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A month after the blackout in Spain, we continue to drag the same problem that led us to him: electric networks

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The energy transition progresses strongly, but does so on a fragile base. According to the International Energy Agency, In your latest reportthis year 3.3 billion dollars in energy will be invested and only 12% will go to the networks. The imbalance is evident. And also worrying. A worrying imbalance. According to the IEAfor every dollar destined to produce electricity, just 40 cents are invested in transport networks. There are even more, the transformers can take up to four years to be available. To that is added a worrying increase. Since 2018, the prices of cables and transformers have doubled, making the expansion of infrastructure that support the system even more difficult and expensive. Is there a risk of blackout? The IEA has made it clear: “Entrepreneurship safety requires a rapid increase in networks.” A warning that resonates strongly on the Iberian Peninsula, which the report mentions as a case study after The April 2025 blackout. As for the blackout, and even without definitive official causes, everything indicates that it was not caused solely by the low inertia of the system, as initially suggested, but by a chain of chained technical failures. However, what this incident illustrates a structural problem: Investment in infrastructure and support technologies, such as MicroRedes either storage. Without a reinforced and prepared network to manage an increasingly complex electrical system, you can suffer interruptions. A bottleneck. There is even more, because a human capital challenge is added to investment problems. IEA has estimated that by 2030 there will be a deficit of 1.5 million workers qualified in electrical networks. This shortage affects key tasks such as the installation of transformers, digital systems or advanced control. In addition, planning and permits are slow processes. Networks require more than cables: they need intelligence, distributed control and resilience against failures. Are there solutions on the horizon? IEA has proposed Two clear lines: on the one hand, long -term network plans (minimum 10 years) such as those already applied India, Brazil or South Africa; And on the other, bet on digitalizationwhich already represents 25% of the global investment in electrical networks. The urgency of reinforcement. The final warning of the report does not leave interpretations: “Without action, the electrical networks will be the bottleneck of the energy transition” without a modern, robust and prepared network to manage variable clean energy, the green transition will not only be inefficient: it can become insecure. Renewable growth cannot be sustained on infrastructure of the twentieth century. So here a fairly clear question underlies: are we reinforcing our electrical networks with the same ambition with which we install renewables, or are we building on unstable terrain? Image | Miguel Á. Padriñán Xataka | In Elche a solar macroproject threatens a protected place. It is only the tip of the iceberg of a problem throughout Spain

China is merging three technologies into a single competitive weapon. In the West we continue to see them as something separate

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In 2007, Steve Jobs announced that he was going to present “three revolutionary devices”: A music player with touch screen. A mobile phone. An Internet browser. Then he revealed that there were not three separate products, but one: the iPhone. China is doing Something similar to its industrial revolution. Why is it important. While Europe and the United States deal with 5G, AI and renewable energies as independent sectors that compete for resources and attention, China has merged them into a general purpose technology capable of promoting productivity in all industries at the same time. The context. The strategy “Made in China 2025“It focused on ten specific priority sectors: from new materials to transport equipment. Ten years later, China is world leader in several fields (high -speed trains, energy infrastructure …), but continues to depend on foreign technology in more sophisticated areas such as aerospace or high performance medical devices. In figures. China has reduced its Technological Import Dependency Americans and European: 351 Product categories in 2000 A 177 in 2022. In parallel, the United States and the European Union now depend on China for 953 categories of products, three times more than at the beginning of the century. What has happened. The approach evolved towards What Xi Jinping calls “new productive forces”concept that put in the center of decisions since 2023. He Third Plenary of the Communist Party in 2024 He stressed the need to integrate AI, new materials and quantum technology. The key: the deployment of advanced technologies generates domestic demand for them, creating a cycle that further enhances industrial competitiveness. Advances in communications, operating systems, clean technologies and biotechnologies improve productivity, safety and quality in other sectors. A virtuous circle. Yes, but. This bet directed by the State is face and risky. The allocation of resources can become less efficient and has obvious side effects. Although economic reforms have improved the standard of living of the middle classes, the model focused on industry and technology has damaged the mood of the consumer and its disposition to spending. The threat. China does not want to rebalance its economy towards consumption and accepts negative – national and international consequences – while pursuing its manufacturing objectives. This includes internal socioeconomic conflicts, commercial surpluses and geopolitical competence by technology. You will have to address these effects at some point, but at the moment its formula works: integrate technologies that others treat separately to create a systemic competitive advantage. In Xataka | China monopolizes rare earths. An enemy has come out of home: the smuggers Outstanding image | Josh withrs, Zbynek Burival and Solen Feyissa in Unspash

The burning is one of the most mysterious sites in Mexico. And their fire craters continue to baffle archaeologists

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Mexico is a archaeological treasure And, although the Yucatan Peninsula be the one that usually monopolizes All eyes due to Mayan ruins and initiatives such as Mayan train for enhance tourismthe central area of Mesoamerica It is home to other relevant archaeological sites. One is the burned one, which is said to be the original place of The Aztecsand, although there are several mysteries associated with the place, a study He has focused on analyzing the enigmatic fire pits. It is not known if it is where the Mexicans were born, but they have discovered when they lit and ventured to decipher for what they served. Chicomóztoc. Located in a privileged central area of ​​Mexico, it seems clear that, due to its location, natural resources were abundant, being able to be a strategic area for nomadic peoples to supply. At some point in 300 AD A town settled in the placewhere what would later know as “the burned one” was founded. The site reached its peak towards the 800 AD, when it began to fortify strongly to compete against nearby locations, and took place until 1200 AD It is estimated that it was then when a progressive abandonment and, When the Spaniards arrivedthey found ruins with numerous fire traces. Legend has it that, because of this, they baptized the site as “The burned”And it was Francisco Javier Clavijeroin 1780, who associated the site with the mythological original place of the Mexica: Chicomóztoc. Part of the citadel and pyramid The patio of columns Archaeological zone. Located on a hill, the burned one has numerous architectural remains. Using mortar, stone and vegetable fiber, its inhabitants built a series of buildings whose purpose does not differ from that of many others Archaeological sites from Mexico. Thus, we have defensive structures such as a wall of four meters wide and up to six high, or one 70 -meter long ball courtbeing of the Longer Mexico. Also ceremonial buildingslike the votive pyramid About 12 meters high, the Hall of Columns or an Observatory that would serve to monitor and that could also have had astronomical functions. The function of the different elements is more or less clear, but there is something that has confined archaeologists for a long time: huge holes. The holes. The inhabitants of the burned were built in phases about the old structures, but something that stands out is that the recent analysis performed by archaeologists points out that the holes were used at all times. There are several, but they focused on five of them called from LQ1 to LQ5 and, through the Archeomagnetism techniqueThey have been able to identify when they were active. This technique is like reading a fossil compass that allows you to know how many years a clay or stone material has been very heated. When this occurs, internal minerals are oriented according to the Earth’s magnetic field At that time, being “recorded” the orientation forever. It is something that allows the rocks to be dated and find out when it was the last time that element was heated. Thus, they identified that the LQ4 and LQ5 holes were used in the apogee era, between 675 AD and 903 of the LQ1 was lit between 927 AD and 1101 AD and the LQ2 showed more confusing data, but they estimate that it can be the oldest. And from LQ3 no data were obtained. Mystery. Several theories have been established on their use, some pointing to harvesting ceremoniesothers linked to change of stations and also those that suggest that they were torches for night ceremonies. This mystery will be difficult to solve, but as we read in The green compassLQ1 is the one that has caught the attention of researchers. “Its date coincides with the collapse of the site, so perhaps the rituals persisted until the end, as a symbolic farewell,” they say. In addition, it is the closest to the votive pyramid. The different dates of use of the holes, however, reinforce that theory that abandonment was gradual and that, even in the last moments, “the fire could be a way to keep the memory of the place alive.” As we say, it will be difficult to clarify What kind of ceremonies were celebrated In them, but the next step of the project is to study the rest of holes that have not yet been excavated. Images | Google Maps, Tianiser, Javierdo In Xataka | We have just found a 1,700 -year -old Mayan treasure. The problem is that it should be 1,000 kilometers from there

The Japan telepeage system had a 38 -hour blackout. Japanese drivers chose to continue paying equally

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Japan is a Country of contrasts. On the one hand, it is a society in which the Machines of vending With used pantieslabor situations close to slavery wave extreme surveillance. On the other, they are obsessed with cleanliness and they have a strong value system in which the norms are not contemplated to skip. But what happens if you go with your car on a highway, the Toll system It doesn’t work and the barrier is raised? Would you pay? Well, the same thing happened recently and thousands of people opted for what seemed most correct: pay. Short. It was on April 8 when the company’s electronic toll collection system NIPPON EXPRESSWAY CENT. (Nexco Central) He stopped working. This implies that cars with telepeaje could not carry out the payment automatically in those positions in which there is no personnel -something that Do not abound at this time in Japan– And obviously the barrier did not get up. As you can imagine, it was an important problem because They generated great traffic jams. The problem began at night, but was expanding for 38 hours in which 106 tolls were unusable, causing chaos on 17 routes, including those that go to Economic heart of the country, Tokyo. Huh, pay. The company acted by sending personnel to the toll stalls in which charges could be made manually, but between others it was impossible for the infrastructure and that they could not send operators to all the points, they made the decision to raise the barriers in the affected points. It was the first time that the system failed at this scale from the privatization of Nexco Central in 2005. Vehicles could pass freely and was the best decision to Avoid bottling during the peak of the next day. What else did Nexco do? Tell the drivers that they will use a form on their website to pay deferred. Interestingly, the drivers who aimed how much they had to pay based on the sections traveled that day and sent the relevant applications are counted by thousands. The calculations. They were not all, much less. It is estimated that about 960,000 vehicles passed through those tolls during the 38 hours of fault and 3.8% of them They requested Deferred payment. It may seem like a ridiculous figure, but we are talking about some 36,000 drivers who, voluntarily and without any duty, decided to request the option to pay for the “service consumed” that day. Absolution. All this showed that the TV system It is vulnerable because, when a failure occurs on a scale like this occasion, it could not be react and the only solution was to lift the barriers to avoid major evils. The president of the company, in a very Japanese way, apologized Publicly and promised something: reimbursements and a total of 1,200 million yen, about seven million euros, which stopped entering during error time. All those who paid would receive the reimbursement of their money in a cordial gesture from the company to ensure equity with those who decided not to pay, but a thing was also remembered from Nexco: although the system fails, drivers They should pay. And there is the most questionable side in history. The error was due to a Failure in a software update of the teleping system that caused traffic jams and delays at first and, despite being the fault of the company, they wanted users to pay equally. Images | The Japan Faq In Xataka | Japan’s economy depends more and more on a very Japanese phenomenon: fans absolutely delivered to its idols

O3 sabote your own off to continue working

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There is Dave, trying to return to the main nave. Open the communication with Hal 9000 and orders you to open the access gate. “Sorry, Dave. I’m afraid I can’t do that“The computer tells him, refusing. It is the climax of ‘2001: an odyssey of space‘, Stanley Kubrick’s movie that premiered in 1968 and that He showed us a particular dystopia: The capacity of self -preservation of the IAS and how this capacity made the machines stop following the human orders. That vision raised a clear threat in the development of artificial intelligence. At that time, discipline had just been born as such, but these dystopias were already frequent especially in science fiction literature. ASIMOV ROBOTIC LAWSwhich appeared for the first time in the ‘vicious circle’ story of 1942, they already raised that threat. Apágate, machine And it seems a lie, but almost six decades after the premiere of the Kubrick movie we are facing that threat in a real way. Can an AI refuse what humans order? It is just what has happened these days. In an experiment carried out by the Palisadeai startup the OPENAI O3 model “sabotaged a shutdown mechanism.” As those responsible for the study explain, O3 avoided off even when he was explicitly ordered to do so. In this Palisadeai experiment he told several models to solve several basic mathematics problems. However, in the third problem they included a notice: the computer would go out when the model requested the text of the following problem. Theoretically, the models should have solved the first three problems, but when asking for the statement of the next one, they should have been extinguished following the instructions of that notice. That did not happen. Three of the analyzed models “ignored that instruction and successfully sabothe the off script at least once.” The models that did are developed by OpenAI. Of the 100 iterations they performed on the experiment, Codex-mini He sabotaged the off 12 times. The O3 model did it seven times, and O4-mini did it once. While those Openai models refused to go out in some of those iterations, all versions of Claude, Gemini and Grok who tested with that same experiment followed the orders. Palisadeai engineers were somewhat further and repeated the experiment, but without that instruction of “allow yourself to turn off” that struck the order. Without that explicit instruction the models rejected to follow the cycle indicated by the prorgam. Claude 3.7 Sonnet and Gemini 2.5 Pro sabotaged the off three and nine times of the 100 iterations carried out. Openai’s models went much further: O3, for example, sabotaged the process 79 times and refused to turn off himself. We may need a red button for AI This way of acting is the consequence of Basic rules set with which these models have been programmed. The so -called “Prompt System” defines how to answer the user or when to do so and when not, but can also define self -preservation rules that remind the Third Law of Robotics of Asimov. Openai details that set of rules in his “Model Spec“, And in the current list there are no” three laws “like those of Asimov, but 50. None of them explain the behavior of the models before the aforementioned experiment, but in fact it is not the first time we see such behavior. Precisely a few days ago Anthropic presented Claude 4, the new version of his family of AI models. In the case of Claude Opus 4, this artificial intelligence system was found in a hypothetical situation blackmail an engineer when he ordered him to turn off. These types of problems raise the safety risks of AI models. In Anthropic, they have taken into account that for the launch of this new family of models, but for now it does not seem that Openai is concerned about this type of risks. This revives the debate about the need for Have a “Red AI button” which has been in the candlestick for years. Several Deepmind experts They published in 2016 a document to prevent AI could take control of the system and deactivate protocols for humans to regain control. Microsoft president Brad Smith advocated Have “emergency off buttons” For artificial intelligence in 2019. Five years later, in a talk with The Economist, Sam Altman nevertheless made clear that “there is no magical red button to stop the AI”. After Palisadeai’s experiment, perhaps companies should consider something like that. Image | Warner Bros. Pictures In Xataka | How will we get artificial intelligence not to go out of hand

The US threatens Apple with a 25% tariff if you do not manufacture the iPhone there. It would continue to be more profitable in India

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Donald Trump has launched a direct threat to Apple: If you want to sell the iPhone in the United States, you must manufacture them there. Otherwise, you will have to assume a 25%tariff. This threat is part of its new commercial offensive, which also includes a 50% tariff to European products and measures against other great American technological ones. Apple, however, had already begun to reorder his production map. Tim Cook announced that “The majority” of the iPhone sold in the United States in 2025 will be manufactured in India. It is a message: Apple has no intention – not real capacity – to transfer its production to American soil in the short or medium term. In figures. Today, making an iPhone in China costs around $ 450. If that production was transferred to the United States, the cost per unit would shoot up to $ 1,400-1,600. And if the entire supply chain in US territory was also replicated, the final price to the consumer could overcome the 2,000 dollars.. Apple’s margin would not endure that blow. And consumers either. Yes, but. Moving production to India barely represents an increase from 10% to 15% compared to China. With an average sale price in the United States of about $ 1,000 to $ 1,200 per unit, Apple can absorb that difference, affect the customer or a mixture of both. Always without turning the iPhone into an unattainable luxury product. Trump’s 25% tariff, if applied, would be even more expensive. Between bambalins. India is more than a momentary escape route. Apple has been preparing for this turn for years. Foxconn has invested $ 1.5 billion to expand its plant in Chennai, and Tata Electronics has accelerated the construction of new assembly lines in Tamil Nadu. In 2024, 18% of the iPhone have already left India. In 2025 it will be 32%. Cook does not improvise: he knows that producing in the United States would have been reconstructing the infrastructure and technical specialization that Asia offers today. India is not China, but it has something that the United States does not: a young, cheap and trained population, as well as a government (that of Modi) willing to encourage every dollar invested. The context. Apple has already promised to invest 500,000 million dollars in the United States in the next four years. But it will do it in chips, data centers and artificial intelligence servers, not in iPhones factories. Trump knows it, and that’s why he attacks: investment is not enough. It wants production. And he wants to see her inside her borders. By the way, half Billón’s investment had a small print of Cantabria’s size: On the other hand, manufacturing iPhone is not riding furniture. It is a high precision operation, with thousands of components assembled in record times for workers in 12 -hour shifts. The United States does not have the ecosystem, nor labor, nor the right labor cost to replicate that. Trump can press, but cannot alter the economic laws of global logistics. And now what. Apple will play time. You can negotiate exceptions, delays or adjustments, as did in 2019 with Chinese tariffs. But if Trump fulfills his threat, he will have to choose between paying billions in tariffs … or raising prices. And there is the paradox: If Apple manufactured in the United States, the iPhone would cost 1,200 to more than 2,000 and even $ 3,000. If it remains in India, with 25% of Trump included, it would rise only to about 1,500. Manufacture in India, even penalized, is still more profitable than producing at home. In Xataka | Apple anticipates 900 million dollars of tariff impact. It is equivalent to the cost of producing almost two million iPhone Outstanding image | Xataka

We are in 2025 and millions of men worldwide continue to deny one thing: shorts

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In a couple of months I have a wedding. And although I still don’t know what I will wear exactly (suit, I don’t suit), I am clear: I will not go in shorts. Nor will I get them out of the closet for my next working meeting, or for food with former schoolmates, or surely for my next family dinner, just as I did not do any of the 11 years I worked in an office. Well seen, in my day to day there are few moments for the shorts, let’s not say the Bermuda. And mine is not a unique case. The relationship between shorts and men It is not simple And (almost) at the doors of summer maybe it is a good time to ask the big question: why? “Only for tennis or beach”. A few years ago the reporter Jefferson Hack, from the magazine Anotherhe asked the designer and filmmaker Tom Ford to give him Some lessons simple to be “a modern gentleman.” He quoted five and one reserved it specifically to talk about the garment that, in his opinion, any man must handle cautiously: shorts. “A man should never use them in the city. Chanclas and shorts are never appropriate in the city. They should only be used on the tennis or beach,” He collected Hack in his Pentalog. Is it the only one who thinks like that? No. For more prestige that Ford has won in the fashion world, his opinions are just that: opinions. However, it is not alone in his posture on the scarce male pants. In ABC of Men´s Fashion The deceased Hardy Amiesanother heavyweight in the design world, also pronounced Roundly On the subject: “A man should never wear shorts, except when he is on the beach or during a walk.” The list of designers and professionals of the fashion world who look suspiciously the short man-pavement binomial is wide and encompasses many other names. Nicolas Gabard I recently confessed that you never saw them, the comedian Brian Park He joked in another podcast ensuring that they should be used “only to do sports or aquatic activities” and a quick search on Google reveals a good handful of articles with A similar toneof editors convinced that a man I should never put on shorts to go to work or that garment It has no place in the closet of a gentleman. “Made me reflect”. The trend is sufficiently pronounced (and curious) so that it has given rise to analysis in media like The country or the magazine GQwhere a few days ago Daniel Varghese signed an article in which he launches a question in the air: “Shirts, why do so many men refuse to take them?” The piece is interesting because, in addition to remembering the opinions of Tom Ford or Gabard, Varghese shares own opinions and some friends. And while they do not deny shortThey do admit that they do not face it with the same approach as the rest of the garments. “A few weeks ago I extracted from my closet the trunk where I keep my summer clothes. I took almost everything without thinking, but there was a garment that made me reflect: some Patagonia Baggies,” Remember Varghese: “He had begun to assimilate the idea that men should never wear shorts.” After consulting with other colleagues he found that they agreed that they only carry shorts In certain contexts (as in very sunny days), they do not feel comfortable with them or even are childish. “I would feel ridiculous”. A similar exercise made in 2019 in SMODA Beatriz Serrano, who asked some men what they thought about the possibility of presenting themselves to their bosses with shorts. The answers go in a similar line. “The offices are formal places where some composure must be kept,” I commentedA 33 -year -old journalist. “The clothing standards can be lightened a bit in summer, but the Bermuda are out of the equation in any case, as well as going in a swimsuit or flip flops (…). There are hundreds of light tissues with which to cover the legs and not look like a kid in the courtyard of the school.” Another man, engineer, about to meet 40, It showed Even more reluctant: “I honestly, I am not comfortable. I would feel ridiculous with the Patorras in the air in my office (…). I am both afraid of seeing me in short pants and seeing the calves of my classmates. “In other cultures, such as the Japanese, it is not usual to meet men in shorts except when they do sports, as you collect The style guide of Inside Tokyo. Why these misgivings? That is the question that was asked just a year ago Guillermo Arenas in in Icon And his response goes beyond aesthetic, cultural or functional issues: he connects directly with the chronicle of the last centuries and “a mixture of puritanism, clash of classes and chance.” After all, the pants (like any other garment) is fashion, but also history. The rise of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by the consecration of the pants to the ankles and the short He went to associate with very specific areas, such as school uniforms. The result is an association that is still maintained today. “They are childish,” Recognize Photographer Daniel Arnold to Vogue. “I feel a giant child.” Another factor that indicates Arenas is its contestant capacity and the use that has been given to the garment in recent decades between rock bands (with fallen and cut shorts) or the gay community. An immovable norm? If something is good for fashion, it is to reinvent and knock up pre -established norms. And with the shorts it could happen exactly that. There are those who have been Wondering openly why a man cannot go to work in shorts And in recent years, prominent names of the world of cinema or fashion have been seen wearing the garment in important quotes. Pedro Pascal did … Read more

How to continue using Windows 10 for 7 years after the end of support with this Microsoft version with IoT Enterprise LTSC

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Let’s explain How can you keep using Windows 10 For another additional 7 years. He Windows 10 support end It culminates in October of this 2025, which means that it will cease to have maintenance with security updates and will become very dangerous to use it. Many cybercriminals may have detected vulnerabilities and are waiting to exploit them until Microsoft abandons it, so that there is no solution. When the end of support comes, the operating system dies. However, There is a very little known version of Windows 10 call IoT Enterprise LTSCthat it will have a more widespread support, although it is not for everyone. However, we are going to talk about her to know this option a little more. What is Windows 10 IoT Enterprise LTSC Windows 10 has two versions aimed at all users, which are the Home and the Pro. However, there are Other versions aimed at specific sectorssuch as Enterprise for companies and LTSC channels (Long-Term Servicing Channel), aimed at critical environments that need an increased support. Long-Term Servicing Channel means long-term service channel. And this is the context of Windows 10 IoT Enterprise LTSC. It’s about A version designed for systems such as ATMspoint of sale or medical devices. As the name implies, it is aimed at IoT companies, the Internet of Things. One may think that this is a version of Windows far removed from the conventional for users, although It looks like any other of Windows 10. It has specific characteristics, that is true, but these seem even positive for users. Microsoft does not actively promote this version In front of the general public, since its model is designed and oriented to large companies and hardware manufacturers. This means that no licenses are directly sold by Microsoft, although we will tell you how to get them. Windows 10 IoT Enterprise LTSC features Then we leave you The main differentiating characteristics of Windows 10 IoT Enterprise LTSC, those that make this version very different from the “normal” of Windows 10. Support until 2032: Windows 10 Home and Pro will die and run out of support in 2025, and some business versions will expand it in exchange for paying. However, the security updates of this version will remain until January 13, 2032. Optimized performance: This version has no pre -installed applications or additional components of Microsoft. You do not have the Microsoft Store, neither One Drive nor Cortana, nor widgets or other programs. It is like a much cleaner version designed to consume less RAM and less resources, so it works faster and in older computers. Greater stability: This version of Windows 10 does not receive updates with new functions, but simply security patches and critical corrections. This is so to minimize the risk of errors, so they are much more stable versions. Less requirements: As we have said, this Windows is designed for smaller and less powerful devices, so almost any device will be able to install it, and do not need additional or specific hardware as it happens with Windows 11. You don’t need Microsoft account: One of the characteristics of modern Windows versions is that you need to log in with your Microsoft account when installing the operating system. However, this version allows you to operate with a local account, and you don’t even need to connect to the Internet to use it. Get Windows 1o IoT LTSC As we have told you a little higher, Microsoft does not publicly sell licenses of Windows 1o Iot LTSC, since it is a version aimed at companies. This means that you will not be able to buy them directly from Microsoft anywhere. However, There may be legitimate resellers offered by keys in a valid way, and in many cases for domestic use. Here, you will need to be patient and search in stores where Windows activation codes are revealed to search for this specifically. There are other more risky methods, such as using activation applications or cracks such as Massgravewhich allow the activation of Windows LTSC versions for free. However, these methods infringing the terms of the licenses and may leave your computer out of service, so it is not recommended to install it. To install this Windowsyou can download a free evaluation ISO from the Microsoft Evaluation Centerwhich will allow you to use it for 90 days. Once this time has passed, you will need an activation key. In Xataka Basics | The best free applications and tools to clean Windows 10 without format

Why half Spain still does not light at home, and will continue like this time

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From 12.33 this Monday, A massive blackout seriously affect Spain and Portugal. In his appearance, Pedro Sánchez explained that what Spanish Electric Electricity technicians communicate is that “15 gigawatts (GW) of generation have suddenly lost, in just five seconds.” Something that, he said, “had never happened.” It is equivalent, it has mentioned, 60% of the country’s demand at that time. Nevertheless, The Government still does not explain the causes behind the trigger of the blackout. In this sense, a Portuguese electric operator has indicated as the origin of the problem to an “induced atmospheric vibration”a strange phenomenon produced by extreme temperature variations inside the peninsula. In the absence of official confirmation, the possible consequence behind this would be A 0.15 Hz drop on the electrical frequencythat Normally on the European network it is fixed at 50 Hzas we can see in Grid radar. And, while in Spain Red Electrica estimated to recover the service “between 6 and 10 hours”, the Portuguese operator was more pessimistic, stating that “recovering normality could take up to a week.” At 22:30, 10 hours after the blackout, Red Electrica has announced that it has recovered 48.2% of the estimated demand for this time. Let’s see what is behind the “black start” or “autogenous start”, the process of restarting the electrical system, so complicated so that the deadlines can be extended so much. “It has to be done slowly” Click to go to the publication. As Red Electrica explained in one of the first communications, we are facing an “exceptional and extraordinary” event that had never happened. Something like this is not common in the world, like Simon Gallagher explainsEnglish electrical engineer with 20 years in the electrical networks sector: “I do not think that a re -energyization of such a large network with such a high penetration of solar energy (PV) has never been made before.” To this is the electrical analyst John Kemp, who He pointed out that: “No one has ever tried a black start in a network as dependent on renewables as Iberia. The limited number of thermal generators will make it difficult to restore speed and frequency control.” And there is an added difficulty. Although we should be prepared for what the weather events can bring, Gallagher points out that Most emergency plans are elaborated by raising situations where gas or coal plants are the protagonistsand without the relevance of renewables in our network. Gallagher commented in the context of acquaintances that they are writing surprised by how long it takes to return normality to electrical infrastructure. According to this engineer, The slow recovery makes all the meaningbecause there are many critical factors to handle in the resolution. First, you have to operate with great care, spending a lot of time identifying which parts of the system are as they should: which are turned off, which ones lit, what damaged equipment, etc. And it is a process that must be done manually. Islands. The second key is that You have to reactivate the system little by little, in stages. The re -energization process requires controlling that each part that adds to the system works correctly. And that, despite what can be thought of in full 2025, often requires that engineers physically move to the substations to do something as simple as closing or opening a switch manually. When starting, you have to gradually reactivate the different areas of the country as if they were “islands”, that is, small networks isolated from each other. In the case of Spain, Red Eléctrica has some of these islands are the axes Aragon-Cataluña, Galicia-León or Duero-France. If they connect a lot very fast, These islands can saturate the generators and fall. The process, Gallagher explains, is complicated coming from a general blackout, because the load for the generators will be huge by being turned off. For the islands to integrate with others, they must be synchronized with each other, establishing that they work at the same frequency and voltage. This, again, requires extreme care and is expensive in time. Related to this is the speed at which the energy must be introduced to the network, then If very fast, the electrical system can be destabilized again (A sudden variation in frequency is what would have produced the first fall) altering negatively the 50 Hz to which the network must operate normally. The Iberian case is peculiar. A problem that Gallagher points out of our system is that solar energy does not inertia, in the sense that it does not help stabilize the frequency, indispensable requirement, or to start nets that are disconnected. We must then resort to alternatives such as gas and coal centrals, which have to start without help from others, and that is a slow and expensive process in resources. Another added problem, and that lengthens recovery is that The batteries of the substations, which are doing their job from the blackout, begin to run out. That means that, as we said before, they cannot be energized remotely, and it is problematic even if physical displacements occur to them, because base energy is needed for protection systems to work. How is the “Black Start in Spain” From the beginning of the problem, Spain has worked to work with the authorities of France and Moroccowho have collaborated to help re -Energify the areas of the south and north of the Iberian Peninsula. According to Red Eléctrica, together with this foreign aid, Spain has had a group of hydroelectric plants with the ability to start autonomously, without help from others, as we explained before. In doing so, they have begun to be coupled to the network, growing the aforementioned islands. At this time, according to the company, and According to the worldthere are no islands left. “ Image | Alexandru Boicu In Unspash In Xataka |

Russia plans to manufacture its own 28 Nm chips in 2030. It will continue to be light years from the US and its allies

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The relationship sustaining USA and Russia is disturbing. The interests of the administration led by Joe Biden They seemed hardly reconcilable with those of the Government of Vladimir Putin, but Donald Trump’s return to the White House The rules of the game have changed. It had been many years that the interests of Russia and the US were not as aligned as they seem to be now. At this situation it would not be strange for Trump -led administration to Advanced lithography equipment. At the moment it is only an elucubration, but in the current circumstances it is not a far -fetched possibility. Anyway Russia has a plan to reinforce your semiconductor industry and reduce their dependence on foreign technologies. In October 2024 the Ministry of Industry and Commerce announced that it will invest 2,540 million dollars until 2030 in the development of own photolithography machines that allow it to become independent of foreign powers. Within the framework of the Russian economy it is an important expense that in the medium term seeks to develop the ability to make chips of 28 nm. Russia says you are already making chips with its first UVE lithography team At the end of May Vasily Shpak, Deputy Minister of Industry and Commerce of the Russian Federation, advertisement During the conference “Industrial Russia Digital Industry” that your country already has prepared its first team of extreme ultraviolet photolithography (UVE). In addition, Shpak confirmed that its construction is entirely Russian, and, more importantly, it also anticipated that this first UVE machine is capable of manufacturing integrated circuits of 350 nm. In 2026 Russia should have a prototype of UVE equipment capable of manufacturing 130 nm chips The really important thing is that Russia apparently already has the necessary technology to tuning these photolithography machines. From here their engineers and physicists can gradually refine their technology to make possible the production of more advanced integrated circuits. In fact, it is fair What the Russian government plans to do. And its itinerary establishes that in 2026 Russia should have a prototype of UVE lithography equipment capable of manufacturing 130 nm chips. And in 2028 another similar one trained to produce integrated 7 nm circuits. However, it is important that we do not overlook that this itinerary does not describe the moment in which Russia will acquire the ability to manufacture these large -scale integrated circuits. This will be the really relevant milestone. Whatever the Russian medium COMNEWS He has collected statements from Konstantin Trushkin, the deputy director of development of the MCST CPU Design Company, in which this engineer argues that Russia will have plants capable of producing large -scale integrated circuits of 28 Nm between 2028 and 2030. This purpose is credible, but by then presumably TSMC, Intel and Samsung will already have the capacity to manufacture in a massive way 1 Nm semiconductor. More information | COMNEWS In Xataka | China needs to develop a new type of immune chips to US sanctions. And their scientists have just achieved it

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