solution

The end of mathematical problems without solution

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To the models of artificial intelligence (AI) Currently, mathematics are good. In fact, in October 2024 Goal AIthe finish line, managed to generalize Lyapunov’s function. The Russian mathematician Aleksander Lyapunov proposed the concept of the function that bears his name in 1892. His work is a very important tool in the study of dynamic systems, but mathematicians have since struggled to find a general method that allows identifying the functions of Lyapunov. And they have not been successful. However, Goal AI has had it. This is not at all the only recent success of AI models in the field of mathematics. Sergei Gukov, Professor of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), leads a team of researchers who are looking for The way to use this technology to solve advanced mathematical problems that require thousands, millions, or even billions of steps. Currently these scientists are working on the conjecture of Andrews-Curtis, a problem of combinatorial theory of groups proposed 60 years ago. Google and Openai AI have won gold in the mathematics Olympiad Gukov and his team have not yet managed to solve the main conjecture, but with the help of AI they have achieved something important: they have refuted several families of problems related to the conjecture of Andrews-Curtis and known as counterexamples that have remained open for more than 25 years. Gukov acknowledges That current AI models have important limitations when facing very complex mathematical problems, but it has the hope that in the future this technology allows the human being to solve Mathematical Millennium Problems. The best asset that researchers have to face this challenge is to instruct AI by resorting to learning for reinforcement According to this mathematician, the best asset that researchers have to face this challenge is to instruct AI by resorting to Reinforcement learning. Anyway, something important has just happened. As we anticipate in the holder of this article, the models of Google and Openai AI They have won the gold in The International Mathematics Olympiad. Both managed to solve five of the six problems posed using general purpose reasoning models capable of processing mathematical concepts using natural language. This strategy is different from the one they have previously used the AI companies in mathematical tests. In any case, According to SCMP An expert they have consulted argues that the speed with which the AI models are being developed suggests that they are less than a year after being used to solve some mathematical problems that still have no solution. As we have seen, Sergei Gukov defends this same idea, although this last mathematician has not dared to specify the moment in which AI will begin to solve the problems in which mathematicians have been engaged decades. Who knows, perhaps the solution to the millennium problems is close. Hopefully. Image | Jesus Thomas More information | SCMP In Xataka | These two problems have baffled mathematicians for decades. A genius has solved them with a stroke

You have the solution ready before the problem appears

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Nvidia is where it is by chance. Just two weeks ago the company led by Jensen Huang reached a capitalization value of 4 billion dollars. It is the first company in history that materializes this milestone. Largely His overwhelming success of recent years It is the result of the privilege position it occupies in the hardware industry for artificial intelligence (AI) with a global market share higher than 80%. However, to find the authentic reason for its success we have to go back to its origins. According to Tae Kim, the author of the trial book ‘The Nvidia Way’this company continues to compete today thanks to two qualities of Huang: its perseverance and its intuition. Thanks to them, he managed to overcome in 1998 a crisis that He was about to end Nvidia. And thanks to them this executive has developed a surprising capacity of anticipation. Nvidia has trouble making the H20 GPU, but the solution is on the way ‘The dilemma of innovators’ It is one of Jensen Huang’s favorite books. The ideas that Clayton M. Christensen exhibited in 1997 have helped him not only to place his company in The privilege position that currently holds in the technology industry; They have also allowed him to keep it at the top of success for more than two decades. And, above all, they have taught him how to anticipate the blows and how he can prepare to fit them. The last one received it in April. And is that in the middle of that month the US Department of Commerce imposed new restrictions to the export to China of the GPU for AI H20what in practice caused this chip to stop arriving at the Chinese clients of this company. This news Nvidia’s shares sank 6% in the bag because I could no longer attend the commitments linked to the H20 GPU that it had acquired. Among the Chinese clients who had bought great amounts of this GPU, and who presumably planned to continue doing it, were Tencent, Alibaba or Bytedance. The most advanced TSMC manufacturing lines have a very high demand and there is an endless waiting list Finally, like We explain to you on July 15Nvidia has made the Department of Commerce review its regulation and allow you to sell the H20 GPU in China again. “The US government has assured us that licenses will be granted. We hope to start deliveries soon,” Pray a statement from Nvidia. But, once again, this company has stumbled upon a problem. When the Trade Department restricted the export of the H20 GPU, Nvidia asked TSMC to stop the manufacture of this chip. It is normal. It was expressly designed for the Chinese market and was not going to be able to continue selling it in China. Now resume large -scale production of the H20 GPU in the TSMC nodes is a problem because the most advanced manufacturing lines They have a very high demand And there is an endless waiting list. A priori this scenario could be a hard blow for Nvidia because it would prevent him from serving his Chinese clients, but the solution has been on his way for many months. And it is that the company’s engineers have been working on A new GPU with Blackwell microarchitecture The latest generation that is intended to occupy in China the place of the H20 chip. In fact, presumably TSMC began in June the production of The B30 GPUwhich is how it seems to be called. What we know at the moment is that this chip for AI will be less capable than the H20 GPU, as is logical, and also that its price will move between $ 6,500 and $ 8,000. For domestic users it is a lot of money, but in the field of professional GPUs for AI it is a moderate price. In fact, the H20 GPU costs between $ 10,000 and $ 12,000. Image | Nvidia More information | Commercial Times | The Information In Xataka | The US gives Huawei a great opportunity: to get its new chip for AI with the Nvidia market in China

Our body is full of almost indestructible “eternal chemicals.” It turns out that we have the solution in the intestine

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“Eternal chemicals” is a name with great loudness. They are practically indestructible molecules, and the problem is that they are really harmful for both nature and us. In recent years we are taking it seriously and we have sought Remove them with guns with electron beams. Also through forms of break their molecular bondsand now a bacterium can become an ally to end these eternal chemicals. And it will be as easy as taking a capsule. A slow poison. The perfluoroalquiladas and the polyfluoroalquiladas, known as PFASThey are a relative of about 4,700 synthetic molecules that have great resistance due to the unions between fluorine and carbon atoms. They are very useful for that resistance, since the molecular union is very stable and does not react to external agents. The problem is that they are used in many products (hygiene, textiles, pesticides, containers or Even in the wine), they accumulate in nature by not being destroyed and, potentially, also in our body. PFAS and their derivatives, such as trifluoacetic acid, are related to soil contamination and water sources. And the prolonged exposure to certain PFAS has been related With a higher risk of kidney cancer and testicles, alterations in the immune system, changes in cholesterol, fertility problems and increased blood pressure in pregnancy. Intestinal bacteria. That is why we commented on some lines: we are looking for how to end them. It is difficult, but researchers from the University of Cambridge have TOP With an unexpected ally: human intestinal bacteria. Specifically, the Faecalibacterium prausnitziian intestinal bacterium that, together with others found in our body, has proven to be very effective absorbing pfas. In experiments, and as they point out in Natureresearchers have found about 38 bacterial strains that absorb these eternal chemicals. Basically, they quickly accumulate great concentrations of PFAS minutes after exposure to them. How do they do it? Catching toxic compounds within cell groups, protecting both themselves and the host. Come on, putting the pfa in quarantine. Swallowing more and more. To test it, the toxicology unit of the University of Cambridge experienced with mice that had ingested PFAS. They introduced nine bacterial strains in their organism and observed that these bacteria quickly trapped the PFAS and then were naturally expelled through the feces. The interesting thing is that bacteria work more intensely at greater concentration, with constant elimination rates of between 25% and 74% of the PFAS present in the body. Horizon. Studies are constantly published in which they tell us how they have discovered the potential of something to improve our life, but usually, the conclusion is usually a “we need more evidence and we will see.” In the case of bacteria that engulf eternal chemicals, researchers have something clearer what the road map is after those first experiments in mice. In the next steps, they will explore the development of Probiotics specifically aimed at improving our defenses against PFAS, and they have it so clear that they have founded a startup of biotechnology To develop these products. The objective is that the first is ready by 2026 and what these specialized probiotics will do will be to capture chemicals before they are reabsorbed in the intestine and “encapsulate them” for excretion through the digestive system. Images | Cambridge University In Xataka | Some bacteria can “feel” the acid in their surroundings. And his way of adapting is mutating

If you also feel that you do not have so much time to read as you would like, there is a solution: the “fast reading”

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I confess that Bill Gates gives me some healthy envy. Not just to have A current account which looks like a phone number with so many figures, but for its ability to Read more than 50 books a year. I have tried and it has been impossible for me. But Do not shoot the towel. Scientific evidence revealsthat there is a balance point between the speed of reading and the ability to understand and retention of the content that is being read. However, with adequate practice, that balance can be improved by accelerating the reading speed without compromising Reading understanding. Research Like those of the University of Guayaquil, they conclude that the reading speed can increase significantly with the practice and use of appropriate techniques. An average reader reads between 200 and 400 words per minute, while through rapid reading training, that speed can reach speeds of up to 1,000 or 1,700 words per minute. Strike a balance Fast reading is especially useful for processing long texts superficially, being useful for obtaining general ideas or punctual information. It is not recommended in contexts where a deep understanding, detailed analysis or memorization of the content is required, but when it comes to seeking specific information or in texts that address subjects of which previous knowledge is already had. The main ones involved in a slow reading speed are: Subvocalization: It is the habit of mentally pronouncing the words that are read. That limits the reading speed since the visual image of the word that interprets the brain is vocalized as if you are reading aloud, undergoing the need to vocalize each of the words and not limit itself to the compression of it. Word reading by word: The global understanding of the text decreases. Regression: reread several times or have to search in the next line of text as it breaks the reading flow. Low concentration: It affects both speed and retention. Quick Reading Techniques Science reveals that this speed increase is not a magical process, but the result of the conscious training of eye movements, vocabulary expansion and the use of strategies to improve global understanding, and not only the amount of words read per minute. 1. Fragmentation This technique is to avoid reading word by word and assimilating the Words by groups. For example, to start training, you can group the words of the phrases of two by two and increase the number progressively With practice. At first it may be a bit strange, but the brain recognizes the words for its morphology, which explains, for example, that you Cberreo Pdeue Read Etse Txeto. If you read it Word A Word would cost you more than in block because a word contextualizes its adjacent. This principle makes your view jump between words, not word in word during reading. The usual thing is to start reading like this:In-a-place-of-the-scan-of-whose-name-no-quiero-alleging But with a little practice, we soon start reading like this: ANDn a place-of the stain-of whose name-I do not want to remember With proper training, the number of “pauses” is reduced: In a place in the stain-of whose name I do not want to remember. 2. Use a visual guide The rupture of the reading flow is one of the most frequent causes for reading the reading. This usually happens when you have difficulty finding the following text line. The solution: as simple as using the finger to indicate the start of the next text line or an equivalent visual guide. On screens you can use the mouse pointer as a guide. If you prefer Read on mobiles or tablets, the edge the screen or any other reference can contribute to the view not to hesitate when looking for the next line and the reading inertia is maintained. 3. Be faster than voice If when you read you listen to the words in your brain, you are not reading quick enough. As we have said before, this phenomenon is known as subvocalization. To avoid this, it will be necessary to train the reading speed trying to read faster than that inner voice is able to vocalize. In doing so, it will be forcing the brain to prioritize visual processing instead of the “auditory” of your internal voice, thus improving the reading speed. 4. Infinite look Like any other muscle, ocular muscles should also be exercised to improve reading speed. One way to improve your performance is to practice infinity to get a visual sweep of the most efficient text. This technique consists in drawing the infinity symbol (∞) on the text block, so that the look runs in a more global way, not line by line, and improves the capture of words by blocks. In Xataka | The productivity books that have helped me the most: the recommendations of the Xataka editors Image | Unspash (Thought catog, Eliott Reyna)

The radios of the battlefield are a trap for which it transmits. In China they think they found a solution

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Use radio systems for communications in a hostile environment has always involved A technical risk: Issue energy means leaving a trace. Therefore, for decades, the challenge has been to find a system that allows you to transmit information without being detected. In China they could have achieved it According to SCMPresearchers have developed a solution that breaks with the traditional model: allows you to send data without issuing active signals. There are no radio pulses, nor do you make microwave. Everything is based on reflecting what is already in the air. The system takes advantage of the presence of radar satellites – like the Gaofen-3 and Ludi Tance 1– To use their own echoes as a means of transporting information. It is not what is issued, but what is reflected The key is on an intelligent surface formed by hundreds of programmable metamaterial tiles. When a synthetic opening radar (SAR) illuminates the goal – be it a tank, a ship or an airplane – these tiles manipulate the reflected signal by changing its phase: 0 ° when it is “burning”, 180 ° when it is “turned off”. That simple alternation allows you to encode messages directly in the radar echo. It is a system that modulates what comes to it. And it does it without preventing the radar from fulfilling its function: researchers say they have managed to maintain image loyalty with a loss of less than 10 %. The platforms that use it should be able to exchange information safely, avoiding revealing its position. Smart surface formed by programmable metamaterial tiles Making this type of communication work far beyond playing with reflexes. The main challenge was to survive in saturated cities of signals, where electromagnetic noise floods everything, and in agitated seas, where constant balancing distorts the reflected signals. The team led by Liu Kaiyu says that It has designed algorithms capable of raising the signal/noise ratio up to 300 % and inertial sensors that correct the movement of the platforms in real time. Metasuperficie of information combined with a passive wireless communication system For now, everything has been tested in controlled environment: laboratory, simulations and data analysis obtained by satellite. There is no evidence that this technology is deployed on the battlefield. But Liu’s team has clear plans: try the system with real platforms and validate its resistance to signal blocking. Its road map includes combining this technology with radars of multiple ways and creating an integrated network between space, air and floor. The ultimate goal is ambitious: build a safe communications system capable of working even in Scenarios with intense electronic warfare. The details of the investigation are available In an article published in Journal of Radars. Images | Liu Kaiyu and Team | Xataka with Grok | ABODI VESAKARAN In Xataka | Iceland has a key Atlantic corridor for Russia. So the US has sent its first nuclear submarine

Playing video games in the middle of summer and with this heat is a horrible experience. I have found the solution in the cloud

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Play on PC is very good Until summer arrives. To a hot room as is my office, the hot air is added that, desperate to compete against Cordoba heat, manage the six fans located in my tower. The feeling is … regular. If I leave the tower on the floor they end up warming my legs. If I upload it to the table, the noise of the fans becomes even more evident and the temperature increases equally. The same happens with the Rog Ally, console that I love But that if it already has quite high temperatures, in summer suffers even more. I have found the solution in a technology that generates opinions of the most varied and that personally, it seems to me the future: the cloud. The heat. Córdoba is currently in orange alert. The asphalt has reached 57.3ºCthe grass in the shade to the almost 27ºC and the maxims exceed 40ºC. I write these lines at 10:40 on Wednesday and we are already at 30ºC. At night it does not cool and opening the windows is like look at the doors of Mordor. Thus, the solution passes through air conditioning, fans and infinite patience. Image: Olivier Collet The components. Electronic components and heat They do not get along. Let’s say they are obliged to understand each other, but excess heat is not good for a computer or for any device. The cooling systems By air, which are those that usually assemble the vast majority of computers and consoles, will refrigerate depending on the ambient temperature. If in a room is hot, the cooling will be less effective than if the room is cold. Fresquibiris. In addition to cleaning the fans and the interior of the PC, which must be done as long as a quick solution could be to put the air-conditioning For a while to cool the room. The problem is that, on the one hand, it is possible that not all people have an air conditioning device in the room or that, on the other hand, the air conditioning is centralized and we have to put it throughout the house when we only want to cool a single stay. My case. I have a temperature sensor in the office. In the morning, at 8:30, the ambient temperature is 31ºC. If I put the air conditioning to work to reduce the temperature to 26ºC. If I remove the room, it ends up reaching 34ºC. Taking into account that the ideal ambient temperature is between 18ºC and 25ºC, you can imagine how pleasant it is to complete the expansions of ‘Guild Wars 2‘or shoot in’Delta Force‘On a PC that at 18:00 is already asking for clemency and mercy. I cannot compete against environmental heat, but I can stop the heat generated by the PC. As? Roughlymaking it work much more slowly. That, a priori, is incompatible with playing in a decent quality, and it is. Unless you do it in the cloud. GeForce Now | Image: Xataka Looking for the fresco. Playing in the cloud has a series of disadvantages that are evident: you depend on having Internet connection, you are tied to a subscription and Not all games are available. The advantages, however, are that the cloud is agnostic to the hardware (I can play in my tower, but also from the mobile, From the laptop used at the university or from the ROG Ally) and does not require the computer to be fully. Just an Internet connection. The game is executed on a server and we receive the image and send the inputs in real time. A matter of temperatures. To give a quick example, playing ‘Guild Wars 2’ in a room at 27ºC The temperature of the CPU goes from 55.4ºC to exceed 70ºC. The GPU, meanwhile, goes from 35ºC to about 55ºC. If I launch the same game, but in the cloud (Geforce Now in my case), the temperature goes from about 55ºC to 57ºC, while the GPU passes from 35ºC to 37.9ºC degrees. ‘Delta Force’ is not in Geforce Now, so I can’t play it in the cloud, but it comes to the hair to show how temperatures change. The processor goes from 55ºC to 68ºC, while the GPU goes from 35ºC to be around 60ºC. That is also noticeable in the noise of the fans, which turn at a speed far higher than when they are in Standby. Asus Rog Ally | Image: Xataka The Rog Ally case. Asus’s portable console is my header device to play titles like ‘Devil IV‘And even’ Guild Wars 2 ‘connecting it to a USB and HDMI hub. If you use it in performance mode (25W), the console reaches 80-85ºC with relative ease, not to mention the battery to make a breath. Playing at the same game in Geforce Now I can do it not only in better graphic quality and with more fps, but putting the console in Eco mode, with a temperature that does not pass from 55ºC, more silent fans and greater autonomy. That, in hand and long, it shows. In short accounts. If the temperature is a problem and we have good access to the Internet, the cloud can be an option if we want to continue playing without making more firewood. In addition, the subscription does not have to be eternal. It can be used during the hottest months and then play again when temperatures fall. Cover image | Unspash In Xataka | I’ve been playing video games for years and now the first thing I do before buying them is simple: look what they are in the cloud

A quantum solution for black holes

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The two families of physics They have not spoken for 100 years. Einstein’s general relativity describes with centenary precision The large-scale universe: how the planets, stars and galaxies deform the space-time fabric. On the other hand, quantum mechanics explains the strange and tiny world of subatomic particles. Both theories form the pillars of modern science, but are fundamentally incompatible. Unifying them in a single theory of “quantum severity” is, for decades, The Holy Grail of Physics. New research suggests that the key to achieving this could be hidden in the heart of the more enigmatic objects of the universe: Black holes. The impassable wall of physics. The problem is simple and the time incredibly complex. Quantum mechanics has managed to explain three of the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force. Gravity, however, resists him. General relativity, our best theory of gravity, falls apart in the most extreme environments of the universe, precisely where quantum effects should be crucial. The clearest example of this rupture is the singularities, the theoretically infinite density points that are found In the center of black holes. For physicists, an infinity in an equation is an alarm signal that indicates that the theory has reached its limit. “We believe that general relativity only works on large or ‘macroscopic’ scales, but that in very short distances, or microscopic scales, it must be replaced by a quantum theory of gravity,” He explained to Space.com Theoretical physicist Xavier Calmet, author of a new study published in Europhysics Letters. A new recipe for black holes. Until now, string theory was the main candidate for this unification, in the absence of experimental verification. But Calmet and his team have adopted a different and surprisingly effective approach. Instead of a complete and finished quantum theory, they have used what is known as the “effective action of Vilkovisky-Dewitt” to calculate universal quantum corrections that should be applied to Einstein’s equations, regardless of the underlying theory. When applying these corrections, the team discovered something fascinating: in addition to black holes that arise from general relativity, there must also be holes born from “quantum solutions.” And it is not simple adjustments to the black holes we already knew. “They are completely new black holes that exist in a world of quantum gravity,” explains Calmet. New theoretical objects that emerge from the same mathematics, but with a quantum “flavor.” What all this means. Einstein’s relativity works great for huge things such as planets and galaxies (a continuous world); and quantum mechanics, for the tiny, like atoms (a world to jump). When it comes to explaining black holes, relativity predicts a singularity, an infinite density point that, in practice, tells us that the theory does not work anymore. What these physicists have done is to use a mathematical “patch” to add the basic quantum rules to relativity. This patch is the action of Vilkovisky-Dewittdeveloped by physicists Georgy Vilkovisky and Bryce Dewitt. In doing so, they not only fixed the “error”, but discovered that the new rules allow the existence of a completely new type of black hole, one that simply could not exist according to Einstein’s old rules. Can we ever see them? The study details how these solutions can be built near the events horizon, the border from which nothing can escape the black hole. Although these quantum solutions are theoretically different, distinguishing them from their classic counterparts is, for now, an almost impossible task. The most significant differences manifest very close to the horizon of events, a region that we cannot observe directly. “The astrophysical black holes that we are observing well could be described with our new solutions instead of those of general relativity,” Callmet concludes. “As both theories match great distances, it will be difficult to propose evidence capable of differentiating between the two types of solutions.” The theory shows that it is possible that There are black holes within a frame of quantum gravity. But the secrets of quantum gravity remain fiercely saved by these cosmic titans: the response to the greatest enigma of modern physics is not in a particle accelerator, but quietly orbiting in the darkness of space. Image | POT In Xataka | The Webb Telescope has observed quasars where they should not be. Something fails in the theory of black holes

A work in front of Casa is unvoyable for everyone. China has a solution: inflatable domes

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Anyone who has lived them knows: works can be as annoying as necessary. That they build a hospital, a school or a shopping center next to the house can be a blessing, but it is preceded by months and more months (not years) of dust, noise and a continuous coming and going of excavators, cranes and trucks. In China they have decided to save the neighbors that annoying toll of A peculiar form: covering the works with gigantic inflatable domes. AND (faithful to his style) He has also decided to do it in a big way. What happened? That China has had An idea so that the works generate less discomfort to houses, schools, parks, churches and other buildings that surround them: encapsulate them. Literally. Its proposal consists neither more nor less than inflarous ‘bubbles’ that cover the entire extension of the works, temporary domes that reduce noise and dust that the neighbors usually suffer when workers, trucks and excavators begin to move. The objective: less impact was while operators work inside. From theory to practice. The use of large inflatable domes is not exactly new. In autumn of 1971 Ibiza already hosted an ephemeral city created with plastic inflatables, Instant City. If the Chinese initiative is news, it is because of its approach (it seeks to minimize the impact of the works) and especially because it has gone from the theory to the facts. And big, in addition. In Jinana populous city of the East of China that acts as the head of the province of Shandong, just deployed an XXL inflatable dome as part of the Honglou 1905 project. According to Precise Huanqiuthe promoters want to build a large commercial complex there, but they found that the plot in which the works must be developed is in an area full of life, the district of Licheng, near a church, the Shandong University and an institute, in addition to numerous buildings. Thus, the question was obvious: how to get the works forward without the noise, dust, dirt and come and go of trucks to ruin the daily life of the entire neighborhood? An ephemeral ‘cathedral of 50 meters. The answer revealed it A few weeks ago Dazhong News: Those responsible for the work deployed a large inflatable dome 150 meters long, 100 wide, 50 high and a total area that moves between 20,000 and 30,000 square meters to cover the works. As is. The structure is formed by a PVDF membrane, a very fine material that operators deployed on June 12 with the help of fans. “The outside of the film is a network structure made of steel cables that keeps it together and then fixes it to the concrete beam at the bottom,” Wang Luren clarifiesHonglou Project Manager 1905. Under the dome there are no columns in addition, which allows operators to move comfortably. Click on the image to go to Tweet. Less dust, less noise. Those responsible for the work ensure that the “ bubble ‘reduces dust emissions by about 90% and cushion in more than 80% the noise of the works. It is also water resistant, which facilitates work during rainy months. However, the idea is that the dome is used during the first phase of the works, while the work progresses at zero level. For now, it has already served the government to breastfeed. A few days ago none, spokesman for the Foreign Ministry, He presumed that Jinan’s inflatable dome is “the largest in the world.” And insisted: its purpose is to “create cleaner and more silent construction spaces, minimizing the impact (of the works) in the surrounding communities and the environment.” To emphasize the message he published a video of the deployment that have reproduced media such as TN either Gulf News. And what about workers? The dome may reduce the discomfort of the works between the neighborhood, but … how does it affect the operators that will work inside? If dust and noise do not go outside, do they accumulate in the structure? Won’t it affect temperature? The initiative has raised similar questions, but the promoters ensure that the bubble is also designed for workers. “Avoid high temperatures” .Luren says that the PVDF membrane blocks 90% of ultraviolet rays and the structure includes a breathlessness at the top to guarantee ventilation. “We will also adjust the construction cycle to, as far as possible, avoid high temperatures.” A spray system and fog cannons will also help the accumulation of dust under the membrane staying at “a reasonable level”. The roof is also igniphed, is designed to support storms and snowfall and is completed with a system that allows their responsible to adjust the environment. Images | X (mao none) In Xataka | China is moving whole buildings at the same time to build underneath. Because? Because it can

China has been wondering what to do with its 300 million pensioners. It has a “voluntary” solution

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It We count last year. In Europe we don’t stop Find a formula that Relieve the situation of retirement and pension of people. But nothing that happens in the continent resembles what happens in China and its 300 million pensioners (and other hundreds that are projected in ten years). The country has made a decision to stop the problem: gradually upload the retirement age. Gradual increase. China thinks Gradually increase your legal retirement age in the next five years to try to deal with the aging of its population and the increasingly suffocated pension system. An action that is part of a series of resolutions adopted at a high -level five -year meeting of the Communist Party, known as the third plenary. An enlightening fact before giving context to the serious crisis of the Asian country: life expectancy has now increased above the United Statesuntil 78 years, and was only 36 years at the time of the communist revolution in 1949. A crisis of several fronts. The country has a problem: Society ages. With an economy In decelerationa long time since demographic crisis symptoms were felt. Last year, China lost for the second year consecutive population. Meanwhile, on the sidewalk in front, the figures indicated the lowest birth rates since there are records. All this assumes that the population of age to retire, One of the casualties in the world (60 years for men, 55 for women in administrative work and 50 for working class women), it only grows. In 2022 it was 280 million, last year of 297 million (21% of the total census). Worse. There are forecasts that speak of other 300 million projected In the next decade, and for the middle of the century there is talk of a population of 60 years or more than, at least, will exceed 500 million (almost 40% of the total register). In fact, forecasts talk about four workers for each retiree in 2030and in 2050, only two. Gradual retirement by phases. The entire scenario described above leads us to the news that has been confirmed and that has been brewing months ago. “According to the principles of voluntariness and flexibility, we will move constantly and orderly in the reform to progressively delay the legal retirement age,” The Communist Party of China explained last Sunday. The plan, together with some other key reforms, was published in a resolution three days after the country’s leaders concluded the third Plenary of China, an important political meeting in Beijing that takes place every five years. What we know. The truth is that it has not been specified how much retirement age or when, but A report on pension development From China published in late 2023, he explained that “65 years may be the final result after adjustment.” The plan has been at stake for some years, as China’s pension budget decreases. If it serves as a track, in 2019 (and before the pandemic) the cabinet had predicted that the Chinese Pension Fund It would run out in 2035 due to the decrease in its workforce. Years of strong restrictions related to pandemic have further reduced the coffers of local governments and, as they explained, “they could further aggravate the pension deficit.” At the same time and as we said, the huge population of the country has decreased for the second consecutive year in 2023 as the birth rate falls. Doubts. As for those somewhat “diffuse” terms, especially in the case of a capital issue such as pensions, the Global Times state newspaper cited demographs of the country saying that in the plan to increase retirement age, it stands out “voluntariness” and “flexibility”. It is impossible to predict how far that apparent decision of the Chinese citizen would achieve, but what seems clear is that the authorities recognize that there is no unique policy for everyone when it comes to retirement. Skepticism. That is the word that now defines the plan between Many Chinese usury on the Internet. Of all the doubts expressed, one that is repeated. “Those who want to retire in advance are exhausted by their laborious works, but those who perform comfortable and lucrative functions will not choose to retire. What kind of work will end with the youngest generation?” A user comments on the Weibo Networksurely exposing one of the key issues that nobody has yet explained. Image | Soctech, Clay Banks (UNSPLASH) In Xataka | The ghost of the demographic crisis had been threatening China for years. Well, it has started *An earlier version of this article was published in July 2024

Germany believes having found the most German solution to its productivity problems: work more

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Germany has been considered for decades as The economic locomotive from Europe. However, currently It crosses a crisis that has surprised analysts and experts. The model that allowed the country to prosper with reduced working hours and shoot its productivity, seems to have reached its limit. German leaders They look for new formulas To recover lost growth and have found a possible solution: work more. Germany works little. In recent months, the economic debate has intensified without the German responsible having found the key to getting out of the economic stagnation. However, from the business circles of Bavaria, southeast of Germany, they point out that it could be something as simple as increasing annual work hours. The formula: eliminating one of the religious holidays of the German calendar. According to published the newspaper Welt, Federal Foreign Minister Friedrich Merz would agree with this statement: “In this country we have to work more and, above all, more efficiently,” said the president in a few words that Later he clarified “But in Germany we have groups, especially among the youngest generation, which work a lot.” They have tried everything. The pilot tests of the four -day work week They have not achieved the Productivity impulse that the country needs. Foreign Minister Merz recently warned: “With the four -day week and the balance between professional and personal life we ​​will not be able to maintain the prosperity of this country,” declared The German Chancellor to I monde. This statement has generated discomfort in a society that has always been considered hardworking and disciplined. For decades, German workers have enjoyed shorter working hours compared to other European countries, especially those in the south. This situation was justified by high productivity and added value of German products and services, which allowed “doing a lot.” However, the economy fails to take off and the government now points to “lack of work” and “preference for leisure” as factors that are ballasting economic growth. Eliminate holidays. Before this panorama, some voices of the business have proposed concrete measures to increase the working time Without increasing working days daily, which in many cases are already more than 40 hours due to the enormous load of overtime. According to published BildBertram Brossardt, general director of the Bavarian Business Association, suggested to eliminate, at least one of the holidays that the Germans have. “Easter Monday, Monday of Pentecost and San Esteban. My colleagues in France and Italy are constantly surprised that we have those free days. Removing one of those free days would greatly benefit the German economy and would not mean a heavy burden for employees,” said Brossardt, adding that “religious festivities should not be taboo in the debate.” The data support it. The proposal is not just symbolic. Christoph Schröder Researcher at the German Economic Institute (IW) He maintains that Eliminating a holiday could increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Germany by up to 8,600 million euros. According to published The avant -gardeMichael Hüther, director of the IW, gave as an example the case of Denmark, which had recently eliminated a holiday “that was an additional income of 400 million to the state budget,” said the economist. The problem is that all federal states in the country, regardless of setting their own holidays, should agree to abolish it. Germany to the tail at hours worked. Brossardt’s arguments rely on blunt data. In 2023, a German employee worked an annual average of 1,343 hours, which is 92 hours less than in Austria, 186 hours less than in Switzerland and 391 hours less than in Italy, According to OECDE data. “We are not productive enough. If we want to be competitive, we have to return to work more!” said The businessman to the newspaper Bild. Despite these figures, Germany is not the country with more holidays. On average, the Germans enjoy 9 national holidays, although in some southern regions such as Bayern, Basen-Württemberg or Saarland can reach 12 holidays. In comparison, Austria and Malta enjoy thirteen holidays. In Spain, the usual are twelve, with some autonomous communities such as Catalonia, Community Valencian and Navarra add 13 holidays; Ceuta has 14 holidays a year, while the Canary Islands conform to 11 days. Average weekly hours worked in each country The problem is not the days. Such and as he published The confidentialsome experts do not believe that eliminating a holiday is the solution for the German economy, but that the country must face a change in its labor market to recover the productivity of yesteryear. Germany is the second European country where less hours work a week in full -time jobs, and the figure drops even more if the Part -time contracts. According to official dataone in two women works part -time in Germany. Therefore, some economists propose Encourage the incorporation of women to the full -time labor market and facilitate the arrival of more foreign workers to relieve the shortage of qualified labor. The key, according to these experts, is a deep review of the German labor market to adapt to the new challenges economic and demographic that supposes the Agence of the active population. In Xataka | Some researchers have analyzed the working day in Spain: the same thing that 40 years ago is worked, but in worse jobs Image | Unspash (Mashkumar Painam, Spencer Davis)

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