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which cars can circulate and which rest on October 25

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Saturday, October 25, is presented as a day that, in theory, invites relaxation and free time. However, for those who have vehicles subject to the Hoy No Circula Sabatino program, the reality will be different. As you already know, some cars must remain parked at their homes throughout the day. This measure, promoted by the CDMX Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA), its primary objective is to reduce air pollution so that we breathe better quality air. Its logic is direct: the circulation of certain vehicles is prevented, mainly those with higher levels of polluting emissions. However, the restriction does not always affect the same cars each weekend. In the areas where this program operates, some of these vehicles alternate their rest between different Saturdays. In which territories does this regulation apply? Specifically in the 16 municipalities of the Mexican capital and in these municipalities of the metropolitan area of ​​the State of Mexico: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? What vehicles should stay home? The daily mechanics of this program are quite clear to understand, as you can see in the infographic above. However, on Saturdays the dynamics change and not all cars face identical restrictions each weekend. Some vehicles can move freely on certain Saturdays, while on others they are restricted. The classifications for this day are grouped into: • Vehicles with circulation permit every Saturday • Vehicles with permanent restriction every Saturday • Vehicles with alternating restriction every other Saturday These restrictions operate only in the time range from 05:00 to 22:00. During the night the prohibition ceases, allowing circulation without risk of fines. In addition to understanding the basic concepts, it is worth noting that the application of the program varies depending on the type of car. For this reason, it is essential to verify three aspects before starting the engine: the monthly calendar, the type of hologram that the car has and the last number of its license plate. As an example, vehicles with hologram 2 cannot circulate on any Saturday, while those with holograms 0 and 00 circulate freely every week. Those with hologram 1 They face restrictions that rotate week by week. On Saturday, October 25, 2025, which corresponds to the first Saturday of the (odd) month, vehicles whose license plates end in an odd digit must remain parked. Next Saturday, the second of September (even), the restriction will apply to vehicles with license plates that end in an even digit. However, there are certain exceptions that are worth taking into account because these vehicles will be able to circulate without restrictions: • Electric, natural gas or hybrid technology vehicles • Vehicles that have a disability plate • Units intended for urban public transport (including funeral services) • School transport or passenger vehicles • Public security and civil protection units Failure to comply with these regulations entails fines equivalent to 20 or 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), which means an economic penalty of between 1,924.40 and 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | Josh Sorenson In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

which cars can circulate and which rest on October 18

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Third week of October… You know what that means: with us, the restrictions of Today No Circula Saturday. Because in addition to a few days of rest, the weekend is also synonymous with restrictions. If you still don’t know what we are talking about, it is because you are not aware of the project devised by the CDMX Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA) with which you try to breathe the quality of the air we breathe. As? The fact that? Let’s explain it. SEDEMA seeks a clear purpose: improve air quality in the metropolis. The strategy is simple, at least on paper, forcing more vehicles to remain parked. The consequence is direct: fewer cars in circulation equal cleaner air for everyone… particularly in areas where this measure is in force. It is worth clarifying that Hoy No Circula does not operate throughout the national territory, but is specifically active in the 16 municipalities that make up Mexico City and in these municipalities in the metropolitan area of ​​the State of Mexico: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? Now that we know the territorial scope of application, what specific limitations should we consider? Basically, on Saturdays there is a driving ban… although only for certain vehicles. The restrictions do not apply uniformly nor do they operate under the same criteria as workdays. As seen in the table above, during the regular week it is the vehicle’s hologram that determines who circulates and at what time. However, on Saturdays they operate with a particular mechanics, where some cars alternate their days of rest while others can never move. Under the current scheme, we can identify three different scenarios: • Vehicles authorized to travel every Saturday • Vehicles forced to remain off the road every Saturday • Vehicles that alternate, resting on alternate Saturdays These limitations, it is worth noting, do not remain active for 24 hours. The application period runs between 05:00 and 22:00. This means that during night hours it is possible to move without considering any limitations. So, how to correctly interpret Saturday’s Hoy No Circula? Basically, those who are included in the restrictions must refrain from using their vehicle to avoid financial penalties. For this reason, it is essential to verify whether or not it is appropriate to keep the car at home. To begin with, all vehicles carrying hologram 2 are prohibited from circulating on any Saturday, without exception. On the contrary, those with holograms 0 and 00 enjoy total freedom of mobility since they are considered low-polluting emission units. The bearers of hologram 1 They require greater attention because they operate through a rotating system. During this day, as it is the first Saturday of the month of May, vehicles with hologram 1 whose license plate ends in an odd number must rest. Next weekend the situation will be reversed, but this Saturday, October 18, 2025, both those with hologram 2 and those with hologram 1 with an odd number plate termination must remain parked. Next week it will be time for hologram 1 with a plate ending in an even number to rest. However, there are exempt categories that can circulate without limitation: • Electric, natural gas or hybrid technology vehicles • Units registered with plates for people with disabilities • All those intended for urban public transport services (including funeral services) • Those dedicated to school or passenger transportation • Those assigned to public security and/or civil protection If these provisions are violated, the financial penalty ranges between 20 and 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), resulting in amounts between 1,924.40 pesos and 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | Darwin Vegher In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

which cars can circulate and which rest on October 11

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Once again the weekend arrives and with it the restrictive measures that we know so well. The Hoy No Circula Saturday program comes into force again, affecting all those motorists subject to these regulations established by the CDMX Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA) with the purpose of contributing to the improvement of air quality in the capital. The basis of these measures is precisely to reduce the number of vehicles that travel on public roads. This strategy requires certain cars to remain parked at their homes. Such limitations apply to the 16 municipalities of Mexico City and the suburban municipalities of the State of Mexico, which are detailed below: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? Considering these elements, how can we prevent a penalty for traveling improperly? Without a doubt, the fundamental thing lies in properly understanding the limitations that are established. You can see these limitations in the image that appears above. Each of these days presents a specific characteristic. The regulations are precise, although Saturdays experience minor variations. The reason is that not in all cases it is the owners themselves who must keep their vehicles off the road. Briefly, the following situations may occur on a Saturday. • Vehicles authorized to travel every Saturday • Vehicles forced to remain at rest every Saturday • Vehicles that alternate Saturday rest These limitations, however, are not maintained throughout the day. During night hours they are not considered and, therefore, remain in force from 05:00 to 22:00. This means that during the night we will have the possibility of moving around without restrictions and without worries about sanctions. After clarifying this, what other elements should we consider? The first thing is to understand that the Saturday Hoy No Circula does not always work exactly the same. It is necessary to consult the calendar because Saturdays do not always affect the same cars equally. The final enrollment figure will be the determining factor. Vehicles with hologram 2 are required to remain off the road. On the contrary, cars with hologram 0 and 00 do not require rest at any time. The latter enjoy total freedom of movement because they represent the vehicles with the lowest polluting impact. But what is the situation of hologram 1? On a date like today, October 11, 2025it will be up to vehicles with hologram 1 and registration ending in an even digit to remain in their homes. This is because this Saturday corresponds to the second Saturday of the month of October and, consequently, coincides with an “even week.” Next weekend, the situation will be reversed and the odd ones will have to rest. However, there are certain exemptions that must be considered, since these vehicles will be authorized to travel without limitations: • Those that operate with electricity, natural gas or hybrid technology • Those who have registration for people with disabilities • All those intended for urban transportation services (including funeral services) • Those that provide school or user transportation • Those assigned to public security and/or civil protection If these restrictions are violated, the economic penalty will range between 20 to 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), which represents 1,924.40 pesos and up to 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | bardia Hashemirad In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

Using the WiFi on the train in Spain is the worst. The question is why there is so much difference compared to the rest of Europe

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If you have to work from the train and need WiFi, good luck. In some areas, even mobile data is useless, making the experience a real torture. It is no wonder, and Spain has one of the worst railway WiFi network infrastructures in all of Europe. According to an Ookla studiothe median download speed on Spanish trains reaches just 1.45 Mbps, compared to 64.58 Mbps in Sweden, which tops the list. At least we are above the United Kingdom or the Netherlands. A multi-layered problem. It’s not just a bad WiFi connection inside the carriage. The main failure, according to the study from Ookla, is in the “backhaul”, that is, in how the train connects to public mobile networks from the roof. Most European countries, including Spain, depend on “incidental” mobile coverage: the antennas installed by operators are designed to serve population centers, not specifically trains. The result is dead zones, constant signal drops and insufficient bandwidth when the train runs between cities. Average unloading speed on European trains. Image: Ookla Outdated technology on board. Inside the car, the panorama doesn’t help either. Although the study does not detail specific data for Spain, countries with similar performance such as the United Kingdom still maintain more than 50% of their connections on WiFi 4, a 2009 standard, and 38% use the 2.4 GHz bandmore prone to interference and congestion. This combination of outdated technology limits the experience even when the outside connection is decent. Sweden solves the puzzle with politics. In Sweden, the case is interesting because it dismantles the complicated terrain argument. Until the beginning of 2024, its trains offered speeds of just 2 Mbps. In the second quarter of that year there was a structural leap: the PTS regulator allocated public funds for neutral infrastructure in tunnels, imposed rail coverage obligations in the 2023 spectrum auctions and identified 45 tunnels and 630 kilometers of track with poor coverage. In just one year the speeds multiplied by more than 30. Average upload speed on European trains. Image: Ookla In Switzerland the model is different, but effective. This country, which is positioned in second place according to the Ookla ranking, has a different structure. And instead of universal WiFi on board, its operator SBB offers “FreeSurf”, a system that allows passengers with a Swiss SIM to use mobile data without consuming their rate while traveling. Bluetooth beacons in the carriages detect the device and the railway operator assumes the cost with the telcos. This avoids the bottleneck of shared WiFi and allows investment to be concentrated on improving the mobile network layer in the corridors. The problem is that it only works for residents with a local SIM. France invests in dedicated network. France built a specific network for railways on routes such as Paris-Lyon, with base stations every 2-3 kilometers, antennas facing the track and special systems in tunnels for trains that travel at 300 km/h and change cells every 15 seconds. Although the study places France In an intermediate position (19.12 Mbps), it continues to be well above Spain. Median latency of European countries compared to Taiwan. Image: Ookla Modern trains are Faraday cages. Part of the problem is structural. And how mention study, current railcars incorporate low-E glass with metallized coatings that block mobile signals more than a layer of concrete, according to tests carried out by the British Department of Transport. Germany has invested 50 million euros in laser treating 70,000 windows of 3,300 carriages to make them permeable to radio frequencies. Belgium abandoned a 173 million euro on-board WiFi plan and preferred to invest 40 million in modifying the windows of its trains. Asia prioritizes mobile over WiFi. In Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, the approach is different, as they invest in dedicated mobile data coverage on roads and tunnels, and treat WiFi as a secondary service. According to the study, Taiwan leads in latency (13 ms) and already deploys WiFi 6 on 20% of its rail connections. Its download speeds (8.1 Mbps) far exceed those of Spain, although they are far from the European leaders. The Japanese government, for example, has subsidized since 2020 the installation of cellular systems in all tunnels in the Shinkansen. satellite internet. Just like mention the study, operators such as ScotRail, SNCF, Trenitalia or PKP Intercity are testing terminals starlink and OneWeb on rural or coastal routes where ground coverage is insufficient. The strategy is not to replace mobile coverage, but to join both connections through onboard SD-WAN gateways. There are still limitations, as certified rail terminals are still in short supply, they do not operate in tunnels and the operational cost remains high if data is used intensively. In Xataka | How to share the data connection of your Android mobile or iPhone with an Internet access point

Vigo’s elite has an island for her isolated from the rest of the city. Now risks that to change

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Maybe it’s not as famous as The Cíesbut Torralla It is also a unique island. In its own way, of course. More than its fauna and flora, this small insula of the southern coast of Galicia stands out for its legal situation. Although it is connected to Vigo’s coast through a 400 -meter bridge and in theory it must comply The Costas Lawin practice it is an impenetrable urbanization for most vigueses. At the end of the viaduct there are A garrita with a guard who restricts the passage to the interior of the island. The barrier only rises for the (scarce) residents, their guests and the researchers who work in the Marine Science Station (Ecimat), a space linked to the University of Vigo that premiered in 2006. Torralla is therefore a city within a city, a private and exclusive village available to its even more exclusive residents, including The business elite local. The country Precise that there are only 149 people censored there, although in good weather the number of residents multiplies. Two ways to visit her As access is closed to anyone outside the island, there are only two ways to get an idea of ​​what is inside. One is to cross the bridge and (without crossing the garrita), go down to one of the coves located on both sides of the catwalk, accessible from the 90s Thanks to a Supreme Judgment. The other (more comfortable) is to open Google Maps and notice In view of birds, internal roads, large gardens, chalets and swimming pools that are distributed throughout the island. Its most characteristic piece (and perhaps controversial) can be observed, however, from a good part of the vigués coast: a tower of 70 meters high and 21 plants Raised between the end of the 60 and the beginning of the 70s, during the boom of the developmentalism. In idealist it is possible to find The announcement of a floor of 120 square meters on the 18th plant sold for 620,000 euros. Another peculiarity of the island is that in practice it is intended as a Private condominium in which the City of Vigo barely has a presence: the basic services, such as lighting, water supply or maintenance of the vials are assumed by the neighborhood community, Precise The confidential. That Torralla is today an island of private use, an anomaly of the Galician coast, is greatly explained by Its complex story. Until the second third of the nineteenth century the island belonged to the Church, but after confiscation He went to the Marquis de Valladares. Since then it has changed ownership (in 1884 a prosperous factory came to rise there, Iberian string) until in the mid -60s it ended up under the control of a society, Torralla S. This episode was key to the future of the insula, which saw how in just a few years the bridge was built that connects it with the coast, the Huge residential tower and the thirty of exclusive chalets that are distributed by its surface, some with gardens and pools that arrive almost to the rocks where the sea breaks. In its day, the construction of a nine height and 120 meters long for 85 exclusive homes that met the frontal opposition of the city. “It goes against every idea not only landscape, but I am even afraid that the island sinks,” He came to iron In 1975 the then mayor, Joaquín García Picher. After an intense pull and loosen, three years later the Supreme Court proved him right and gave the judicial folder to the megaproject. Goodbye to privileges? Torralla has been hoarding for years headlines Because of its peculiar status, but a quick search arrives on Google to verify that its rhythm has increased exponentially in recent months. The reason is simple: if the government Fulfill your wordin not long residents could lose one of the privileges that have been retaining for several decades, being the only ones (except for Ecimat workers) who can enjoy the coast of the island. In June, during a visit to the neighboring beach of Samil, Minister Sara Aagesen, guaranteed that will defend “he toCceso to the public domain Maritime-terrestrial “in the area.” It has to be for public use and we are working on the definition of the project, we hope to have it just around the summer, “he insisted. Wednesday The confidential revealed That the government is already finalizing the project to achieve it, which in practice would go through lifting the garrita that prevents the passage of non -residents and recovering the public domain strip of the insula. To understand that effort you have to understand some keys before. The first, the status of the island. What Torralla SA has is a concession, an authorization of almost a century granted in the mid -60s and will not end Until 2064. In between, in the late 80s, the Government approved the Coastal Lawa regulation that regulates the public use of the coast and the one that right now does not adjust the Galician island. In fact, if the vigueses (and the rest of the visitors) can cross the bridge and sunbathe on the coves of the island located on their margins is not because of the hospitality of the SA, but by a sentence of the 90s that forced him to retract the garrita to the end of the catwalk, allowing his public access. The Coastal Law however demands something else. The norm includes a space of “Traffic servitude” that must respect a strip of six meters widean area in which “the construction of any installation is not authorized and should be left permanently expedited for pedestrian public use.” That is what Vigo aspires now with the support of the government: a perimeter walk of more than 1.5 km and at least six meters wide for which residents probably They will have to give land. With him they would achieve two objectives: to end decades of privileges and erase Torralla … Read more

What has been shot is the rest of the bill

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The receipt of natural gas becomes more expensive with the arrival of autumn. On October 1, a new upload of the natural gas receipt entered into force. The last resort rate (TUR) is scanned on average 13.2% in homes and between 12% and 20.1% in neighborhood communities, According to the resolution published in the Official State Gazette (BOE). The climb occurs in full start of the heating season, an especially sensitive moment for families that depend on gas to heat their homes. More increases? Each quarter, the Ministry for Ecological Transition always updates the TUR. The mechanism is automatic: if the cost of the raw material varies more than 2%, the rate is updated. And this October, the combination of three factors has been decisive: Seasonal gas: each fall is incorporated into the calculation because in winter the demand increases. Only that component causes the cost of the raw material to shoot 24.9% compared to July. International markets: Actually, base gas has reduced 6.5% thanks to the Brent drop Already a stronger euro against the dollar. But that respite has been buried by seasonal surcharge. The tolls and regulated charges: that finance transport and distribution. According to the OCUthis year they have risen strongly, especially in the fixed term of the invoice, which in some cases has shot up to 43%. In summary, although in the part of the international markets there has not been a disruptive change, the regulated adjustments and the entrance of the winter gas have ended up pushing the upward rate. How much do I have to pay for gas? The answer depends on how much each home consumes. The regulated rate (TUR) is divided into sections according to the annual use, which allows to easily identify what rate corresponds to each case: Tur1: up to 5,000 kWh/year. They are normally homes that only use cooking gas or for the hot sanitary water. In this section, the fixed is € 3.93/month and the variable in € 0.045/kWh. Tur2: Up to 15,000 kWh/year. It is the most common rate in families that use gas for both hot water and heating. Here the fixed rises to € 8.11/month and the variable to € 0.043/kWh. Tur3: Up to 50,000 kWh/year. It is applied in large homes with intensive heating or in small businesses. The fixed is € 18.82/month and the variable drops to € 0.039/kWh. In more practical data, According to the OCUan average home with 9,000 kWh a year goes from 553 to 619 euros per year, that is, 66 euros more in a single quarter. On the other hand, in neighboring communities there are special rates (Tur4 to Tur11), ranging from 50,000 kWh to very high consumption. Here the increases are higher: from 12% to 20.1%. Tur4 rises 15%, Tur7 19.2%and Tur11 20.1%. The hardest blow will be received by those who use the gas for heating, since the fixed term is paid every month although it is not consumed. Even so, the OCU emphasize that the Tur It is still cheaper than many free market rates, where some customers even pay twice. Beyond the invoice. The increase in gas does not affect only the families that use it for heating or hot water. It also conditions the electrical system. After the blackout of April 28, Red Eléctrica reinforced the use of combined gas cycles to give stability to the network. And what was born as an emergency measure has become the new normality: when solar and wind generation falls, The support continues to put the gas. This explains a paradox: Spain produces more renewable energy than ever, but not being able to store it sufficiently, gas enters to meet demand and ends marking prices. In other words: although the electricity and the gas invoice are different, the role of gas in the system makes both connected. There will be more changes in the future. And we already count it in Xatakabetween 2028 and 2032 eight million gas counters will be replaced. The new ones will be intelligent, will allow real -time readings and reduce fraud, but they will also cost more: the rent will go from € 0.58 to € 1.10/month, about 6 euros more a year for each home. The government defends that, in the long term, it will be saved on consumption and emissions, but in the short term it will be another rise in the invoice. The look set in January 2026. When the rates will be checked again. Everything will depend on the contribution of the gas, the euro against the dollar and the regulated tolls. But the context does not invite optimism, since the EU has extended the obligation to store 90% of the gas, which maintains pressure on demand. In addition, the Spanish electrical system will continue to need gas as supportat least until 2026, because there is not enough storage or intelligent networks. Finally, investments in digitalization and modernization (Accountants, batteries, micro -redes) will bring more fixed costs for consumers. In short, the gas will remain a volatile terrain and, although the regulated rate continues to be the most competitive, it is not a safe refuge. The increase in this October recalls that energy continues to mark the pulse of the family economy and that, until there is a system capable of storing and taking better advantage of renewables, gas will continue to dictate the rules of the game and invoice. Image | Freepik Xataka | Natural gas has become essential in the AI ​​era, and this chart exposes countries with the largest reserves

We thought that sleeping in 90 -minute blocks improved rest and energy when you woke up. Science has its doubts

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As so many other viral trends In social networks, in recent years a seemingly simple formula has run like gunpowder for improve nighttime rest and wake up fresh like a lettuce: Calculate the dream in 90 -minute blocks To wake up just when one ends those blocks. This technique ensures that, when you wake up just when a complete sleep cycle ends, people They will feel more rested and with greater energy to face the day. However, scientific evidence questions the reliability of this method. The myth of exact 90 minutes cycles A survey of 2024 made by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine He revealed that almost one in ten American adults (9%) had tried this technique to determine what time they had to go to bed and wake up and have even been created Online calculators To make this calculation easier. The basis of this technique is based on Natural sleep cycles that are part of the set of cycles that regulate our body known as Circadian cycles. These cycles are the ones that determine the time of sleeping, of waking up, of eating, etc. According to this technique, a person who wants to wake up at 7:00 in the morning should go to sleep at 22:00 to complete six full -minute sleep cycles, or 23:30 to complete five sleep cycles. The concept is based on the idea that awakening at the end of a complete cycle, in phase V or REM, When the dream is lighterwould avoid the feeling of morning stun that occurs when we wake up in the middle of one of these cycles. Sleep cycles were first identified in the 1950s, when researchers They discovered These patterns called Ultradian cycles. During the night, the alternate brain between different phases: light sleep, deep sleep and REM sleep (characterized by the most intense dreams). Dr. Fouzia Siddiqui, Medical Director of Sentara Rockingham Memorial Sleep Center, explained in Popular Science that each of these phases fulfills specific functions for physical and mental recovery. However, the popularization of this scientific knowledge has led to excessive simplifications that They do not reflect the real complexity of human sleep. The most important of them: that the sleep cycles last exactly 90 minutes. That is the biggest problem of this theory. Scientific reality dismantles promises Recent studies They have shown that the duration of sleep cycles is not a constant but a variable. That is, its duration varies depending on each personand even the same person You can record more or less long cycless during the same night or vary according to the day. An investigation He analyzed more than 16,000 nights of sleep in 573 different people found that the median duration of sleep cycles was not 90 minutes but 110 minutes, with 75% of the cycles ranging between 95 and 130 minutes. Another study based on 2,312 nights of polysomnography data determined that the average duration of the cycles was 116.9 minuteswith a standard deviation of 39.7 minutes. In other words, establishing the 90 minutes as a basis for calculating sleep cycles not only is not an inaccuracy, but in practice it can be counterproductive since there is also the risk of interrupting the sleep cycle before it ends. Dr. Andrea Matsumura, specialist in Sleep Medicine and founder of Sleep Goddesss Method, said In the article of Popular Science that “factors such as stress, Alcoholdiseases or even bedtime, impact on the sleep cycle, so this method does not really guarantee that you wake up less stunned. “ In addition, the studies identified that as night progresses, sleep cycles They tend to elong in a natural wayso that the former can last between 70 and 100 minutes, while the later range between 90 and 120 minutes. Making it impossible to predict at what point in the cycle You will find yourself when it is time to wake up. On the other hand, in a standard sleep session of a healthy person, it is very unlikely be ahead of a deep phase of sleep since phase 3 of sleep, the deepest and repairinglasts between 20 and 40 minutes and usually occurs in the middle of the sleep session, and then move back to phase 2 which is a relaxing but lighter dream. Therefore, unless you are sleeping very few hoursthe awakening occurs from that lighter phase, and not from a deep phase as the 90 -minute block theory supports, which would leave a greater feeling of stunning. That is, this theory is based on two real facts: that awakening from phase 3 leaves you more stunned and that sleep cycles last around 90 minutes, to set up an alleged infallible technique to wake up as a rosto. The problem is that sleep It is not an exact science And the only thing that really works is Ensure the Descaso Hours that the body needs … and there are not even certainties about How long is needed. In Xataka | I put myself in the hands of some “sleep headphones” in the hope of reconciling sleep. It has come out regular Image | Unspash (Shane, Greg Pupas)

There are more robots working in Chinese factories than in the rest of the world together. Beijing’s strategy is already a blow of global authority

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Close your eyes for a moment and imagine The country with more robots in its factories. The logical thing would be to think of Japan, and not a few would also include the United States in the quiniela. However, the most recent figures point out another destination and do it clearly: China, where robotics has ceased to be an experiment to become the daily pulse of production. It should be specified from the start: we do not talk about showcase humanoids, but of industrial welding robots, manipulation and assembly, which are transforming how it is already manufactured what speed. The last report From the International Robotics Federation offers the clearest photograph of this phenomenon. In 2024 alone, Chinese factories installed about 300,000 industrial robots, a figure higher than the rest of the combined world. In parallel, the total park exceeded two million active units, well above any competitor. In contrast, the United States added 34,000 new robots in its production and Japan lines around 44,000, confirming the magnitude of the Chinese jump. China not only competes, already dominates China’s hegemony in industrial robotics has not appeared out of nowhere. Since 2017, its factories have installed Between 145,000 and 295,000 annual robotswith a especially strong jump from 2021. Pandemia barely slowed that progression, and in 2024 the figure was again located around 300,000 units. In contrast, the United States, Japan, South Korea and Germany not only started from much more modest volumes, but also registered declines in the last statistics. The next step in the Chinese strategy was not only to install robots, but to manufacture them on a large scale. For the first time, Chinese suppliers sold more than foreigners in their own market: 57% of the 2024 facilities were of local origin. On a global scale, Japan remains the main manufacturing country (around 38% of the world supply, according to IFR). This turn reduces dependence, although it does not equals full technological autonomy Chinese industrial policy has been decisive to accelerate the transition to automation. The initiative Made in China 2025 marked the first great milestone in 2015, with the aim of REducate dependence of imports in key sectors. Six years later, in 2021, the country adopted a specific plan to multiply the deployment of industrial robots. This planning added loans at low interest from state banks and support for technological purchases abroad. The result has been a fertile terrain for the expansion of Chinese robotics. When talking about robotics, the most common image is that of humanoids as Optimus either Figure. However, the figures that place China in the lead correspond only to industrial robots: mechanical arms that weld, assemble or move materials in the production line. The report leaves humanoids out, still in an experimental phase and with very small sales. Even so, the state impulse has generated an ecosystem of humanoid -centered startups, such as UNITREEalthough its weight in the industry remains marginal. The figures that place China in the lead correspond only to industrial robots. The integration of artificial intelligence into the factory is not exclusive to China: Japan, South Korea, Germany or the United States also apply with vision systemsautomated failures and quality control algorithms. What distinguishes Beijing is the scale with which this practice has spread, until it becomes a usual component of its industrial strategy. In many plants, the AI ​​monitors real -time machines, anticipates breakdowns and adjusts processes. This broader and more coordinated deployment has multiplied the impact of automation. The technological jump also depends on the people who make it possible. China has a large number of specialized technicians, from programmers to industrial electricians, capable of installing and maintaining robots in complex environments. Even so, the demand exceeds the supply and salaries of the installers have shot, already around $ 60,000. This talent gap reflects a global bottleneck: automation does not advance with capital and machines, it needs professionals who integrate it into the factory. Chinese leadership in industrial robotics still has clear borders. Although the country already manufactures a third of world robots, it continues to depend on foreign supplies for some key components. High precision sensors and advanced semiconductorsfor example, they are still domain from Japan and Germany, with decades of technological advantage. This deficit limits China’s ability to assemble higher range robots, especially humanoids. Even with a thriving ecosystem, technological autonomy is not yet complete and marks one of Beijing’s pending challenges. Although China continues to depend on foreign suppliers, the weight of its market already conditions global dynamics. By producing and installing more robots than anyone, it achieves economies of scale that reduce automation projects and pressing international prices. Its volume also gives it the capacity to influence technical standards and equipment interoperability. In the supply chain, the center of gravity moves to Asia, forcing other countries to adapt to an ecosystem in which China marks the rhythm, even without still controlling all technology. The map of industrial robotics is no longer understood without China in the center. In the next two years, the attention will be to verify whether to reduce its dependence on key components and if it maintains the rhythm of 300,000 new annual facilities. Beijing does not hide that he wants to extend this model to emerging sectors such as humanoids and reinforce their weight in global chains. For the rest of the world, the question is not whether China will continue to lead in volumebut how to respond to a strategy that combines scale, industrial policy and technological ambition. Images | Simon Kadula | Arthur Wang In Xataka | Qualcomm believes that the 6G will be the final network for AI and has already set it: the reality is that 5G is still in diapers

The “Tiktok template” marks the way to follow for the rest. It is the formula for Chinese technology to enter the United States

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The agreement of Tiktok For the application to remain in force in the United States It is making begg. It is not for less, because it is in the core of a great Commercial War between the US and China. In addition, it also represents something that goes far beyond the application itself or its operation: it establishes a model that could open the doors to other Chinese technologies to operate in US territory. How Tiktok would survive in the United States. According to the leaks of the Wall Street JournalTiktok will operate in the United States through a new company controlled at 80% by US investors such as Oracle, Silver Lake and Andreessen Horowitz. The remaining 20% ​​will remain in the hands of Bytedance and other previous shareholders. The key is that the US government will have a direct seat in the Board of Directors of the new company. Why is it important. Until now, Chinese technology companies in the United States only had two options: being prohibited or selling completely American competitors. This “Tiktok template”, as Kevin Xu, founder of the Newsletter Interconnected, mentions it, introduce A third way: technological licensing under American majority control. As the expert explains, “this model opens the door for more critical, strategic and advanced technologies to flow from China to the United States.” The real award. Beyond Tiktok, this model could be applied to sectors where China dominates the global supply chain. Let’s think about byd wanting Sell ​​electric cars in the United States, Catl supplying batteries To American manufacturers, or Hesai distributing Lidar systems to robotics. These are technologies where Chinese companies have a considerable technological advantage and are ready to deploy today, while US alternatives could take years to be available on a large scale. The rules of the game. To work, xu Explain That Chinese companies will have to accept staying with a minority and passive participation, renouncing part of the commercial benefits in exchange for the “privilege” of selling in the US market. They must also find the perfect mix of politically related investors and companies with the White House to assemble the company that is responsible for managing the product in the United States. Between the lines. “This was a purely political problem from the beginning, so it could only be resolved with a political solution,” Recognize XU himself after years chasing the case of Tiktok. The analyst explains that neither technology, nor national security, even the laws matter. According to Xu, what works is to identify the most powerful figures and tie them in a network of conflicting but attractive interests that is difficult to reject. And now what. The Tiktok agreement, which Trump He says he will confirm this Friday With Xi Jinping, he could mark the beginning of a new era in technological relations between the two countries. That Tiktok continues in the United States is a decision that will not leave anyone indifferent, both for supporters and detractors. The template is ready, now we need to see who uses it first. In Xataka | The United States and China seem to compete in ia. The reality is that they play completely different sports

Ukraine has opened Moscow drone to electronic war. From Russia it only has the name, the rest is one of the allies

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The “unboxing” of Russian drones intercepted by the Ukrainian forces has revealed everything, since hidden messages until The origin of many of the technology components (with big surprises). It has also been known to what extent China is part of the war machinery or that even Nvidia has a fundamental role. Now, Moscow’s last drone, the most sophisticated, has fallen into Ukrainian hands. The last drone. The Ukrainian Military Intelligence Service He has revealed Detailed information about The Geran-3a new Russian attack drone derived from the Shahed-238 Iranian. Its incorporation into Russian arsenal represents a qualitative leap against to the geran-2: Reach speeds of up to 370 km/h thanks to Your turbojet engineIt has a range of approximately 1,000 kilometers and culminates its attacks with a terminal immersion maneuver that makes it detonate when impacting. Its massive deployment this year reflects the Russian bet for Kamikaze drones increasingly sophisticated and produced in large volumes. Design and capacities. The Geran-3 maintains the basic configuration of its predecessor, including similar cameras and transmission systems, but incorporates a satellite navigation system that, According to Ukraineis resistant to TElectronic War Ecnics usual. This armor against interference is an added challenge, since it limits the effectiveness of the electronic methods that until now managed to neutralize part of the enemy drones. The internal design reproduces previous, but optimized schemes for the highest speed and to cross areas under strong anti -aircraft coverage. Dependence on the “allies.” The surprising, or perhaps at this point Not so muchis that Hur’s investigation suggests that drone contains almost 50 pieces of foreign originfrom countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany and China. This fact reveals the difficulties of controlling The proliferation of two -use technology: although international sanctions seek to limit Russia’s access to critical components, global supply chains allow pieces manufactured in the West or Asia They end in military systems through intermediaries. The case underlines, one more timethe limits of the embargo measures and the need to reinforce technological traceability. Mass production Russia ha multiplied production of drones of the Shahed family, reaching industrial levels that allow massive attacks of enormous size. In fact, offensives have already been registered with More than 800 drones In a single night and western intelligence estimates consider it possible that Moscow can launch up to 2,000 units In a single coordinated attack. In addition, new launch centers are being built, demonstrating a planned saturation strategy to wear Ukrainian defenses and force a high economic cost in your response. Ukraine and new defenses. Given this panorama, Ukraine has accelerated production of interceptor drones capable of pursuing and demolishing objectives in flight. These systems, cheaper than conventional anti-aircraft missiles, seek to balance the cost-effect equation that currently favors Russia. In parallel, they are being deployed acoustic and optical sensors For early detection, along with tactical adaptations on the ground. kyiv tries to create a flexible and low -cost antidron shield, aware that the main threat resides in the volume and persistence of these attacks. Strategic implications. The Geran-3 symbolizes The new phase of the drone war: cheap, fast and difficult systems to neutralize that force adversaries to spend much more expensive resources in their defense. This dynamic erosion classical military doctrines and demands from the West coordinate production, exchange intelligence and reinforce export controls to prevent sensitive pieces from feeding the Russian arsenal. If you want also, the conflict shows that the technological war is no longer freed with great cost strategic weapons, but with swarms of autonomous systems whose proliferation is difficult to stop. Perspectives and risks. The appearance of the Geran-3 He anticipates an escalation in which Russia will bet on mass and persistent attacks to saturate Ukrainian defenses, while kyiv and their allies look for economic and rapid solutions to counteract. Thus, each advance in speed, autonomy or resistance A electronic countermeasures multiply the risk that the balance be tilted in favor of who can sustain serial production. In that field, Ukraine needs both technological innovation and industrial and financial support of its partners, because the drone war is emerging as a decisive component of the conflict. Image | Wikimedia Commons, National Police of Ukraine In Xataka | Ukraine has opened the most advanced Drone Kamikaze in Russia. Now they know what the key to their power is: nvidia In Xataka | Ukraine has hunted an “invisible” drone of Russia. The surprise has been capitalized when opening it: it is “made in USA”

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