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More than half of the population in Spain has vitamin D. A study now question the benefits of supplementation

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Vitamin D, in reality, is not strictly a vitamin. It is a prohormone. Even so, in this article we will continue to identify it as a vitamin by familiarity. Anyway has a fundamental role in the proper functioning of our body. Our body is able to produce it When we expose ourselves to sunlightalthough we can also get it from some foods or Taking supplements. Its importance lies in its ability to favor the absorption of calcium and phosphorus inside our intestine, so without it our bones would become fragile. However, this is not all. It also has the ability to improve muscle function, to activate some defensive cells of our immune system, to regulate blood pressure, and even reduce the level of inflammation of our body. In many regions of Spain, the Sun abounds for a good part of the year, and, even so, more than half of the Spanish population, between 50 and 60%, has an insufficient level of vitamin D (less than 30 ng/ml). This is the percentage defended by a good part of the most recent studies, such as, for example, the one prepared by the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition In 2023, although this figure varies depending on the age and sex of the people collected in the report. Unfortunately many of these studies are not available publicly, but most of them argue that up to 60% of the general population has an insufficient level From this prohormone, as we have just seen. And if we stick to people 65 years of age or older, this figure is triggered until 80%. Vitamin D supplements are in question It is not easy to explain why in a country as sunny as Spain so many people of all ages have an insufficient level of vitamin D, but the most reasonable thing is to assume that it is due to a combination of several factors. On the one hand, many people avoid exposing themselves to sunlight during those hours in which this radiation source is more intense to prevent the appearance of skin cancer. And when they do they protect with solar creams that are capable of blocking up to 95% of the synthesis. In addition, a part of the population has acquired habits that invite you to spend more time at home and less outdoors. The intake of calcifediol supplements is the solution that doctors usually opt for to remedy the vitamin D deficit The diet can help us fight this lack, but the figures given by scientific studies show that in Spain we do not consume with the necessary abundance foods rich in vitamin Dsuch as wild salmon, sardines, cod liver oil or mushrooms. In these circumstances, the intake of calcifediol supplements, which is one of the types of vitamin D that circulate in our blood system, is the solution by which doctors usually opt to remedy this deficit. However, during the last decades Several scientific studies They have questioned the efficacy and benefits of the intake of vitamin D through supplementation. One of the most recent It has been led by Dr. Cynthia Thompson, of the Mel and Enid Zuckerman Public Health College of the University of Arizona (USA), and is very interesting because it tries to statistically evaluate two consequences of taking vitamin D supplements that other studies had only insinuated: the possibility that they reduce the risk of having cancer, but, at the same time, they increase that of suffering a heart disease. This random essay has lasted seven years and involves 36,282 women. Those who were randomly assigned the vitamin D supplementation and calcium supplementation experienced a 7% reduction in the cancer mortality rate. However, those same people also experienced a 6% increase in mortality from cardiovascular diseases. These figures are significant From a statistical point of view, but they do not allow us to reach a definitive conclusion in regard to general mortality. According to Dr. F. Perry Wilsonfrom Yale University (USA), vitamin D supplementation probably does not affect mortality, although it could slightly reduce the risk of some forms of cancer. However, it could also increase the risk of heart disease presumably due to the calcification of arteries. Whatever it is important that we keep in mind that the results of this study, and of those who have preceded it, are not conclusive, although, yes, they give us valuable clues that are worth taking into account. Image | Darina Bellonogova More information | Medium In Xataka | We have found some supplements capable of improving memory in the elderly: prebiot promising

Media Spain has gone crazy with the question of whether olives fattening or not. But its biggest problem is not calories

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“Do olives fattening?” In recent days, this question has run like gunpowder online and should not surprise us. It is one of those things that becomes viral from time to time: it is a typical case of very common product at the gastronomic level, but deeply unknown at the nutritional level. Let’s see what the science of olives and the rest of the pickles say. An urban myth. As the nutritionist Pablo Ojeda pointed out a few days ago, the idea that “the olives fattening” is close to the urban myth. And not only because, in short, food does not fattening or thinning for themselves (that is something that has to do with the general caloric deficit and not a specific product). It is an urban myth because it arises from a truth: that, According to the Spanish Food Composition Database92% of the energy provided by an olive It is fat. It is the nutrient that they contribute most with a lot of distance on carbohydrates or proteins. And that (even if that fat is “good”) destroys the nutritional profile of any product. However, if we look at other parameters we will see that, for example, the caloric density of these products is not very high. That is, you have to eat many olives so that that contribution is really noticed. Is the same thing with the rest of the pickles? In fact, olives are surely the most caloric pickles. In general, these types of products have very few calories. Classic pepinillos have about 12 calories per 100 grams, onions about 30. In comparison, it is true that olives have a greater caloric contribution: 120 green and up to 289 blacks. The real problem is salt. Because seen that, it may seem that pipinillos are a nutritional jewel. And, although they do not have many calories, what is certain is that they are very uploaded. To get an idea, WHO advises that salt consumption Do not exceed 5 grams a day. Well, only pipinillos are 2.3 grams per 100. In a context in which salt consumption does not cease to rise (promoted, above all, by the ultra -processed), care must be taken because it is a very important risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. And the probiotics? Here is some confusion because, although it is one of the fashion themes, still We know very little about the microbiota of our digestive system. On the one hand, yes: there are traditional products that are fermented in brine and, indeed, these They can have microorganisms to help us with the microbiota (although either much). However, “pickles” comes to mean ‘conserving in vinegar’ and in that environment it is difficult for interesting probiotics to remain. Most of what is sold in the market, in fact, has none. Beyond, this is, we must remember that the evidence that sustains probiotics is still scarce. It is not worth obsessing with them because, in most times, Its impact on health is zero. What matters As we often rememberIt is wanting to eat better. Everything else is literature. Image | Marius Haakestad In Xataka | In Belgium the authorities have asked their citizens not to eat the Christmas tree. And they have good reasons

The question is if the ‘True Crime’ is getting too far

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The edition of the book ‘El Odio’, in which José Bretón confesses the murder of his children, has been paralyzed after numerous requests of Ruth Ortiz, woman of the murderer, by the editorial itself that I was going to publish it, Anagrama. Although they believe they have the right to edit it, for the moment they stop the process until there is a legal pronouncement on Ortiz’s requests. A decision that, in any case, puts on the table the controversial literary works written by murderers, and that are lately arriving at the Spanish editorial panorama. The Breton case. José Bretón killed his two children Ruth and José in Córdoba in 2011, but since 2013 and for 12 years he kept his innocence. The book ‘The Hate’ includes the correspondence he has maintained with the journalist Luisgé Martín and in which he finally confesses the crime, which he carried out poisoning them and subsequently incinerating the bodies. Breton was convicted and turns 25 in prison in the maximum security prison of Herrera de la Mancha. The book that was not. ‘Hate’ was going to be published on March 26, with the undoubted commercial hook to include Breton’s confession. As soon as Ruth Ortiz was announced, he went to the service of victims of Andalusia, with whom he presented a letter to the Prosecutor’s Office (first of Córdoba, after Barcelona, ​​where the publisher is) asking that the publication be stopped. The Minister of Equality, Ana Redondo, has expressed support for prevent Ortiz from revictimizing. Anagrama’s aforementioned message manifests his disagreement and mentions works such as Cold Blood ‘of Capote or’ The Adversary ‘of Carrère as precedents. New ways for True Crime. It is one of the Fashion genres indisputable within a morbid variant of the criminal documentaries of a lifetime. On platforms, every very little time triumphs a series or fiction film based on real facts, or documentary that unleash old cases or iconic criminals. In podcasts, programs like ‘Criminopathy‘or’ The Lord of Crimes’, not to mention foundational milestones as’ serial ‘or’ criminal ‘bet on the profusion of data and atmospheric narration. Books on the subject also abound, and practically all publishers have their releases True Crimebut this orientation to give voice to the murderers is new. Or isn’t it so much? More convicts who write. Breton adds to a series of books that different men are recently written. The media Daniel Sancho I would be writing one From prison in Thailand. And Alfonso Basterra, convicted of The assumption casehas written a book in jail, although it has nothing to do with the case that gave it fame: it is a novel that It is titled ‘Cito’ and dedicated to the murdered girl. The three most media cases and that have occupied more hours in the media in recent years between conjectures, follow -ups and gatherings, thus find such a singular as expected editorial counterpart. A long tradition. Breton, Sancho or Basterra cases are not unique. A serial murderer as legendary as John Wayne Gacy detailed his crimes in the Book of Memories ‘A Question of Doubt’, 1992, encouraged by the abundant literature he was generating. And the recently deceased OJ Simpson played with the morbidity of his case with ‘If i did it’, in which he counted, in the form of hypothesisthe crime by which he was tried, although he never published in his original form, but as a commented manuscript. More abundant are the books in which a journalist interviews the criminal or investigates the case and tries to put himself into his skin, as in the classics cited by Anagrama or the ‘Hate’ of Martín and Breton, and that it is not yet clear if we will read. Header | Anagram In Xataka | The ‘True Crime’ pending black Spain: the cases that television fiction have not yet dared to play

If the question is when the rain is going to end, Aemet has bad news. Especially for Andalusia

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It has been raining in Andalusia since February 28. That is to say, As they said from Storm Málagathat is “15 consecutive days registering precipitation at some point.” But the thing does not end there, because it looks like this streak “could be extended for at least 8 more days.” What is happening in Andalusia? What is happening in Spain this March? The great Atlantic game. In recent days, Aemet Special fact emphasis In what we have been repeating for days: that a “anticyclone, displaced to northern Europe and another to the south of the Azores, (created) a wide corridor that allows the entrance of Atlantic storms from west to this.” On the one hand, the anticyclone to the north facilitates the circulation of these storms to low latitudes; On the other, the South Anticyclone facilitates the transport of humid and warm air from the Caribbean. Actually, it is nothing mysterious. In fact, it is A phenomenon relatively common that usually gives us great joys. What is happening now is that the pieces have conceded perfectly: the storms are powerful, they are well directed and the hall is lasting a more than considerable time. So much time that many farmers have already activated panic protocols. As we said a few days ago, “too much water suddenly creates problems.” The best example is Huelva: Strawberry crops can begin to rot (or infect with fungi) in full campaign. Yes, they are small problems if we compare them with the years of drought that we have been dragging, but They are problems after all. Problems that point out that, as usual, We do not have the necessary infrastructure nor well thought out plans. And what can we expect in the next few days? On paper and although it will continue raining in some areas of the country, the time time will give us a small truce. However, As Marta Almarcha points outthe latest updates suggest that new storms will arrive. The same Monday, without going any further, a new one will enter the southwest. And so again and again until at least next Friday (which is when). What we know from Monday. I would not want to close the subject without commenting what we know about the Borrasca on Monday; of Laurencethe twelfth storm of high impact of the season. Above all, because (in the Atlantic aspect) the rains can become very intense. In points of Huelva, Cádiz and the central system more than 100 l/m² can be collected in 24 hours. Again. We also have to keep in mind that all this water must be added a problem: the thaw. The subsidiary fronts of Konrad have left (or leave) enough snow in low levels. The rain will help melt that snow and that will be a “more problem” In the river flow. Image | ECMWF | Sami Ullah In Xataka | Aemet special notices are just the beginning: everything points to an extremely rainy March in Spain

If the question is when 6g will arrive in Spain, Ericsson has given us the answer: when 5g starts

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A constant question in technology is what will be as follows. And after 3G, the 4g and the 5g The answer is clear: the 6g. We fantasize with infarction speeds and a more connected world, but in our Tour with Ericsson executives for the Mobile World Congress The transparency exercise was clear. They told us that, in Europe, 5G is in diapers. Insufficient. One of the main reasons for this gap is the lack of deployment in the millimeter band (MMWAVE), an essential component to reach the speeds and ultra -tanking that 5G promises. Compared to countries such as Japan, South Korea or the United States, we are very late in implementing millimetric band solutions. Although we are expected to talk about 6G from 2030, in Ericsson they are clear that the 5G potential has not yet been unlocked. The European context. Europe has opted for an approach (perhaps too much) conservative in the deployment of 5g. Instead of promoting the millimeter band (24 GHz – 100 GHz) as other regions have done, most European countries have prioritized medium bands (mainly 3.5 GHz) and casualties (700 MHz). This attends to concrete reasons, and that is that deploying in the middle and low wave allows us to offer a very wide coverage with less towers. This allows lower investment in infrastructure, in addition to being able to take advantage of a good part of the existing 4g bases. In good part of European countries, such as Spain, Germany or France, the real millimeter band deployment remains marginal and still focused on pilot tests. What’s out. On the contrary, countries like the United States have been betting hard for the millimeter band. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) auction a good part of the spectrum since 2019, and giants such as AT&T and T-Mobile have already deployed their MMWave networks. Japan combines middle band and MMWave, using this last band, especially for factor automation processes and connectivity in events such as Tokyo Olympic Games. Other countries, such as South Korea, face delicate situations. There, spectrum was assigned in the 28 GHz band for MMWave, but the operators They ended up returning the licenses. There was no clear demand for services that justified the investment, and the operators found no way to make it profitable. After the initial disaster, the government has returned to auction the spectrum, with incentives to the operators with less regulatory restrictions, more aid and the objective that the country does not stay behind in its deployment. What about 6g. It is expected that, from 2030, let’s start talking about 6g. One of its objectives is 6G is further reduce the latency in connections and significantly increase the transmission speed. At the moment, spectrum has not been defined for this standard and the spectrum bands that will be used for data transmission are unknown. According to IU-R M.21606g aspires to achieve A 200 Gbps peak speed and stable speeds between 300 and 500 Mbps. In the same way, it aims to reduce latency up to 0.1 ms and support a traffic capacity per area in a 30 mbit/s/m2 – 50 mbit/s/m2. A technology that will multiply speed, minimize latency and expand use cases. The problem? The 5G has been with us for more than six years, and is still taking its first steps. What are we doing to improve 5G uses. Giants like Ericsson bet on continuing to innovate in 5G, and much of that innovation develops in Spain. The company has R&D centers in Malaga, Madrid and Barcelona, ​​having generated more than 1,500 patents. The company showed us how the future of 5G is quite focused on the B2B world, and how it will be possible to diversify services depending on customer demand. We have all normalized paying for fiber connection at home and paying more or less depending on the demand: in Ericsson they think that part of the 5G services will come for this same approach. There are more and more 5G implementations with artificial intelligence Image | Pexels In Xataka | Japan already has its first prototype with 6g: the results have been a success

This fly larva turned his ass into the head of a little one. The big question we have now is how it will be adult

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When we think of camouflage in nature, images of Octopos that melt with the seabed, of SEPIAS or chameleons. There are other tactics to confuse possible predators, such as Butterflies that mimic patterns in the wings to confuse birds or Palo insects. But there is an even more committed case to go unnoticed: that of a flip larva that has turned its butt into the head of a termite. And it works so well that the termites until they feed. Fluke. What seems an adorable creature in the main image is, in reality, the rear of a blue fly larva. It has false antennas, but also false eyes, an impressive morphology adopted with a single objective: to confuse the termites. And the finding has been made … by chance. Researchers from the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, the CSIC and the Pompeu Fabra University were studying butterflies and ants in the Anti-Atlas mountain range, south of Morocco. However, like They explain In the publication of the IBE, as the butterflies did not fly due to the heavy rains, they began to look for ants. “When we lift a stone, we found a termiter with three fly larvae that we had not seen before.” Shut mask. They themselves affirm that it was a “casual finding”, but really special because, after it, they made three more expeditions in the area and, “despite lifting hundreds of stones, we only find two others, together in another termitter.” In it study Published in Current Biology, researchers develop their surprise with these larvae that have developed “a unique costume”. Located on the back of the body, the bluefly larva shows a “termite mask” with a non -functional head that has an antennas, palps and eyes extremely similar to those with a great trine harvesting. Those eyes have a function, but very different from what we might think: they are the holes for which the larva simply breathes. Twin. As they explain, most termites live in extremely dark environments on termiters at meters deep, so they do not need eyes at all. The harvesting termites, however, go to the surface to collect grass and have functional eyes, something that these larvae mimic with their spiracles. 3D camouflage. The specimens are curious, but they would really have to define them as fascinating due to two extremely unique details. One is that they not only have antennas in that false head, but throughout their body, as if they were tentacles. Researchers estimate that it is something that facilitates simultaneous communication with several termites inside the termiter. As you don’t see there, the termite that rubs to the “narrow” larva the tentacle of the false termite and thinks “ok, is mine.” But … do they only use touch? The truth is that not because, apart from being felt, the termites have a unique aroma that allows them to identify themselves as the same colony in the galleries of their home. And here comes the other fascinating detail: the larvae imitate that aroma and smell exactly the same as the rest of the termites. Each colony has a distinctive aroma, something that these larvae also have and that researchers have described as a “chemical costume.” They even give it porridge. “The larva is not only tolerated, but constantly communicates with the termites,” says Roger Vila, one of those responsible for the finding. He also speculates the possibility that the termites themselves feed the larva (through their functional head, yes), but it is something they are testing. In one of his photographs you can see that possible mouth -to -mouth food. Accelerated evolution. Vila comments that it is not so weird that there are flies that are made by other insects to carry out forms of social parasitism. For example, humpback flies also imitate the termites, but in that case they are adults, and not the larvae, the protagonists. It also indicates that the common ancestor between both flies dates back to more than 150 million years ago, “much more than what separates human beings from mice, so we could affirm that we have discovered a new case of evolution of social integration,” he says. In addition, he points out that the blue fly larva would have evolved very quickly to adopt these forms. Complications. Vila emphasizes that discoveries like this help to be aware of everything we do not know about the diversity and specialization of insects, but also comments that studying these laboratory larvae is something that seems extremely complicated. The larvae studied ended up dying without reaching metamorphosis in the laboratory, which indicates that, either recreate the conditions they have in the termiter in the desert is crucial – something very difficult – or there is some other element of the nest and the symbiotic relationship between species that is crucial for the survival of the specimens. We will see what they end up discovering, since now the mystery is not only to know if it is a unique larva, but how it will be in its adult form. Images Ibe, Roger VilaCurrent Biology In Xataka | It turns out that there is another terrestrial species that cures its injured and performs surgical amputations: ants

If the question is how much money it exists in the world per person, this graphic developer has the answer

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Imagine there was a form of distribute all money in cash of the world equitably between Each inhabitant of the planet. Thus, a Wisconsin farmer would have the same cash That a potter in New Delhi, a goat shepherd in Namibia or a dentist in Sydney. How much money You think it would correspond to each inhabitant? The short answer: everyone could Buy a Sandero Dacia. The world money supply is not the same as world wealth The modern economic system encompasses many financial and monetary elements that define the term of wealth. So one of the ways in which the exercise of imagination distribution of wealth that would allow mitigating world poverty can be distribute all money in cash that exists in monetary markets around the world. This “cash” money is known as M2 Prenss supply And it is an intermediate monetary aggregate that includes money in circulation from around the world and certain bank deposits with high liquidity and with a period of up to 2 years, savings and money market accounts, as well as deposits with availability with notice of up to three months. In other words, the monetary supply M2 is all that money you could have in your pocket in a relatively immediate way. The concept of monetary supply m2 differs from the Global wealth or heritage in which this includes assets and real estate properties or mercantile that, although they can have a lot of value, are not easily redeemable for Count and sound money. According to data collected by CEICM2’s money supply amounts to 123.3 billion (Europeans) of dollars In 2024. That is, joining all the effective of all the economies of the world, we would add that money. According to the report ‘Global Wealth Report 2024‘Prepared by UBS, the world’s private net richness in 2024 was encrypted in 487.9 billion dollars in total. To help us see that information in a more graphic way, in Visualcapitalist have created an infographic in which the M2 MONITORY OFFER DATA obtained by CEIC, and divides between the world population data registered by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Distributing all world cash As we said, the world M2 money supply registered by the CEIC economic body in 2024 is 123,313 billion dollars (with the Anglo -Saxon system they would be trillion), while the data of the world population in 2024 reveal that we are currently 8,161,973,000 inhabitants In this little blue marble that we call planet Earth. The result of the equitable cast is that, each inhabitant of the planet would correspond 15,108 dollars Or, what is the same, about 13,944.28 euros to change. According to the Virtualcapitalist calculationsthat would be equivalent to the expenditure generated by the list of the purchase of an average home for two years, a second -hand car, or also reaches to buy a Sandero dacia. Without extras, yes. Spain is better for accounts If we repeat the same exercise, but circumscribing the data to the scope of Spain, the amount that each Spaniard would receive would be somewhat higher. According to CEIC’s records for Spain in December 2024the supply of monetary m2 available was 1,647,611,114 million dollars (or 1,648 billion dollars). On the other hand, the data of INE population count January 2025 left a total of 49,077,984 inhabitants in Spain. That lets us, by distributing the total of the money supply among the inhabitants of Spain, each would receive 33,571.29 dollars or some 30,967.97 euros to change. In Xataka | How much money you need to be among the richest 1% in Spain Image | Visualcapitalist.com

Claude 3.7 has returned to life an old 1997 program. The question is whether IA can translate old projects in Cobol or Fortran

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A veteran programmer received a two -year -old granddaughter’s visit a few days. It was then that he recalled that in 1997 he scheduled an application in Visual Basic 4 an application that might have fun. The problem was that he only had the executable, and it was not easy to be able to use it in his current equipment, so he came up with an idea. Translate this old APP to Python. What he did, as said in Reddit (With a post -written post for this AI), it was to upload the executable as an entrance for the newly launched the Claude 3.7 model. He asked him for something simple: “Can you tell me how to run this file? I think I scheduled it with Visual Basic 4, it would be great to turn it to Python.” Inverse pseudoengineering. The surprising thing is that Claude 3.7 showed some warnings, but then began to analyze the binary file and identified some program components. In fact it went further and translated that code to Python using the Pygame bookstore. Modernized code. The AI ​​system managed to perfectly replicate the functionality of the original program, and the model also provided instructions to install and execute it without problem, but it also was executed and operated 100% from the first moment. And all in five minutes. And modifications, the ones you want. This user would then ask for some improvements, such as associating certain sounds to the space bar or adding color typefaces, and Claude 3.7 modified the code perfectly to offer those improvements. But. The user shared All conversation in Claude so that anyone could check the process that followed. As Visual Basic said P-Code (Pseudocode), a kind of intermediate compilation in which there are some recognizable elements, but not too many to help that reverse engineering task. A door to modernize old software projects. It is true that the pseudocode generated by VB facilitated that “reverse engineering” task, but still this experiment with Claude 3.7 seems to open the door for many other software projects to modernize. A way out for mastodons created with Cobol or Fortran? In fact, already very veteran programming languages ​​such as Cobol or Fortan are still very important in industries such as banking, and force to maintain systems that can maintain compatibility with these old applications. Lack of programmers. There are no longer many programmers who dedicate themselves to these programming languages, which makes them “translate” them to more modern programming languages ​​is especially interesting. In 2023 IBM showed precisely A IA -based project to translate Cobol programsbut it is not clear if that has allowed to complete ambitious projects in that sense. What Claude 3.7 of course opens the door to achieve it. THE EXAMPLE OF MOCAS. We have already talked about Moccas, software created in 1958 and used in the US administration for the “mechanization of administration service contracts.” It is scheduled in Cobol-in fact it was originally programmed in Flow-Matic-and continues to work today, but it has been a long time since in the US They look for ways to adapt it to the new times. Perhaps Claude 3.7 or similar AI models manage to offer a solution to that problem. Even so, difficult. The example shown by that veteran programmer is striking, but it was a small application. Projects such as Moccas are enormously more complex and are part of a series of interdependencies with other components, which makes this possible task of reverse engineering and translation more difficult. But be careful: it may not be impossible, and at least Claude 3.7 and other models can end up being precisely the tool we needed to carry out that task. Image | Flipflopflorida In Xataka | Young programmers no longer know how

Is glass solid or liquid? A much more difficult question to answer what it seems

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There is an urban legend that attributes the irregularities in the glass decorated by the Gothic cathedrals to the fact that Glass is not a solid but an extremely viscous liquid that, over time ends up falling dragged by gravity. Well, according to experts, this story is a myth. And at the same time it really has a lot. Yeah, It is complicated. As we learned at school, matter can occur in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous. Then we would learn that the panorama is a bit more complex, with somewhat more unusual phases such as plasma, or the existence of a “Triple point”, A combination of temperature and pressure under which matter can be in three phases at the same time. In An article in The CovnersationPaddy Royall, a professor at the University of Bristol, explained a few years ago some details of this mystery and why the history of the windows of the cathedrals has some foundation Despite not describing a real cause of cause effect: the irregularities in these windows are due to the technique and not over time. For Royall, the key to the matter is in the transition. To understand where glass fits in all this we can think of water or, more specifically, what happens when the water changes its liquid phase to its solid phase. When the water freezes it does so more or less sudden. Small crystals arise from the liquid water, that is, regions where H2O molecules are structured in an orderly and invariable way. This crystallization occurs quickly, as a kind of infection that extends until the whole solidifies. In any case, the water will become ice in a discreet and not continuous process: it will pass from solid fluid without further proceduresso that their molecules will go from disorder to order. The problem is that not all matter seems to behave with that immediacy. And the glass, or rather, the glass are the best example of it. “The problem with the materials that form glass (which include plastics, alloys and ceramics, in addition to the daily ‘glass’) is that there is no obvious transformation. When cooling we cannot say the moment in which the glass becomes solid, ”he explains in Your article Royall And this is not simply due to a matter of temperature but in the same viscosity. So that a material crystallizes its atoms must “order” and structure. As explained to Livescience John Parker, from the University of Sheffield, “(the glass) cools quickly, but as it is so viscous, Atoms cannot be moved in a simple way to regroup in a more orderly solid structure, and are trapped in disorderly formations. ” “(Glass) is by mechanically solid, but with a messy structure like that of a liquid,” adds Parker. Something similar explains Royall In your article in The conversation. “The reason that (the transformation) is difficult to observe is that to do so we would have to wait an extraordinarily long time (much more than centuries),” he says. However, the teacher gives us some details of how atoms and molecules are structured in this solid that is not such. He explains that, if we look with a microscope, we can see how small groups of a few tens of molecules act differently: some are structured in orderly, as in a solid, while those around them remain unstructured, as in a liquid . A difficult experiment In 1927, the one that is considered “was launched”The slowest experiment in history” It is about Brea drop experimentan essay whose objective was to demonstrate that this substance was a liquid of enormous viscosity. Those responsible for the experiment placed an amount of break in a funnel, all protected in a glass bell. Under the funnel, another container to collect the fallen break. After three years letting the break, those responsible for the experiment opened their mouths and left the gravity to do their job. Ten years later the first drop fell. In the 95 years since the opening of the funnel, they have fallen A total of nine drops of break to the second container. This experiment remains active as curiosity and because it can still teach us things. For example, how environmental conditions alter the viscosity of this type of liquids. After the seventh drop (fallen in 1988), the University of Queensland installed air conditioning in the faculty that houses the experiment. The result: a remarkable slowdown of the speed at which the drops fall, that is, an increase in the viscosity of this fluid. So, glass is a liquid, right? The question remains without a definitive answer. In John Mauro’s words collected by Livescienceglass “is neither a true liquid nor a true solid: it has properties of both but has its own state of matter.” “The technical definition It is that glass is a state of non-echinibrated and non-cristaline matter that appears to be solid in the short temporary scale but that relaxes towards the liquid state, ”added Mauro, expert in material science of the Penn State University. The question of the time scale is important. The stained glass windows of the Gothic cathedrals are centuries behind. The temporal scale in which glass is located is much larger. That is why we know that, although there is something true in the legend of these stained glass windows, it would actually need more time so that we could observe changes in the structure of these materials. Much longer. In Xataka | We have discovered that diamonds can compact even more. The result is a much harder material Image | Antoine Pouligny / Jamieson Gordon

Tiktok and download again in the United States. The question is what will happen after

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Tiktok is again available for download in the United States. The application He stopped working on January 19 as a result of the prohibition framed in the “Act of protection of Americans against applied applications by foreign adversaries“It was something that had been warning weeks beforesince the Supreme Court determined that Bytedance had to sell the application to an American company or cease its operations in the country. Immediately after disappearing from application stores (App Store and Google Play Store), Trump granted a 75 -day extension through an executive order. Almost a month later, the app is again available. What happened to Tiktok. On January 19 Tiktok disappeared from Android and iOS Application Stores. The Supreme Court ratified the decision of VETAR TIKTOK In the country, encouraging Bytedance to look for a buyer to avoid permanent prohibition. Despite the Court’s decision, Trump approved an executive order hours after the prohibition (and only one day after taking office), in order to grant a 75 -day extension that left the situation of the situation in the air The social network. This decree ordered the Attorney General’s Office and the Department of Justice not to apply sanctions or measures that comply with the regulations approved under the mandate of the previous president. What has changed. Although the extension allowed Tiktok to continue operating in the country, application stores had struck the social network of their repositories. In other words, It was not possible to download it officially From App Store or Google Play Store. Now, the social network is again available for download in these two main platforms. They are not safe. Despite the oxygen ball thrown by Trump, Tiktok is still forced to look for a buyer. In fact, Trump assured the press that “There are a lot of interested people” In buying the app, and an extension a priori has no purpose than granting more time to Bytdance to close an agreement. However, Tiktok’s algorithm is almost sacred to Chinaand the company is not willing to get rid of it. It is not unreasonable to raise a scenario in which Bytedance sells Tiktok to an American company with a completely different algorithm in order to overcome the prohibition. However, raising completely different operation in one of its main markets will not be so simple. Only time will say. Cover image | Cottonbro Studio In Xataka | A chocolate bar stuffed with pistachio has become the most desired viral in Tiktok: Dubai’s “chocolate”

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