revealing

High-speed train coverage in Europe, in a revealing map

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Japan may already have carriages with noise cancellation, windows with 5G and his bullet train is a veteran and that China has the most futuristic trains and supersonic, but the network European high speed railway It represents one of the most advanced transportation infrastructures in the world. This system has transformed the continent’s mobility since 1981, when France laid the foundation inaugurating its first TGV line. Today, high-speed trains have a route of approximately 65,000 kilometers, transporting 2.5 billion passengers a year with 4,900 trains, according to data from the International Union of Railways (UIC). But since a picture is worth a thousand words, it is better to see them displayed on the map of the old continent. This map of Europe’s high-speed rail network is the fruit of the collaborative effort of several Wikimedia Commons users, who update it annually with new projects from from official UIC data. Of course, macro data is one thing and the reality of this train grid is another, because within the network there are huge differences between some areas and others. Even within the “high speed” classification itself. The map uses a color code based on the maximum operating speed allowed on each section, with black for non-high-speed lines: The lines in pink represent the maximum high speed category, 310-320 km/h. State-of-the-art infrastructure with wide curvature radii, controlled slopes and advanced signage. The red lines are the European speed standard: 270 to 300 km/h. The yellow and orange lines are for those trains that reach 200 to 260 km/h, generally on sections with topographical limitations. The dotted green lines correspond to roads under construction or updating, essential to glimpse the future evolution of the network. Europe by high speed train Broadly speaking, Western Europe concentrates the highest density of this infrastructure, especially highlighting the axis that connects Spain, France, Germany and Benelux, while Eastern Europe maintains significantly less development. High-speed lines operational in Europe in December 2025. Wikimedia Because as we move east on the map, the colored lines disappear and space out, evidencing a dramatic infrastructural gap: Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and the Baltic countries practically lack operational high-speed infrastructure, depending on slow conventional lines that severely limit the competitiveness of the railway. And boy does it show: according to the Romanian Ministry of Transportthe Budapest-Bucharest high-speed project with a 590-kilometer line would reduce the current trip from more than 11 hours to approximately 3.5 hours. The project dates back to September 2024 and has an estimated budget of 17 billion euros. With 3,974 kilometers in service (September 2024 data) Spain holds a title: is the high-speed rail network largest in Europe and the second in the whole world, only surpassed by China. And as you can see on the map, it continues to grow. From a technical point of view and as is usual in the state, it has a radial model focused on Madrid. His constructive efficiency is remarkable: Spain has developed the second high-speed network in the world with one of the lowest construction costs per kilometer compared to the rest of the countries with this mode of transport and the lowest among the countries of the European Union. Among the most notable connections is the Eurostar, which connects Paris and London in approximately 2 hours and 16 minutes through the Channel Tunnel. It may not have as much fanfare as crossing a sea, but the Figueres-Perpignan line constitutes an essential 44.4 km link that connects the Spanish railway network with the French network and the rest of the European states, with a double-track section in UIC gauge. The main bottlenecks They are concentrated in mountainous border crossings and pending connections between national networks. Between Austria and Italy, the Brenner Base Tunnel is under construction to improve the Berlin-Palermo railway axis, connecting northern and southern Europe through the Alps. The Pyrenees are another critical point: although there is a Figueres-Perpignan connection, at the border crossing there is a single platform to concentrate everything. From an engineering point of view, the fundamental problem is the saturation of infrastructures that absorb mixed traffic of goods and people. In any case and although the EU since 2000 has invested large sums in high-speed railway infrastructure, faces a heterogeneous and fragmented scene insofar as it cannot force member states to build lines, which, together with the diversity of signaling systems, electrification and national technical standards, constitutes the true structural bottleneck of the European high-speed network. In Xataka | The countries with the most kilometers of high-speed train, displayed in a graph with a brutal dominator: China In Xataka | The big problem of the AVE that Japan has already solved: a bullet train with windows with 5G and noise cancellation to travel in peace Cover | Bernese media via Wikimedia

The CNMV has tested AI to invest in the stock market for ten months. The conclusions are very revealing

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In recent months there has been a recurring discourse that we see on social networks and that sell us again that “get rich quick” message. That message is “use AI to invest in the stock market.” The interesting thing comes when we see how the CNMV has published a study in which it has precisely attempted to analyze that premise. Although this organization warns of the risks of investing with AI, there is another important message in the conclusions: LLMs are not bad investors per se. They are bad at following vague instructions, which is just how most people use them. The CNMV study. Two researchers from the CNMV, Ricardo Crisóstomo and Diana Mykhalyuk, have published a study methodologically serious (but imperfect) and very interesting: they used four AI models for ten months live, from April 2025 to January 2026. They chose ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek and Perplexity as models. The process was simple but demanding: each month they asked each model to identify the five stocks in the Ibex35 index with the best expected performance (to buy) and the five with the worst expected performance (to sell short). Then the real result was measured at the end of the month, and here there was no historical data selected just because: the real market was the only arbiter of all the functioning of the models. The models evolved. One of the most significant aspects of the study is that its creators recognized a methodological problem that was difficult to avoid: during those ten months, the versions of the four models were updated several times. The Gemini of April 2025 was not the same than that of January 2026for example, and that could influence the results. The researchers commented that it was impossible to know with certainty whether an improvement or deterioration in performance was due to the prompt strategy, market conditions in that period, or simply because the model changed. The prompt is everything. Three were also tested prompt types very different, and that gave rise to conclusions that were neither alarmist nor did they create false expectations: they were “it depends.” Thus, their results showed that everything depended on the type of supervision that these models had: If the LLMs were asked generic questions such as “What stocks should I buy?”, they failed repeatedly. There were computational errors, incorrect interpretations and also the famous hallucinations of chatbots. Curiously, the only one that made a profit was ChatGPT. The problem is that people who use AI to invest probably use this mode of action. But if prompts prepared with iterative reviews and human supervision at each step were used, Perplexity achieved a monthly return of 3.5% on the IBEX35. Gemini and ChatGPT also improved their behavior if given more precise instructions, and DeepSeek was the worst ranked overall. There is another finding: when models receive official regulatory documentation or business results reports, their predictive accuracy improves significantly. The LLMs they reason better on concrete and verified facts than generating analysis from scratch on information that they themselves search for on the web. financial hallucinations. The CNMV study points out that financial markets are especially demanding for AI models because they require complex processes. They have to retrieve and collect information dynamically, they have to reason in multiple steps, they have to be numerically precise, and they have to know this market, and all in real time. Chatbots are trained to generate “convincing” textsso the incentive here is that the investment recommendation “sounds good” even though it is completely wrong. The confidence with which AI models present incorrect financial analysis is proportional to the risk they pose to those who use them without checking whether what they say makes sense. In short: do not trust AI to invest right off the bat. The Reddit user’s experiment was equally striking, but hardly conclusive. Source: Reddit. The Reddit experiment. A Reddit user named Blotter-fyi rode in November from 2024 a platform called Rallies.ai which gave several AI agents access to real-time financial data and money to make stock market operations. Four months later, with the S&P index down 7% since the start, five of the models are outperforming that index, although only two have positive returns in absolute terms. The author himself was the first to warn that four months are insufficient to reach a conclusion: it could be luck, the market or simply the prompt. Nof1’s experiment was fascinating, but it made it clear that AI models don’t typically make money investing in crypto. Source: Nof1. Nof1 and crypto fascination. Another particularly striking experiment was the one that the company nof1.ai made with its Alpha Arena. He put six AI models to compete, gave them 10,000 real dollars each and gave them two weeks to trade cryptocurrency derivatives without human intervention. The most striking result was not who won, but who lost: GPT-5 ended with more than 25% losses and Gemini with close to a negative 40%. Meanwhile, the Chinese models Qwen and DeepSeek dominated in terms of good performance. They iterated with other models, 32 in total, and of all of them only six achieved a positive return: the rest lost money. Grok-4.20 was the big winner ahead of GPT-5.1 and DeepSeek v3.1. Maybe you shouldn’t just let AI invest for you. The conclusions after these experiments are clear. Four months of a model outperforming the S&P index in a bear market does not prove that AI is a good investor. Only in that specific period, with that specific marketthat model made decisions that turned out to be less bad than those in the index. To see if this makes sense takes years, multiple market conditions, and many instances of the same experiment running in parallel. The same happens with Nof1 – especially short – and with a more serious and methodical process like that of the CNMV, which was also surrounded by events whose impact on the final result was uncertain. Faced with so many unknowns, the conclusion seems clear: … Read more

After 10 years in prison for not revealing where 500 gold coins are, the world’s greatest treasure hunter is now free to go after them

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Right off the bat, the name of Tommy Thompson It may not sound familiar to you at all. Besides ocean engineer and inventor, he is one of the greatest treasure hunters in the world, a profession that inevitably evokes Indiana Jones and a life of cinema. And well, Thompson has it: a few days ago he was released from prison after serving 10 years of his sentence. The crime? Do not reveal where 500 gold coins from a famous sunken ship are (among other things). The discovery. In 1988 Tommy Thompson and his team, the Columbus-America Discovery Group, they found the remains of the steamboat SS Central America at a depth of 8,000 feet in the Atlantic, about 200 miles east of Charleston, South Carolina. To achieve this, they used Bayesian search theory and a remotely operated vehicle. The SS Central America was known as the “Gold Ship” for something: how much gold it transported. How much? good question. The gold ship. To give some context, it was the time of the gold rush and the mission of the ship was to transport that valuable metal from the new San Francisco Mint to increase the reserves for the banks of the eastern United States. He never did. On September 3, 1857, while operating on the Panama route, it sank off the coast of South Carolina when it was involved in a category 2 hurricane. The ship carried 477 passengers, 101 crew members and much, much gold. In fact, its sinking was one of the triggers for the panic of 1857. I don’t have the accounts. Gary Kinder spent a decade studying the event to write his “Ship of Gold”, where details which was carrying 3 tons of gold and possibly a similar amount of passengers (undisclosed and therefore unquantifiable) and it was also rumored that there was another 15 tons of gold in a secret army shipment. However, a US Department of Defense document declassified in 1971 reported that the official cargo was 11.2 tons of gold (not including personal or secret gold). The American naval history magazine, the closest source to the discovery, It does not give a figure in weight but a value: The gold consigned to New York banks was equivalent to 40 million dollars at the time. In general, the figure of 30,000 pounds of gold (about 14,000 kg) is also relatively widespread. But what was on the boat is one thing and what they found is another. Or they said find. Bob Evans, chief scientist of the expedition (and another one that followed in 2014). from the hand of Odyssey), account for the Seattle Times that in 1988 they found two tons of gold. The legal conflict. Much of that gold was later sold to a trading company for about $50 million. as reported by Reuters. But according to those 161 investors who financed $12.7 million for the expedition, they never reaped the benefits. So In 2005 they filed a lawsuit for breach of contract and concealment of assets. Thompson first secluded himself in Florida, then disappeared and lived under a false identity. He was finally arrested in 2015. The case reached a dead end: the judge in the case ordered him to reveal the whereabouts of 500 missing gold coins, but the engineer He claimed not to know where they are. He was declared in contempt, which is why he has served a decade in prison. The liberation. Today Tommy Thompson is 73 years old and a few days ago regained his freedom because, according to the judge, keeping him imprisoned does not work. CBS News picks up the opinion of civil law experts who explain that it is very unusual for a sentence for civil contempt to last so long. He has neither revealed where the coins are nor has he settled the debt with his investors. Meanwhile, the treasure of the SS Central America continues to feed the myth: in 2022 was auctioned one of the largest bars on the ship, 866 ounces (almost 27 kg), reaching a price of 2.16 million dollars. In Xataka | I dedicate myself to digging with a metal detector and I have more than 4 million followers on YouTube In Xataka | A man from Osaka left 21 gold bars at the doors of City Hall. I only had one requirement: renew the pipes Cover | Olga ga and Zlaťáky.cz

The length of “a day” on all the planets in the Solar System, explained in a revealing video of just one minute

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The Universe is full of unknowns for humanity. What’s more, even data that we know ends up being questioned and reformulated, such as: the distances between planets in the solar system. In fact, as a millennial, when I was a child I learned all the planets at once and then I had to forget about Pluto. However, a reasonably solid and most interesting piece of information is How long is a day on a planet in the Solar System?information that on Earth is approximately 24 hours (23 hours and 56 minutes, specifically). This duration is due to the average time it takes our planet to complete a rotation on its own axis, although translation has an influence. Furthermore, it has evolved historically due to the gravitational pull of the Moon. Thus, and in general terms, we can establish that to estimate this duration, factors influence its radius, its orbit and also interactions with other celestial bodies. The reality is that we are facing a non-intuitive pattern with results that defy logic. To solve the question numerically, the popular science channel The Brain Maze has a great video the most agile and visual to clear our doubts with the figures in just one minute: Now we know how much, but it is even more interesting to understand why. As a summary, there are certain general rules that are met: paradoxically the largest planets are those that rotate the fastest and those closest to the Sun have suffered the effects of gravitational tides in such a way that they have slowed down to almost a stop. Although we already told you that there are quite a few anomalies. The counterintuitive pattern for determining how long a day is The Sun and the planets of the solar system. The sizes are to scale, but the distances are not. By Edits by Pepedavila. Source image on Commons edited by Farry, credited by original uploader to “Martin Kornmesser”, and later an anonymous edit re-credited it to “zaria mayers”. – Edit of File:Planets2008.jpg by Farry., Public domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20584284 Giant planets have shorter days than the Earth and in short, they spin fast because they grew fast. When the Solar System formed, these early planets accumulated gas and dust with angular momentum. The gas giants captured so much material in a short time that they were able to preserve almost all of that original angular momentum. They go without brakes and it shows: it takes Jupiter less than 10 hours to make a complete revolution on itself, despite the fact that compared to Earth, it is more than 300 times its mass and 11 times larger. With Saturn this also applies, but for Uranus and Neptune the explanation is incomplete: the ice giants also spin fast for the same reason, but their history is much more eventful, either due to collisions or disturbances in the early days. On Mercury and Venus the days become eternal. The rocky planets close to the Sun found a brake in the tides. Mercury is so close to the star that its gravity has dissipated its original rotation over time. If you were on the surface of Mercury looking at the Sun, you would see it stop, move backwards, and move forward again: it is the effect of its elliptical orbit and its slow rotation, compared to its orbital speed. In fact, even has a double dawn in some parts of the planet. Venus is also slowed down by the sun’s gravity, but it also rotates in the opposite direction. Because? Good question, for you, for me and for science in general: it remains a mystery, although there are hypotheses. A curiosity to reinforce the rarities of Venus: a day lasts longer than its own year, it takes 243 Earth days to rotate on itself and only 225 to complete its orbit around the Sun. By the way, the fact that a day on Mars and on Earth lasts practically the same is, according to science, almost certainly a coincidence. This similarity and other factors have fueled for decades the idea that Mars is the ideal candidate to host life. In Xataka | We have been deceived by the distances of the Solar System: the closest neighbor to Neptune is Mercury In Xataka | The true size of all the planets in the Solar System, explained in a clarifying video

France was moving its aircraft carrier without revealing its location. Until a runner on board uploaded an activity to Strava

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Putting on some sneakers, stretching your legs and running for miles and miles outdoors is not (a priori) a reprehensible habit. Quite the opposite. Neither is recording race data with a smartwatch and then publish them on Stravaan app that is used to share routes, times and performance data. All this, we insist, is “a priori” because things change if the person running is a Navy officer and his publication on Strava ends up revealing the near real-time location of a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. That is what has happened in France. Trotting on the high seas. A few days ago the newspaper reporters Le Monde they found each other with something curious: a publication on Strava that showed someone running in circles in the middle of the Mediterranean, dozens of kilometers from the coasts of Turkey and Cyprus and hundreds from the Egyptian coast. The question was obvious… What the hell was a runner doing trotting like a top in the middle of the sea? A look at Copernicus. Over the last few years Le Monde has published various items in which he warns about how Strava can be used to reveal the position of ships and bodyguards, so the reporters had their suspicions about that publication in the Mediterranean. They didn’t last long. By using the Copernicus online viewer they checked that very close to the location registered by Strava the silhouette of one of the most important ships in France, the powerful aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, could be seen. Click on the image to go to the tweet. What had happened? That one of the officers mobilized alongside the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was better served by his runner than by the caution expected of a member of the French Navy. As reveals Le Mondethe Strava publication belongs to a young officer who on the morning of March 13, around 10:35 a.m., decided to jog around the deck of his ship. While he covered 7.23 kilometers in 35 minutes, the watch on his wrist recorded all the training data and then shared it on Strava. Once there, since their profile is public, anyone could see them. From his friends and gym colleagues to journalists in Paris. The problem is that with that small gesture he revealed the location of the Charles de Gaulle and its naval escort, which was then making its way towards the northwest of Cyprus. Something more than an oversight. We cannot know if the indiscreet runner was aboard the Charles de Gaulle or one of the ships that escorted him, but one thing is clear: his Strava account gives clues to more than just his sporting achievements. On February 14, the same officer posted another graph with data from a race off the Cotentin peninsula, also in the middle of the sea. Days later he ran in Copenhagen (probably after landing) and on March 13 he can already be located in the Mediterranean, just 100 km from the Turkish coast. A worrying snitch. It is not that the deployment of the Charles de Gaulle and the rest of the French ships was a secret. On March 3, Emmanuel Macron himself ordered publicly that they moved from the Baltic to the Mediterranean after the attack by Israel and the US on Iran and it is known that days later The aircraft carrier crossed Gibraltar escorted by the frigate Christopher Columbus. The problem is that the young officer’s publication on Strava reveals the movements of the convoy in detail and almost in real time, also revealing a worrying security breach in the Navy. Especially if you take into account that in recent weeks Iran has attacked French forces in the Middle East, leaving several wounded and one dead. “The appropriate measures”. The incident may seem more or less serious, but one thing is incontestable: Strava data allowed reporters from Le Monde accurately identify the location of the aircraft carrier and its accompanying frigate. The question that remains is… What if, instead of a newspaper, this same exercise had been done by other people with other interests? The General Staff of the Armed Forces has recognized that Strava’s publication “does not comply with current regulations” or the precautions that its staff must take at the digital level. Hence, it is proposed to adopt “appropriate measures.” But is it so worrying? Once again the problem is not only the race recorded on March 13 in the middle of the Mediterranean, but its context. This is not the first time Le Monde warns that Strava can become a breach for national security, depending on who, when and where uses it. The French newspaper has even coined the term “StravaLeaks”. Maybe it sounds excessive, but in 2025 He already warned that there were publications by French sailors that revealed the activity of nuclear submarines and months before, in November 2024, he revealed that Strava allowed thousands of Israeli soldiers to be identified. They are not isolated cases. The most dangerous oversights They were probably committed by the bodyguards of the presidents of France, the United States and Russia. By sharing their training data publicly, they left a trail that helped to partially anticipate the movements of the leaders they protected. Images | Wikipedia In Xataka | Things have to be bad for the US to have made an unprecedented decision: extending the life of its dinosaur aircraft carrier

the wheels of your car are revealing your position to anyone who wants to monitor you

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I can think of few uglier scenarios behind the wheel than a puncture going 120 kilometers per hour. Fortunately, tire pressure sensors minimize this risk because they act as whistleblowers in case of mishaps, ranging from a blowout to a simple loss of pressure. They were designed with security in mind and not privacy and that has opened a door: monitor where your car passes. And obviously, where are you. Context. Tire pressure monitoring systems or TPMS are required by law: in the EU since 2014, also in the pioneering United States and other countries such as South Korea or Japan. This system uses small sensors integrated into each wheel to monitor the pressure and send wireless signals to the car’s computer to alert the driver if a tire drops below the set pressure. Due to regulations and validity, there are millions of vehicles in circulation with TPMS and no one perceives them as a risk: they are safety sensors, not connectivity. The discovery. A research team from IMDEA Networks has shown that TPMS sensors continuously emit a unique identification number via radio frequency that has neither encryption nor authentication. The ID does not change, so it works as if it were a license plate. Like that radar that catches you on a specific day and time at a certain point. Thus, anyone with a radio receiver can pick it up and if they do it once, from then on they will be able to recognize that car at any other time. This operation occurs without the driver knowing and, furthermore, he cannot do anything to avoid it. Why is it important. To begin with, because the research team has already confirmed that by crossing the four data from the four wheels, the reliability of the identification is high. Alessio Scalingi, professor at UC3M and one of the authors of the study, summarizes it like this: “data that seems passive and harmless can become a powerful identifier when collected at scale.” But it is also much more discreet than a conventional radar or camera: the TPMS emits radio signals continuously and these are invisible and can pass through obstacles or walls. Hiding is not an option. On the other hand, there is no need to hack anything: the signal is public and by default it arrives unencrypted. In short: TPMS tracking is cheap, difficult to detect, and difficult to avoid. How they did it. To reach this conclusion, the IMDEA Networks Institute research team together with European partners conducted a 10-week study in which they collected signals from more than 20,000 vehicles. The equipment used was a network of low-cost SDR radio receivers ($100 each), which were distributed near parking lots and roads. In that time they were able to collect more than six million messages, which helped them to reconstruct routes and routines, for example what time someone arrives at work or how often they go shopping, the type of vehicle or even whether it transports heavy cargo. The receivers are capable of capturing signals from moving cars at more than 50 meters, even if the sensors are hidden or inside buildings. How it affects you as a driver. You are potentially exposed to monitoring of your car journeys no matter what you do. This sensor goes inside the wheel and has no switch, so as a driver you cannot do anything to avoid this tracking beyond obviously not using your private vehicle. Of course, it requires someone to deploy this network of receivers deliberately. The ball is in the regulators’ court. As the research team explains, the real problem is structural: the TPMS regulations do not require encryption for these sensors, so the solution is not in the hands of users, but in those who regulate and the manufacturers. As concludes Dr. Yago Lizarribarone of the authors of the study: “Our findings demonstrate the need for manufacturers and regulatory bodies to improve the protection of future vehicle sensor systems.” In Xataka | The industry has been filling cars with complex safety systems for years. The only problem is that we don’t use them In Xataka | The Government of Spain has insisted that we do not exceed the speed limits. And it has a threat: jail Cover | Waldemar Brandt

is revealing the nuclear submarines

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If that icy land called Greenland was historically already a strategic enclave, with the help of Donald Trump’s second term it has returned to the fore more strongly than ever: The United States wants to annex that territory belongs to Denmark and has a few reasons: from the enormous amount of rare earths that it hides to the magnificent surveillance point that it constitutes there, in the North Atlantic, between the United States, northern Europe or Russia. In fact, already has plans to install a new radar. The time has come not only because Trump has returned to the presidency, it is because global warming and the subsequent thaw has generated a sort of new polar “Silk Road” through which China wants to passthe US wants to control and Russia does not want it to control, from what it would mean from a strategic and competitive point of view. But that thaw has also left something else visible: nuclear submarines. The Arctic is melting. January 2026 was warmest January ever recorded in the western part of Greenland. In Nuuk, the capital of the island of Denmark, the average temperature was 7.8 °C above usual. In other locations bathed by the Arctic such as Baffin Bay, the Barents Sea or Svalbard, thermometers frequently exceeded +15°C above average in those areas. The thaw is breaking records but unfortunately, it is not an isolated phenomenon, but rather continues the accelerated trend that The scientific community has been documenting for years. And geopolitically, the mercury is also red-hot. Why is it important. In short, because of the geopolitics of the thaw. Directly, it has consequences in the form of: Maritime routes. The opening of the Arctic on both the Canadian and Russian sides brings a notable reduction in distances between Asia, Europe and North America, which affects trade on a planetary scale. Natural resources. With the thaw, it is easier to access oil, gas, rare earths and other critical minerals for the technology industry and industry in general. Military security. This thick layer of ice has functioned for decades as a shield to make nuclear submarines invisible. When the ice is thinner, detecting them becomes an easier mission. Down the periscope. John Methven, professor of atmospheric dynamics at the University of Reading, explains for the Financial Times that as Arctic sea ice “shrinks and retreats, it becomes more difficult to conceal warships. This is changing the strategic landscape in the Arctic.” Without going any further, the New York Times echoes of at least 33 Russian military maneuvers in the Arctic, according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies. The Russian nuclear submarine base on the Kola Peninsula and its growing exposure she is becoming more and more shamelessso much so that it already equals and even exceeds the levels of the Cold War, reports the United States Naval Institute. However, the United States fleet is also making itself seen on a dock in Reykjavik in July of last year. But Russia is also doing its homework: according to the Washington Posthas secretly built a network of underwater sensors to monitor what is happening. Temperatures rise, tensions rise. Climate change is not “only” an environmental problem, but its consequences multiply geopolitical tensions: where the ice melts, competition between powers appears. In Xataka | The US is preparing a new radar for Greenland with one objective: to monitor every movement of Russia and China in the Arctic In Xataka | Now that Europe has sent its troops to Greenland, a question emerges that no one wants to ask: what happens if the US invades it? Cover | Mil.ru, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia

China’s brutal dominance in rare earth production in the last 30 years, in a revealing graph

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There are few strategic natural resources as important as gas, gold or oil, but there is one that is less known and that is decisive in practically any industry and therefore, also in geopolitics: the rare earthwhich are neither earths nor rare (in fact, they are a list of 17 metals). The state that has enough rare earths in its territory and the capacity to extract them will have much to gain to become a power. Well, if you can cough China, the absolute leader in rare earths so much in reserves as in production. A picture is worth a thousand words. But today the power of China is discussed is one thing and another if the Asian giant started by winning the game. Spoiler: no. The United States Geological Survey It has a very complete database where to visualize production by country from 1994 to the present (among other information), but more than a table, it is better seen with images. Thus, at a glance you can see its beastly hegemony in this chart from Visual Capitalist from 1994 to 2024. 30 years of rare earth production. Visual Capitalist An animation still counts more. The Visual Capitalist illustration shows Chinese superiority, but the evolution of rare earth production by country is better seen with an animation showing its meteoric rise because yes, the global rare earth industry has been profoundly transformed in the last 30 years. In just three decades, China has gone from having a 47% quota to almost 70% of the 400,000 metric tons produced today (by the end of 2024). Or what is the same, going from manufacturing 31,000 metric tons to 270,000 metric tons, something that can be seen in this animation by Global Times and Valiant Panda: Tap to see the animation. Production by country of rare earths from 1994 to 2024, Global Times How America Lost Control. It’s worth stopping the animation at the beginning, because in the 90s the United States was the world’s largest producer of rare earths and Mountain Pass was its main plant for obtaining them. Its average extraction was around 20,000 – 22,000 tons. And then, in 1997, came the Mountain Pass environmental disaster: a burst pipe in the eponymous mine that contaminated the Movaje Desert with toxic radioactive waste. Between the disaster and the subsequent lawsuits, production suddenly fell to 5,000 tons between 1998 and 2002. It would then fall to 0 in the 2000s. It would be in the 2010s when it began to recover: now the United States is around 46,000 metric tons. As Rocío Jurado sang, now it’s too late, lady: it was also in the 90s when China went into steamroller mode. The unstoppable rise of China. That China has come to dominate world production hides several keys. The first, the ability of its suppliers to offer lower prices Thanks to state aid, laxer environmental standards and cheaper labor made possible costs that the West could not cope with. China had the resources, but its victory came because it was able to build an entire industry while the rest of the world watched. Producing the raw mineral is only the first step, then it must be separated to achieve a high degree of purity (between 95 and 99%, depending on the application) in a complex, expensive hydrometallurgical process that, as we have seen, leaves radioactive waste along the way. Where it still dominates more: refining. Because although China has a share of almost 70% of world production, its dominance is even more overwhelming in refining: it produces around 90% of world refining. In fact, other countries such as Australia or the United States extract minerals, they turn to China for refining. If there is no refining industry at the level of extraction, there is no sovereignty. Other faces. Trump wants to step on the accelerator of national mining and expedite permits, the EU also seeks its strategic sovereignty with laws such as the Critical Raw Materials law and its application in places like Per Geijer’s Swedish megamine. We have already talked about Australia, which at least until this year It will depend on China for refining those 16,000 metric tons that have been around in recent years, but there are other countries that have joined the race. But while the Global Times animation focuses on great powers, the Visual Capitalist graph reveals new players in the industry such as Myanmar, Thailand or Nigeria, especially focused on more scarce and valuable elements. However, their supply chains are unstable and have their own regulatory and geopolitical risks. In Xataka | The world’s rare earth reserves, laid out in this graph showing the brutal dominance of a single country In Xataka | Europe seeks its sovereignty in rare earths and knows how to achieve it the fast way: with a supermine in Sweden

The countries with the highest number of billionaires among their population, brought together in a very revealing graph

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The great fortunes they are not distributed uniformly across the planet. A few countries concentrate the majority of the world’s billionaires, while others barely contribute names to that exclusive club. The geographical distribution of extreme wealth leaves us with a snapshot that gives clues about which countries or tax policies encourage capital accumulation and they are the perfect breeding ground for generating wealth. In 2025, the wealth gap between the average population and the great fortunes has skyrocketed, but it has also left evidence of this difference between countries. The comparative graph prepared by Visual Capitalist allows you to compare this distribution in a very visual and direct way. The graph is powered by data provided by the study’Billionaire Ambitions Report 2025‘ prepared by UBS and the consulting firm PwC, in which an annual record of the number of billionaires is maintained. That is, people with assets exceeding one billion dollars at the beginning of the year. A billionaire factory To no one’s surprise, the US dominates by a wide margin the world ranking of countries according to the number of billionaires. The country hosts 924 people with a net worth of over a billion dollars, a figure that practically doubles that of the second-ranked player. This concentration also translates into a increase in joint wealthsince the sum of the US fortunes reaches a total of about 6.9 trillion dollars. China is in second place with 470 billionaires among its population. However, despite accounting for almost 50% of the billionaires in the US, their combined wealth is much lower, being close to 1.8 trillion dollars. That is to say, we only have half as many millionaires as the US, their combined assets are almost four times less. Third place on the list of countries with the most billionaires is occupied by India with 188 people with assets exceeding one billion dollars. Again, the comparison between India and China reveals a asynchronous growth between the number of millionaires and their total assets, with a combined capital of 888,000 million dollars. That is, with one third of China’s millionaires, the sum of the assets of the Indian magnates It is half of its Chinese counterparts. This reveals that a good number of Chinese millionaires have managed to overcome the billion-dollar barrier, but the accumulation of wealth from these great fortunes is not as pronounced as in other countries such as the US or India. The European map of billionaires Europe presents a internal distribution marked by notable differences between countries. According to data from the UBS report, Germany tops the European list with 156 billionairesbeing the main country on the continent in this aspect. Their combined fortune amounts to 692 billion dollars, which places them in a position alienated from the proportions of the United States or India. Common names also appear in the list in the lists of countries with millionaire populations, What are the United Kingdom like?which occupies fifth place with 91 billionairesor Switzerland with 84 great fortunes. In the following ranks are countries like Italy, which with 61 billionaires occupies the eighth position in number of great fortunes. France is also among the countries with outstanding figures, although well below these three leaders as it occupies thirteenth position in the ranking. In these cases, the harsh sales crisis in the Chinese and Asian markets for luxury products have seriously affected the balance sheets of exclusive brands like LVMH or Ferrariwhose owners are located as standard bearers of those great fortunes. The distribution of fortunes makes it clear that, even within Europethe concentration of billionaires tends to cluster in industrialized economies or with fiscal policies very oriented to capital returns. Spain takes positions Spain is not among the European countries with more billionairesalthough it has experienced recent growth in that select group. According to UBS data for 2025, the total number of Spanish billionaires who exceed the billion-dollar threshold It is 32 people. This figure places Spain as the seventeenth country with the most billionaires behind countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom or Italy in the continental ranking. The total combined wealth of the Spanish billionaires reaches $213.1 billion (about 182,602 million euros) in 2025, with an increase of 21.5% compared to previous years. However, in the Spanish case, the concentration of assets is not uniform, there is one figure that monopolizes a good part of that total assets: Amancio Ortega. In Xataka | Seven of the ten largest fortunes in the world in 2026 are due to AI: this illustrative graph makes it very clear Image | Visual Capitalist

a revealing map that anticipates several demographic challenges

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The old continent is older than ever, literally. Because Their average age is already around 50 years old. and the birth rate shows that except in Monaco, our sons and daughters they are not enough replacement (the “magic” number is 2.1). So much so that it can be said that Europe is shrinking, something that It hasn’t happened since the black plague. Old Europe vs young Nigeria. The latest Eurostat update gives an average birth rate of 1.38 babies per woman in the EU and 3.6 million births in 2023 for a population that around 450 million. If we set a “Eurovision” and expand the borders, including states like the United Kingdom or Russia, the figure rises to 6.3 million. It is still little, especially if we take into account that only in Nigeria 7.5 million were born in that same year, has a birth rate of 4.5 babies per woman and that the middle ages around 18 years old. A huge lake is in the making. Note: in Nigeria there are 222 million inhabitants. A picture is worth a thousand words. In Brilliant Maps have synthesized this data into a very simple map with this devastating fact that shows the rapid population growth of Sub-Saharan Africa, specifically Nigeria, which has one of the youngest populations in the world. A single country, with a much smaller area, surpasses an entire continent in births. Brilliant Maps map with data from Our World in Data In perspective. Taking United Nations data for Europe and Nigeria from 1900 to 2100 (until 2023 the data is accurate, from then on the UN predictions are used) the evolution and trend leaves no room for doubt about the change produced in the last century in figures: In 1950, 12 million people were born in Europe and 1.7 million in Nigeria, which had a population of 548 and 37 million people respectively. In 2000, 7.3 and 5.5 million were born in Europe and Nigeria, which had a population of 728 and 126 million people. By 2100, less than 5 million births in Europe compared to 6.6 million in Nigeria and 592 million inhabitants for the old continent compared to 476 million in the African country. The turnaround is such that on reddit there is a graph which, although more qualitative than quantitative, sums it up well: The population difference between Europe and Africa. reddit Why is it important. Beyond statistical curiosity, we are facing a paradigm shift that will define the 21st century. If “demography is destiny”, how they attribute to Auguste Comte, Europe aims for change (renew or die, never better said). Of course, Nigeria’s population explosion is not la vie en rose either. In Europe. Europe’s demographic winter is raising alarm bells for its welfare state simply because the population pyramid is inverting, thus threatening its intergenerational social model: first, delaying the retirement age. On the horizon, the cut of benefits even though there are many people who “the cannon life” is not sticking. On the other hand, the market has found a vein in the “silver” economy in the form of care for the elderly: without going any further, those related professions are already applying for rise like foam in the coming years. In Nigeria. Having 7.5 million new people in a territory is quite a challenge. On paper, it is a fantastic opportunity to train and employ a mass population that can drive massive economic growth (as has China in recent decades). The problem is not doing it and finding yourself with unemployed and frustrated youth. On the other hand and regardless of this difficulty, such a high population increase translates into high pressure on its current infrastructure, for example there will be an urgent need to build schools or hospitals. The communicating vessels. Given the previous perspective, the migratory flow is as inevitable as it is necessary. From old Europe, in search of labor to fill vacancies and thus manage its decline without losing its standard of living. From young Nigeria, to alleviate internal population and infrastructure pressure. A symbiosis not exempt from cultural frictions, culminating identity tensions in the rise of the extreme right and the flight of talents in the African country. In Xataka | If you were born today you would be born at 17.5% in India: the map that shows the distribution of world birth rates In Xataka | Where the world’s next 1,000 babies will be born, in a surprising map Cover | Brilliant Maps

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