summer

The summer of San Miguel is here. The only problem is that the summer of San Miguel neither exists nor has it ever existed

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We are at that time of the year in which Spain lives A curious phenomenon. Without prior notice, for no apparent reason: the thermometers shoot up to temperatures much warmer than normal for that time of the year. This 2025, According to Aemetwill also have its “temperature rebound” around the end of the month. That is, he will have his ‘summer of San Miguel’. What exactly is the ‘Summer of San Miguel’? What we know as Veranillo de San Miguel or Membrillo is a period of good weather and higher temperatures than usual that usually occurs at the end of September and early October. This is called for the festival of San Miguel, on September 29. But the most interesting thing is that none of this exists. What does not exist? Let’s go in parts: it is usually said that the Veranillo de San Miguel has no explanation, but the truth is that it is not true. Or, at least, it is not accurate. We know perfectly why The “summers” have occurred of the last 30 years: for two or three days temperatures rise to simply lower because September is so. The days are long enough so that, as soon as there is some stability, temperatures rise, rise and rise. In fact, they don’t even need to go up a lot. It is enough that they are only slightly superior to the previous days, so that we will talk about the “Veranillo de San Miguel” as if it were one more station. A huge confirmation bias made popular meteorology. As we said a couple of years agowe have a strong tendency to “favor, search, interpret and remember the information that confirms your own beliefs” and that translates into that, when two days of higher temperatures of the average for this time of the year arise, let’s see a “summer” potential. That is, in a phenomenon with a high probability (two or three days of good time at the end of September) we see a clear regularity – reinforced by the popular idea. Although the dates and temperatures do not always match, of course, a lot of those we have in summer are far from. But will there be “summer”? Yes, there will be: just before Gabrielle impact with the west of the peninsulathe country will enjoy a warm and stable atmosphere. And then? That summer is finally ended and these days will be his last bedroom. If traditionally ‘autumn’ is synonymous with ‘instability’ having a hurricane in the middle of the extroat transition to a week of us is to enter the fall through the big door. Image | ECMWF In Xataka | The “illusion of frequency”: why you see more sneakers after talking about shoes

Confirm that the summer of 2025 is the warmest since there are records is not enough. You have to understand why. And you have to do it fast

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Astronomical summer is not over yet and it seems that the weather coincides with this, although we have already entered the month of September. However, experts from the State Meteorology Agency (AEMET) have already taken stock of the summer quarter of this year. We knew that this summer had been warm, but now we know that it has been the warmest. Since we have records. The summer of 2025 has been the warmest of the historical series in Spain (in 1961), according to has released recently Aemet. In peninsular Spain, the quarter between June and August has left us a thermal anomaly of 2.1º Celsius, taking as reference the period between 1991 and 2020. This year’s has also been a very warm summer on the islands: 1.5º above what would be common in Balearic Islands and 0.9º more in the Canary Islands. In the Peninsula, “excess heat” has been distributed quite homogeneously, although in important areas of the territory of communities such as Galicia, Castilla-La Mancha, and Castilla and anomalies of more than 2.5º were seen. According to Explain Aemetit was precisely in Galicia and the two plateaus where anomalies of more than 3º are observed. Overcoming the record. The warmest summer until now had been the 2022. The new record exceeds the marking during that summer in just 0.1 and supposes the fourth consecutive year in which positive anomalies are recorded during the summer, always taking as reference the period between 1991 and 2020. June, the most anomalous month. A good part of the situation is due to the heat that We live in the month of June. The first month of this summer was not only the warmest June since there are records, it was also the 30 days with the greatest warm anomaly of which we have record: 3.6º Celsius. During that month the heat was especially concentrated in the east of the country, with a small area between Aragon and Catalunya exceeding 4.5º of thermal anomaly. What happened this summer? Summer was marked by a low atmospheric circulation, with anticyclonic conditions that allowed the intrusion of African heat in almost all of the peninsula. According to Aemet, this summer we saw three waves of heat, two that affected Peninsula and Balearic Islands, and another that reached the Canary Islands. The peninsular affected 40 provinces and lasted for 17 days, from June 18 to July 4. The Second heat wave It was still more intensegenerating an anomaly of 4.2º; It affected 42 provinces and lasted for 16 days, between August 3 and 18. Both heat waves were among the longest we have registered and turned 2025 in the second year with more days with active heat waves (33) after 2022 (41 days). And what about the rains? In addition to warm, summer this year has been dry, at least in peninsular Spain. They saw each other on average 57 mm of rain In the area, 81% of what would be common on these dates. The southwest quadrant was the most affected by the lack of rains, although rainfall was rather scarce in most of the country, except for some areas of the Ebro basin, center of the northern plateau, and some areas of the Mediterranean basin. The situation was unequal in the Balearic Islands, with the western part of the archipelago seeing few rainfall and the eastern area watching a more humid summer. Even more irregular what was seen in the Canary Islands, where together there was a wet summer (133% of the average rainfall for summer), but with very concentrated rainfall in specific areas. In Xataka | We have centuries studying the different types of clouds. What tells us the shape and color of these atmospheric phenomena Image | ECMWF / Victor of Dompablo

Renfe has had a record summer of delays, and more than two million AVE travelers have run out of refund for changes

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Summer has been hard for rail transport in Spain. Four out of ten high speed trains They arrived late at their destinationbut only three out of 100 passengers were able to claim some kind of compensation, according to The world. The data comes after hardening Refund conditions of Renfe in 2024, the main reason why the figures contrast both with the data prior to the reform. Change of conditions. In July 2024, Renfe reformed Its ‘punctuality commitment’, multiplying the minimum delay time necessary to claim half of the ticket. If 15 minutes were enough to get 50% of the amount, now a full hour is needed. For total refund, the threshold went from 30 minutes to an hour and a half. The company justified this tightening as an “update” to continue being “the most advantageous for the traveler”, as the medium collects. Summer figures. As They point From the world, between June and August, 6,554 long -distance trains and AVE arrived with delays exceeding 15 minutes, affecting 2.5 million passengers. However, with the new rules, only 444,000 travelers were entitled to compensation. This means that more than 2 million users who would have received a refund with the previous criteria were left without it. This, according to the medium, would mean a saving of about 79 million euros only in these three months. Context. The reform is covered in the European Parliament Regulation of 2021, although at that time, Renfe offered much more generous compensations than the minimum required by European regulations. And while the EU forces to compensate with 25% of the ticket after 60 minutes late, the Spanish operator gave 50% with only 15 minutes. Now he has hardened his measures just when more delays are recorded. Problems that follow there. Minister Óscar Puente acknowledged in September that the rail system will continue to have incidents “at least two more years”, according to collect The world. The problems range from Fissures in Talgo S106 trains (which forced to withdraw the low cost services from AVLO on the Madrid-Barcelona route) up to infrastructure deficiencies caused by fireaccording to the medium. The alternative to service, the conventional bird, costs up to 34% more than the economic option eliminated. What comes now? Bridge has traveled to Germany To look for new trains in factories such as Siemens, recognizing that without renewing the fleet it will be impossible to improve the service, as collect The world. “We must not launch the bells on the fly, but if we do not renew the fleet, it is evident that we will not be able to improve in any case the service we are providing to the citizenship,” admits bridge. And in addition to having been a summer to forget in terms of ferroviar delays, it has also agreed that reimbursement conditions have also worsened. Cover image | Falk2 In Xataka | Renfe has a new and gigantic project in progress: a night train to connect Europe from this to west

The hoteliers promised them happy in a summer of record tourism. Until the ghost reserves arrived

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During the summer the restaurants receive Anything else What tourists, reserves and customers eager for a meal that puts the perfect icing on your vacation. In addition to all that they receive seedlings. For a long time and for the despair of the hoteliers it is common for the high season to increase the ‘Ghost reservations’a phenomenon that is carrying the business economy and has already forced them to Adopt measures. After all, it directly affects its profitability. Ghost reservations? Yes. Maybe it sounds weird, but they are nothing new and certainly have little mysterious for hoteliers, their great victims. The ‘ghost reservations’ are reservations Fallutas that leave a hole in the dining rooms (and the accounts) of the restaurants: a client calls, reserve table for two, three, four diners (may even more) and then it does not appear. Not just that. Nor does it call in advance to warn, so that the business only has the option of filling your hole with another client, something that is not always possible. The Anglo -Saxons call it ‘No-Shows’ and against what may seem affect All kinds of premises: From taverns to Michelin star restaurants, in which those vacancies can translate into a hole in hundreds of euros. It happens frequently? Depends. If we talk about socks and take as a reference the whole sector and the year is not a especially serious problem. At least so shows the Thefork platform, which recently elaborated A study about “ghost reserves”. According to their records, between January and July there was not a single month in which No-Shows They were more than 3.4% of the total reservations. It is a low fact and also reveals a slight descent with respect to last year. If we ask certain hoteliers, the thing changes. A few days ago The voice of Galicia interviewed to the owners of a marswish from Santiago de Compostela who claimed to be receiving “more plants than ever.” And it is not the only business that complains. Another hospitaler of the city speaks of up to six No-Shows A day. In Segovia there are also professionals who They lament of customers who leave them lying without giving explanations (or with pilgrim justifications) after commissioning roasts and the newspaper Minorca It echoed In August of the discomfort of some businesses on the island. “It is a problem, almost in each shift there are cancellations. You are called and they tell you that they are on the beach or that they have left elsewhere and decide to stay,” Antoni Sansaloni, representative of the Menorcan Sector Association, censorship. Is there more data? Yes. Thefork wanted to scratch a little to know details of the phenomenon, which has given us Two interesting perspectives: The first is its geographical distribution; The second, its causes. According to their data, the province most harmed by No-Shows It is Segovia, where they are 5% of the total reservations. They are followed by Menorca and Ibiza, with 4.2% and 4% respectively. In the opposite pole are Biscay (2.5%), A Coruña and Murcia, where the percentage remains at 2.7%. As for the causes, Thefork Point out Basically three. 55% of respondents say they do not appear to reservations for disasters and forgetfulness. 38% argue that if they have left hanging restaurants it has been for “unforeseen” that have also prevented them from warning. And 7% allege that they don’t call to cancel reservations for “shame.” Hoteliers have a somewhat different perspective and They warn that there are customers who reserve in several restaurants simultaneously. Are they a serious problem? The platform calculates that it carries losses that can go Between 5 and 20%depending on the type of business. “The problem is that they make you a roast reserve, that you have to prepare the pig, and that remains in the kitchen,” comment to The advance From a Segovian grill. “It affects us little, but when they make us a big reserve and fail, they destroy us,” agrees Another professional. The complaint is extensible to restaurants with Michelin stars that also They have been found With large groups that do not present or cancel the reservation, “a task” for those responsible, who usually work with closed menus and buy fresh product based on scheduled services. If a customer does not present the business does not recover the investment. Does summer influence? Yes. It is easily confirmed with a quick search on Google. Hoteliers who complain about No-Shwos They usually point out also that the problem is aggravated during the high season, coinciding with the increase in tourism. It is not surprising if one takes into account that restaurants reserves in general. “The rest of the year does not usually happen. The people here are usually always going to the reservation,” Explain A place in Santiago de Compostela. From Segovia Apostillan Also that ghost reserves are noticed above all on weekends “more pointers”, in which they receive especially visitors from the capital. “We are the dining room of Madrid and these issues are accentuated above all on weekends or the bridges in which many people come.” “During the summer months, reserves in the restaurants in tourist areas increase considerably due to the presence of travelers, both national and international. As a result, in this period the non-shows grow exponentially,” They corroborate From the Thefork platform. And can it be avoided? If not to eradicate it to 100%, the sector has moved file to reduce at least the impact of ghost reserves on their businesses. It is increasingly frequent to meet restaurants requesting a card number such as guarantee or deposits or directly do not accept reservations. Thefork herself decided Some time ago Take letters in the matter and expel those users who accumulate a number of frustrated reserves throughout the year, a measure that adds to those that had already been applying before, such as prohibiting multi reservations for the same day. Perhaps the best known case of a ghost reserve that came to … Read more

We believed that the most complicated summer of F-35 had ended. Until his software made him kamikaze on the Arctic

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In mid-August it seemed frankly difficult for something more to the brand new F-35 of Lockheed Martin. After the plane stranded for a month In India, the reverse from Spain to an order (to which they have added other countries), and A second breakdown Of a hunt, this time in Japan, the quota of fatalities seemed complete. Until a report has appeared that calls for the plane and its sophisticated software. An accident and its causes. Now we know that on January 28, 2025 an F-35a of the United States Air Force, assigned to the 354th combat wing at the base of Eielson (Alaska), He crashed After taking off in training mission as part of a group of four aircraft. He Official Report of the Pacific Air Forces revealed that the main cause was the fluid freezing Hydraulic contaminated with water in the shock absorbers of the landing train, which prevented the complete extension of the struts and caused that the weight sensors on wheels on wheels They will erroneously interpret That the plane was on the ground while still flewing. Kamikaze mode. This false signal automatically activated the “on-aund” control mode in full flight, the aircraft becoming uncontrollable. Luckily, the pilot managed to eject and survived with minor injuries, but the plane, valued in 196.5 million dollarsit was completely lost. Emergency in flight. The problem was immediately manifested: the front train was misaligned at 17 degrees and could not retract. After radio consultations with engineers from Lockheed Martin and a flight supervisor, the pilot tried for almost an hour Reactivate the wheel using two “touch-And-go” maneuvers. However, the ice also blocked the main trains, and at the second attempt the sensors indicated that the aircraft had landed. What happened then? That the system automatically changed to Operation mode on landdrastically reducing the control capacity. The pilot, nicknamed in The “MP” reportmanaged to eject just before the hunt went into loss and fell into chopped. The device came to rise more than 1,000 meters after the ejection, and then rush vertically, in the sequence recorded in a video that went viral. Technical and maintenance factors. The investigation He explained that the ice in the struts, added to the bad alignment of the front -train blocking hook, damaged metal components and prevented the correct system coupling. In addition, and very important, the Wow sensors (Critics in the F-35 Flight Control Logic, known as Claws) showed vulnerability in extreme cold conditions, something that Lockheed Martin already He had warned In previous maintenance bulletins. In other words, the ice “cheated” to the software. The report Underline that water pollution in hydraulic fluids derived from poor management of hazardous materials and breaches in service protocols. These negligence, together with decision -making during the emergency, were considered contributing factors to the accident. Implications and lessons. No doubt, the case has highlighted the complexity inherent in the high F-35 automationwhere a sensor failure can trigger waterfall reactions in the control software. Although nine days later another F-35A was able to land with a similar problem in the train without consequences, the Research Board stressed that, with the available information, the safest option would have been to order an immediate landing or a controlled ejection instead of risking a second attempt to maneuver. Although the report did not issue recommendations Formal policy changes, did highlight the need to reinforce compliance with maintenance protocols, supervision of fluid use and preparation for operations in Arctic environments. Strategic repercussions. In short, the accident, Without fatalitieshighlights the challenges of operating fifth generation fighters in extreme conditions such as Alaska, where temperatures close to –17 ºC can aggravate technical vulnerabilities. Not just that. It also offers a warning to future operators in cold climates, Like Canada and Finlandwhich must consider the reliability of the sensors and the resilience of the control systems in hostile environments. Beyond the technical, the event illustrates how the sophistication of the F-35, with its dependence on algorithms and automation, can become a risk factor in unforeseen emergenciesforcing to rethink the balance between human control and software in new generation military aircraft. Image | US AIR National Guard/Tech. Sgt. Adam Keele In Xataka | It is being a complicated summer for the US F-35: after the “no” of Spain Russia and China have appeared to do more damage In Xataka | A group of countries is being formed after the decision of Spain: those that are closing the door to the US F-35

The coast of Cádiz is crowded in summer. Except an inexplicable beach that has managed to flee from mass tourism

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Spain has a vast coastal strip of almost 8,000 km and much of it is formed by sand that every summer becomes Tourist boilersboth from other regions of Spain and abroad. Cádiz knows it well, although the Andalusian province can boast of conserving A (almost) virgin sand that has managed to avoid the traveler boom that saturates the country. His name: Castilnovo. A virgin beach? That’s how it is. That in summer you speak of the beaches and Cadiz coves is no novelty. After all, the Costa de la Luz and the Costa del Sol are two of the most busy destinations by tourists looking for sun and beach in the summer months. What is much less common is to find that one of those sandy sand is an almost virgin natural jewel, free of buildings, bars, hotels and hordes of veraneantes fighting for nailing its umbrellas. It is fair is what the Castilnovo Beach. Castilnovo Beach? His name may not be as known as that of the sands of Bologna, Burriana either Barrosaalso distributed along the Andalusian coast, but during the last weeks the beach of Castilnovo has activated the radar of the National Press and specialized media on trips. And it is logical. Located between the mouth of the salty and conilete rivers, this beach 3,000 meters It is a rare Avis of the Spanish coast, a haven of peace and tranquility that has managed to dodge the tourist boom of other points of the Spanish coast. And how is it? In words From the Conil Tourism Office it is an “extensive virgin beach ideal to enjoy long walks through a unique environment where nature is the protagonist”, a sand tongue of 3,000 kilometers That starts with Conil and ends near El Palmar, in the municipality of Vejer. “Beach of great landscape importance in which one of its most striking characteristics is the absence of constructions,” says the City Council before underline that the area includes dunes and salinas, in addition to cultivation fields, cattle and an “outstanding” variety of insects and birds, such as the SHATP SHAFT. No buildings? A look With Google Maps it shows that the landscape is quite different from that of the neighboring Costa de Sancti Petri. In Castilnovo, between the Palmar and Conil, a strip of fields is extended with hardly any constructions. In fact, the most emblematic is the tower that takes the name of the beach, an Almenara building that dating from the 16th century and is classified as a good of cultural interest (BIC). His aim It was to serve as a surveillance position to anticipate Berber attacks and identify the passage of Atunes. In 1755the same day Lisbon suffered An earthquakea tsamot destroyed part of the structure. Cádiz Diputación itself Highlight that “one of the most striking characteristics” of the beach is precisely that it lacks constructions. “The lonely Almenara Torre de Castilnovo rises on the horizon guarding the beach. A wide plain is extended around it where the crops, livestock land and the wet areas of the riverbank of the river are mixed on the wide surface, beyond the Las Marinas and old saline road dominate the land,” stands out. And how is it possible? Travel guides They usually emphasize that those who want to enjoy Castilnovo must keep in mind before what they will find there: a virgin space in which It is not strange See people practicing sports such as surfing, Windsurf or Kitesurf (even a nudist, although beach It is not cataloged as a naturist), but without the comfort of other sand. Usually The guides They point That has no beach bargain, bars, or nearby services. In some points there is not even coverage. And of course those who want to enjoy the landscape must walk and resign themselves to leave their car At a certain distance. The Diputación remember In addition, at least part of the space is protected by the City of Conil for its environmental importance. Images | Conil tourism, Roberto Vázquez González (Flickr)Google Earth and Diputación de Cádiz In Xataka | The beach of the crystals: Galicia has one of the most fascinating sands in Spain by chance

While giving us mobiles with better cameras, more power and a flood of AI, I just want them not to die in summer

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In recent years we have seen huge advances in smartphones cameras, in His brilliant screenshis fast charge, Your powerand what they manage to do thanks to the progress that artificial intelligence has brought to the sector (now, not when it began to promote itself eight years ago). And yet, in a summer as hot as we are happening, what I miss most is being able to take advantage of all those functions. Because as temperatures are taking place since May in Andalusia, the reality is that I can’t. The problem. When the heat arrives, the girls fall in love and Solar panels have a fatal. It is also the worst enemy of modern smartphone, whose current functioning completely modifies. With high ambient temperature, smartphone begin to suffer thermal strangulation or Thermal Throttling. It is a technique that reduces the performance of the device so that it does not continue to warm up. What do we notice? In which everything is slow, getting to cause Lagand slowdown accused even in high -end mobiles that do not suffer with normal ambient temperatures even when we demand a lot. It is also common for smartphones to begin to deactivate functions that require greater consumption and therefore heating, such as high rates of soda (90 Hz, 120 Hz 0 more), fast charge or high brightness on the screens. The latter is especially unfortunate, because it is on sunny summer days (when we have more hours of sunshine) when we need the record shine peaks that manufacturers promote with each recent launch. The situation on extreme heat days. The last great heat of these weeks has been the perfect example of how smartphones suffer. In an encounter with friends in the field where there were smartphones of several major brands, the smartphones became unusable in the hottest hours. Fully attenuated and impossible screens to see the sun, abysmal performance, extremely hot bodies and worrying warnings of two types: impossibility of continuing to load to protect the battery, and complete smartphones blockages with a temperature warning as The one Apple details on its website. The first caused that we had to wait until sunset to load the smartphones (with the consequent complete download of several of them for hours) every day. The second, even losing calls: c on the very hot mobile, a relative called me, and the call was abruptly cut by showing a notice like the next. The situation is also improvable with more moderate temperatures. A heat wave in Andalusia is an exceptional situation and that is not lived in countless territories. However, in May, I was at an outdoor wedding about 25 degrees of temperature and decided to take photos and videos with an iPhone 16 Pro and a Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra. The iPhone responded with Throttling, strongly attenuating the screen and slowing down any interaction with the interface. The Ultra Galaxy S25 responded something better, without being slow but also presenting little shine in its panel. The situation was paradoxical: I was using two of the smartphone with the best camera in the market, but I could barely record and take pictures, for the slowness with which they worked and because I almost did not see what I was shooting. Not because of the reflexes of the sun, but because of the little maximum shine of the screens once the terminals felt some heat. Another similar situation, changing camera for GPS, is what is lived in cars in summer: the mobile attenuates its screen and there are cases in which it costs to see the navigation interface, especially if at the same time we are carrying the terminal. And it is not trivial, we load them using the GPS because the consumption shoots and on a long trip the battery does not endure. Keys to protect them from heat. The solutions we have as users are, unfortunately, limited. But There are things we can do. For example, minimize its use in the sun. In summer, as we pointed out, it will be difficult, but there will be multiple situations in which we can place ourselves in the shade. Or what is easier: always leave the mobile in the shade, instead of at very hot points from a place in the sun, on the beach or in the car. They are not few occasions in which I have remembered acquaintances that his mobile would be burning because they had forgotten the sun. We can reduce camera use, especially when necessary. Sometimes, doing tourism, we tend to leave the screen on with the camera in use, preparing for a shot that sometimes does not arrive. It is in those situations when the terminal turns off until we have a shot to shoot can save a lot of heat. House and car tricks. My maximum advice is to use the terminal as GPS subject with a support for air conditioning ventilation grilles, so that it will be cool. It will load at normal speed and work as a browser without major problem. It is a advice that applies even if we use something like Carplay or Android Auto, as the vehicle will continue to resort to the terminal GPS, with the consequent heating. At home, two other tips that I have put into practice: use Cooling with integrated fan or even Cold accumulators covered with a trap that also greatly reduces the temperature of the smartphone when they come into contact with them. Thus they are trying to mitigate the problem. Manufacturers lead a lifetime fighting heat. The problem is that, at the same time, they are integrating components that, although they are more efficient than in previous generations, also have higher final consumption, especially when we think that more and more cameras, more bright screens and chips capable of Move AAA games (although The best is pulling streaming). He Xiaomi 15 Ultrafor example, he convinced us for how his cooling system with Steam camera three -dimensional manages to tame the Snapdragon … Read more

The effect of heat on our heart rate when playing in summer

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It is the summer stamp: go running or riding by bike and, a few minutes later, the pulsometer is triggered to figures that do not correspond to the effort. And it’s not a strange thing to see. It is the body that is trying to respond to a series of stimuli such as heat and exercise, and understanding its physiology is important for Do not turn sports into a health risk. Exercising in summer is a great challenge. In this situation the body is forced to respond to two specific demands. On the one hand, Muscles in action need a lot of energy in the form of ATP To contract. However, this is an inefficient process, since It only takes advantage of between 20 and 25% of the ‘produced’ energy releasing the remaining 80% in the form of heat. This energy in the case of not dissipating it correctly can raise internal body temperature by 1 ºC every 5-10 minutes. How to avoid it. On the other hand, to avoid precisely that lethal overheating, the body thermoregulatory center located in the hypothalamus, Activate powerful cooling mechanisms. One of them is to pump huge volumes of hot blood from the body nucleus to the skin, causing it to be red by that large amount of blood that is going through the surface of the body. This double duty is the fundamental reason why the pulse shoots and becomes the most sensitive and critical indicator of the stress to which the body is subjected The organism has to compensate. These two situations cannot be carried out in parallel, but A balance must be achieved. And it is that when the system is taken to the limit by the intensity of the exercise and the severity of heat, something has to yield. Or blood flow is reduced to the muscles, limiting the ability to maintain rhythm, or the flow to the skin is committed, limiting heat dissipation and increasing body temperature to dangerous limits. Understanding this internal negotiation is key to understand why training in summer is much more than a simple matter of willpower. The skin becomes a giant radiator. The first and most powerful response of the body to the increase in skin temperature and body nucleus It is body vasodilation. Controlled by the ‘thermostat’ of the body, the preoptic area of ​​the anterior hypothalamus, this mechanism causes the blood vessels close to the skin to widen and make it become a refrigerator. Under resting conditions and neutral temperature, the cutaneous blood flow is just about 300 ml/min. However, during an intense exercise in a hot environment, this flow It can shoot until reaching 7 or 8 liters per minute. Something that also represents around 50 and 70% of all cardiac output. And this is a simple deviation of resources with the objective of dissipating heat by convection and radiation. Although it is not free. It has an important cardiovascular cost. The heart accelerates to compensate. The fact of opening the ‘pipes’ that lead the blood to the skin causes the heart to have to activate an important compensation mechanism so that the organs remain perfused. We talk about heart rate, which will be increased. The objective is to maintain cardiac output, so that blood pressure is stabilized despite the low peripheral resistance due to vasodilation. A crucial aspect of this process is speed. The initial increase in heart rate is an incredibly fast neural reflex, triggered by Thermal skin receptors. This response often precedes any significant increase in central body temperature. This shows that the body not only reacts to heat, but anticipates it, preparing the cardiovascular system for the thermoregulatory battle that is coming. The key is in cardiovascular drift. Any athlete who trains with a pulsometer in summer will have noticed a disconcerting phenomenon: even maintaining a constant rhythm, the pulse tends to rise progressively throughout the training. This is something that has been documented and called ‘cardiovascular derives‘, which is defined as the gradual and continuous increase in the heart rate that occurs during a prolonged exercise of constant intensity, accompanied by a decrease in systolic volume (the amount of blood that the heart pumps in each beat). And precisely the heat stimulates the two mechanisms that drive this phenomenon: The increase in skin flow by vasodilation. This causes blood to ‘stagnate’ temporarily on the periphery, which reduces venous return. This means that the heart does not fill so much in each beat, and therefore the amount of blood that will expel will be less. Dehydration Sudoration is essential to cool the complete system, but it entails a loss of body fluids, mainly from the blood plasma. This again reduces that the blood returns to the heart so that the same volume can be pumped. And to compensate the only thing left is to increase the heart rate. The pulse increase per centigrade grade. Once the ‘why’ of this increase in heart rate is known, an athlete is interested in knowing the ‘how much’. And the reality is that studies have established a very useful general rule to know how our body temperature increases when exercising: In dry heat conditions, with environmental temperatures above 24 ° C, the heart rate Increase approximately one beat per minute for each celsius degree of temperature increase. In wet heat conditions, the impact is multiplied. Here the increase in heart rate triggers between 2 and 4 beats per minute for each degree Celsius that increases the ambient temperature. This difference is not trivial. Exercise at 34 ° C in a dry climate (10 ° C above the threshold of 24 ° C) could involve an increase of about 10 beats per minute in the heart rate for the same effort. On the other hand, to those same 34 ° C, but with a high humidity, the increase could be 20 to 40 beats per minute. This additional load on the heart explains why we call as ’embarrassing’ feels much more … Read more

If Renfe believed that the summer of 2025 was being complicated is because he still did not know the worst: the fires

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It is not being an easy summer for the bird. The campaign started with issues In one of its main arteries, the Madrid-Andalusia line, and has been challenging challenges such as The soap opera of the Avril trains, The suspension of services in several sections of the network by fire or A fault that a few days ago affected the Andalusian high speed line. Now, with a good part of the holiday country, add a new challenge that puts the tip: The paralysis of the Madrid-Galicia line. And all this with demand in record levels What happened? That fires have forced Renfe to suspend for hours its services between Madrid and Galicia. Yesterday afternoon the operator He already advanced The stoppage of the trains because the flames were close to the tracks between Vilavella and Galicia Porta and the final blockade It was confirmed hours later. The Initial idea It was resume the services today, but it could not be so. At 7.30 h the operators still They kept examining The ways to confirm that traffic will be recovered with guarantees. Shortly before ten Renfe published in X A message Informing the restoration of the service, but the decision lasted little. Hour and a half after He turned back: “For fire reactivation, the rail service between Madrid and Galicia is interrupted again.” Later Renfe went up A new tweet clarifying that he had been forced to interrupt the circulation between Puebla de Sanabria and Ourense by order of the Cecopi of Castilla y León (Civil Protection). “The traying trains will be separated in stations until the circulation is guaranteed,” he concluded. Click on the image to go to Tweet. Is it the only one affected? No. So far this fire has affected other sections in which Renfe operates. The flames have interfered in the service with greater or less reach in Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Castilla y León either Estremaduraamong other points. In June A fire Between the stations of Valladolid-Campo Grande and Río Duero forced to suspend the high-speed service in the Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid and Madrid-Gijón lines and In July The flames forced to paralyze the line by which the bird that connects Madrid and Andalusia. Is it something exceptional? To a greater or lesser extent, Spain usually looks like forest fires in summer (more than more than 47,700 hectares) and It is not strange that in some cases the fire affects the rail network. In this case, the flames, especially those of Galicia, who have altered the corridor that communicates the community with Madrid for hours, they arrive, however, in a summer in which Renfe has had to deal with other challenges. The campaign began with A considerable chaos in one of the main arteries of the Spanish high speed Redee: the line between Madrid and Andalusia. A fault In a catenary between the Yeles (Toledo) and La Sagra, southwest of the Community of Madrid, affected the services that connected with the South and forced to suspend trains, generated delays and left a notable anger among the affected travelers. “We have been trapped in the middle of a plain, without electricity or bathrooms, with unbearable heat,” He denounced A user in X. Has anything else happened? That episode came shortly after, in May, the operator had to deal with Another chaotic episode in the AVE Madrid-Sevilla that left trains detained for hours and thousands of affected passengers. The reason on that occasion was not a fire, but the theft of copper cable on the tracks, which even led Renfe’s president to publicly lament how difficult it is to control the vast network of the country. “You cannot monitor 24 hours 15,000 km of network, but you will have to put more means,” assumed Álvaro Fernández de Heredia. With that backdrop, in recent weeks Renfe has faced Another controversyalthough of a quite different nature. A few days ago it transcended that Renfe has decided to do without the Avril trains (106 series) in his Madird-Barcelona line and replace them with convoys series 103. The decision comes after the operator detected technical problems in the machinery and forced him to make a ‘sudoku’ to relocate trains of series 103 and 102 to meet the demand. Is it all negative? No. Summer may be more moved than Renfe wanted, but has started with an important level of demand. A few days ago the operator launched A statement To show that Julio closed with his “best monthly historical record of travelers” in AVE and long distance. Throughout the month he counted about 3.5 million travelers, 4.6% more than in June, which held so far the “historical maximum”. The increase is based on high -speed services (AVE and AVLO), which saw how their place offer It increased by 13.9% and the flow of travelers 10.5% compared to 2024. The highest rise were registered between Madrid-Valencia and Zaragoza-Barcelona. Images | Ministry of Defense (X) and John Worth (Flickr) In Xataka | Fire have made a new high -risk activity today in Spain: living near the mountain

If someone believed that national tourism had entered “crisis” this summer, Aena has something to say: at all

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If Google and Deloitte give in the nail, in a few years Spain will be the great resort of the world. According to Your calculations In 2040 the country will receive around 110 million foreign visitors, even exceeding France or the US. Until then every summer is a fire test for national tourism. This in particular there are voices that already suggest A slowdown in destinations as relevant as Tenerife wave Costa del Sol. There is still a lot of campaign ahead to know if it will be so, but for now AENA’s data show a quite different photo. What suggests His July balance It is a record summer. What happened? That Aena has just published A balance of passengers that are especially interesting for two reasons. The first, because it offers us the ‘photo’ of July, the first strong month of the summer campaign. The second reason is that these figures point to a considerable increase in displacements, which clashes with The voices that over the last weeks They have detected signals of weakening in Spanish tourism, at least In certain regions. Aena’s report does not differentiate between those who move for vacations or other reasons, such as work, studies or to visit relatives. Nor does it distinguish between national and foreign passengers. In any case, another interesting approach provides to take the temperature to the tourism sector in July. 10 main airports July passengers % with respect to 2024 Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas 6,170,130 +0.6% Barcelona-El Prat Jt 5,540,010 +2.9% Palma de Mallorca 4,594,987 -0.1% Malaga-Costa del Sol 2,866,642 +7.8% Alicante-Elche Miguel Hdez. 2.106,991 +5.9% Ibiza 1,446,589 +0.9% Gran Canaria 1,286,184 +6.4% Valencia 1,132,402 +4.2% Tenerife-Sur 1,094,961 +1.4% Lanzarote-César Manrique 798,998 +7.3% Total Aena’s network in Spain 32,765,284 +2.7% What do the data say? That July 2025 was a month of record. The network of terminals managed by AENA on Spanish soil accounted for 32.76 million of travelers. The number of flights amounted to 268,034. They are, respectively, 2.7% and 3.1% more than during the same period of 2024 and mark a milestone in the historical registry of the group. “Passenger and operations figures represent an absolute monthly record, which makes last July the best month in history at the airports of the Aena network in Spain,” concrete The operator. Is there more data? Yes. In the report AENA does not detail why users, their destinations fly or if they are national or foreign travelers, but it does require how traffic has evolved in their airports. At the head in absolute terms, Barajas is located, in Madrid, with 6.17 million travelers in July. The most interesting thing, however, are not the total figures of users, but how they have evolved compared to July 2024, a record year For Spanish tourism. He passenger flow Barajas for example grew 0.6% and Barcelona-the Prat 2.9%. In general, the airports of the country’s main tourist destinations experienced an increase in activity in July. In that of Malaga-Costa del Sol, the flow of travelers shot 7.8%, in Alicante 5.9%, in Ibiza 0.9%, in Gran Canaria 6.4%, in Tenerife South 1.4%and in Tenerife North 8.6%. Of course not everyone grew. ‘Palma’s airfield, where the passenger transfer fell 0.1%, Santiago, who suffered a 12.4%cut, or Santander and Vigo, which scored setbacks of 0.6%and 6.5%, respectively. Are they high data? Yes. Both in fact that some terminals have pulverized their historical maximums. “During the past month there has been an absolute record of passengers at the airports of Barajas, El Prat, Malaga-Costa del Sol, Alicante, Valencia, Bilbao and Tenerife Norte-Ciudad de la Laguna”, They clarify from Aenawhich also specifies that there are 16 airfields that have registered their best July. Why is it important? For several reasons. The main one because in summer a good part of the displacements are by leisure, which gives us another brushstroke to understand how the tourist season marches. The second reason is that Aena’s figures collide in part with others Shared by the hoteliers that suggest a summer with less activity and income than in 2024. The Association of Hotel Entrepreneurs of the Costa del Sol (AEHCOS) I noticed recently That July occupation levels were very similar to those of 2024 (87.82%, 1.16% above last year) but came accompanied by less income: the gross impact per customer fell according to their calculations from 198.61 to 157.18 euros. Facing August, the group expects the average occupation to be 4.57 percentage points lower than that of 2024, so it would stay at 88.32%. Are there more falls? Yes. The one on the Costa del Sol is not the only message that points to a less generous summer campaign than that of 2024. The Tenerife press It echoed These days that the establishments integrated in Ashotel closed Julio with an average occupancy level of 81.97% in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. It is a high percentage that also improves the forecast of reservations that hoteliers handled in mid -June, but still almost two percentage points below July 2024. In Palma de Mallorca the employer speaks Not so much a fall in the flow of tourists as if of the spending in hospitality. What is the conclusion? Touch wait. Soon the INE will publish another interesting clue to take the temperature of the tourist campaign: its statistics of Hotel situation. At the moment the last available data, of June, reflects a 2.1% increase in overnight stays and an increase in both the occupancy level and, above all, in the rates. Waiting for the tourist balance to be outlined and knowing if Spain will finally reach this year the milestone of the 100 million tourists foreigners, there are some clear trends. The main is that the Spanish sector grows largely thanks to the flow of foreign visitors. Aena’s data does not allow to know if July passengers are Spanish or travelers from other countries, but we know that in 2024 foreign demand played A fundamental role In the balance of hotels. 7.5% grew … Read more

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