chips

It’s no longer about doing better chips, but connecting half a million

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The new battle of the AI ​​is no longer earned only with integrated circuits, but orchestrating complete systems that connect half a million chips working at the same time. Why is it important. For decades, the technology industry has been governed by the Moore law: The number of transistors in a chip doubled every two years. Today, calculation power advances come from the ability to connect endless amounts of chips between them, an effort that does not follow any predictable “law”. The turn. AMD has presented Your mi400 chip Not as an isolated piece, but as a complete system called helios Rack of the pre -installed data center. It is the implicit recognition that the era of individual chips is over. The context. Nvidia dominates the AI ​​because Jensen Huang had the vision of using GPUS for these calculations, which gave him the advantage of those who hit first. But AMD is shortearing fast distances (Bet on smooth his usually goes wrong), and the inherent change of the industry has also changed competition. Between the lines. Companies no longer hire chips engineers, but also more concrete profiles: Specialists in Design of racks. Systems architecture specialists. Specialists in data centers optimization. AMD is now using More than 1,000 specialized engineers in design of racks. Architecture chiefs who previously focused on concrete domains should now be somewhat more general to create more integrated systems. The threat. The biggest competitive pit (‘Moat‘) Nvidia is no longer hardware, but software. His suite CUDA It is the standard in the AI ​​industry to train models. AMD competes with ROCM. And although changing system can be too expensive, especially for small companies or independent developers, large companies can justify spending if the greatest efficiency gives them the right return. Yes, but. Companies are packing so much hardware in the racks that High soils and electrical networks They begin to be too tension. The question here is when they can sustain this race without finding physical limits. Deepen. The CEO of COPEAidan Gomez, said In the event that was “very easy” to migrate one of your company’s models to the AMD platform. Openai, Oracle and other great technological ones are looking for alternatives to Nvidia since he boom of chatgpt began to make your chips scarce. Supplier diversification is also strategic for projects like Stargatethe initiative of half a billion Openai dollars next to Oracle. Outstanding image | İsmail Enes Ayhan in Unspash In Xataka | Taiwan has decided to prevent by all means that TSMC technology arrives in China. Your future is at stake

The US is willing to do anything for advanced chips not to reach China. And Malaysia is an obstacle

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Malaysia is in the spotlight of the US. The administration led by Donald Trump has suspected for many months that Chinese companies and research centers dedicated to artificial intelligence (AI) acquire the most advanced NVIDIA GPUs through Singapore and Malaysian intermediary companies. In fact, this possibility It is no longer just a hypothesis. And it is that the Singapore government has confirmed that it has identified those responsible for diverting to China, and presumably towards the parent company of Deepseekservers that contain the high performance GPUs produced by NVIDIA. This information was revealed at the end of last February by the Channel News Asia television channel, and shortly after the Minister of Internal Affairs and Justice of Singapore, K. Shanmugam, He confirmed it. Interestingly, it did not realize what the GPUs that incorporate these machines are, but made public a very important fact: the name of the companies that manufactured the servers. And they are Two US clients from Nvidia Very important: Dell Technologies and Super Micro Computer. For Malaysia, the eeuu is not an option Malaysia is a global power in packaging and verification of integrated avant -garde circuits. In August 2023 we had the opportunity to check it first hand because Intel invited us to Visit the chips factories that has in this country of Southeast Asia. These plants reside in Penang and Kulim, two exotic and beautiful cities located north of Kuala Lumpur, and are specialized in the processing of silicon wafers that come from Intel factories in Israel and Ireland. Malaysia is a very attractive country not only for Intel and other manufacturers of American semiconductors; It is also for Chinese and Taiwan chips companies. Its appeal lies in four fundamental pillars: has a stable supply chainnotable technological development, makes available to these very qualified personal companies and their production costs are moderate. For integrated circuit manufacturers, a country with these characteristics is a safe bet. Many Chinese manufacturers are diverting the packaging of their chips to Malaysia to protect themselves from the tension between the US and China Intel has been present in Malaysia since 1972, and during the more than five decades that have since elapsed its infrastructure in this Asian country has not stopped growing. His model has worked so well that other large companies in the semiconductor industry have adopted it. One of them is the Chinese giant Huatian Technology, and many other Chinese manufacturers of integrated circuits are diverting the packaging of their chips to Malaysia to protect themselves from the uncertainty that has triggered the tension between the US and China. The chips industry is one of the engines of the Malaysian economy, and, as we have just seen, the US is an essential actor for this country. For this reason, Malaysia’s government is interested in doing everything in his hand to Do not get into the US administration. The presumable participation of some of its companies in the export of avant -garde chips to China places it in a delicate position that, for more inri, has just complicated even more. And it is that a company from China is suspicious of training AI models in Malaysia infrastructure and using Nvidia hardware. According to Reuters The Ministry of Investments, Commerce and Industry of Malaysia is investigating whether this or any other company housed in its territory has violated some local law. Interestingly, this institution is analyzing a report that argues that Four Chinese citizens They traveled from Beijing to Kuala Lumpur, each transporting several hard drives with dozens of calculus leaves and images, with the purpose of training an AI model into 300 servers with Nvidia chips. Malaysia is not subject to sanctions or restrictions by the US government, and it is evident that this Asian country is interested in its relationship with the Trump administration be as cordial as possible. What is not clear is that he gets unscathed from his involuntary mediation between China and the US. More information | Reuters In Xataka | We can forget an AI without hallucinations for now. The general director of Nvidia explains why

Intel will fit one of the toughest blows in its history. One directed directly to its chips factories

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“These decisions are difficult, but they are essential to face the challenges we are already facing the company’s current financial situation. It is very painful.” These words They are part of the statement That Naga Chandrasekaran, the manufacturing vice president of Intel, sent the employees of this company last Saturday. In his concrete message that the Board of Directors is preparing A template reduction that will range between 15 and 20%as well as most of the cuts will arrive in July. The challenges a Those who currently face Intel They exceed the other challenges that he has faced during his more than half a century of history. The leadership that has sustained for decades in the manufacturing industry of integrated circuits is in the hands of The Taiwanese company TSMC since the mid -2000s. In addition, the stagnation during the last years of the PC market and the slowness with which Intel has participated in the industry of the industry of the artificial intelligence (AI) have placed it in a very compromised position. In July 2024, the company that at that time led Pat Gelsinger gave a tremendous batacazo in the stock market. Their actions fell 30% in a few days and stabilized in the value they had in 2011. In addition, Intel lost $ 1.6 billion During the second quarter of 2024 and its year -on -year income fell by 1%. These circumstances triggered a crisis that still persists today. This cut will have an inevitable impact on Intel factories Last August 2 Intel announced that was about to start a structural adjustment plan that pursued to reduce the costs of the company and increase its agility when adapting to the challenges that the market currently imposes. Its objective was to fire 15% of the workforce (more than 15,000 employees) and reduce costs by approximately 10,000 million dollars. Pat Gelsinger had declared shortly before Intel was inefficient because he had an excessively complex structure. It is still early to identify how this measure will affect the competitiveness and performance of Intel factories Not even Gelsinger himself “survived” this regeneration process. On December 2 This executive came out in a somewhat precipitated way of the company, whose course was uncertain until last March 18 Lip-bu took the reins of Intel. This veteran physicist and nuclear engineer He hastened to confirm that two of the pillars of its strategy would pursue reinforce the company’s position in the AI ​​market and reposition Intel as a leading company in the integrated circuit manufacturing industry. Shortly after his arrival It was leaked that lip-bu so He planned to launch a new cut of the Intel template in a clear attempt to reduce their operating expenses, among which personnel costs or marketing expenses are counted. The figure that the company shuffled on this occasion amounted to 20% of its workforce, which in practice implied to dispense with approximately 20,000 workers. These people join the more than 15,000 employees of which Intel has dispensed with during the last months of 2024. Now we know something else. From the statement that Naga Chandrasekaran has sent just four days ago to Intel employees it follows that during the next weeks they will be forced to leave their jobs Between 8,000 and 10,900 factor workers That has this company disseminated throughout the planet. However, presumably the most affected plant will be the largest of all: that of Oregon (USA). It is still early to identify how this measure will affect the competitiveness and performance of Intel factories, but its size invites us to anticipate that it will have a deep impact on the production infrastructure of this company. Image | Intel More information | Oregon Live In Xataka | Intel has confirmed that the 20A node will be skipped to reduce expenses. The 18A node will enter production in 2025

bet on your own chips

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China wants to lead the electric car industry, and plan to achieve it by dominating the chip supply chain that give them life. The country, in search of its technological self -sufficiency in an industry that represents about 10% of its national GDPhas urged its manufacturers to win in the semiconductor career for electric cars. A large -scale plan. Sources of Nikkei Asia They claim that the main groups of Chinese car, including Saic Motor, Byd, Li Auto and Geely are preparing to launch models equipped with 100% national manufacturing chips. From 2026, at least two Chinese companies are expected to produce semiconductors for automotive. It is something that has already begun to be seen, with movements such as Xpeng or child betting on your own manufacturing chips for its most recent electric vehicles. On June 13 we saw the XPEng G7, the first car of the Chinese company to replace Nvidia chips for own chips that promised a three -time performance. 2027 as a key year. With the start of mass production of vehicle semiconductors, China would be setting the most ambitious objective in 2027: 100% national manufacturing in each of the chips equipped in its vehicles. It is a project under the supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China (MIIT)who would be summoning manufacturers regularly to know their national chip adoption rates. What is being done. Recently, Xpeng announced its Turing AI chip, with a computing capacity that, supposedly, triples to that of the Nvidia Orin. It is one of the most ambitious responses to Nvidia, and expects divisions such as Volkswagen in China to end up adopting this type of solutions. Why Volkswagen? Because Both have agreements for Manufacture electric cars. Other Chinese manufacturers, such as child, They announced their Shenji Nx9031your chip to boost autonomous driving functions. The problem? It was manufactured in the lithographic process of five nanometers, and that can only mean one thing. External agreements. China is in full Sprint stage with its semiconductors. Is about to have the ability to make 5NM chips and SMIC expects to reach 3NM lithographic processes in 2026 But, at least for the moment, the chips of their rivals are more advanced. This is why companies like Nio have opted for companies external to China (They do not detail who manufactures the Shenjibut its 5 nm process details that it is not national), and Xiaomi has allied with TSMC To manufacture your Xring 01the company’s first smartphones processor that competes directly with the A18 PRO of Apple and The best of Qualcomm. The company He has already announced that he will take his chips to carsand the big doubt is whether he will do it with TSMC as an ally. China has the ability to master this industry. There are three pillars that largely determine the success of an electric car that intends to sell anywhere in the world. Batteries (autonomy and load) Price Software (operating system, cabin functionalities, etc.) In the 2023 China Electric Vehicle Forum, the Institute for Market Economics Studies revealed that the external dependence of automobile chips was close to 95%. The key point is that cars chips are very varied: microcontrollers, memories, sensors … Most of them can occur with the current lithography teams that China has. In fact, there is a key here. Among the large chips suppliers for cars are already companies such as Huawei, Semiconductor and STM Microelectronics ByD. With the focus on the domain of the semiconductors, manufacturers outside China betting on Chinese software, and the country winning the battery careerChina has everything to end up dominating this industry sooner or later. A conquest outside and inside. The war that China is playing is not just internal. The country has the potential to dominate in markets such as the European. Spain is the best example, with brands like Mg heading the sales rankingsand giants like Chery disembarking in our country with Jaecoo and omoda. China no longer has the West as a mirror. His new heads in automotive fight with their own identity, a clear domain in areas where the European car has been left behind, and A deeper consumer understanding Regarding that of the brands they manufacture in Europe. Image | Geely In Xataka | Chinese cars no longer compete against the West. Compete against the future itself

USA says that Huawei will not be able to manufacture more than 200,000 AI chips in 2025. We know what the reason is

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Jeffrey Kessler, Undersecretary of Commerce for Industry and Security of the US Department of Commerce, has done a few hours ago This statement in Congress: “Our evaluation indicates that the production capacity of Chips Ascend de Huawei by 2025 It will be 200,000 units or lessand we anticipate that the majority or all of that production will be delivered to companies within China. “ Besides, Kessler pointed out that “China is investing A lot of money to increase your chips production of artificial intelligence (AI), as well as the capabilities of the GPUs it produces. For this reason it is essential not to have a false sense of security and understand that China is reaching the US rapidly. “These statements express unambiguously how worried the US administration is in the development of China undergoing China in the field of AI. China goes only between three and six months behind the US in AI This is What David Sacks arguesan IA and cryptocurrency expert who exercises as an advisor to the Government of Donald Trump in this area. In addition, it acts as a link between the government and the American technology industry. The White House has clarified the statements of Sacks clarifying that this guru referred to AI models, so that Chinese chips are between one and two years behind their US equivalents. Earlier this week Ren Zhengfei, the founder and general director of Huawei, declared that the GPU Ascend of this Chinese company are still A generation behind of the chips for the US. His reflection is aligned with what the US government defends, but it is important that we do not overlook that Huawei invests more than 25,000 million dollars annually in the development of its hardware for AI, so presumably it will not take long to match the benefits of the GPUs produced by NVIDIA or AMD. Blea performance of integration technologies used by SMIC to produce Huawei GPUs has a very wide margin of improvement In any case, the prediction of Jeffrey Kessler about the production capacity of avant -garde chips for Huawei is sustained on an irrefutable fact: the performance by wafer of the integration technologies used by the Chinese semiconductor manufacturer SMIC (Semiconductor manufacturing international corp) To produce the Huawei GPUs it has a very wide margin. SMIC already has the ability to manufacture 6 Nm integrated circuits, and soon it can also produce 5 Nm semiconductors, but is limited by the performance of the deep ultraviolet lithography equipment (UVP) you have in your possession. It is meritorious that SMIC and Huawei engineers have managed to refine their integrated circuit manufacturing processes what is necessary to be able to produce 5, 6 and 7 nm chips With ASML UVP teams, but a priori it is very unlikely that with these machines they will be able to go beyond the 3 Nm. And it is because the technique of Multiple patterningwhich is what they are using, imposes important limitations. A note: This strategy in broad strokes consists in transferring the pattern to the wafer in several passes with the purpose of increasing the resolution of the lithographic process. His problem is that he usually has an upward impact on the cost of chips and the decline in production capacity. For Huawei it is a big problem not to have the necessary technology to produce avant -garde semiconductors comparable to those who manufacture Intel, TSMC or Samsung, so it is working on the development of its own team of extreme ultraviolet photolithography (UVE). More information | Reuters In Xataka | Nvidia has to deal with the absolute distrust of several US legislators. His plan in China is in danger In Xataka | The US wants to end the chips for the Chinese that are sold abroad. And China knows how to defend oneself

Intel and TSMC lead the revolution of photonic chips. His problem is that China has just done fully in this war

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Douglas Yu, a TSMC executive, The biggest chips manufacturer on the planetwith responsibility in the field of systems integration Explain clearly The disruptive capacity of integrated photonic circuits: “If we manage to implement a good system of integration of silicon’s photonics We will trigger a new paradigm. We will probably be placed at the beginning of a new era. “ The photonic silicon seeks to develop the technology of this chemical element to optimize the transformation of electrical signals into light pulses. The most obvious field of application of this innovation is the implementation of high performance links that, on paper, can be used both to solve communications between several chips and to optimize the transfer of information between several machines. Advanced packaging technologies with which the main semiconductor manufacturers work, such as TSMC, Intel or Samsung, can benefit a lot from a communication mechanism between very high performance chips. And the large data centers in which it is necessary to connect a large number of machines, too. However, there is a particular discipline to which it would be wonderful about the advantages proposed by the photonic silicon: the artificial intelligence (AI). China plans to use this technology in AI, 6G communications and quantum computers Intel and TSMC are some of the companies that have been working on the development of their technologies linked to the photonic silicon, and, as we can intuit, this innovation is no stranger to Chinese companies and research centers. In fact, in mid -May 2024 the Institute of Information Technology and Microsystems of Shanghai (China) in collaboration with the Lausanian Institute of Technology (Switzerland) reached a crucial milestone. Until that time one of the fundamental ingredients of the integrated photonic circuits was the lithium niobate. The lithium tantalate allows the manufacture of large -scale photonic chips and with much lower costs This synthetic salt intervenes in the manufacture of these integrated circuits because its physicochemical properties allow it to optimize the conversion of electricity into light, but it has a problem: the industrial exploitation of this technology is conditioned by The high cost that each wafer hasand also for the size of each of them. What these scientists have achieved is to replace the lithium niobate with other semiconductor material whose properties are even more attractive: the lithium tantalate (litao3). Ou Xin, one of the scientists who have led this project, assures That in addition to paying better than the lithium niobate, the lithium tantaloate allows the manufacture of large -scale photonic circuit and with much lower costs. This is because the manufacturing processes are similar to those currently used to produce conventional silicon semiconductors. This is the context in which, according to SCMPthe chips center for integrated photonics Xplore (Chipx) of the Jiao Tong University of Shanghai has announced that it has started the production of 6 -inch wafers for photonic chips. Interestingly, this production line Use Lithium Niobateso it still has a room to advance and take advantage of the properties of the lithium tantalate. Be as Professor Jin Xianmin, the director of CHIPX, says that the photonic integrated circuits have a huge potential not only in the training and inference of AI models, the classical supercomputing and Quantum computersbut also in the development of communications 6g. Image | TSMC More information | SCMP In Xataka | Today China and the US have parked their differences for a good reason: they will analyze together the risks of AI

The SOC Kirin 9020 of Huawei demonstrates how much China has advanced with the chips. And also how much you have to do

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Huawei and SMIC (Semiconductor manufacturing international corp) They go hand in hand in their adventure to sustain the Chinese semiconductor industry. The sanctions that The US government has deployed During the last two and a half years they seek to stop the development of Chinese companies that are dedicated to the design and manufacture of integrated circuits. The country’s semiconductor industry led by Xi Jinping brings together hundreds of companies, but these two are its spearhead. And they are because presumably are the ones that have the most resources at their disposal to innovate. And they are doing it. In fact, SMIC currently has the ability to manufacture Integrated 6 and 7 nm circuits. In addition, you are about to start 5 Nm chip production and plan to start Its first 3 nod nodes equipped with gaa transistors (Gate-alall-around) in 2026. It is not but that we are bad if we keep in mind that Chinese manufacturers do not have access to equipment extreme ultraviolet photolithography (UVE) of ASML, which are the ideal to produce these semiconductors. The Soc Kirin 9020 is a half success The launch of the new smartphones family Huawei pure 80 It invites us to take a look at your SOC to identify what it proposes and what integration technology is involved in its manufacture. This chip has been produced by SMIC in its 7 Nm node and class N+2. This terminology indicates that it is a 7 Nm and second generation lithograph Mate 60 Pro of Huawei. SMIC already has the ability to manufacture integrated circuits of 6 nm. And soon you can also produce 5 nm chips We have not yet had the opportunity to try any of the pure family 80 smartphones equipped with this SOC, but it is reasonable to anticipate that it will give users a satisfactory experience. Even so, it is evident that your performance by watt will not be comparable to that of The soc that manufactures TSMC in its nodes of 3 and 5 nm. As I mentioned a few lines above, SMIC already has the ability to manufacture integrated 6 NM circuits, and soon it can also produce 5 Nm semiconductors, but it is limited by the performance of the deep ultraviolet lithography equipment (UVP) you have in your possession. It is meritorious that SMIC and Huawei engineers have managed to refine their integrated circuit manufacturing processes what is necessary to produce chips of 5, 6 and 7 nm with the ASML UVP equipment, but a priori it is very unlikely that with these machines they will be able to go beyond the 3 Nm. And it is because the technique of Multiple patterningwhich is what they are using, imposes important limitations. A note: This strategy in broad strokes consists in transferring the pattern to the wafer in several passes with the purpose of increasing the resolution of the lithographic process. His problem is that he usually has an upward impact on the cost of chips and the decline in production capacity. For China it is a big problem not to have the necessary technology to produce avant -garde semiconductors comparable to those who manufacture Intel, AMD or Qualcomm, among other western alignment companies. The great hope of the country led by Xi Jinping is having as soon as possible Your own UVE photolithography teamsand it seems that they are close. In fact, A filtration has revealed that Huawei is already testing a prototype of one of these machines. If this information is finally confirmed and China has its commercial UVE machines in 2026 will have taken a crucial step in its pulse with the US. Image | Hiilicon In Xataka | Nvidia has to deal with the absolute distrust of several US legislators. His plan in China is in danger In Xataka | The US wants to end the chips for the Chinese that are sold abroad. And China knows how to defend oneself

China has just uploaded one of the keys to the future of its chips. It is a very elegant response to the US

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At the end of May, the US administration took a new step in its strategy to stop the Chinese semiconductor industry. After verifying that preventing access to its technology had not been enough to stop the country’s progress led by Xi Jinping, he decided Block EDA software exports. This software is essential to automate the design and key processes that allow progress in the manufacture of semiconductors and in the development of new lithographic technologies. China has taken less than two weeks to move and make your progress public. The context. On May 29, the United States notified the three giants of the EDA software industry (Cadence, Synopsys and Siemens) that They had to cease their services to Chinese groups. These three companies control more than 74% of the global market of these tools. In an attempt to isolate China from a fundamental element to advance in the semiconductor career, the Trump administration attacked one of the few flanks that remained to torpedo. The first answer. The reaction of Chinese software manufacturers EDA was immediate. Yang Lianfeng, president of one of the three main national companies in the sector, described the US decision as “The best development opportunity in history”. The Trump administration maneuver, which sought to close a door to China, ended up promoting the actions of national companies and accelerating processes that had been developing for years. Processes that, inevitably, they would culminate in a self -sufficient industry. The next step, upload to github. One of the particularities of EDA software is its closed nature. China has been keeping its advances in this field with zeal but, after the United States movement, it has not taken long to respond. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, one of the main scientific institutions of the country, has published in GitHub A document in which he explains his advances with Qimeng. This software uses Chinese language models to automate processes in semiconductor manufacturing. The development team states that it can do in days what a human team would have been for weeks. It is important to emphasize that Qimeng is an academic Open-Source project, without industrial purposes. However, Timming has been perfect. The small mouth. Modesty is a characteristic feature of Chinese philosophy. This was shown by Ren Zhengfei, leader of Huawei, publicly recognizing that His chips are a year behind those of the United States. The Academy itself has adopted a similar position, ensuring that (for the moment) its performance is comparable to the Intel proposals in the 1990s and Arm architectures of the 2010. The documentation also highlights the current challenges in the current design of semiconductors, including limited resources, ecosystem diversity and restrictions on the manufacture of this technology. China has a lot to show. It is quite naive to think that China’s current point in EDA software is just comparable to solutions ten years ago. If an academic and open source project is at this point, that of the Chinese EDA giants will have enough to demonstrate. The country is working in silence to Achieve self -sufficiency In an essential field to lead in semiconductors, and make part of their advances public is a clear message that they are working patiently. The country, comparing its product with the American, shows a deep respect for rival knowledge and wisdom (China has even a character to reflect this, and it is the Zhì 智), while making clear its pragmatism: if they cannot access the tool, they will create it themselves. In Xataka | China is moving whole buildings at the same time to build underneath. Because? Because it can

Malaga gets fully into the chips industry. It is due to IMEC, the most important laboratory in Europe

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The Interuniversity Microelectronics Center or IMEC (Interuniversity Microelectronics Center) It is not a research center. It is the most experienced laboratory in the tuning of New integration technologies to manufacture integrated circuits and nanotechnology that we have in Europe. In fact, its engineers They work side by side with ASML techniciansTSMC, Intel or Samsung with the purpose of jointly developing new semiconductor packaging technologies or avant -garde photolithography techniques. This research center is housed in Leuven (Belgium), but in 2030 it will have a new laboratory that will be located in Malaga Techpark, an ambitious technological park installed in this Andalusian capital. José Luis Escrivá, the former Minister of Digital Transformation and Public Function, announced the arrival of Imec to Malaga In January 2024, but a year and a half later we have more important information. According to Malaga today The total cost of these facilities will amount to 615 million euros. The central government will contribute 500 million and the Junta de Andalucía the remaining 115. On the other hand, the Malaga Center of IMEC will have a total area of ​​51,300 square meters, and, more importantly, it will use 200 people of high qualification. After all, these researchers will participate in the search for alternatives to the silicon in integrated circuit production processes, as well as in the development of new photolithography technologies that will pursue make possible the manufacture of chips below 1 Nm. However, in addition to these direct jobs, this research center will attract Malaga to other important companies involved in the semiconductor industry. This is the most ambitious IMEC project: to manufacture 3 angstroms chips According to Imec In 2035 integrated circuit manufacturers will begin large -scale production of 3 angstroms chips (0.3 Nm). This milestone is very important because presumably these will be the first semiconductors made of the UVE Hyper-á lithography equipment in which ASML is already working. However, of course, these machines will not arrive that year; They will be ready much earlier. That will be the time when Chips manufacturers will start large -scale production, but possibly this machine will be prepared at the end of this decade. In 2039 chips manufacturers will go beyond the 2 angstroms Anyway, the interesting thing is that the opening of the optics of these avant -garde lithography equipment will be, again according to IMEC, of ​​0.75 in the face of the opening of 0.55 UVE UVE MACHINESor 0.33 in Conventional UVE teams. In any case, the itinerary of this laboratory anticipates that In 2037 the integrated circuits of 2 angstroms will arriveand in 2039 chips manufacturers will pass this barrier and go beyond the 2 angstroms. In the article we dedicate to Rayleight criteria We explain in a lot of detail what the ‘Na’ parameter consists (Numerical Aperture), But in this text it is enough to know that this variable identifies the opening value of the optics used by the lithographic equipment. In this context this parameter essentially reflects the same as the opening value when we talk about The optics of a photo cameraso it conditions the amount of light that the optical elements They are able to collect. As we can intuit, the more light gathens, the better. Image | Laura Ockel | Wikimedia More information | IMEC In Xataka | China needs to develop a new type of immune chips to US sanctions. And their scientists have just achieved it

After mobiles, cars and chips, China is launching its biotechnological offensive. And the West will not be able to block it with tariffs

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China has just achieved something historical: that an American pharmacist pay 5,000 million dollars for a Chinese drug against cancer. It is the highest figure ever paid by a Chinese medical innovation. Why is it important. This news It is the perfect example of how, in the middle of a war for semiconductors, chips and rare earths, China is beginning to lead an even more strategic industry: biotechnological. Medicines do not know borders or tariffs. The context. In 2011, China approved the first oncological drug developed at home: an improved copy of a western medication. Fourteen years later, a Chinese biespecific antibody threatens best -selling medication in the world, Keytruda, of Merck, which invoice 29.5 billion dollars annually. What has happened. Chinese transformation into biotechnology follows a recognizable pattern. First arrived Betta Pharmaceuticals Pume: A “I” version of Western therapies. It worked equally well, it cost less, but never left China. Then came Beigene Brukinsa: The jump to “I better.” It became the first Chinese oncological drug approved by the US FDA. Today it is sold in 65 countries and generates 2.6 billion dollars a year. The third step was Carvykti by Legend Biotech: A cell therapy that genetically modifies patient cells to attack cancer. Johnson & Johnson associated to take her worldwide. In the foreground. The fourth act is underway with ‘Ivonescimab’ by Akeso Biopharma. This biespecific antibody simultaneously attacks two targets of cancer. Summit Therapeutics He opted 5,000 million dollars for himmaking it the greatest operation of Chinese pharmaceutical license in history. The bet is huge: Ivonescimab intends to dethrone Keytruda as world oncological standard. Global clinical trials will decide if China can create next Blockbuster medicinal. In figures. The numbers show the speed of Chinese advance: 2011: First approved Chinese oncological drug. 2019: First FDA approval for a Chinese drug. 2024: Chinese pharmaceutical licenses grew from 35,000 to 46,000 million dollars. Only five Chinese drugs have achieved FDA approval. Between the lines. Biotechnology implies unique geopolitical advantages against semiconductors. The medications are not blocked with sanctions: they save lives regardless of their origin. Western governments cannot prohibit Chinese oncological drugs without enraging patients, doctors and society in general. China understands and is attracting global pharmaceutical talent with mass financing and flexible regulations. The result: Chinese laboratories developing therapies that Western multinationals buy for a lot of money. Yes, but. Success is not guaranteed. 90% experimental drugs fail in clinical trials. Ivonescimab must demonstrate superiority against Keytruda In non -Chinese patients, something we should not give for granted. In addition, geopolitics can complicate things. Legend Biotech broke links with its matrix for American pressures. And the weather does not help. What is happening now. China has replicated in biotechnology its classic manual in technology: Attract expatriate talent. Generously finance startups. Create national champions Climb globally. The difference: medicines generate less political resistance than chips. It is possible that a striking scenario may occur: Western patients depending on Chinese medical innovations. Irony is perfect: China dominates an industry where its success directly benefits Western citizens. But of course, who captures the economic value is her. Deepen. Akeso’s case is especially emblematic. Its founder, Michelle XiaI felt frustration seeing how the best treatments took decades to reach Chinese patients. And decided to invest the equation: create in China therapies that the rest of the world would need. In Xataka | China is already a power greater than Europe in one of its key industries: the development of medicines Outstanding image | Akeso

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