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Apps that simulate purchases in exchange for dopamine open the door to something worse

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Who hasn’t finished a stressful day at work and have you decided to order food at home? Without a doubt, it is a good option when we don’t feel like cooking. But it’s not the only reason we tend to have the urge. The order, the same as when We buy clothes or any other product onlinetriggers the release of dopamine in the brain. That is the reason why dopamine apps have become fashionable in South Korea, a series of applications in which you search through a list of products and choose the one you most want, but it never reaches your home. To get the kick of pleasure, it seems to be more than enough. From South Korea, to the world. One of the first dopamine apps to be launched was Food Never Eats. Basically, it delivers what it promises. You can choose food from a wide variety of menus specialized by country. Do you feel like Italian food? Today your body asks for Mexican tacos? Or maybe you prefer a good burger? You have everything. Your brain prepares to savor. It is anticipated. But you never get it. This application is Korean, like most apps of this type. However, there are already some in other countries. This is the case of the American Dopamine Shopwhich presents a very wide range of products. The good thing about not having to spend the money is that even the Moon is on offer, for the modest price of 99 million dollars. These types of applications have recently become fashionable. However, in an article for The ConversationAustralian consumer behavior expert Gary Mortimer predicts that they will likely continue to spread around the world over time. The hooking hormone. dopamine is the central hormone of reward systems. These are brain mechanisms that, broadly speaking, seek to ensure that we repeat certain behaviors that are beneficial to us as a species. For example, sex generates pleasure through the release of dopamine, because it helps us perpetuate the species. The more sex we have, the more likely we are to reproduce. Eating chocolate is also pleasant, because it gives us a lot of energy. The brain does not distinguish between energetic and healthy. All of this is so pleasant that we are left wanting to repeat. Therein lies the evolutionary benefit. Unfortunately, not everything that activates reward systems is positive for us. Drugs, for example, have the same effect. And, in general, everything that engages as well. From gambling to shopping. In both cases, dopamine is released in anticipation of a reward; which, in the case of purchases, is the product that we are going to buy or the dish that we are going to taste. The point is that it has been observed that anticipation occurs even if we never receive the order. That’s why dopamine apps are causing a sensation. In them, almost all the steps of the purchase occur: anticipation, selection and a feeling of confirmation. Nothing ever comes, but we trick our brain anyway. The B side of dopamine apps. In his article, Mortimer warns that anything that generates this release of dopamine can cause the gateway effect. That is, it becomes the gateway to something worse. Much has been studied with games of chance. In 2014a study was published with 409 people playing games of chance without reward. It was seen that, 6 months later, 26% of the participants switched to betting. In 2016 A similar study was carried out with 521 people and the gateway effect was seen in 19%. It is even something that has been seen with electronic cigarettes. They are harmful in themselves, but it has also been observed that they serve as a gateway to conventional tobacco consumption. For all these reasons, we cannot rule out that these types of apps end up giving rise to compulsive purchases in search of a shot of dopamine that makes us feel good. The algorithm hunts you anyway. On the other hand, Mortimer remembers that false elections also feed the algorithm. Even if you don’t buy anything, you are still customizing your preferences through cookies and you will receive the response in the form of personalized advertising. There are people who don’t care about this, but others prefer to avoid it, so it’s good for them to be clear that it is not necessary to buy anything. The search is more than enough. Image | Magnific image, not the app in the article Xataka | When it comes to meat, science knows there’s something better than protein shakes: lean pork

Science already knows why mosquitoes attack you and not the one next door

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With the arrival of summer, in addition to the heat, the hated mosquitoes also appear and do not hesitate to bite us during the day or night and leave us with a welt as a souvenir. But this also generates a lot of uncertainty in many homes, since of two people who sleep in the same room, the next morning, one is riddled with bites and the other is intact. What was thought. For decades, popular culture has attributed this phenomenon to having “sweet blood” or a certain blood group. However, science has left the guesswork behind to offer a much more precise answer by boiling it all down to the chemistry of our skin. The real magnet. The research that has marked a before and after in this field It was published in 2022 in the prestigious magazine Cell. In this article, after meticulously analyzing human skin odor, they discovered that people who are most attractive to species such as mosquitoes Aedes aegypti produce levels significantly higher carboxylic acids in the emanations of his skin. The most revealing thing about this finding is not only the identification of the chemical compound, but its persistence, since the study demonstrated that this chemical difference remains stable over the years. That is, our olfactory signature is constant and, if you are a magnet for mosquitoes today, it is very likely that your skin will continue to emit these same signals in the future. He is quite faithful. This biological mechanism is tremendously sophisticated, since, far from choosing their victims at random, mosquitoes are perfectly adapted to track down these compounds. A study published in 2023 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases reinforced This is evidenced by analyzing the olfactory receptors of these insects, confirming that they are specifically designed to detect human carboxylic acids. Faced with this, deep-rooted myths such as blood group lose strength and although there is literature on the matter, current scientific evidence shows that it is a much more variable and noticeably less determining factor than our skin odor profile. There are more factors. As important as our body odor is, the attraction of mosquitoes does not depend on a single switch. As detailed a 2024 scientific review, The sting process is multifactorial and requires a precise combination of signals. Precisely, before smelling the acids on our skin, mosquitoes need to know that we are there. To do this, the carbon dioxide that we exhale when breathing and our body temperature act as the first long and medium distance location radar. Later, when the mosquitoes are already in our environment, the carboxylic acids in the skin come into play. There is more. Complementary variables related to the state of the host that wants to bite are added to this biological equation. For example, pregnancy has been identified as a context in which some people may be more attractive to mosquitoes, acting as an additional factor that adds to the individual’s basal chemistry. Image | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases In Xataka | Google is going to release 64 million mosquitoes with a curious mission: to eliminate mosquitoes

We have been trying to optimize cooling for centuries. My grandfather from Toledo solved the heat with the simplest invention: a door split in two

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He looks at me and says: “broken doors.” In his country house, my grandfather’s door opens in half: bottom leaf, top leaf, each with its own hinge. Every time I see it I think of cowboy movies, the logo of saloon from some after-dinner western. I imagined: “of course, for the cat.” Nothing to see. history class. The idea of ​​the split door is not only from La Mancha or Toledo, it is the same principle as the Dutch doors or stable doors from four centuries ago. According to the definition itself, the first dutch doors They date from the mid-17th century, around period 1640-1650. From here they became a practical solution in farms and rural houses in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, in order to let air and light in while keeping out animals, dust and some of the cold. The chronology itself can be found in Dutch paintings of the time, such as ‘Young Woman at a Dutch Door’, from 1645 and attributed to Samuel van Hoogstraten, a painter in Rembrandt’s workshop. Its use became popular in the American colonial era and its fame decreased towards the end of the 18th century, in favor of more robust, secure and single-leaf doors. A tunnel of cold and cleanliness. At that time, the word air conditioning did not exist, but there was a concern for hygiene: when you open only the upper half, the door works like a large window, releasing pollution from cooking smoke, which, being less dense, always accumulates at the top. And thus a small renewal current was created with the lower leaf closed. If the house had another opening on the opposite façade, the effect was amplified: cross ventilation is generated that brings in cooler air on one side while hot air leaves on the other. A simple but very effective formula if activated first thing in the morning or in the late afternoon, when the sun sets. And in winter? Well, the same door allows the opposite: opening only the lower part for a few minutes to ventilate without the entire pocket of hot air stuck to the ceiling escaping, reducing thermal losses in houses without modern insulation and where the heat was produced from braziersglories (under the floor) or low chimneys. In winter you open the bottom part to ventilate without losing the warmth that gets trapped on top. In summer, quite the opposite: you open the upper part so that the hot air can escape while the ground floor remains in darkness. If you light a fire in the kitchen, just open the top so that the smoke comes out through natural convection —chimney effect pure and hard—while the lower leaf continues to act as a barrier against the cold that comes from outside, usually the corral or the orchard. Thick walls, slow summers. The split door works because it works in tandem with another ancient technology: fat walls. So thick that they do not allow the electromagnetic radio waves that make WiFi to work. In the traditional architecture of the Meseta it is not uncommon to find enclosures more than fifty centimeters thick, chambers made of stone, rammed earth or solid brick, with a thermal inertia similar to that of a cave. The physics behind it couldn’t be simpler: the more mass the wall has, the longer it takes the outside heat to pass through it. Meanwhile, the interior remains relatively cool, as happens in any church where the sun takes hours to show itself or sometimes not even that. The same wall, in winter, absorbs part of the heat from braziers and stoves and slowly releases it when night falls, reducing thermal fluctuations in homes without radiators. What we call today “passive comfort management” is this very thing. And without IoT sensors or apps. Grandparents know it all. Silos: fresh but dry. The third lesson is taught to us silos and traditional barns. To store grain, a dry and cold microclimate must be created, in order to stop fungi, bacteria and insects that can rot the grain. When the grain is wet, the dough breathes, generates heat and creates pockets where the temperature rises and moisture condenses; If there is no ventilation, the pile becomes a breeding ground that can ruin tons of harvest. The solution is as simple as creating aeration ramps at the base and airlocks – small windows – along the walls that allow air to travel through the bulk, equalizing temperatures and removing steam upwards. It is the chimney effect but on the contrary: if you leave the ventilation openings open, the hot outside air enters through these ducts, rises through the mass of grain and heats it from within, forcing the openings to be sealed well once the cereal is dry and cold. Domestic science, with convection c. This whole repertoire of split doors, thick walls, and silos with eyes works because it takes advantage of three basic ideas of fluid physics: hot air rises, cold air falls, and air moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. End. The cross ventilation —that is, opening opposite openings so that air crosses the home—relies on pressure differences between facades and the orientation of the wind, while the chimney effect uses vertical corridors (patios, stairs, door openings) so that hot air rises and sucks in cooler air from below. In research On traditional patio houses, it has been measured how two patios with different temperatures activate a convection current that keeps the main rooms within comfortable ranges, without a single air conditioning machine. Each and every passive ventilation strategy involves some cooling, because “convection helps dissipate the heat accumulated inside as long as the openings and volumes are well thought out.” In the end, my grandfather’s split door didn’t hack anything, it was just properly installed. Two hundred years ago there were no engineers INTA in San Pablo de los Montes or in Quintanar de la Orden, but there were people with heat … Read more

30,000 liters/second while the fruit trees next door use well water

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Since February, there is a dam 14 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea that releases water uninterruptedly. Until “30,000 liters per second“they leave the Rules Reservoirthey cross the lower plain of Guadalfeo and enter the sea. A few kilometers away, on the right bank of the river, there are thousands of hectares of tropical fruit trees. struggling with brackish water pumped from permanently overexploited wells. This is a textbook example of the “Spanish way of managing water.” But let’s be precise. Actually, the question “why are we letting that water go into the sea?” has several answers. The simplest and most obvious is that there is no more water in that swamp. Granada is coming off the best snow season in more than a decade. The high elevations of the Sierra Nevada had almost four meters of ‘white gold’ in February and that gold has begun to melt quickly. It is true that the massif has a complex network of irrigation ditches to try to ‘contain’ all that water and delay its arrival to the sea, but it is a matter of time before that water would have to leave Rules. A single piece of information explains it simply: since February the reservoir has received more than twice as much water as its operational capacity. In fact, the water is being ‘thrown’ into the sea because it is overflowing from its spillway. Is the second time in its history that this has happened. The other answer… is that, 22 years later and a cost overrun of more than 200 million eurosthe stored water still does not irrigate the fences 9,000 hectares of subtropical areas of the Tropical Coast. The pipelines are still under construction and, although some may be finished in the coming months, others have not even started. Government, Board, Provincial Council and City Councils have been throwing things at each other for years without solving the problem. And it is not clear that it will be resolved: now the Granada Provincial Council has reactivated the debatebut we must remember that elections are on the horizon. It is time to make promises of investments that no one knows if they will come to fruition. Meanwhile, the Kafkaesque system of subtropical agriculture continues to push the region to the limit. Because that is the worst news of all. Even in the best year in living memory, water is not enough. When we don’t have it, because we don’t have it. When we have it, because we have not built the pipeline that would allow us to use it for decades. Rules, as we said months agoit is a curiosity, but what a curiosity. Because we all know that Spain has a problem with water and we have to recognize that we have been very imaginative trying to solve it. But what we must not forget is that one of the great pending issues is to assume that managing this problem involves making decisions and carrying them out. Image | Cristina Borge In Xataka | In the midst of a drought, one of the swamps with the most water in Spain is in Andalusia. His secret: he can’t spend it

The legal shield of the wolf has been cracking for years. Now the majority of communities in Spain have opened the door to hunting them

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Maybe not at the level of the housing or corruption, but in the political chronicle of recent years there has been a topic of debate that has exacerbated tempers: the wolf. From 2022 The European and Spanish institutions are immersed in a thorny debate about the degree of protection of the Canis lupuswhether it should be allowed to be hunted or whether it remains vulnerable. The result of this tug of war has not been exactly positive for the species, whose legal shield It has been eroding little by little. Now just received a new setback in Spain, where the majority of communities have made it clear that they don’t look with evil eyes his hunting. What has happened? That the legal status of the wolf has just received a new setback in Spain, where it has become clear (for the umpteenth time) that everything related to the management of the herds is a matter of political dispute. To understand it, we have to go back to last Monday, when the majority of communities and the Ministry of Ecological Transition (Miteco) staged their difference of opinions around a report that, in practice, will influence the really relevant issue: whether or not wolf hunting is allowed in Spain. What exactly was discussed? He sexennial report about the situation of the wolf in Spain. Basically it is a study that shows how the country’s herds evolved between 2019 and 2024 and (importantly) concludes whether or not the current conservation status of the species can be considered ‘favorable’. Said like this, it may not seem like a big deal, but that label (‘favorable’ or ‘unfavorable’) in turn influences whether hunting should be allowed. Furthermore, it is a report required by the European Commission (EC) and which is already a year late: Spain should have sent it before July 31, 2025. Why has it taken so long? Because before the report had to go through the Sectoral Environment Conferencea body in which two parties sit with totally opposite positions: the ministry, in favor of considering the situation of the wolf in Spain as ‘unfavorable’, and therefore in need of high protection; and the majority of autonomous communities, who believe that after years of preservation the species is already in a ‘favorable’ situation. And what did they agree? The positions of each other are so far apart that at Monday’s meeting they were put on the table two reportsboth focused on the wolf but with different conclusions. One was made by Miteco and advocated protecting the herds. The other was presented by the Xunta de Galicia and basically concluded that the herds have increased so much since 2019 that we can now speak of an acceptable level of conservation in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. That last one was (by far) the position that received the most endorsements during the meeting. The autonomous governments of Galicia, Andalusia, Cantabria, La Rioja, Region of Murcia, Valencian Community, Aragon, Canary Islands, Extremadura, Balearic Islands, Madrid, Castilla y León and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla supported the report that concludes that the situation of the wolf today in Spain is “favorable.” The only votes against were those of the Government and Catalonia, which delegated to Miteco. Basque Country and Castilla-La Mancha they abstained. What does the Government say? The Minister of Ecological Transition, Sara Aagesen, claimed on Tuesday that “technical and scientific rigor” prevailed and recalled that the objective of the report should be to show the state of conservation of the species in the last six years. Along similar lines, Jordi Sargatal, from the Government, judged “without scientific basis or value” the report of the communities led by the PP. Miteco has actually advanced that it will send to the European Commission “all the information” on the subject, which would include both studies. Just a year ago the ministry published a census which concluded that in Spain there are 333 herds, 12% more than in the previous census, carried out between 2012 and 2014. Although this data is positive, the Government itself accompanied it with a footnote: that 12% is still insufficient. “Scientists consider that, to ensure long-term genetic viability, 500 herds must be reached.” What do the communities say? They argue that the species has recovered ground, which would justify opening the door to hunters. “The current status of the book is favorable and there is no scientific basis to justify it having a special protection regime,” argues the Xunta. At stake are not the herds, but their impact, as remember Joaquín A. Pino, counselor of Castilla y León, who recalled that ranchers “suffer recurrently” attacks from wolves. “The management of the species must be based on the reality accredited by the six-year report to also protect extensive livestock farming and rural areas,” insist the regional government before remembering that damage to the primary sector has been increasing by more than 10% annually and, only in Castilla y León, was it recorded last year 4,474 attacks from wolves to livestock farms. The compensation for these damages (6,294 dead cattle) exceeded four million. Images | Arturo de Frias Marques (Wikipeda) and AR ® Higher School of the Environment (Flickr) and Mytec In Xataka | Mexico desperately needed Mexicans to care about axolotls. So he put them on the bills

Controlling a video game with your mind seems like an empty advancement. It is the door to treatments for depression or anxiety

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Although a good part of the technology industry is focusing on innovations that we are not very clear about how they can help us (there is the waste in AI and humanoid robotics), there are those who are researching something that can open an unthinkable door for thousands of people: brain-computer interfaces. That’s where they come into play brain chips. Neuralink It is the product with the best-known commercial name and the one that seemed to open the way in a more public way, something that China has followed with an important boost in these brain chips. The technology has been tested on humans for years, but there are two problems: it is a very invasive technology and, furthermore, learning to master this computer implanted in the brain It is a complex process that requires training. Yale University, however, is developing another way: an external, non-invasive brain interface that wants to fix these two problems. The problem is that it is not as pretty as it sounds. Work with the brain, not against it A few days ago, researchers at Yale University they published a study in Nature Neuroscience in which they detailed that the idea of ​​this project is to take advantage of the natural geometry of neuronal activity and not fight against it when a user can control software with their mind. The one of the fMRI-based BCIs (brain-computer interfaces) (functional magnetic resonance) is a field that has been explored for some time, but has an efficiency problem. It requires many long training sessions for a user to end up achieving modest results at best. Additionally, up to a third of participants never mastered the software. The twist that the Yale researchers have taken is to use the natural geometry of the brain. That is, taking advantage of the “consolidated pathways” of our brain activity so that technology works in favor of these existing pathways instead of forcing the brain to create completely new pathways. Result? Less friction and faster, more efficient learning. For landing it, we are not talking about a brain chipbut to introduce a person into an MRI machine not to do a standard scan, but so that that person can take advantage of the capabilities of real-time MRIs to move something in software. In this case, an avatar in a video game. That is to say, it does scan, all the time, in fact, while another program reads the data on the fly. To do this, they used a series of their own algorithms to discover the individual geometry of each person and, from that unique “map”, they created a closed system that read the user’s brain scan every two seconds and translated the data into video game movements. They tested three configurations: One based on the most natural pathways used by the brain. Others based on also natural routes, but less dominant. And a third based on pathways that the brain does not produce naturally, but that it builds. According to researchers, it’s like paving a road from scratch. The result was very positive: Participants learned to control the avatar using thought alone in less than an hour when the BCI interface aligned with that more natural brain map. Sometimes even in less time. When the system moved away from natural geometry, participants could control the avatar, but the time spent was much greater. The conclusion is that using this adjustment between the machine and the natural pathways of each individual’s brain, a physical reorganization of the brain has been observed to align with what the interface is demanding. The researchers observed that this reorganization spread even to brain regions that were not being used at the time, demonstrating that there is a kind of domino effect in the brain as it adapts to the changes. It’s very promising, but there is a problem: the necessary equipment. We are talking about that, to achieve these results, users had their heads inside an MRI machine, huge and very expensive equipment which is far from being as practical as brain chips claim to be. That is to say, it is not so much a “street” technology that allows people who need it to find an improvement in their abilities, but that does not mean that it remains a mere discovery. Something like this has interesting implications that can open the door to various applications in fields such as mental health (noting that it can be effective in developing treatments for depression or anxiety), motor and communication disorders or even cognitive improvement. Something more “clinical”, not common at home, although Erica Busch, first author of the study, opens the door to the construction of new generation video game systems controlled directly with the mind. But well, in the end, more than a commercial product, Busch herself points out that This discovery is more useful in the field of research. “We spend a lot of resources trying to become better versions of ourselves through education, practice or therapy. Understanding the structure of our own mind and brain can help us do this much more effectively.” Images | Yale In Xataka | Synchron is Neuralink’s great rival in the race for brain chips. Now you have an ace up your sleeve: ChatGPT

The US opened the door to Nvidia’s H200 chip in China. The Chinese army has been waiting for a long time on the other side

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Jensen Huang, the CEO of Nvidia, has been forced to “fight” with the US Department of Commerce for months, but he has achieved what he wanted: your company can now deliver some of its Chinese clients its chip to artificial intelligence (AI) H200. As we explain to you On May 14, Alibaba, Tencent, ByteDance and JD.com are four of the ten Chinese companies that already have access to this powerful GPU. And they have it because the US Department of Commerce, which is the institution that grants or denies export licenses, has authorized at least ten Chinese companies and several distributors, including Lenovo and Foxconn, to acquire the second most powerful AI chip that Nvidia has. This decision has come almost two months after the US Government confirmed which was going to allow the company led by Jensen Huang to deliver its H200 chip to its Chinese customers. However, Nvidia likely won’t have time to savor this victory. Once again, dark clouds are gathering over it that threaten to compromise, once again, its business in China. And, according to Bloombergat least seven Chinese universities linked to the country’s armed forces and defense industry are trying to obtain H200 chips. This disclosure comes from China’s public procurement records, so it is presumably reliable. Remote rental: the avenue that the Department of Commerce still does not know how to close In the US there is a pressure group that opposes the sale of advanced American AI chips in China. Chris McGuire, senior fellow on China and emerging technologies at the Council on Foreign Relations, holds that “any deal that allows Nvidia to sell more chips to China means fewer Nvidia chips for US companies and a smaller US advantage over China in AI.” Besides, McGuire argues that “it is surprising that President Trump continues to allow himself to be convinced to put Nvidia’s interests before those of America.” Chinese entities increasingly resort to renting airtime on servers equipped with restricted Nvidia chips What is happening right now with Chinese universities is the ideal breeding ground to reinforce the theses of this pressure group in the US. Two of the institutions that have expressed interest in H200 chipsBeihang University and Northwest Polytechnic University, are among China’s “Seven Sons of National Defense”, a select group of universities dedicated to supporting the People’s Liberation Army. Both have been included in the blacklist of the US Department of Commerce for their involvement in the advancement of Chinese military capabilities. And public procurement records reveal that the Beihang School of Cyber ​​Science and Technology, which claims to have “national defense characteristics and aerospace advantages,” is attempting to rent the use of Nvidia chips. Northwestern Polytechnic University’s School of Cyberspace Security is also trying to rent access to H200 chips, according to those same records. Chinese entities are increasingly resorting to time of use rental on servers equipped with restricted Nvidia chips as a way to access prohibited hardware without having to import it directly. This is the strategy that the US Government will surely try to dismantle. What is not clear at the moment is how he is going to do it. Image | Nvidia More information | Bloomberg In Xataka | The US remains committed to stopping China. Now it has targeted the second largest Chinese chip manufacturer

The Social Security reform has opened the door to working longer. Early retirement will remain half closed

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Social Security is pushing those who can continue working to delay their retirement as much as possible, but it resists modifying one of the most discussed rules of the system: the penalty in the pension of those who they retire earlyeven when they accumulate more than 40 years listed. The flexible retirement reform contemplated in the Royal Decree 416/2026 will come into force on August 28, launching the Government’s strategy to extend working life of workers and contain pension spending. What changes with the reform. The new flexible retirement regulation seeks to encourage more people to extend your working life as much as possible voluntarily and can make part of their pension compatible with a salary, something that current regulations did not allow. The idea is not to force anyone to continue working beyond the legal retirement age, but rather offer more incentives so that those who can and want to do so, keep working. The person who is already retired, instead of stopping working completely, can do so part-time. In exchange, they will receive a salary for their work and a supplement to the proportional part of the pension. In this way, someone retired can obtain a higher income while still active, and will receive 100% of their pension again when they stop working. That is, if someone retired receive a pension of 1,000 euros, and for working 32 hours a week (80% of a full day) they will pay you a salary of 1,000 euros, your pension will be cut in that proportion, but the sum of salary (1,000 euros) and pension (200 euros) will provide you with greater monthly income. The current regulations force you to choose between working or receiving the pension. Put obstacles to early retirement. The demographic pyramid in Spain, in which there are fewer and fewer young people to maintain the pension system and a longer life expectancy, has forced successive governments to take measures to maximize working life of employees to continue contributing. This has led to the extension of the retirement age, which has been progressively delayed since 2011 to go from 65 to 67 years in 2027. The other measure approved in the pension reform of 2024 to discourage early retirement is to apply some reducing coefficients to the retirement pension, so that the more you anticipate retirement, the less pension you receive in return. Contribute 40 years without reward. One of the problems posed by the application of reducing coefficients is that those workers who already exceed the maximum limit of years of contributions necessary to access ordinary retirement at age 65 (38 years and six months or more by 2027), will not be able to retire early. without penalizing themand end up getting paid a lower pension than other workers with fewer years of contributions. This group has already organized under the association Asjubi40 and different political groups with representation in Congress have carried out proposals to eliminate this grievance to workers with long contribution periods when they want to advance their retirements. As and how he published The Independentvoluntary early retirees bear an average reduction coefficient of 11.36% and receive an average pension of 2,002.58 euros per month, after retiring at an average age of 63 years and two months. In the case of involuntary early retirement, the average reduction rises to 18.9%, the average pension stands at 2,100.42 euros per month and the average retirement age drops to 61 years and ten months. The unaffordable cost of stopping working. The reason given by the Government for not eliminating these reducing coefficients It’s simple: removing those penalties would be expensive. The Executive estimates an additional cost of 3,358 million euros per year for Social Security if the reducing coefficients are eliminated for those who retire early after having contributed 40 years or more. Of that figure, 1,345 million would correspond to voluntary early retirement, and 2,013 million would correspond to those retired involuntarily, that is, those who have been affected by ERE, business closures, force majeure or other cases considered by the General Law of Social Security. Social Security cannot assume it. Although Spain is registering record numbers in terms of number of members. It closed 2025 with a budget deficit of 5.58 billion euros. Once again, we are facing a record to be treated of the smallest deficit of the last 14 years, as as highlighted The Confidential. But it is a deficit, after all. However, the incorporation of contributions such as the Intergenerational Equity Mechanism (MEI), has contributedIn 2026 alone, 1,162.23 million euros will be added to the Social Security Reserve Fund, which reached a total amount of 15,267 million euros last March. In Xataka | From the “Great Resignation” to the “Great Early Retirement”: the labor market loses the experience of those over 55 years of age Image | Pexels (Joaquin Carfagna)

Mexico is getting its foot in the door in the semiconductor industry. It will take more than good intentions

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The return of donald trump to the White House it was like an alarm clock for the rest of the countries. It caused the rise of the feeling of European technological sovereigntybut also the awakening of his neighbors. That feeling was captured in the ‘Mexico Plan‘, a strategy for the country to stop depending so much on others and where technology plays a fundamental role. Because Mexico has decided to get into the conversation of the semiconductor industry, and the OECD He just said there is potential. But also some other problems. Intentions. Mexico’s intention is to complete a series of objectives to become the tenth economy in the world and, within that strategy, there are objectives such as reducing poverty and inequality, promoting tourism and promoting vaccines made in Mexico. Also generate 1.5 million jobs and enhance the technological network. Among the various initiatives to achieve this, there are two that stand out: electric cars for urban mobility (the Olinia project of which We expect news this summer) and semiconductors (the Kutsari project). Mexico has experience in both fields because there are powerful companies that manufacture their products in the country, but from being the factory to having all the legs of the chain there is one step. How things are going. However, without making much noise, the institutions are moving. Puebla, Sonora and Jalisco are the three proper names, the three headquarters chosen to develop this plan that allows Mexico to go from being a country that assembles chips for others to one that designs, manufactures and sells them. The three states are reinforcing investment and consolidation of already established infrastructure, as well as the construction of new buildings and agreements to attract and retain talent. In Sonora, for example, it is in the Mexico-US Trade Corridor. In Jalisco there is the Intel Design Center, so there are contacts and experience in integrated circuits. And Puebla will have one of the semiconductor production plants. Strengths. The idea is to start producing chips by 2028 with an eye toward commercialization by 2029. And beyond what Mexico says, it is interesting to see what other organizations have to say. Here the OECD comes in with a optimistic message in which he points out that Mexico already has that experience in the assembly and testing of chips, so it has a base on which to scale. They assure that the country has “a promising future” and a favorable position due to its geographical proximity to the main world market, a large and experienced workforce and an industrial network that, as we say, has already been tested by manufacturing chips for others. They also have data centers and plenty of land for renewable energy to power the industry. Something that the OECD also highlights is the talented labor base because 17% of Mexican graduates are from engineering areas, three points above the average for the OECD as a whole. The least optimistic face. Now, not everything is so optimistic. There is a difference between “potential and concrete execution” and there is critical positions with the country’s ability to meet energy and transportation requirements. security when developing this industry. Regarding education, although the OECD indicates that number of engineering graduates, only 16% of young people between 15 and 19 years old are enrolled in technical programs related to the sector compared to the average 23% of the organization. Water can also be a problem, but if there is one thing clear, it is that the country is more on track with its future as a producer of semiconductors than, for example, as a creator of mass electric cars with its own batteries. Because that’s where lithium comes into play and, although there is plenty of it in Mexico, It’s one thing to have it and another thing to refine it.. Images | mister rfflag of Mexico, Data Center (edited) In Xataka | The avocado “war”: the product that has brutally confronted Mexico and the United States for 80 years

Your refrigerator has a compartment designed for eggs in the door. It’s the worst possible place to keep them.

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Almost all refrigerators on the market, when purchased, come with an accessory designed specifically for this purpose: an egg cup that goes on the shelves of the appliance door. This has become the place that many of us look at at first to catch the eggs, but the truth is that it is the worst refrigerator place to save the eggs. The thermal trap. The reason lies not in the fragility of the food, but in a microscopic enemy that surrounds us and can be potentially dangerous: the Salmonella. Here the main problem with the refrigerator door is that it is the area most exposed to thermal changes, since every time we open the refrigerator to get milk, water or simply to think about what to eat, the temperature on the door shelves fluctuates drastically. Here are the regulatory bodies of the United States They are quite clear pointing out that these constant rises and falls in temperature are the ideal breeding ground for bacterial growth. Furthermore, as pointed out by the South Korean Ministry of Food, the door is prone to generate condensation, creating a humid environment that facilitates the proliferation of pathogens in the shell that end up in the food when we break the eggs in the same bowl where we beat them (something also not recommended). The ideal temperature. To keep salmonella at bay, the temperature must be stable and below 4°C – 10°C, since under these conditions, the growth of the bacteria is suppressed by more than 99%. But this on the refrigerator shelves is something that is not always achieved. What the studies say. Here the science is quite clear with different studies that have pointed to the survival of strains such as Salmonella Typhimurium and the Salmonella Enteritidis in very specific conditions. A 2021 study demonstrated that at room temperature the bacterial load increases alarmingly in both the white and the yolk. On the contrary, keeping them at 5ºC limits their multiplication and reduces virulence. But if we come more to the present, a study launched in 2024 found that, under alternating temperature conditions, that is, in cycles of 25 ºC to 5 ºC, similar to taking food in and out of the refrigerator, salmonella manages to migrate to the yolk in 64% of cases. How to preserve them. Taking all this into account, the big question is: what should we do when we get home from the supermarket? In this case, the health authorities point to two strategies, the first being to put them directly on the interior shelves, preferably on the lower or middle ones. In this way, the temperature remains stable below 4ºC, and especially if it is at the bottom of the refrigerator. Do not throw away the cardboard. Although we usually take eggs out of their boxes to put them in plastic egg cups for convenience, the truth is that it is a mistake. That is why the second conservation strategy is to keep them in the original packaging, since the cardboard not only protects them from possible knocks, but also acts as a crucial barrier against moisture loss, prevents the shell from absorbing odors from other foods and protects the egg’s natural cuticular barrier. Images | Onur Burak Akın Katie Bernotsky In Xataka | The internet has become obsessed with drinking hot water in the morning. Science is clear about what it does (and what it doesn’t)

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