South

In South Korea they offered $14,000 to young people in exchange for them getting married. The young people didn’t care

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With $14,000 you can plug holes, take a few months off to travel the world or invest in that business that has been on your mind for years. What you won’t be able to do is pair two South Koreans to get married, start a home, and have children with whom to help the country get out of the crisis. deep crisis birth rate in which it has been immersed for years. We know this because in Korea there are administrations that already they have pulled the checkbook and reached those figures (more than 10,000 dollars) in their efforts to act as matchmakers. All without success. What’s more, this effort by administrations to encourage couples is having a peculiar effect: it has made singleness a real business. A matter of love… and money. In its efforts to get out of the demographic slump in which South Korea has been mired for some time, it has not hesitated to draw on its checkbook. Their reasoning is simple: if the birth rate can be encouraged with money, the Government is willing to put it on the table. In recent months, the country’s authorities have proposed handing over large ‘baby checks’ to its citizens, offer tax incentives to families with children, expand the parental leave or even guarantee that new mothers have access to select food. Another of the country’s great bets has been to match its young people. And that has been so much to create dating programs specifically designed for singles to find love and make it easy for them financially, offering them money so that the cost of a romantic dinner is not an obstacle. It may sound exaggerated, but there is one fact that explains it: in South Korea couples and birth rates go hand in hand. So much so that less than 5% of babies are born out of wedlock. How much money are we talking about? Very much. Many of South Korea’s matchmaking programs come from regional organizations, so photography can vary from one area of ​​the country to another; But it comes with taking a quick look at Google to see news about cities or districts that are trying to raise their birth rate with very expensive matchmaking programs. Recently we were talking to you of the case of Seoul, where the Metropolitan Government was studying giving 700 euros to couples who get married there. It’s a lot. Although not as much as in other cities. In Busan, one of the main metropolitan areas of South Korea and which is suffering the effects of the demographic crisis in a way particularly hardhave gone a step further by blessing new couples with hundreds of dollars. What does that translate into? In which money stops being an obstacle to finding a girlfriend (or boyfriend). In June Korea Herald informed that one of Busan’s districts, Saha-gu, was planning a pilot project with local singles born between 1981 and 2001, offering them $360 (to spend on dates) just to ‘make match’ with someone That is, each couple that left the event holding hands and with plans to see each other again would add $700 to their romance. One figure: $14,000. Those $360 per person to enjoy as a couple were just the first part of Saha-gu’s program. The idea was to increase support as the relationship progressed until reaching the big wedding gift: 20 million won in advance for couples who say ‘I do’, about $13,600. The district was even willing to offer newlyweds a larger deposit if they decided to buy a house or help them with rent. Such a bet is better understood in light of the demographic tables of the metropolitan city of Busan: if at the beginning of the 90s it exceeded 3.8 million inhabitantsin 2010 it was at 3.4 million. The trend does not clash with that of the country as a whole, which at the end of 2024 became a “super-aged society”, with 20% of its population over 65 years of age. Do these aids work? That was the big question that was left hanging… and it just answered The Wall Street Journal (TWSJ) with a report in which the title is almost a sentence: “Not even a $14,000 government aid can get South Korean singles to get married.” Despite the promise of a $14,000 wedding gift, Saha-gu’s program was not very successful. TWSJ assures that no participant demanded that reward. And Saha-gu is just one of the aids that couples can qualify for. TWSJ recalls that not all support comes from the administrations and that there are also companies or religious organizations that are trying to reverse the country’s demographic crisis. Two examples are the construction company Booyoung Group, which offered $75,000 to employees who have a child; and the Yoido Full Gospel Churchwhich grants its members almost $1,400. The big question. With such incentives the question is obvious. Why don’t South Koreans get married? Why does your birth rate continue? far below from years ago? Part of the answer is social and cultural changes. TWSJ cite a survey recent study that shows that three-fifths of employed South Koreans do not see the slightest problem in not going through the altar, a factor to which are added other economic factors, such as long working hoursthe increase of cost of living or how burdensome it is the upbringing of children in a society characterized by its level of demand and competitiveness. Another key is the difficulties that women encounter when re-entering the labor market after becoming mothers. In fact, there are dating programs that have ended up being suspended precisely because they could not bring together a sufficient number of interested women. Other young people rule out registering simply because of the heavy bureaucracy that accompanies this type of initiative. “It’s more problematic than you imagine,” recognize one to TWSJ. Is the Government a good matchmaker? That is the other big question, especially if you take into account that programs like Seoul or … Read more

South Korea has a plan to dominate in memory chips and robotics. One of a billion dollars

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South Korea has put on the table a megaproject for the AI ​​era. This is an initiative made up of three public-private projects spread across semiconductors, data centers and the promising industry of “physical AI”, that is, robots and autonomous systems. The advertisement seeks something very specific: that the country does not depend only on selling memory, but on manufacturing other physical products that it anticipates will be consumed massively. Memory chips rule. The largest item of this ambitious plan is, as we all expected, the one destined for the country’s semiconductor industry. Samsung and SK Hynix have committed to investing $585 billion in new manufacturing plants in the southeast of the country, in addition to strengthening factory construction in the Seoul region. They want to double the production of DRAM memories in five years. The future belongs to data centers. The second large part of this plan corresponds to the data centers that are precisely going to take advantage of a large part of those memory chips. SK Group, CS Group and Naver will invest $357 billion to build large-scale AI data centers in areas until now far from the country’s technology centers. According to the Ministry of Science, the final ambition is to achieve a combined capacity of 18.4 GW by 2035, which would make South Korea one of the world’s great AI “nodes.” Robotics, of course. More surprising is the third leg of the plan: the South Korean government has declared that “physical AI” is a “national strategic industry.” These systems, which allow robots or autonomous vehicles to interact with the real world, also want to be part of the future of the country’s technology industry. In three years they want to create a foundational AI model with the philosophy of “models of the world“—the same in which Yan LeCun or Fei-Fei Li work—. Hyundai has its own plan. The South Korean auto industry giant has set aside $5.8 billion to create a robot manufacturing plant and data center. It’s no coincidence: Hyundai is in fact the parent company of Boston Dynamics since 20221, and is already using its local supply chain to help the American company increase production of its Atlas humanoid robot. The goal: build 30,000 units per year in 2028. Humanoid robots in factories. South Korea wants to commercialize humanoid robots in several key industries before 2028, and to achieve this it wants to train the people who will work with them. The joint plan includes a section that talks about training 10,000 new “AI robotics specialists” in the next five years. But. The announcement coincides with an important internal debate: there are political proposals that seek distribute part of the extraordinary profits of the chip manufacturers, and the unions already see the imminent threat of robotics that will replace positions in all types of assembly chains. The opposition to the South Korean government has also criticized the location of these new production centers, which according to them respond more to a political calculation than to a good industrial strategy. In Xataka | Samsung had been the absolute king of technology in South Korea for decades: SK Hynix has just surpassed it

Samsung and SK Hynix have pledged $880 billion in chips and AI. It’s a South Korean survival story.

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President Lee Jae Myung has summoned the leaders of the world’s two largest memory companies, calling them “national heroes” and describing the plan as a matter of “survival.” This is not usual in political rhetoric. South Korea has presented its largest coordinated technological investment plan in history: At least 1.35 trillion won (about $880 billion) in semiconductors and AI data centers. Samsung and SK Group will build two chip factories each in the southwest of the country. And other companies, led by Naver, will build 8.4 gigawatts of data center capacity before 2029. Why is it important. South Korea produces most of the RAM and HBM on the planet. SK Hynix is ​​the main supplier of HBM chips to NVIDIA, and Samsung is the second. With Google, Amazon, Meta and Microsoft announcing more than 700 billion in capex by 2026, the memory supply chain is the bottleneck that can stop all that expansion. Apple and Microsoft have already announced price increases for their devices due to the increase in the cost of these components. In figures: 880 billion dollars in total investment, equivalent to about 5% of South Korea’s GDP in 2024. 4 new chip factories in the southwest of the country. 8.4 gigawatts of AI data center capacity by 2029. $295 billion: China’s five-year semiconductor investment plan, the benchmark South Korea has in mind. Between the lines. The plan is industrial but also has a lot of politics: Lee’s approval rating has fallen to its lowest level since he took office a year ago, pressured by the economy, the weak won and housing. Locating the factories in the southwest (far from the Seoul metropolitan area, where all advanced production is concentrated) responds to an agenda of territorial redistribution that Lee has made an electoral banner. Yes, but. The announcement did not sit well with the markets. Samsung fell about 5% on the day of the event and SK Hynix fell 1.7%. Investors have read it as a warning of possible oversupply if demand for AI chips slows before factories are operational. Added to this are the known material challenges in this sector: building state-of-the-art factories requires quantities of water, electricity and talent that the government has promised to support… but without yet detailing how. The context. This is not the first time that the Asian country has announced this type of commitment. The difference now is the urgency: the boom of AI has accelerated deadlines and the competitive framework has changed. Japan subsidizes TSMC to build on its soil, China has been closing the gap for years with state financing and the United States has committed tens of billions through the CHIPS Act. In Xataka | Who are Openchip, the Catalan company that designs RISC-V chips… and has just received 115 million from the Government Featured image | Daniel Bernard

South Korea had a tech king since 2000. The AI ​​fever just crowned another

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When one talked about South Korean technology, the company that always came to mind was Samsung. The semiconductor giant and the mobile industry He seemed to be the undisputed leader of his countrybut that’s about to change. Sk Hynix is ​​the new darling of the South Korean technology industry, and it has achieved this driven by memory crisis. Surprise in sight. Since 2000, Samsung Electronics had maintained imperial dominance in the Asian country, and since then it has been the flagship of its economy. However, things have changedbecause its eternal rival, SK Hynix, has been one of the great beneficiaries of the memory crisis. Source: Reuters. Seen and unseen. Yesterday the company’s shares reached their all-time high, briefly surpassing in market capitalization to Samsung, a colossal milestone that makes clear the impact that AI has on the global economy. Memory chips were a good business before, but now they are the star technological product. In yesterday’s session, however, SK Hynix dropped 12.5% ​​in value, which made Samsung (which also fell significantly) regain that throne again in market capitalization…for now. Sk Hynix rises from the ashes. In 2002, the company (then called Hynix Semiconductor) was drowning in debt. It had executed an aggressive expansion plan that did not work well and was on the verge of being sold to Micron (the offer was announcedIn fact, although was rejected). Its shares, which went public in 1996 at a price of 20,000 won, fell to 135 won in 2003, which made it considered a company doomed to failure. After years of crossing the desert and suffering the cyclical crises in the RAM memory market, the rise of AI has transformed it into one of the most valuable chip manufacturers on the planet, competing head-to-head with Samsung or Micron. A goose that lays the golden eggs called HBM. The turning point came after a crucial strategic decision. In 2023 the semiconductor industry was in free fall in terms of prices, but at SK Hynix they decided not only to maintain, but to accelerate their investments in high bandwidth memory chips (High-Bandwidth Memory, or HBM). These memories are the most in demand in the field of GPUs aimed at data centers, and thanks to that commitment SK Hynix has taken 61% of the global HBM chip marketwell above the 17% that Samsung has. Of commoditynothing. The president of SK Group—parent of SK Hynix—, Chey Tae-won, indicated how historically memory had become a commodity. It made no difference to buy a module from SK Hynix, Samsung or Micron because they were almost clone and interchangeable chips. With HBM technology the story changed: it is a component so optimized and integrated with AI chips, that Nvidia’s dependence on these chips is enormous. Samsung defends its leadership. He surprise temporary has not gone down well with Samsung. Those responsible have indicated that market capitalization calculations should include preferred shares. If they are included, Samsung’s capitalization value would continue to be higher than that of SK Hynix. Samsung is currently the leader in this area, but the market trend seems to favor the theory that SK Hynix will end up being more valuable as long as this memory crisis continues. The threat to DRAM. The danger for Samsung not only comes from SK Hynix being the undisputed leader in HBM memories, but from the fact that it is also is growing noticeably in conventional DRAM memories. According to Bank of America estimates, SK Hynix will expand its wafer production by 38% between 2025 and 2028, while Samsung will only do it 17%. At SK Hynix they are putting everything on the table, and that is causing the (economic) gap between both companies, previously enormous, to practically no longer exist. In Xataka | The RAM memory trident already works on DDR6 technology. It will be for the hyperscalers, of course

South Korea’s KSTAR reactor has rewritten the limits of what is possible

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Three of the experimental reactors nuclear fusion most promising on the planet reside in Asia. He JT-60SAin which Europe participates, is hosted in Naka (Japan). Not too far from there, in Hefei (China), it is being built the CFETR reactor (Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor), a name that we can translate as Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor. However, the real protagonist of this article is the KSTAR fusion reactor (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research), a machine located in Daejeon (South Korea). This latest genius It is being operated by the KFE (Korea Institute of Fusion Energy or Korean Fusion Energy Institute) and aims to demonstrate that fusion energy on a commercial scale is viable. Neither more nor less. And it’s on the right track. In fact, it has just signed the most important milestone in the field of nuclear fusion so far this year: it has managed to sustain stable plasma at fusion temperatures for 102 seconds. It is a true feat if we keep in mind that stabilizing plasma under these conditions is not easy at all. However, it is worth taking a closer look at what the researchers operating the KSTAR reactor have achieved. What they have achieved is exactly this: they have sustained the plasma in high confinement mode (H-mode) for 102 seconds while simultaneously maintaining the plasma temperature at 100 million degrees Celsius for 48 seconds. These are record numbers. Be that as it may, not only what they have achieved is important; It is also crucial to know how they have done it. A key piece in fusion energy Maintaining a plasma temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius or more over time is essential in nuclear fusion. And it is because under these conditions the ionized nuclei of deuterium and tritium acquire the kinetic energy necessary to overcome their natural electrical repulsion and fuse. However, dealing with plasma at such a high temperature is very complex. In magnetic confinement reactors, such as KSTAR, a sophisticated system of high-power magnets is responsible for confining this ionized fuel at very high temperatures. The problem is that the plasma is subject to turbulence that originates naturally and is especially intense in the outermost layer of this gas. Understand how plasma behaves when nuclear fusion processes begin is essential on the path to a solution that allows us to control it precisely, and, therefore, stabilize it. The ‘divertor’ is responsible for purifying the plasma, allowing the extraction of ashes and impurities One of the determining factors in KSTAR’s recent success is the use of the new divertor tungsten. This component is made of stainless steel, although it incorporates tungsten shields that are responsible for withstanding the bombardment of high-energy neutrons from the plasma, transforming its kinetic energy into heat. To release this thermal energy and cool the divertor The water that circulates inside is in charge. Tungsten has been chosen to tune the shields exposed to plasma because this is the metal that has the highest melting point: no less than 3,422 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, the divertor is responsible for purifying the plasmaallowing the extraction of ash and impurities resulting from the nuclear fusion reaction and the interaction of the plasma with the most exposed layer of the mantle. According to the Korean Fusion Energy Institute, the divertor previously installed carbon had reached its limit as experiments intensified and temperatures increased. The next step he wants to take is ambitious: operate the reactor for 300 seconds at temperatures above 100 million degrees Celsius. This achievement invites us to be optimistic, but we must not overlook the fact that keeping the plasma stable for minutes, or even hours, and ensuring that the reactor generate more energy than you consume It is undoubtedly one of the greatest engineering challenges facing science. Image | Michael Maccagnan More information | KFE | The Times of India In Xataka | Spain’s milestone in nuclear fusion: the first plasma produced by the SMART reactor invites us to optimism

to the south pole of the Moon

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The moon is an old acquaintance in human space exploration, but there are still parts to discover and step on. Having a permanent space base on the moon will simplify this exploration, but first NASA will have to check a list of requirements and needs among which stands out taking a tour of the south pole of the moon. After all, it is the place with the most votes to settle. But before humanity arrives, a fleet of drones will have to do the dirty work: the mission moonfall. cfour drones and a destination never explored. The Moonfall mission is scheduled for 2028, at which time four robotic drones will fly over and land at the South Pole of the Moon for the first time in history with the aim of identifying safe landing zones for future astronauts of the Artemis program. Each drone will weigh about 250 kg, measure 1.2 high and 2.1 in diameter. Inside they house an imaging system to map the terrain, a neutron spectrometer to detect water below the surface, a radiation spectrometer and a laser retroreflector so that ground control can locate them precisely. Although they will operate for a full lunar day (up to 14 Earth days), their instruments will continue to function several months later, enduring the -130 °C of the cold lunar night. Why is it important. Because the lunar south pole has elements that make it the ideal place to set up the human base. Thus, it concentrates craters that are permanently in shadow where has been confirmed the presence of water ice, the basis for obtaining drinking water, oxygen and fuel for future missions. Without these resources, they would have to be supplied from Earth, which would make human presence on the moon unfeasible in terms of cost. The problem is that that area has never been mapped with enough precision to plan safe landings, something that Moonfall’s drones want to change. Context. Artemis aims to return astronauts to the moon, something that has not happened since Apollo 17 in 1972, and establish a stable human presence there. With Artemis III In its roadmap for mid-2027, NASA is working in parallel on other projects, including this Moonfall, an essential mission for its final objective: its terrain and resource data will be critical data to decide where to build that base. Currently, the US NASA and 66 other states have signed the Artemis Agreementsa high-level framework of principles for the exploration and development of the lunar surface during this century, but it is more of a statement of intent than something binding. China is going on its own and in fact has its own lunar program with the lunar South Pole also between eyebrows. In short: the lunar South Pole has become the new object of desire of the space race insofar as it has first-level geopolitical implications. In detail. The company Firefly Aerospace It is the one chosen to build the ship that will take the drones there. The Texas company is an old acquaintance for NASA: its Blue Ghost lander became the first commercial vehicle to successfully reach the lunar surface in March 2025, delivering 10 NASA scientific instruments and capturing images of a solar eclipse from the surface. Elytra, as the ship is called, will undertake a 45-day journey from the Earth to the Moon, where it will enter orbit and brake so that the four drones land at a distance of about 50 kilometers above the South Pole. Once deployed, each drone will land autonomously in different areas to maximize coverage over the territory. Yes, but. The drones that will explore the moon will face enormous challenges. To begin with, they need rocket propulsion to rise, since there is no atmosphere on the moon and conventional rotors are useless. This translates into skyrocketing fuel consumption, so they are limited in terms of flights. Additionally, those shadowy craters are inhospitable areas where there is no light, so solar panels are not an option. From a legal point of view, the Artemis Agreements offer a framework, but they do not have the force of an international treaty in the event of conflicts or third parties outside of it, such as China itself. In Xataka | NASA’s lunar base begins here and now: an investment of hundreds of millions and a date on the horizon In Xataka | We knew there was water on the Moon, but not why some craters were empty. Finally we have the answer Cover | POT with Gemini

six companies, hundreds of millions of dollars and 25 missions to conquer the South Pole

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NASA has already launched phase 1 of construction of your moon base. They have not yet taken a new batch of humans to the Moon, but it is important to prepare the ground, which is why this Tuesday they announced the first steps they are taking to do so. And, as it could not be otherwise, it all starts with million-dollar hires. 6 companies in total. At the moment, NASA has invested hundreds of millions of dollars in hiring six companies that will be in charge of developing the technologies necessary to launch the first phase of the lunar base. The companies in question are Blue Origin, Astrobotic, Intuitive Machines, Astrolab, Lunar Outpost and Firefly Aerospace. In general, in this first phase of construction of the lunar base it is expected to explore the south polar region, test various technologies and prepare surface operations. All of this will be carried out through 25 missions that will include 21 moon landings. Moon Base 1. To begin with, the first three missions are expected to launch this year. The first, Moon Base 1, will be carried out by Blue Origin. Jeff Bezos’ company will take its lander to the Moon Blue Moon Mark 1the “brother” of the Blue Moon Mark 2 that is preparing to become the human landing system for the Artemis missions. As payload will include the Stereoscopic Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies to study how thrusters interact with the lunar surface, and the Laser Retroreflective Array, which helps spacecraft in orbit determine a more precise location using reflected laser light. The mission will take place in autumn 2026 if all goes well. Since it will be the first to land in the Shackleton crater, where the base is to be built, it will also be in charge of checking the viability of lunar landings near the lunar base. Moon Base 2. The second mission, which will also travel to the Moon at the end of 2026, will be carried out by Astrobotic. It will send its Griffin lander to the Moon, loaded with 500 kg of instrumentation, including a rover to study the surface on which the base will be built and mature the mobility systems for future manned vehicles. Moon Base 3. The third mission to be sent in 2026 has been granted to Intuitive Machines. This company will take its Nova-C Trinity lunar module there, which will be in charge of studying lunar eddies and the behavior of materials under extreme conditions. Furthermore, this mission will not be 100% private, as it will include payloads from the European Space Agency and the Korean Institute of Astronomy and Space Sciences. Some of the models that NASA showed during the press conference Boogies to move around the Moon. So that future astronauts who travel to the lunar base can move around it, they want to take two manned lunar vehicles there. Said so that we can all understand each other, two boogie-type strollers, designed to move around the lunar surface, both with and without a crew. Its development has been entrusted to the companies Astrolab and Lunar Outpost, also as part of this first phase. Delimitation drones. The company Firefly Aerospace has been entrusted with taking the 4 Moonfall drones to the Moon, whose main mission will be to inspect the area in search of the best landing places for the astronauts. Although they will also have a much more peculiar mission. As explained At NASA’s press conference, its executive director of the lunar base program, Carlos García-Galan, these drones will also be stationed in the corners to delimit the perimeter of the lunar base. Next phases. This first phase will last until 2029. Then the next phase will begin, which will end in 2032. In this, the permanent infrastructure of the lunar base will begin to be built, including electrical installation. From then on, it will only be necessary to refine more and more details and little by little receive the astronauts of the Artemis missions of the future. Without a doubt, this is the beginning of a new era of space exploration. Image | POT In Xataka | We knew there was water on the Moon, but not why some craters were empty. Finally we have the answer

South Korea has just entered the most exclusive club on the planet. And China and North Korea are not exactly calm

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In 2004, South Korea admitted to the International Atomic Energy Agency that years before it had rperformed secret experiments of uranium enrichment without officially declaring them. That caused a small diplomatic crisis and revived a question that has been chasing Seoul for decades: how far it is willing to go to not be left behind in Asia. Now he has taken an unprecedented step. The great leap. South Korea just gave one of the most important strategic steps in its recent military history: entering the small club of countries capable of operating nuclear powered submarines. Until now, this terrain was reserved for powers such as the United States, Russia, China, France, the United Kingdom or India. He Jangbogo-N project It completely changes Seoul’s position in Asia because it stops being only an advanced industrial and technological power and also becomes a naval actor with oceanic ambitions and a much more sophisticated deterrence capacity. The decision has an enormous symbolic component, but above all practical: A nuclear submarine can remain submerged for months, travel enormous distances and operate with a freedom impossible for traditional diesel models. For China and North Korea the message is clear. South Korea no longer wants to limit itself to protecting its coasts; It wants to have a permanent presence and response capacity throughout the regional board. Announcement of the project in the South Korean defense ministry Seoul’s great obsession. He official argument revolves around the North Korean threat and especially the growth of Pyongyang’s nuclear arsenal. North Korea has been developing ballistic missiles launched from submarines and working on their own naval nuclear propulsion programs with possible Russian help. In this context, South Korea considers that its current diesel submarines are no longer sufficient to maintain a credible long-term deterrence capacity. The new nuclear models would allow the waters near the peninsula to be monitored for much longer and guarantee second attack ability much more difficult to neutralize. Even without nuclear weapons on board, the simple possibility that these platforms could disappear under the sea for long periods makes any enemy military calculation much more complex. China in the equation. Although North Korea is the immediate threat, the greater strategic background clearly points towards China. They remembered the TWZ analysts that Beijing has been expanding its submarine fleet and strengthening its naval presence for years throughout Asia-Pacificas South Korea watches the regional competition shift away from focusing solely on the Korean Peninsula. The construction of nuclear submarines reflects precisely this mental change in Seoul: the country is beginning to see itself as a regional maritime power with much broader interests. Hence China has publicly criticized the program and has insisted on the obligations non-proliferation. Beijing understands perfectly what it means this technological leap. A neighbor with its own nuclear submarines implies a presence that is more difficult to track, a much deeper surveillance capacity and a navy capable of operating far from its ports. The most delicate detail. Impossible to pass by, because South Korea insists that does not intend develop nuclear weapons and will use low-enriched uranium under supervision international and coordination with the United States and the IAEA. However, the movement remains extremely sensitive because historically almost all countries with nuclear submarines also ended up developing atomic arsenals. Therein lies a good part of the regional concern. Although Seoul maintains officially your commitment With non-proliferation, the project brings it technologically closer to capabilities that seemed unthinkable just a few years ago. Furthermore, the international context has changed. Blind trust in the US military umbrella It’s not so solid anymore. As before, in South Korea the debate has been growing for years about whether the country needs a more autonomous deterrence capacity against Pyongyang and against an increasingly powerful China. A gigantic industrial bet. The program is also a statement of industrial power. South Korea wants to build the submarines within its own territory using its naval, nuclear and technological industries, something that fits perfectly with the country’s obsession with gain strategic autonomy. The government estimates that the project will last more than forty years between construction and operation, it will generate tens of thousands of jobs and strengthen key sectors such as modular reactors, advanced shipbuilding and military engineering. Market reactions have made the expected impact clear: the large South Korean naval companies they shot in the stock market after the announcement. Seoul understands that this project not only redefines its military strength; It may also establish the country as one of the few nations capable of designing and maintaining complex nuclear naval systems on its own. The silent race. The most important thing is that the movement of South Korea can further accelerate the submarine and nuclear race in Asia. Australia now advances with AUKUS To obtain nuclear submarines, North Korea seeks its own with Russian support and China continues to expand one of the largest submarine fleets on the planet. Now Seoul officially joins to that strategic underwater competition. If you also want, the region is entering a stage where the ability to disappear under the ocean for months has become one of the maximum symbols of military power. And South Korea just announced that is going to be part of that exclusive group, even if that means further altering the security balance in East Asia. Image | x In Xataka | Russia has built an imposing nuclear submarine with one mission: to launch one of the most extreme weapons ever devised In Xataka | North Korea has cleared up doubts about its alliance with Russia: it has just announced its first nuclear submarine

When King Charles III commissioned a map of South America and then banned it because it was too accurate

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TO Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla professional zeal played tricks on him. When in 1764 took charge of Charles III To create a map of South America, the good geographer put so much effort, so much into the project and so precise was it. the end result That upon seeing it the king was frightened. His map was a true cartographic gem, but it ended up condemned by the Bourbon. By express order of the count of Floridablanca The few copies of the map disappeared, as if they had never existed: the Government suspended the printing of the map and collected all the copies it could to keep them under lock and key. The reason: good work in bad times. The order of orders. At 30 years old, the cartographer and geographer Juan de la Cruz Cano received between 1764 and 1765 an assignment that would make any of his colleagues salivate with excitement. He Marquis of GrimaldiMinister of State, entrusted him with the ambitious task of drawing a large map of South America. The result had to be precise and capture the territories of the Spanish Crown, well positioned and in relation to the possessions controlled by Portugal. As if the mission were not challenging in itself, the minister was acting by order of the monarch Charles III himself. “Geographic map of South America” ​​by Juan de la Cruz Cano. A long decade of work. The assignment was difficult and required Juan de la Cruz Cano to make a considerable investment of effort and time. More than ten years he dedicated to the mission, according to details the National Library of Spain (BNE), which assures that to shape the map the geographer carried out meticulous data collection work, consulted testimonies from explorers and colonizers, dedicated himself to verifying sources and of course made “a magnificent cartographic layout.” After many headaches and relying on the studies of Jorge Juan and Antonio de UlloaJuan finished the work in the 1770s. The map was first stamped at end of 75. “One of the most important”. He in quotes It is again from the BNE, which insists that Juan de la Cruz Cano’s map is one of the most important of South America that was printed in 18th century Europe and even served as the basis for many other plans that were published later. So accurate was it that its initial reception was good. And it is logical that this was the case: the map was made up of eight enormous plates, measuring 2.6 meters high by 1.85 m wide and presented a scale of 1:4,000,000. If you examined it carefully, you could also see annotations, abundant toponymy and a detailed representation of the hydrographic and road network, as well as drawings that completed it as artistic work: allegories of America and Europe, the symbol of the order of Charles III, shields and even the illustration of a column profusely decorated with the bust of Columbus. The older he incorporated calculations for the drawing of demarcation lines between the Portuguese and Spanish domains according to the Treaty of Tordesillas. Portrait of Charles III. Good, dangerously good. The initial satisfaction generated by the map soon turned into a very different and much less uplifting sensation: fear, worry. 1775 was not a good time to show a map of South America as exact as the one Juan de la Cruz had made. Spain was in full negotiations with Portugal to reach a new treaty on the delimitation of its possessions in America, an effort that would lead to the Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1777, and that map of South America did not exactly benefit the Spanish position. “The data on the map favored Portugal’s aspirations. For this reason, the Government ordered to suspend printing and collect the distributed copies,” reports the BNE in the file dedicated to the plan, known as Geographic map of South America. “Wrong limits”. The history of the map was short-lived. After three editions and given the discomfort that that fortunate map generated for the Crown, in 1789 the Count of Floridablanca ordered that all copies be made to disappear. The effort did not go badly. The Country precise that today only a handful of copies are preserved, distributed by the National Library, the Royal Academy of History and private and public collections. “151 maps and the copper plates were kept in the Royal Calcography, with the prohibition that no copy be sold because the limits between the Spanish and Portuguese domains were erroneous,” the Cerralbo Museum specifies. That was the official version, of course. The reality was quite different: the Government feared that the precision of the work would harm the position that Spain had defended before Lisbon after the first Treaty of San Ildefonso. “The map implied a recognition of Portugal’s territorial usurpations,” slide the museum. A bittersweet ending. That of Juan de la Cruz Cano’s map is a peculiar story. Its finish too and leaves a bittersweet taste. The enormous cartographic work that he developed over the years would end up receiving recognition inside and outside of Spain and today it is claimed as a historical gem and one of the maps most important that were printed in Europe in the 18th century, but all that praise was of little use to those who had dedicated themselves to the project, including Juan de la Cruz Cano himself, who died in 1790, a year after Floridablanca ordered any sample of the map to be swept away, as if it had never existed. Auctions. “The engraver, who had invested his entire fortune in this work, was compensated, but died bankrupt and discredited as a cartographer,” reminds the Ministry of Culture. However, not all the zeal of the Spanish Crown could prevent some copies of that work from ending up traveling through Europe and even reached Thomas Jeffersonfuture president of the United States and at that time American ambassador in Paris. Despite Floridablanca’s efforts to prevent it, … Read more

The complex of the wide face and the unusual solution that obsesses South Korea: elf ears

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Jung Da-yun was not satisfied with what the mirror returned to her. At 31 years old, this influencer South Korean woman felt she had an unusual defect: her ears were not big enough. According to a report from Wall Street JournalJung went to a clinic in Seoul, paid the equivalent of about $70 and underwent hyaluronic acid injections into his cartilage. The result was immediate: his ears leaned forward, rising above his face. Suddenly, his face looked slimmer, younger, and proportionate. “I was very happy with the results,” she confessed. This scene, which in the West could seem like the script of a satire, is a latent reality in East Asia. While in the United States or Europe, people with prominent ears go to the surgeon to hide them or glue them to their heads — a practice that in Korea is “creepy” in the eyes of some, as explained by the influencer Korean-American Krystal Lee—in Asia, the projection of the ears has become the Holy Grail of aesthetics. The magazine MEGA has baptized him such as “silent retouching”. “When I was in China, one of the dermatologists told me that this is one of the procedures he performs the most, and I couldn’t believe it,” dermatologist Jenny Liu tells the same medium. And the true art of this intervention lies in sculpting the face, hiding the trick in plain sight: behind the ear. Although they have coined it with the name “elf ears”, the goal is not to emulate the sharp and fantastic point of the elves of The Lord of the Rings. The clinical and informal term is closer to the concept of “fairy ear” (fairy ear), a procedure that seeks to alter the natural position of the pinna. According to Dr. Jung Gyu-sik in the studio Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery – Global Openthe technique consists of injecting between 1 and 2 milliliters of hyaluronic acid filler in the most lateral part of the helix and in the auriculocephalic sulcus. The goal is to increase the angle between the skull and the ear. It is fast, non-invasive, almost painless and its effects last between 6 and 12 months. Dr. Jung himself confesses in it Wall Street Journal having performed up to 20 of these injections in a single day. Where did this fever come from? The trend germinated in China about five years ago, where the hashtag “Aesthetic elf ear surgery” today exceeds 780 million views on the social network Weibo. However, the definitive outbreak occurred in South Korea when Mimi, a well-known singer of the K-pop group oh my girlconfessed to using special adhesive tape to simulate this effect. Overnight, searches for “ear filler” exploded 1,200% on BarbieTalka popular South Korean aesthetics platform. Those who don’t want needles turn to these adhesive tapes that cost just $3. The terror of “pancake face” To understand this fashion you have to look away from the ear and focus on the cheek. South Korean researcher and academic Leem So-yeon sums it up perfectly in Wall Street Journal: “It would be reductionist to frame it simply as an obsession with ears. Ultimately, it’s a procedure to make the face appear smaller. The ears are just the middle.” This is an optical illusion trick based on negative space. Dermatologist Danny Guo details in the magazine MEGA Asian patients often have naturally prominent cheekbones (zygomas). Since they do not want to increase the volume of their cheeks, injecting behind the ear creates a “lateral structure” that visually slims the contour of the face. All this is born from a deep cultural complex. In East Asia, wide faces and large heads are heavily penalized. While in China they make fun of what they call “tortia faces”, in South Korea a sharp “V” shaped jaw is idolized, details the WSJ. But it is not a mere narcissistic whim; It is a tool for work and social survival. As John P. DiMoia explainsa professor at Seoul National University, young people do not operate out of ego: “It’s about looking my best for my job interviews.” This pressure It is better understood under logic that, in South Korea, “presenting the best version of oneself is a sign of respect for others.” The “Bai Fu Mei” canon Science supports that although there are universal beauty traits such as facial symmetry, the perception of attractiveness varies dramatically by ethnicity. A study of the medical journal Clinics in Dermatology points out that traditional Asian beauty prefers wider faces but with lower vertical height, an inverted triangle shape and a reduced projection of eyebrows and chins. Hence the obsession with fine-tuning the structure at any cost. But the sociological background is even darker. As we detail in XatakaSouth Korea’s strict standards are a form of “cultural racism.” It is a system that excludes different bodies and skin tones under the protection of neo-Confucian traditions, where whiteness and delicacy symbolized social status (the Chinese concept bai fu mei: white, rich, beautiful). By going global through K-pop and K-dramas, the Korean aesthetic or K-Beauty industry has attempted to impose an exclusive standard on the rest of the world. In fact, Korean brands They had to apologize publicly or drastically expand their makeup palettes (such as the TIRTIR brand, which increased sales by 55,000% by offering 40 shades after complaints from black content creators) because, simply, the most innovative industry in the world did not make products for dark-skinned people. “Elf ears” are not born in a vacuum. They are the symptom of a hypertrophied body modification industry. Seoul hosts the “Belt of Beauty”a neighborhood smaller than Central Park but with more clinics than Los Angeles, Miami and Rio de Janeiro combined. As much of the Korean population has already widened their eyes, raised the bridge of their noses and sharpened their jaws, the industry desperately needs to invent new areas of growth. And foreigners are answering the call. According to data from the Ministry of Health cited by the specialized platform Seoulzin … Read more

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