roman Empire, taking a little getaway to continue discovering ruins and fortifications probably seems like a good idea. Yes, there are classics within the state like Tarragona or Mérida, but if you fancy a more exotic and distant trip, Ephesus or Split are good candidates. The old continent is full of jewels (and even beyond, as long as Rome It covered three continents) Although “all roads lead you to Rome”, surely this Google Maps of the Roman Empire It would be useful for you to plan a route (and the Romans of the time, I won’t even tell you about it) and even better, this evolution. But let’s not fool ourselves, there are cities and cities and remains and remains. If you are going to prepare an excursion and your objective is visit a city of status within the Roman Empirethere is an unmistakable sign: the amphitheatres. Having an amphitheater was a luxury. May it remain in good condition today, even more Amphitheaters were a medal of prestige to a city. They did not build it just anywhere: those provincial capitals had it, such as the previously mentioned Tarraco and Emerita Augusta, as well as those cities founded for the retirement of their veterans (this is the case of Itálica). However, there were also cities that decided to build it as a thank you to the emperor or for the local elites to show off. And pragmatically, to carry out the maxim of “bread and circuses”. The amphitheaters of the Roman Empire. Via:Tataryn. Wikimedia It is estimated that in the Roman Empire there were about 230 amphitheatersof which only about 30 are moderately well preserved. The figure drops to 10 if they also maintain their full structural functionality, among them the Arenas of Nimes and Arles in France, the one in Verona, the one in Pula, The Djem in Tunisia and of course, Pompeii. The map above, courtesy of Wikipedia, is great to take a look at. but there is another interactive map of the Roman Amphitheaters much better. It uses the data of Sebastian Heath, PhD in Classical Art and Archeology from the University of Michigan, a key figure in the modern study of Roman amphitheaters, among other things for his approach to digitization through open data. Thus, it has its Roman Amphitheater dataset which serves as a base, combined in turn with the map of the Roman Empire from the Gothenburg Digital Humanities area. The result is a three in one map published on RAMADDA’s wiki-based open source data and content platform: Interactive map of the Amphitheaters of the Roman Empire. Ramadda The first and largest allows you to view the terrain, roads and main cities of the Roman Empire as you move or play with the zoom. When you tap on a city, you can see details on all three maps. For example, when you click on Segóbriga in Cuenca, information appears such as its name in Latin, when it was built, the capacity, the region… and on the left, its integration into the roads and a satellite view. Given the number of municipalities and places with Amphitheater, it is convenient to use the filters that appear in the upper area. Thus, we can sift based on the region of the time, its capacity or even easier, what state it currently belongs to. When selecting Morocco, several cities appear and one of them marked in blue: “Lixus”, next to Larache. In Xataka | The death of one empire is the birth of another: the graph that reviews the history of civilizations from 4,000 years ago In Xataka | The Google Maps of the Roman Empire: the map that allows you to plan a route at that time

thanks to this interactive map

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The image of the billionaire as a tax nomad in a permanent search of the best taxation It is widespread, but the data tells another story in which millionaires are much more reluctant to move countries, although not cities. A academic study recently has systematically analyzed where more than 3,100 billionaires around the world with assets exceeding $1 billion are born and live. The result is that, rather than large exoduses, the map shows stable patterns of wealth compaction. The mobility existsbut it tends to concentrate in already consolidated centers of economic power. Mobility exists, but it is local. The most relevant data from the study is that 81.6% of the billionaires analyzed live in the same country in which they were born. Just throw an eye on the map in which the study data is represented to realize that the international migration of large fortunes is visible, but not the majority. The main movement occurs within the countries. Only 23.3% of the 3,100 great fortunes analyzed by the study reside in their hometown, which indicates a habitual movement towards the large national economic capitals. The first step of these millionaires (and in many cases the only one) is not usually to cross borders, but rather to approach the economic capitals of their respective countries, where companies and networks of influence are concentrated. Large metropolises as historical centers of wealth. In Western Europe and the United States, the concentration is articulated around cities with a long financial tradition and business. London, Paris, New York, Los Angeles or San Francisco are the clearest examples. All of them They combine deep financial ecosystems, access to capital, legal certainty and global networks. London stands out for its high percentage of foreign-born billionaires, while New York has remained an example of a pole of attraction for local millionaires. According to published the luxury magazine Sperar’sthree out of every 100 millionaires are from New York (3.09%), while only 1.25% were born in London. In both cases, the logic is the same: wealth tends to settle where it already exists infrastructure to manage and multiply it. The internal migration of millionaires in the US is concentrated in the main economic centers: New York, Miami, Austin, Los Angeles and San Francisco Asia and the Middle East: two different concentration models. Asia presents a slightly different pattern. On the one hand, in economies such as China, India or South Korea, the majority of billionaires maintain their residence in their country of origin, with a limited international mobility. The concentration occurs above all internally, in large financial and technological capitals such as Seoul, Mumbai, Beijing, Shanghai or Singapore, reinforcing internal development, rather than global networks. The Middle East, on the other hand, introduces a clear anomaly on the global map of migrations in great fortunes. Countries like the United Arab Emirates, and especially Dubai, stand out for having become a magnet for billionaires born outside the country, something rare outside the West. Of the 17 billionaires that the study registers as residing in Dubai, only 4 were born there. Spain: concentration of capital in large cities. Spain fits well into the general pattern of the study. The majority of Spanish billionaires reside in the country, and their mobility is mainly internal. Madrid and Barcelona concentrate a good part of the great fortunes of the country. Madrid stands out as a political, financial and business center, while Barcelona maintains weight in industrial and property sectors. In both cases, residence is usually disconnected from the place of birth. The result is not so much a flight of wealth abroad as an urban centralization, which reinforces territorial imbalances within the country itself, creating points of extreme concentration of wealth. The real effect: spatial inequality. The most relevant impact of these patterns is not in international flows, but in the territorial concentration of economic power represented in the change of residence of these great fortunes. When billionaires gather in a few cities, those areas accumulate investment, services and influence, while other regions lose weight. The study does not analyze direct social consequences, but the data helps to understand why certain cities (such as Madrid or Barcelona) they become more expensiveconcentrate opportunities and widen the gap with the rest of the territory. Still, the pattern is clear: the global economic elite moves less than is often believed, but is extremely concentrated. Both at the level of concentration of capital in very few hands, and at the territorial level. In Xataka | The rich neighborhoods of Madrid and Barcelona have changed their accent: millionaires from the US and Mexico invest their fortunes in Spain Image | Billionaire Migration

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