labor

The OECD has found a burden in the Spanish labor market: we do not earn enough

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It doesn’t fail. Every time I go shopping at the supermarket I come across someone who complains about the price of fruit, of the eggs or the unattainable that the salmon has set for the little that the salary rises of the humble workers. That buzz now has international support. The report has just been published ‘OECD Employment Outlook 2026’ which analyzes the labor market of the member countries and, among praising the Spanish labor market, has left us with a small barb: low salaries continue to be Spain’s weak point. A report that puts figures to the discomfort. The Paris-based organization analyzes the occupational health of the more than 40 member countries every year. In 2026, the organization recognizes important advances in the Spanish labor market: more employment, less temporalitya stoppage that goes down little by little. But when it comes to the salaries section, the tone changes. According to OECD data, real wages, after inflation, remain 2% below where they were at the beginning of 2021, just before prices soared. That is, in terms of purchasing power, salaries are worse than five years ago. This percentage places Spain among the three countries with the greatest drop in purchasing power since the pandemic, only behind Italy and Australia. Much of Europe has already recovered its purchasing power after the post-pandemic downturn, but Spain continues to lag behind. The minimum wage rises, the rest stagnates. It is worth stopping to analyze salaries in Spain because during the last five years not all salaries have evolved the same. The minimum wage has been going up for years by decree and this 2026 reached the 1,221 euros per month3.1% more than last year. Since 2018 it has grown more than 60%. This salary increase, the only one that is in the hands of the Government, has protected those who earn the least. The problem is what happens above that mandatory minimum that remains in the hands of companies. While the minimum has been advancing, the average salary has barely movedand the distance between the two narrows, causing more and more employees to approach that income floor, so that an employee with several years of experience can charge just a little more than a young man in his first job. Increase in real wages according to the OECD. Spain in the tail group It’s math. The INE data confirm that the labor cost per worker rose 4.9% in the first quarter of 2026. However, if this figure is crossed with an inflation that is around 3%, the real margin of improvement that remains is small, and for a large part of the workforce, the increase in their purchasing power is almost non-existent. “Although real wages grew by 2% during the last year, they are still 2% below their level in the first quarter of 2021, which places Spain among the OECD economies where they have fallen the most since the Pandemic,” the international organization warns, highlighting Spain’s wage stagnation. Why don’t salaries start? The OECD points to an old acquaintance to justify this stagnation: productivity. Spain has hardly improved its productivity figures for a decade and that limits how much a salary can rise without the company losing margin. “Given that labor productivity growth has stagnated over the last decade, and in a context of renewed short-term inflationary pressures, real wages are anticipated not to rebound throughout 2026 and 2027,” the OECD report indicates. The positive side is that, although the situation has stagnated in recent years, Spanish companies have become less reactive to the ups and downs of the economy. The proportion of companies that have laid off their employees despite changes in the economy has increased from 8.9% at the end of 2019 to 4.3% in the first quarter of 2026. The organization attributes this decline to the application of the labor reform in 2022. “The reform has driven greater recourse to permanent contracts: the proportion of workers with temporary contracts fell from 24.8% in the first quarter of 2022 to 14.8% in the first quarter of 2026, although it is still higher than that of most OECD countries,” the report states. Unemployment, the wound that does not close. The other burden that the OECD points out in the Spanish labor market is more than well known, but no less serious. Spain remains the second country with the highest unemployment rate of the entire OECD, more than double the average and only behind Finland. According to the unemployment data of the Ministry of Labor, in May it fell to 10.3%, reaching 2007 levels. It is an improvement, yes, but from a very high starting point. Behind that figure there is also a factor of geographical inequality. The difference between the regions with the most and the least unemployment reaches 15.5 points, well above the OECD average. Looking for work in Melilla is not the same as in the Basque Country, and that gap It is also transferred to the income of each household, according to the report itself. In Xataka | Working does not get you out of poverty: three out of four workers have not improved their purchasing power in two years Image | Unsplash (Ru Dur, Mitchell Luo)

Germany toughens its labor reforms by requiring a sick leave certificate from day one: “It is a competitive disadvantage”

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In Germany, take a sick leave After the pandemic it was as easy as picking up the phone, describing what hurts you and hanging up with the leave already processed. That procedure his days are numbered. Chancellor Friedrich Merz wants Germans to go to a doctor’s office again from the first day they feel unwell, and for him to be the one to prescribe sick leave with proof from the first day. The measure has opened a debate that, although it may not seem like it, we also have in Spain. What exactly changes in Germany. Since Germany implemented distancing measures during the Covid-19 pandemic, a worker could call his or her doctor, tell him or her the symptoms, and receive treatment. lower part without leaving home. Merz’s plan erases them with a stroke of the pen. From now on, proof must be requested in person from the first day of sick leave. Previously, it was only necessary after the third day of illness. As and how I collected the BBCChancellor Merz argued that “we cannot afford this competitive disadvantage caused by long periods of absence from work.” The reform, agreed between his party and the SPD, has clashed with unions, who speak of a “culture of mistrust” towards employees, and with family doctors, who fear seeing their offices overflowing with workers with a simple cold. Spain, an uncomfortable mirror. The German debate sounds distant until you look at the data here. Work absenteeism in Spain reached 7.2% of the agreed hours in the first quarter of 2026, its highest level in five years, according to the Randstad report Research. That is equivalent to more than 1.6 million of people who are absent from their jobs every day. In Germany the data follow a similar pattern and, according to the IGES report For the DAK-Gesundheit mutual insurance company, the average sick leave time is 19.5 days per year per worker, with mental health as the fastest growing cause. Justified and unjustified, two very different things. However, the term absenteeism is misleading and lumps together those who do not go to work due to a diagnosed illness and those who do not report to work by their own decision. He justified absenteeism It includes medical leave, legal permits or a justified appointment with the specialist, and the company cannot sanction you in any case. Unjustified absenteeism is a very different thing and includes absences without warning or giving any explanation, something that can end in a sanction and even dismissal. In Spain, almost eight out of every ten absences come from a temporary disability recognized by a doctor. It should be noted that temporary sick leave is not assigned by the worker himself, but is prescribed by a doctor. Only two out of ten workers miss work without justifying it. The real bottleneck: saturated healthcare. Many sick leave are not prolonged because the patient decides to extend their convalescence. They lengthen because the medical system takes time to treat you. According to data from the Ministry of Health, in 2025 there were more than 853,000 people in waiting list surgery in Spain, with an average delay of 121 days to undergo surgery. Added to this are more than four million people waiting for an appointment with a specialist. The result is easy to imagine: someone on sick leave due to a hernia or a knee can spend months on sick leave waiting for the test or operation that would return them to work sooner. While Germany tightens downward access, in Spain the bottleneck of absenteeism is a few steps further: in a waiting room. In Xataka | Germany has recovered a measure from 1889 to avoid the collapse of its pensions: work until age 70 Image | Unsplash (Maheshkumar Painam, Vitaly Gariev)

The eclipse divides the idyllic towns of Mallorca between fear of collapse and labor intrusion

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Next August 12, at eight o’clock in the afternoon, a random town on the Mallorcan coast will have two eclipses ahead of it at the same time: that of the Sun and that of its own mobility model. Work intrusion. That is the concept that is echoing through the streets of municipalities such as Calvià, Marratxí, Puigpunyent, Esporles, Valldemossa or Deià. From Palma airport to the nightlife corners, the city’s various taxi drivers’ associations complain about transport pirate to which not enough blockages are being put in place. While some neighbors promise not to take their car out of the parking lot so as not to get into the mess, others set up improvised businesses to take tourists to the best viewpoint. An ideal destination. Mallorca is literally located at the end of the totality band of the solar eclipse. It is the last point in Spain to see the day go out for just over a minute, with the sun setting over the Mediterranean. Precious. In Palma, the National Geographic Institute estimates that the eclipse will begin around 19:38 and will reach its maximum around 8:32 p.m., with the Sun just 2 degrees above the horizon. That is, so low that any building, hill or mass of pine trees can blur the postcard. And of course, if the Astronomy and Astronautics Foundation of Mallorca has been explaining for months that not all areas of the island will see it the same, part of tourism will be at the mercy of this dynamic. The Government and the UIB have even organized “visibility exercises” so that people go to their supposed viewpoint and check whether, in practice, the sunset can be seen or not: a general rehearsal of what the battle for a piece of clean horizon will be like. The best view. Which is the best balcony, the best stone house with an open view to the west or the natural viewpoint most privileged? We already anticipated it: the coast of the Serra de Tramuntana and some sections of the southwest and southeast will be the ones that will start with an advantage. And the social networks They have been echoing this for some time: rural hotels like Cas Facebook groups specialists, climbing colleagues and interactive maps: it is not difficult to find even technical discussions about whether or not in such a town the Sun will be hidden by a ridge of pine trees at the decisive minute. The price of the eclipse. But while agencies and local businesses They take boat trips to see the eclipse from the open sea, with guides, a sunset glass and approved glasses included. Irregularities in transportation are a problem that no inspection seems to solve. Pirate transportation beyond the airport, with unauthorized cars and VTCs that attract clientele directly on the street, upsets the bosses of the foreign part. We are not just talking about Magaluf or Santa Ponça: private cars offer to make transfers even in minibuses, posting advertisements on WhatsApp. On paper, sanctions ranging from 15,000 up to 25,000 euros They fly over any vehicle that does not have a pre-contract, according to Law 4/2014 on Land Transport of the Balearic Islands. As stated the BOEany vehicle that picks up clients without this pre-contracting – especially VTC or discretionary – is, legally, in the field of illegally attracting clients and is classified as a serious or very serious infraction. The Formentera Council, for example, has already imposed sanctions of 6,001 euros for offering taxi services without authorization. Supply and demand. If on a normal Tuesday in August there is already work intrusion on the road, what happens when thousands of people choose the same minute to go to the same place? The influx of tourism is such – there is talk of prices ranging between 30-50 euros per hour – that it seems to compensate for some. PIMEM-Taxi (the Mallorcan Association of Self-Employed Taxi Workers Federated in Pimem) carries years denouncing that, as soon as the season starts, the “pirate taxis” advance their return to Son Sant Joan, operating with half a dozen illegal companies that take advantage of the gaps in the official service. This is the reason why Palma City Council limited 25% of the fleet to operate at the airport one week a month to guarantee service and prevent excess demand from being covered by individuals. More inspectors, less pirates. In the face of a conflict that has been existing for five yearsthe Government has reacted by reinforcing inspectors. Already in June it activated the ‘Table against intrusion‘ in transport and illegal tourist offer, coordinated by the general director of Mobility, Lorena del Valle. Taxi drivers do not believe that it is enough and that only strict police control will be able to stop all those improvised private plazas carrying tourists from here to there. The astronomical event of the century, which in the Balearic Islands is sold as a unique observation opportunity, is becoming an open-air laboratory of how this conflict is managed between the traditional approved taxi, the VTC and everyone who gets in the car and earns a few euros without going through the exit flag. Glasses and anxiety. The other main protagonist of the eclipse are the glasses: the Majorcan Astronomical Foundation has warned that they will be needed at least 100,000 units to meet citizen and tourist demand. And be careful, neither ordinary sunglasses, nor x-rays, nor homemade inventions are useful. Pharmacies, opticians and souvenir shops are being the distribution points, more or less improvised, with specific campaigns to prevent eye damage. In this mix of cosmological enthusiasm and logistical anxiety—reservations months in advance, neighbors who plan to “not go up to the viewpoint that day” for fear of collapse, and mayors who look askance at their summer mobility plans—the road is the boss. Not everything is rosy on the good side of the story, of course: rates skyrocket and waiting lines, on the key day, can ruin the moment. The … Read more

AI is generating a labor market at two speeds: those who win and those who are left behind

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We have been hearing for years that AI is going to reconfigure the labor market and we have more and more data on how that change is going. PwC has just made public its new barometer global analysis of AI in the labor market in which, after analyzing more than 1 billion job offers in 27 countries, they reach several very interesting conclusions. Two speeds. One of the findings of the study is that AI is helping to create two categories in the labor market. On the one hand there are the so-called “professionalized roles” which are professions that can use AI as support, but require that the human be the one who does the fine work, such as specialist doctors, architects or recruiters. On the other hand, there are “democratized roles” that are positions that AI has facilitated, that is, that a non-expert can do it or that AI can directly do much of the work. This is the case of customer service, first-level technical support or administrative positions. According to the report, professionalized positions are growing much faster than democratized ones, with twice as many positions offered and 42% more salary growth. In Xataka OpenAI assures that AI has not had that much impact on employment. Anthropic believes just the opposite and therein lies the problem Productivity boom. There is a growing gap between companies that know how to make the most of AI and those that don’t. Between 2018 and 2025, productivity growth among companies in sectors less exposed to AI has increased by 24%, while those most exposed reach 34%. Within this group, they have detected that companies that use AI most intensively have managed to boost their productivity by up to 163%, five times more than the average for the rest. In addition to being more productive, these companies are also increasing their workforce, up to 52% compared to 36% for less pro-AI companies. Knowing about AI pays better. The barometer has detected that the pull of AI also affects salaries. The pay gap between those with specific AI skills and those without has increased to 62%, up from 57% last year. In addition, jobs in specific areas such as machine learning or prompt engineering are growing eight times faster than the general labor market (69% compared to 9%). The number of offers for jobs related to AI is already double what was seen in 2024, especially in sectors such as technology, media, telecommunications and professional services. {“videoId”:”x806n3d”,”autoplay”:false,”title”:”TECHNOLOGY and THE JOBS OF THE FUTURE – Insert Coin with Manuel Hidalgo”, “tag”:”employment”, “duration”:”1806″} Junior who look senior. Another finding of the study is that entry-level or junior positions now have higher requirements. The offers analyzed tend to require typically senior skills such as judgment, leadership and creativity. Specifically, PwC says that the jobs most exposed to AI are seven times more likely to require these skills in entry-level roles, and that vacancies for these junior-senior positions have grown by 35% since 2019, while the rest of the junior roles have decreased by 10%. Image | Xataka with Magnific In Xataka | Spain has just put numbers to the impact of AI on the labor market: 2.3 million jobs will change forever (function() { window._JS_MODULES = window._JS_MODULES || {}; var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)(0); if (_JS_MODULES.instagram) { var instagramScript = document.createElement(‘script’); instagramScript.src=”https://platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js”; instagramScript.async = true; instagramScript.defer = true; headElement.appendChild(instagramScript); – The news AI is generating a labor market at two speeds: those who win and those who are left behind was originally published in Xataka by Amparo Babiloni .

Now they are returning to Romania leaving a void in the labor market

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During the 2000s, Spain was the host country for many Romanian citizens. With the real estate bubble about to explode and a financial crisis in the making, the outlook in Spain was still better than that of the Romanian economy. Now, almost three decades later, those emigrants return to a growing Romania, leaving Spain without a valuable skilled labor. The Romanian exodus. According to Eurostat databetween 2010 and 2013, Romania’s population decreased by more than two million people. A good part of these people had emigrated to countries such as Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria or Israel. According to the INE data Regarding the foreign population residing in Spain in June 2013, the Romanian community was the largest in 2012 with 798,970 people of that nationality, closely followed by the Moroccan nationality with 771,632 people. The latest data from December 2025 available data reveal that, currently, the population of Romanians residing in Spain barely exceeds 609,270 people and has fallen to the third largest community in the country. Qualified workforce. Most of those migrants who arrived in Spain in the early years of the 2000s did so fleeing unemployment and the poor economic situation in sectors such as construction or agriculture in Romania. These new workers incorporated as labor for those sectors in Spain, and the second generation of those citizens was formed to become a skilled workforce for the Spanish labor market. The Romanian miracle. In recent years, the economic situation in Romania has given a turnaround. “When the Romanians overthrew its regime in a rapid (and violent) revolt in December 1989, it was one of the poorest countries in Soviet-dominated Europe. That is no longer the case. After a slow start, Romania’s free-market reforms took effect. The country’s economy has quadrupled in size since 1989, and it has joined NATO and the EU,” noted Daniel Fried, former US ambassador to Poland in a report for Atlantic Council. According to data According to the World Bank, the GDP Per Capita adjusted by purchasing power parity (PPP) of Romania has gone from 13,313 dollars in 1990 to 40,666 dollars in 2023, compared to the 31,639 dollars that Spain registered in 1990 and the 47,142 dollars in 2023. The most notable difference in the GDP of both countries was recorded precisely in the period of greatest migration of Romanians to Spain, between 2000 and 2012. This is what Csaba Balint, member of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of Romania (BNR), rated of the “golden era” of the Romanian economy. Coming home: exodus 2.0. After the invasion of Ukraine, the economic boom and the Romania GDP growth has slowed down, but continues at a rate of 0.7% in 2025. However, this upward trend has built the foundations so that those first migrants who arrived in Spain in the 2000s can return to their country, just as the Spaniards who emigrated in the 60s and 70s returned years later. According to the immigration data According to the INE, between 2024 and 2025 alone the population of foreigners with Romanian nationality decreased by 11,193 people, chaining the downward trend of recent years. This workforce is now much better trained and more productive than the one that arrived at the beginning of the millennium. The return of Romanian citizens to their country is another factor in the labor shortage recorded by the construction sector, since a good part of this migrant population were bricklayers, carpenters, electricians or plumbers and they filled those positions that now they are left without generational relief. A version of this article was published in January 2025 In Xataka | With unemployment at historic lows, Spanish companies are looking for workers. The problem is that they can’t find them Image | Unsplash (aboodi vesakaran, Mina Rad)

the new labor moralism of the ultra-rich

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David Solomon is one of the most influential managers on Wall Street. Nobody gave him supposedjust as Solomon himself told in the graduation speech from students at the Wharton Business School at the University of Pennsylvania. The Goldman Sachs executive gained his position through hard work, washing dishes at McDonald’s and serving ice cream at an ice cream parlor while he studied. His story is that of rewarded effort, that of a young man who learned to squeeze every hour of the day and knew how to take advantage of it in the workplace. The problem is that, when that message is sent to the young people of Generation Z today, something doesn’t add up: the world in which Solomon built his career and the one in which Gen Z has had to live They look less and less alike. A lesson in time management. On the stand and before an audience of recent graduates, Solomon explained that as a teenager he played three sports, participated in his school’s student council and still found time to work serving ice cream at a local ice cream shop. Perhaps hoping for some financial help, Solomon told his father that, despite his dedicationhe never had enough money to cover his expenses. Instead of a loan, the millionaire manager got some advice from his father: “write down everything you do each day on a calendar.” In doing so, he realized that he was wasting a lot of his time. Three weeks later, with more order in his schedule, he had already found space for a second job preparing hamburgers at a McDonald’s. Solomon made that lesson the focus of his speech at Wharton, where he talked about embracing criticism and taking advantage of available opportunities. “Throughout my 42-year career, I have discovered that there are certain fundamental values ​​that transcend technological and cultural changes,” said the Goldman Sachs executive. Effort yes, but where are the opportunities? What Solomon did not mention in his speech is that the ladder that Solomon climbed during his youth, today has many more candidates and many fewer steps. According to a recent report of the recruitment platform Greenhousethe average number of applications per offer grew by 111% between 2022 and 2025, going from 116 to 244 applications per position. That is, for every job opportunity there are twice as many candidates. The writer, podcaster and professor at New York University Suzy Welch told in the podcast ‘Masters of Scale‘ conducted by Jeff Berman, that younger workers face the same intensive schedules and tough work demands as previous generations, but lack the assurance that hard work and the effort will reward them with progress in their careers. “We believed that if you worked hard, you would be rewarded. And therein lies the disconnection,” said the work motivation expert. The problem is not that young people do not want to work. According to the report ‘Turning the Tide on Economic Inactivity‘ prepared by the consulting firm PwC, 42% of young people aged 18 to 24 who left the labor market did so due to mental health problems, and the analysis ‘Keep Britain Working‘ from the British Government reveals that young people in the United Kingdom are almost five times more likely to be out of work. According to a report according to the Gallup consultancy in 2025, those under 35 years of age are now less committed than their older colleagues, something that has not happened since 2007. 78% of adults under 30 years of age also fear that artificial intelligence will destroy employment opportunities, compared to 45% of those over 65 years of age who fear for their jobs. A system that does not always reward effort. A Pew Research Center survey in 36 countries reveals that 57% of those surveyed believe that today’s children will grow up in worse conditions than their parents. In Spain the perception is even more concrete: 58% of citizens believe that young people are going to live worse than their parents, according to CIS data from 2024 collected by The Pluraland 84.4% consider that they have more difficulties than previous generations to become independent. 68.7% of young people between 18 and 34 years old lived with their parents or depended on their income in 2025, according to Eurostat data collected by The Confidential. A survey carried out by The Conversation collect the feeling of the young people of the generation that Solomon was addressing, who leaves statements from young people that put the current employment situation on the table: “We had a belief about what our life would be (…), which today is totally incorrect. At the cost of experiencing a great effort to train, the promise of work and economic stability is not fulfilled.” Those who already accumulate work experience are the most skeptical: “the social elevator has broken,” they conclude. In Xataka | Billionaire Mark Cuban has advice for Gen Z: “If you have time, use it to learn more about AI” Image | Unsplash (Marilia Castelli), Flickr (World Economic Forum)

20,000 million more will be spent on a factory with little water and labor

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TSMC’s journey in Arizona (USA) continues. Yesterday the board of directors of this chip manufacturer, the largest on the planetapproved an injection of 20 billion dollars in what is already its most advanced semiconductor production plant of any it has in the US. The start-up of this factory It was full of setbacks.. In fact, it started production of integrated circuits almost a year late due to how much it cost TSMC. find qualified personnel that I needed. At the beginning of 2025 the first good news arrived. The plant had been producing semiconductors for several months at the N4 lithography node, which belongs to the 5nm FinFET family, and was ready to deliver to Apple the first batch of SoC A16 and SiP S9. This factory, known as Fab 21, made $514 million in profit last year according to Yeh Chun-Hsienthe minister of the National Development Council of Taiwan. This is not bad at all if we keep in mind that during the first year of operation, semiconductor plants do not usually deliver profits. In this scenario, the investment of an additional 20 billion dollars in the expansion of Fab 21, which is the purpose of this money, makes sense. In fact, this project is part of the $165 billion expansion plan that TSMC presented last year. However, not everything is going well for this company in Arizona. According to the newspaper Taipei Timesthe shortage of labor, and, above all, of water, is giving many headaches to the management leadership of this factory. And solving this last problem is not easy. Arizona’s water shortage is a huge challenge for TSMC Arizona is the second driest state in the US only behind Nevada. Semiconductor factories need a large amount of this resource, but it is not ordinary water like what comes out of our taps; They need a type of water almost impossible to find in nature. And its scarcity is getting worse. In fact, it is slowly becoming a systemic threat to the industry that sustains the artificial intelligencecell phones, electric cars and virtually any device that has an advanced chip inside. The water we are familiar with, such as that which comes from the tap, spring water, and even bottled mineral water, is full of impurities. It contains bacteria, dissolved gases, mineral salts and microscopic particles in suspension. This is not a problem for most of the everyday applications we usually use it for, but This water is not suitable for making chips. Even the slightest impurity invisible to the human eye is pure poison when involved in the production of cutting-edge semiconductors, such as the 2nm integrated circuits currently being manufactured by TSMC. The industry standard calls for water with an electrical resistivity of 18.2 megohms per centimeter The integrated circuit manufacturing process requires cleaning silicon wafers dozens of times. Every time a geometric pattern is transferred to wafers using lithography, they need to be cleaned. Also after pouring chemical reagents and photoresist fluids on them. However, the water used to remove any residue that may have deposited on the wafer cannot have the slightest impurity. It must be absolutely pure. In fact, the industry standard calls for water with an electrical resistivity of 18.2 megaohms per centimeter, which is the theoretical limit of water purity at room temperature. The problem is that producing ultrapure water is not easy. And it is not because it is necessary to subject it to reverse osmosis in multiple stages and ion exchange treatments. It is also necessary to degas it under vacuum, eliminate any microorganisms it may contain with ultraviolet light and filter it using membranes expressly designed to capture the slightest impurity. In this article we do not need to investigate these processes in detail, but there is something that we cannot ignore: this treatment consumes energy and requires the use of a large amount of chemicals. Furthermore, a significant part of the water that is processed is not transformed into ultrapure water, so it cannot be used. Once the water has been subjected to this demanding treatment, it acquires such a high purity that it becomes corrosive if it comes into contact with a very wide range of materials. Because it lacks its own ions, ultrapure water absorbs ions from virtually any material it comes into contact with. This is the reason why the pipes used to transport it must be made of materials immune to corrosion, such as PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), a fluorinated thermoplastic polymer similar to Teflon, non-polluting and extremely stable because it does not give up ions to ultrapure water. A single cutting-edge semiconductor plant consumes between 10 and 30 million liters of ultrapure water every day. This range is equivalent to the daily drinking water consumption of a city of between 50,000 and 150,000 inhabitants. Plus, there’s another challenge we haven’t looked into yet: ultrapure water degrades very quicklyso chip factories must have a very sophisticated production and distribution system capable of working in real time to deliver the ultrapure water required by the manufacturing process of advanced integrated circuits. Image | TSMC More information | Taipei Times In Xataka | Intel’s plan against an unattainable TSMC: beat Samsung and consolidate itself as the second largest chip manufacturer

Argentina has achieved something unprecedented since 1974: reforming its labor market

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After a session of more than 13 hours, the senators of Argentina they have given the go-ahead to the processing of the labor reform proposed by the government of Javier Milei. The call Labor Modernization Law It is Milei’s first major legislative victory in 2026 and rewrites pillars of the current labor system in force since the 1970s. In parallel, the union centers prepare new strikes and judicial actions to try to stop a rule that, in their opinion, makes dismissal cheaper, lengthens the working day and empties the right to strike of any content, while the Executive insists that without this type of reforms Argentina will remain trapped in a rigid labor marketwith a lot of underground economy and little investment. The Senate approves it, the street does not. The project of labor reform in Argentina has overcome its main obstacle by obtaining the necessary majority in the Senate, after more than 13 hours of session that ended with 42 votes in favor and 30 against, with no abstentions. The measure was approved while on the street Tear gas and police charges quelled the discontent of workers and union organizations. The balance of these protests is at least 15 injured and several dozen protesters detained. With the approval of the Senate, the Government is already maneuvering so that the labor regulations pass without major changes their approval by the Deputies, which is considered a mere procedure with supports already closed. Cheaper layoffs. The economic heart of the reform is in the calculation of severance pay. The law modifies what parameters are taken into account to calculate the settlement after dismissal. The bonus is left out of the compensation calculation (Supplementary Annual Salary), vacations and non-monthly bonuses, concepts that today many judges do take into account when calculating compensation. The practical result is that, in the event of an unfair dismissal, the worker will receive compensation lower than with the current scheme, although the norm incorporates a minimum limit of 67% of the usual salary. In addition, large companies can divide the payment of compensation to dismissed employees into up to six monthly installments, and up to 12 installments for SMEs. A common fund for compensation. To cushion the impact of compensation on companies, the new regulations contemplate the creation of the Labor Assistance Fund (FAL), a kind of common “piggy bank” for companies that is filled with mandatory monthly contributions. Large companies will contribute 1% monthly and SMEs 2.5% on the same basis that is used today for Social Security contributions. Therefore, Social Security will no longer have these resources and they will be administered under state supervision. When a worker is fired, a good part of the compensation that corresponds It will not be assumed by the company, but will come largely from that fund. Day up to 12 hours and bank of hours. The reform does not increase the working hours, which continue to be a maximum of 48 hours per week, but it does change how they are distributed. The key is in the “hour bank”. Company and worker may agree that, instead of paying for all hours worked beyond the eight hours per day established by law, they are counted as overtime hours and are later compensated with days off or reductions in working hours. This measure opens the door to some days that the day can be extended up to 12 hours, as long as it is then balanced within the agreed period. For the Executive, this new model gives flexibility to sectors with peaks of activity. For the unions, it gives rise to the continuation of the days without the economic bonus that today protects the worker. Unregulated overtime. Another of the changes approved in the new Argentine labor regulations is that compensation for overtime is no longer regulated almost exclusively by collective agreements, and is now negotiated individually between the employee and the company. Added to this is another relevant novelty in terms of salaries: the salary can be paid both in pesos and in foreign currency, or even in kind, food or accommodation. Salary payment must be made through a bank transaction, thus reducing the underground economy that encourages cash payments, and increasing fiscal control. Medical leave and vacations. Medical leaves due to illness or accidents other than work are limited in some cases. If the cause of the decline is considered a voluntary act or a health risk behavior, the employee will receive 50% of the basic salary for three months, as long as he or she does not have dependents, or six months if he or she does. In other cases, the percentage may reach up to 75% of the salary. The company also gains weight in the medical and control boards, which the unions interpret as a lack of protection for sick workers. Vacations also change logic. The new law allows vacation days to be divided into blocks of no less than seven consecutive days, which may be rotated throughout the year. In this way, it is no longer guaranteed to have all the summer vacationand it is only ensured that the worker will have at least a few days of vacation in the summer coinciding with school vacations once every three years. In practice, companies gain margin to organize the vacation calendar according to productive needs and distribute staff in different batches during the year without the employee having the power to decide on it. Limits on the right to strike. One of the most sensitive points for the labor movement are the restrictions on the right to strike and union organization. The reform significantly expands the list of “essential services“in which, even during a legal strike, at least 75% of the activity must be maintained. For the worker, this means that many stoppages will result in almost normal services and that the pressure capacity of the strikes is significantly reduced. Union meetings during working hours will require prior authorization from the companies and will not … Read more

The Ministry of Labor wants death leave to be extended to 10 days. Obstacle: Congress

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The Ministry of Labor plans to approve by royal decree law the extension of leave for the death of family members up to 10 days. Although the formula would allow its entry into force immediately after the Council of Ministers, there is a risk that the measure will end up being overturned later in Congress. Just like share El País, the Secretary of State for Labor, Joaquín Pérez Rey, confirmed this Tuesday that “the intention would be for the rule approving leave for bereavement and death to be an urgent rule” and that his “predisposition is to do so through a royal decree law shortly.” The Government’s strategy. By processing the norm as a decree law instead of as an ordinary draft law, the ministry led by Yolanda Díaz seeks to ensure that the extension of permits is applied immediately, without waiting to complete the entire parliamentary procedure. That would make the measure come into force the day after its publication in the BOE, although it then requires validation by Congress within a maximum period of one month. According to account In the middle, during that period, workers who suffer a family death could now access extended leave. Agreement. Job agreed with CCOO and UGT On December 15, the paid leave for the death of a spouse, common-law partner or relatives up to the second degree (parents, children, siblings, grandparents and grandchildren) was extended from the current two days (extendable to four in the event of displacement) up to 10 days. These could be used continuously or discontinuously within four weeks after death. Furthermore, just as share El País, the agreement includes a new 15-day permit for palliative care, divisible into two fractions over a period of three months, and one day of leave to accompany someone who is going to receive euthanasia, regardless of family ties. Rejection. The employers’ association CEOE and Cepyme have opposed the proposal because they consider that “it represents a new attempt to transfer to companies the cost and responsibility of public policies on care that corresponds to the Administration,” as they indicated in a statement. The lack of consensus in social dialogue marks the position of the PP, which has already announced its vote against following its criterion of rejecting labor measures that do not have the joint support of unions and employers. Key vote in the air. Parliamentary arithmetic turns Junts and PNV into decisive pieces in approving or not the measure. Just like they point From El País, the Catalan nationalists have already joined together with PP and Vox to overturn the reduction in working hours and have maintained very critical positions with other proposals rejected by unions and employers, such as the increase in the self-employed quota. For the measure to be approved, the Executive would need the support of the entire left plus the support of Junts and PNV, or at least the yes of one and the abstention of the other. Comparisons with Europe. Labor has been highlighting Spain’s delay compared to neighboring countries in regards to death leave. From the middle they point out that Portugal extended the paid leave for the death of a spouse in 2023 to 20 days, equal to that of children, while in France 12 working days are granted for the death of children and 14 if the deceased is under 25 years of age. According to the ministry, the current two days in Spain are insufficient to face a duel. A controversial vote. The decision to take the measure through a decree law responds to a clear intention to make it difficult for the opposition to reject it, since it is a measure of high social sensitivity. “suffering from the death of a son or daughter” is “not a question of the right or the left,” counted Pérez Rey in the middle. Cover image | Wikimedia Commons In Xataka | Deepfakes are much more than a bad joke. Now the Government wants them to be a violation of the right to honor

a temporary robot with AI, drones and without labor rights

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The “robots eat us” is far away for some jobs. In others, that science fiction scenario became a reality a long time ago. Every time it is more common to see that department stores are operated by robots and that automated or remote-controlled machines they have made a space in a framework in which there is a lack of labor. The countryside does not escape from that reality and in a country as dependent on agriculture as Spain, there are already those who are testing self-employed seasonal workers with artificial intelligence who They work tirelessly. And the controversy is served. Temporary with AI. A few days ago there was XXX IRTA Fruit Daysa meeting in which agricultural companies present technical innovations for the sector. One of the participants was Moreno Intec del Pla, a distributor and manufacturer of agricultural machinery specialized in fruit harvesting that has to its credit the Tecnofruit: a picking platform with conveyor belts on which human workers manually place the fruit. At this year’s event, the company presented a robot that has been in development for four years. It is a kind of huge container that has the fruit tanks, diesel tank, engine and wheels, but that has eight drones hooked to its upper part. Each of them is armed with an arm that they use to pick up the fruit (apples, in this case) and place it in the containers. The main advantage? They don’t get tired and each unit has integrated lighting to continue working, whatever the time of day. How it works. Each drone has cameras that allow the specimens to be identified, and a artificial intelligence It is responsible for analyzing whether the piece fits the parameters predefined by the farmer. This system can be configured to harvest all units or to discriminate based on size or color, and although it has remote control so that a single person can control up to five harvesters with the tablet, operation is autonomous. Apart from harvesting, it can also perform other functions such as the selective elimination of small fruits and, although the system currently uses a diesel engine with the aim of guaranteeing long autonomy, there are plans to create electrified versions. Costs and labor. Lluís Asín is responsible for the IRTA Fruit Growing program and, as we read in Segrecomments that systems like this represent “an important leap in the competitiveness of the sector.” He states that between 30% and 40% of the production cost of a plantation corresponds to the harvest and that platforms like this can help improve the profitability of the fields. And, of course, the debate is on the table because the robot arrives to directly replace human labor. Sergi Moreno is the technical director of Tallers Moreno, promoters of this robot, and assures that “it replaces the human part of the process. Each drone acts as if it were a person, but with the ability to operate day and night without rest.” He continues by pointing out that “the main problem of the sector is the lack of labor at the time of harvest”, but it is not perfect and can be seen in the demonstration video: “the same productivity as in manual work has not yet been achieved.” Japanese impulse. Now, Moreno is clear that “the future of the field depends on this automation,” and although Tallers Moreno have been the promoters, the robot has the impulse from Kubota Corporation. This is a Japanese agricultural machinery manufacturer that is developing and marketing autonomous drones for fruit and vegetable harvesting. plantation care. It is not unusual for proposals like this come from Japansince the country is going through a deep birth crisis that is affecting all sectors of society, and work in the field is not left out of this. This automation, in addition to reducing labor costs by 30% (a figure that coincides with IRTA’s estimate), allows increase the height of trees so that they produce more and they claim that the return on investment occurs in just three weeks. World. The development of this machinery is not isolated and Kubota is working hand in hand with the Israeli company Tevel Aerobotics Technologies. Like many other countries, Israel has a problem with agricultural labor, which is why it is looking to accelerate the development of these autonomous drones. It is one of the epicenters of both development and testing, but there are other countries involved. In the United States, states such as California or Washington are already integrating drones in fruit and vegetable harvesting. lettuce. In Europe, Italy and Spain have pilot collection programs underway and are also creating development and collaboration platforms, such as Tallers Moreno. Chile is evaluating the implementation for apple and grape farms. Debate. There are other countries in which putting drones to work is being well developed or valued, and the debate is served for the reason you can imagine: it is something that directly replaces the human worker. There are already voices that warn of a future in which the majority of these seasonal jobs will be absorbed by local automation, threatening livelihood of thousands of workers around the world. Furthermore, there are those who point to a unequal access because it will be the large producers that, with more means, will access this machinery, further strangling the small plantations. There is also the opposite argument, the one that defends robotic labor, pointing that there is no one who wants to work in the field and that new jobs will be created, with people who will have to train to control and maintain these robots. We continually talk about robots in facilities like car megafactoriesdepartment stores of companies such as Amazon and even in the kitchenbut now the field can be that place where robots perform another silent surprise. Although it will be necessary to see if the collection speed improves, because currently it is far from optimal. Images | Tevel In Xataka | You cannot get on the … Read more

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