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the best search engines in Europe for those who want more ethics and privacy

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Let’s tell you the best European alternatives to Google and Bing. If you are looking for greater privacy and protection when searching on the Internet, choosing a trusted European provider ensures that they are subject to strict European privacy regulations. In total, we bring you six alternatives, which offer greater privacy and security. Some are environmental or non-profit organizations, others are paid, and there are even some open source. Ecosia It is possibly the most popular European search engine, and is known for your climate mission; since its advertising revenue is used to finance reforestation projects. Ecosia promises to respect your privacy as much as the planet, and only collects the data necessary to offer a quality product. Nothing else. This search engine has an AI search function with smaller, faster models to use less energy while offering accurate answers, all based on some renewable energies with which they feed both their search engine and their AI. Your search results come from Bing or Google, depending on your location, device type, or your preferences. Startpage Startpage is possibly one of the best alternatives to Google, although it is not completely European. It was founded in 2006 in the Netherlands, where its headquarters are still located, although it is a global company. However, having a European headquarters they promise that their users are protected by European privacy lawsincluding the GDPR. This search engine claims to be the most private in the world, including free anonymous viewing. The search results are from the Google engine, but they pass through their own data protection filter that remove users IPblock price trackers and third-party access to ads. Qwant A French search engine, which stands out for your commitment to privacy and not store or sell any type of data about you. Its results index is generated with Bing, although it also adds its own index to the algorithm to improve it. There is nothing from Google. Qwant also has a search engine called Qwant Junior, which adapts its results to the little ones in the house. So that you don’t miss anything if you migrate from Google, it has a partner called Shadow Drive, which offers private cloud storage hosted in Europe. good Good is a non-profit search engine created in Germany. All of its proceeds are donated to charities and other non-profit organizations that have a B Corp certification. Additionally, it is a search engine private and anonymouswithout histories, fingerprints or tracking. For its search results it does not use Bing or Google, but rather uses Brave search engine index. It is CO2 neutral, and has no advertising, nothing. In fact, the way they are maintained is through a voluntary subscription system of 2 euros per month or 19 per year for those who want to support it. Another German search engine, which combines search results from other providers. It is open sourceso that everyone can know how it works, their servers are maintained with renewable energy, and they are a non-profit organization. The most positive part is that they are a search engine committed to privacy and no ads. The negative part is that it is paid. Each search costs one token, and you can buy several packs which start at 500 tokens for 5 euros. Swisscows A Swiss search engine privacy focused and family character. For the latter, it has filters with which it tries to avoid explicit content. For its results it uses Bing’s search index combining it with one of its own. It has two modes, one free and one paid that for $3.80 per month offers total anonymity, zero advertising and exclusive search settings. Therefore, total anonymity is not free as in other models. It also has additional services such as mail, instant messenger, cloud and VPN. In Xataka Basics | 61 European alternatives to Google, X, Gmail, Chrome, Maps, DropBox, Google Drive, WhatsApp and other popular services

The search for the greatest threat to the US has begun

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In 1999, during the Kosovo wara single American stealth bomber was able to traverse one of the most defended airspaces in Europe and attack strategic targets without being detected until after impact. Since then, every time one of these devices takes off for a real mission, experts assume that the target is not so much on the surface, but hidden where almost nothing else can reach it. A conflict over missiles. The war between United States, Israel and Iran has entered a phase in which the prominence is not given to fighters or frigates, but to long-range projectiles. Tehran has one of the largest ballistic arsenals from the Middle East, with thousands of missiles capable of reaching Israel and a good part of the Gulf, in addition to drones and cruise missiles that complement its offensive capacity. Although it lacks modern aviation and its air defenses have been weakened, its missile muscle It compensates for these shortcomings and has become the axis of its response strategy. This dynamic fits into what many analysts describe as a “war of salvos”where the objective is not to conquer territory, but to neutralize the volume of fire of the adversary before it manages to overwhelm one’s own defenses. The underground cities. To protect that arsenal, Iran has for years built underground complexes excavated in mountains at great depth, authentic missile cities capable of storing, protecting and in some cases launching projectiles directly from the inside. These facilities, scattered throughout the country and even located hundreds of meters underground, house models such as the Shahab-3he Sejil or the Khorramshahrwith ranges of up to 2,000 kilometers. Their compartmentalized tunnelsreinforced entrances and hidden launch systems are designed to resist conventional bombing and preserve firing capability even under attack. That is, as long as these bases remain operational, Iran retains the possibility of maintaining the exchange of salvos and maintaining pressure on Israel and US bases in the region. The arrival of the B-2s. The entry into combat of stealth bombers B-2 Spirit changes the nature of the air campaign. These platforms, capable of flying from the US mainland and penetrating contested airspace thanks to their low detectability, are designed to attack targets that no other aircraft can destroy with the same probability of success. Its ability to transport multiple penetration bombsincluding specialized ammunition against bunkers, makes them ideal tools for hitting buried infrastructure. Therefore, the arrival of the B-2s can only mean that the systematic search for Tehran’s greatest threat, those cities underground filled with missiles. It is not about punishing visible targets, but about disabling the core that sustains Iran’s missile capacity. Seal instead of raze. They counted the TWZ analysts that completely destroying these enclaves would be extremely complex for Washington due to their compartmentalized design, but there is another way: seal their access and neutralize their launching points. Collapsing entrances, disabling openings in the ceiling where missiles are fired, or destroying internal ramps can turn these bases into useless traps. From the air, this requires precision, detailed intelligence, and munitions capable of penetrating rock and concrete before detonating. That is where the figure of the B-2 appears, which with its combination of stealth and massive load of guided and penetrating bombs aims to be the appropriate instrument for the task. Between intelligence and resistance. If you will also, the success of this phase will possibly depend less on the volume of bombs dropped and more on the quality of the information. Accurately locating entrances, galleries and drop zones requires real-time intelligence and constant surveillance to prevent Iranian forces from reopening damaged access points. While some facilities already show signs of collapse in satellite images, Tehran’s ability to keep firing indicates that part of its underground network remains intact. The war has moved underground: the outcome will depend on whether stealth bombers manage to turn those missile cities into sealed caverns or whether Iran manages to keep the heart of its arsenal open long enough to sustain the all-out war. Image | Kate T., Planet Lab In Xataka | The US and Israel are attacking Iranian military sites. Iran is attacking something more delicate: the international image of the UAE In Xataka | 80 million barrels of crude oil paralyzed in the sea: this is the Hormuz “swarm” that threatens to break the $100 barrier

We have been reading philosophers from the West and Asia for centuries in search of the secret of happiness. Turns out the Aztecs had it

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Each course Lynn Sebastian Purcell, philosophy professor, repeat the same experiment. After reviewing the passage from the ‘Odyssey’ in which Ulysses renounces an eternal life of pleasures with the nymph Calypso to search for his wife and son, the teacher presents a dilemma to his students: How many would do the same as the king of Ithaca? “How many of you would reject immortality and a pleasant existence on the condition that you never see your family and loved ones again?” defiant spear Purcell to the classroom. The answer is always the same: nobody. The ‘Odyssey’ is an epic poem that connects with the Greco-Latin tradition, but in reality that particular passage about Ulysses summarizes well the vital philosophy of a civilization that lived thousands of kilometers from the Ionian Sea: the aztec. Goal: happiness. I don’t know exactly who you are, but it’s quite likely that you, me and the more than 8 billion Of people who share this world, we agree that it is desirable to have a happy life. Logical, right? Happiness is one of those golden nuggets that philosophy has been searching for for centuries. I did it in times of Epicurus and he does it in our days. In fact one of the most famous treatises of Bertrand Russella famous philosopher of the 20th century, is titled with a phrase that is quite a proclamation: “The conquest of happiness”. The lesson of Ulysses. However, it is one thing to aspire to happiness and another to decide how to achieve it or even what exactly happiness is. This is where the passage from the ‘Odyssey’ of the nymph Calypso. If it’s just about seeking happiness, Ulysses already had it, right? If we agree that the goal is to be happy (just like that), isn’t it a good idea to spend an eternal life, free of illness and deprivation, living with a goddess on a distant paradise island? Why does Ulysses decide to return to the sea… and his hardships? “Let it be worth it”. Ulysses’ attitude (like that of Purcell’s students) connects fully with a philosophical ethic that for decades has gone unnoticed in the West: that of the pre-Columbian Aztecs. For them, remember the teacherwhat humanity really seeks is not so much a life full of happiness and pleasures as “an existence that is worthwhile.” That’s the goal. The texts that are preserved and tell us about how the Aztecs saw the world show that for them humanity faced “an existential problem,” In Purcell’s words: a brief, fickle existence, during which it is impossible to control everything just as it is not to skate in a quagmire. “Slippery is the land”. “What they wanted to say is that, despite our best intentions, our life is prone to error, failure in our objectives and, therefore, to ‘fall’, as if we were going to end up in the mud. Furthermore, this earth is a place where joy comes mixed with pain and setbacks,” explains the professor in an article published by the Philosophy Association (APA). In it he remembers that this entire conception of the world can be summarized in a popular saying: “Slippery, slick is the earth”“slippery, slippery is the earth.” Wait, Aztec philosophy? Exact. It has not been easy to survive and in the West we may not have paid enough attention to it, but that does not mean that the pre-Columbian Aztecs created a valuable philosophical corpus, with different currents and treatises. “We have many volumes of his texts recorded in his native language, Nahuatl,” claims Purcell at the BBC. “While few of the pre-colonial hieroglyphic-type books survived the Spanish burnings, our main sources of knowledge derive from the records made by Catholic priests until the early 17th century.” A different vision. Thanks to them we preserve codices with sayings, exhortations, poems, dialogues… different manifestations that essentially tell us about the same thing: how the Aztecs who lived between the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th approached existence. Good example is the ‘Florentine Codex’a bilingual work by friar Bernardino de Sahagún on pre-Columbian knowledge. His legacy is not only interesting because of what he tells us, it is also interesting, Purcell claimsbecause it opens our eyes to “another pre-modern culture with an ethics of virtues”, one different from the legacy of Aristotle or even Confucius. “Place of joy with fatigue”. At this point the question is obvious… If the Aztecs believed that what humans really want are lives “worthwhile”, even more than joyful and pleasant existences, how to achieve it? How to face the passage through this world, “a place of joy with fatigue and pain”, as an Aztec passage says? The key is in a recipe with four ingredients, four “levels” that allow us to enjoy a rooted life, “neltiliztli”. Continuing with the metaphor of existence as a swampy terrain, full of mud, the idea is to take root to gain a foothold. And how to achieve it? To begin by ‘rooting’ in one’s own body. As Purcell explains, the figurines and descriptions we preserve of the Aztecs show us that they liked to exercise their bodies. In fact, they had a regimen of activities aimed at stretching and strengthening the body that is partly reminiscent of yoga. Rooted in the body, it had to be done at another level: the “psyche”, seeking a balance between the heart and the head, desires and judgment. “Only in the middle can you go, only in the middle can you live”, advises one of his works. Social creatures… and of the earth. In an article Published years ago in Aeon, the scholar of Latin American philosophy points out two more levels at which those who want to achieve a rooted life must work, “neltiliztli”, a term that is also used as “truth” and “goodness.” The first level is “rootedness in the community.” We live surrounded by people, in societies in which we play a role that connects us with others and activates the … Read more

The fascinating search for the oldest person ever photographed

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Have you ever wondered who the oldest person ever photographed was? We don’t talk about the first photograph in history that the human being was capable of doing, which is also a very interesting topic, but the one in which the person born appears before any other who has ever been immortalized in a photo. It is not an easy task to give a clear and emphatic answer, since it is difficult to trace people born at the end of the 18th century, but there is a certain consensus around some names. Who knows, maybe in a few years we will discover a new photograph that will surprise us again as the ones we have in our hands have done. Be that as it may, the topic is as exciting as it seems. Conrad Heyer and John Adams According to the information offered by the Maine Historical Societythe oldest person ever photographed was Conrad Heyer. He was a veteran of the American War of Independence whose date of birth dates back to 1749. The following photo of Heyer is estimated to have been taken in 1852, four years before his death. Yes, here he was 103 years old. And yes, it is amazing to be able to see a photograph of someone born in the mid-18th century. The photo is simply impressive, both in terms of composition and because of Heyer’s firm and almost defiant gaze. It was made using the daguerreotypea photographic procedure that was made publicly known in Paris in 1839 and was subsequently used for years throughout the planet. Also in Spain, of course, where daguerreotypes were made from 1839 to 1860. But back to the topic at hand, was Conrad Heyer the oldest person ever photographed? This is what appears in the data offered by the Maine Historical Society, as we have seen, but on the other hand the Susquehanna County Historical Society has a copy of a photograph of a certain John Adams. A shoemaker by profession, he was born in Worcester a few years before Heyer, specifically on January 22, 1745: Conrad Heyer, born in the 18th century, very happy to pose for posterity, as can be seen. John Adams, also very excited. Once again it is a daguerreotype, although in this case it is not known for sure what year the photo was taken (the original has not been found). With the data we have, what we do know is that it had to be taken sometime between 1839 and 1849, the year in which Adams died at 104 years. Heyer and Adams enjoyed lives of more than a century. And from what we see in the photos, it can be said that they were not in bad condition at all. There are at least a couple of other people who could dispute Heyer and Adams for the honor of having been the oldest person ever photographed, although the documentation is somewhat confusing and they are not as clear-cut cases as the previous ones. The first of them is Baltus Stoneanother Revolutionary War veteran like Heyer. His date of birth could have been 1744 according to the manuscript that accompanied a daguerreotype from 1846, but in other documents It is implied that he could have been born in 1743, 1747 or 1754. Too much dancing around dates. On the other hand, the New York Historical Society He has in his possession a daguerreotype taken in 1851 of a slave named Caesar which, judging by the information that appears on the back of the frame, born in 1737 in Bethlehem (New York), and died in 1852. If this were true, not only would we have a clear winner, but Caesar would be 114 years old in the photo. Yes, looking at the image it is a little difficult to accept these data as good: Baltus Stone himself. The New York Historical Society itself confirmed to Benjamin S. Beck in a private conversation that Caesar’s date of birth could not be fully confirmed. The only public record that may shed some light on this is an August 7, 1850 entry in the Bethlehem population census listing a 110-year-old Cesar Nicholls (he was born as a slave to a Van Rensselaer Nicoll). Veterans of the Napoleonic Wars arrive In addition to the daguerreotypes of John Adams and Conrad Heyer, who could well be the two oldest people ever photographed, we cannot forget the collection of photos about veterans of the Napoleonic Wars property of Anne Seddon Kinsolving Brown. Although it is not known for sure how Ms. Brown obtained these photographs, their story is fascinating. After Napoleon’s death in 1821, veterans of the Grande Armée and the Guard who survived the Napoleonic Wars marched in uniform every May 5 to the Place Vendôme in Paris to pay their respects to the fallen emperor. The photographs in Mrs. Brown’s collection were taken around the year 1858, as the veterans shown in them were wearing the St. Helena medal awarded to them all in August 1857. They are the only remaining photos of these soldiers wearing their original uniforms and insignia. All of these veterans were around 70 or 80 years old at the time they were photographed. That is, all of them were born at the end of the 18th century and, therefore, they are part of the group of people born before 1800 who were photographed. Images | Brown University Library In Xataka | What happened to Technicolor: evolution and death of the company that changed cinema and was overwhelmed by its ambition In Xataka | The first photographic meme in history was extremely macabre: posing as decapitated corpses

The change of Google’s search engine with AI was a mystery about its monetization. Finally it will be another subscription

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For months, the technology industry has been closely watching how Google resolves its particular dilemma: how to integrate artificial intelligence into its search engine without destroying the advertising business that supports its empire. The doubts are being cleared up little by little, and everything indicates that the company has already solved it: through AI Plusa subscription with a cost of 7.99 euros per month. Dilemma. The results of traditional search with blue links They generate billions in advertising, being one of the company’s most lucrative businesses and also one of the reasons why it is where it is. On the other side we have his foray into the AI ​​careera business in which they are burning money on infrastructure in the hope that it will be profitable in the long term. This last business also clashes with the traditional advertising system, with which Google also takes great advantage. Embracing the new potentially means burying what feeds you. The company is looking for a solution to this dilemma with Google AI Plus. What does the 8 euro subscription include? AI Plus has recently reached 35 new countriesamong them Spain. For €7.99 per month, users get enhanced access to Gemini 3 Prothe image generator Nano Banana Prothe research tool Deep Research200 GB of cloud storage and the possibility of using Gemini directly in Gmail, Docs, and other Google apps. Also includes 200 monthly credits for flow and Whiskthe company’s AI video creation platforms. Duel with OpenAI. The price is tight and even lower than the offer. ChatGPT Gowhich is found in Spain at a price of 9.99 euros per month. Both companies are fighting to attract users who want more than the free version, an opportunity to obtain more financing for their AI operations and, over time, attract even more customers who want to immerse themselves in more complete and higher-cost plans. Limitations to justify the price. The version of Gemini 3 Pro included in AI Plus has significant restrictions compared to the AI ​​Pro subscription of 22 euros per month. For example, the context window is drastically reduced from 1 million tokens to 128,000, which means that the model will “forget” information much sooner in long conversations or when analyzing long documents. Monthly credits for creation tools are also five times lower: 200 versus 1,000 in the Pro version. Google gives away AI to its storage customers. The company is adding all AI Plus features automatically to existing subscribers of Google One Premium (2 TB for 9.99 euros per month) at no additional cost. This avoids the absurd situation where paying more would result in having fewer features, but it also shows Google’s commitment to getting its users who pay for storage familiar with Gemini without them having to think twice. A change for the media. Google is building a monetization strategy around AI, and that affects the media. In this way, the media goes from being the user’s final destination to becoming data providers to train and feed AI responses. When Gemini responds directly instead of displaying blue links, traffic to the original sites evaporates, along with the advertising revenue they generated. The issue is somewhat tricky and it is still unknown how all the parties involved are going to agree. Subscriptions. Google is betting on a freemium model that allows it to make its investment in AI profitable without completely abandoning its traditional advertising business. The question is whether users will be willing to pay for something that until now they considered free. Unlike Netflix or Spotify, AI subscriptions They are still a relatively new concept to the general public. We will have to wait to find out if this tightrope walk balancing exercise by Google ends up convincing in the long term. In Xataka | The number of new apps coming to the App Store has skyrocketed. We have a culprit: “vibe coding”

There will be a third search for Malaysia Airlines flight MH370

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With permission of Amelia Earhart and the Bermuda triangle, what happened with Malaysia Airlines flight MH 370 on March 8, 2014 constitutes one of the greatest mysteries of modern commercial aviation: It seems that he disappeared from the face of the Earth without a trace*. 12 years later, we still have not found an explanation for his disappearance and it is not the first time we have tried: in fact, the third search mission has just been reactivated. We are going to D-Day, H-Time. A Boeing 777-200ER with 239 people on board (227 passengers and 12 crew) left from Kuala Lumpur International Airport at 12:41 am to Beijing International Airport, with an expected landing time at 6:30 local time. It never reached its destination. At 1:19 a.m. Captain Zaharie Ahmad Shah he said goodbye from the Malaysian controllers with a “Good night Malaysian three seven zero”. It was the last time they contacted. A few minutes later and according to the radar record collected in the final report According to the Malaysian Ministry of Transport, the aircraft’s secondary radar went out at 01:21 over the South China Sea. Likewise, it registered a turn towards the west as if it were returning towards Malaysia, passing near the island of Penang and continuing towards the Strait of Malacca. Map of the scheduled flight of MH370. Weaveravel – Wikimedia Although it had its communication systems turned off, it continued to send a satellite signal that was key to following its subsequent trajectory. Using a methodology based on Doppler effectthe scientific team of the British satellite company Inmarsat determined that the ship was moving away from the satellite towards the south. He final report of the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) confirms these facts, concluding that the combination of radars and mathematical data from satellite signals allowed us to conclude that the plane allegedly flew for just over six hours until its fuel was exhausted. in a remote area of ​​the southern Indian Ocean. Andrew Heneen. Wikimedia In the following hours, the news broke. At that time, the CEO of Malaysia Airlines, Ahmad Juahari Yahya, explained that there were no indications that the pilots sent a distress signal and their willingness to collaborate with the authorities in the search, since no remains had been sighted, as USA Today collected. A missing plane, a huge area to explore and many unknowns Shortly after, the airline updated its statement reiterating that it had not “established any contact or determined the whereabouts of flight MH370.” Malaysia’s Transport Minister at the time, Hishammuddin Hussein, explained that although there was no reason to suspect terrorism, all possibilities were being studied. Days later, the country’s prime minister, Najib Razak, declared that it was clear that the radars and flight data transmission system were deliberately turned off by someone trying to conceal the position and heading of the plane. The first search operation was international in nature, although it was led by the Australian ATSB and extended from 2014 to 2017, in which it was classified at the time as the most expensive search in aviation historywith an approximate investment of at least 44 million dollars by Australia, China, the United States and Vietnam, Reuters estimated. This operation included the deployment of military ships and aircraft in an area of ​​120,000 square kilometers in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea defined by the analysis of Inmarsat satellite data and called “Seventh Arc”. After almost three years of tracking with high-resolution sonar, the search was officially suspended in January 2017. without finding remains of the fuselage. The conclusions of the report detailed that it was not possible to determine with certainty the cause of the disappearance and that this change of course: “It cannot be explained by a known technical failure or by adverse weather conditions”, pointing to a “probably intentional” route modification. Which yes it has been found over time they have been more than 30 fragments identified as belonging to MH370such as parts of the wing, tail, cabin or engine in places as diverse as the coasts of East Africa and various islands such as Réunion, Mauritius or Madagascar. No human remains have been found, but it is assumed that all the people who traveled on the flight died. In fact, the first piece of the aircraft was identified by French experts on a beach on Reunion Island a year after the disappearance. More specifically, it was the flaperon, a mobile part with a wingspan of almost three meters placed on the trailing edge of the wing that is used to increase aerodynamic resistance. In 2018 the first Ocean Infinity missiona private robotics company specialized in the study of seabeds. In his history, helped locate the Endurance of the legendary explorer Ernest Shackleton in 2022 providing specialized personnel and underwater robots. On the table, initially an area considered a priority of 25,000 square kilometers located to the north of the previously explored area taking into account the new drift analyzes of the remains found on African beaches. Ocean Infinity Finally, 112,000 square kilometers were covered in just over three months thanks to a fleet of eight autonomous underwater vehicles, faster than the vehicles used in the initial search. It was not enough: in June 2018 he ended his mission with disappointing results, as its CEO explained. After a few years in standbyin Malaysian government has authorized a new search mission to an old acquaintance: Ocean Infinity, which got to work on December 30, 2025 after accepting the order in modality no find, no fee aka, what If they don’t find anything, they won’t be paid.. If you do so, the maximum reward will be 70 million dollars, about 60 million euros, according to El País. It is not much for the cost of the operation, but it would be the definitive boost to consolidate Ocean Infinity as the best underwater search company in the world. Little has emerged about the operation, beyond the fact that it will last … Read more

In 1845, John Franklin’s expedition set sail in search of the Northwest Passage. 180 years later his loss remains a mystery

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On the morning of May 19, 1845, Captain John Franklin and his expedition weighed anchor from the Greenhithe Harboralmost at the mouth of the Thames. They were looking for the Northwest Passagethe (at that time theoretical) maritime route that would link the Atlantic and the Pacific through northern Canada. They never came home. 129 men who never returned and who, for 170 years, have been one of the great questions of scientific and naval exploration. We now know why the men of John Franklin’s lost exploration died. There are those who insinuate that the trip started badly from the beginning. It should never have been in the first place. John Franklin. The first option William Edward Parryone of the great English explorers, but he had already traveled to the Arctic five times and “was tired.” So he declined the offer. Secondly, they thought about James Clark Ross. Ross has just arrived from Antarctica where he had explored the Ross Sea and Island. In fact, the ships on that expedition were the same as those that would be used on this mission (two of Ross Island volcanoes They are called Erebus and Terror in honor of the ships). But upon returning to England, he became engaged to his future wife and decided that great explorations were no longer for him. He was followed by James Fitzjames (discarded due to inexperience), George Back (considered too controversial) and Francis Crozier (who, well, was Irish and that was more than enough reason to rule him out). Seeing the yard, John Barrow, second secretary of the Admiralty, called John Franklin. To this day no one knows why Franklin, who was already a legend at the time and was almost 60 years old, he said yes. But the fact is that, as I said, they left the vicinity of London that day in 1845. They stopped in Orkney and the convoy formed by the two main ships (HMS Erebus and HMS Terror), the HMS Rattler (the first English warship with steam propulsion) and a transport headed to Greenland. There they sacrificed ten oxen and the expedition began its solo journey. The search for the Northwest Passage The travels of Marco Polo are a peculiar book. Not only does it remain a very interesting precedent for current anthropology, but it served as an inspiration for many during the era of great exploration. The image you can see above is precisely the annotated copy of ‘The Voyages’ that Christopher Columbus had. In one of its versions, the Italian one from 1559, a Chinese province called Anian. We assume that it was from there that the geographers and explorers who discussed whether America was a new continent or, on the contrary, an Asian peninsula, got the name of the Strait of Anian, the separation between Asia and America that would give access to the Northwest Passage. It is what we know today as the Bering Strait and for years it was pure mythology. But, first, Ferdinand Magellan and his crew turned around Cape Espiritu Santo and found themselves face to face with the southeastern passage; and, second, a Dane in the service of Russia, Vitus Beringrediscovered for the West the strait through which Semyon Dezhniov had already traveled sixty years before. The rest was geopolitics: the quick passage to the Pacific without having to pass near the Spanish territories in America was too juicy. In 1745, an English law promised 20,000 pounds to whoever discovered the pass and the boom began. I have tried to convert the amount to a current currency and I have not been able to do it accurately, but I have drawn one conclusion: it was a lot of money. Favorable weather In early August 1845, two whalers, the Prince of Wales and the Enterprise, encountered Franklin’s ships in Baffin Bay. They were waiting for favorable weather to enter the Strait of Lancaster. That was the last time they were seen. Two years passed. And, little by little, Lady Jane Franklin, some members of Parliament, and the fledgling British press began to ask the Admiralty to send someone to search for the heroes of Franklin’s expedition. The Government sent three expeditions: one by land and two by sea, one through the Atlantic and another through the Pacific. They failed. Fearing that they would be forgotten, Lady Jane Franklin composed her lament, the song you can hear just above. And, although I don’t know if it was for that reason, the truth is that was not forgotten. In fact, the search for the lost expedition “became nothing less than a crusade.” In 1850 alone, eleven British and two American ships tried to locate them. It was then that the first tombs were found. Over the years, the different expeditions found fragments, Inuit stories and objects from the expedition. In 1855, following the indications of some Inuit tribes, pieces of wood were found with the name of Erebus. In 59 two messages were found. The first, dated May 28, 1847, was from Franklin himself and read “Sir John Franklin, Commander of the Expedition: All Well.” It is the document on the right. It was a common practice at the time, documents were left in different places so that, in case of problems, they could be reconstruct the details of the trip. But in this case, something curious happened: on the edges there was another message, dated April 25, 1848, explaining that the ships had been trapped in the ice. Franklin and twenty-three other crew members were dead. And the rest, the survivors, had abandoned the ships looking for an exit to the south. In the next few years some objects, some rumors and some tombs appeared. Nothing else. The ships never appeared and we never, in 150 years, discovered what had really happened to Captain John Franklin’s lost expedition. One hundred and fifty years without news In the 1980s, the University of Alberta launched a project to track the expedition. The different possible routes were traveled … Read more

TRAPPIST-1 was the most promising solar system to search for life. Now our joy is in a well

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spent years searching for planets that could serve as a Earth 2in 2015 it happened. Thanks to the TRAPPIST telescope, we discovered an ultra-cool dwarf star which had three planets around it. They published the discovery in 2016, but a year later it was concrete that in the system there was a total of seven Earth-sized planets. It was clear: we had to continue investigating because there were options for one to harbor life. TRAPPIST-1 (because a way of naming the findings it is with the name of the telescope) became the “holy grail” of extraterrestrial life. The star is 40 light years away and three of its planets are estimated to be in the “habitable zone.” This is the segment with the ideal conditions for life to prosper. The initial enthusiasm was justified: they were small planets, they were not gas giantsand the star is so faint that the temperate zone of the system would favor those ideal conditions. Different climate models pointed out that only a small greenhouse effect would be needed for any of them to be able to house liquid water on their surface. but the same James Webb telescopewhat youit is giving us so much joyis the one who has unmounted almost completely the narrative of TRAPPIST-1 as a system in which to search for life. And in less than a decade, these planets have gone from being the most promising place in our cosmic block to being just another rocky exoplanet. James Webb lowering the soufflé There are multiple reasons why we look for extraterrestrial life. There are the philosophical reasons, the well-worn question of whether we are alone in the universe. Then the scientists, eager to find life to understand how much organisms can endure in other conditionsunderstand the origin and evolution of the universe and even compare ourselves with them. And the practices: experiment in other environments, get resources and to a new home. The telescopes with which we observe the system are good for that first exploration, but more recently the task was left in the hands of one of the most powerful we have, the James Webb Space Telescopeor JWST. The result of an international megaproject is not on earth, but on a satellite, which allows sharpness and detail of the observed objectives unattainable for terrestrial telescopes. And when we have pointed the JWST at TRAPPIST-1, the soufflé has been deflated. His work has focused on the inner planets, known as TRAPPIST-1b, c and d. The conclusion is thatTheir habitability is complicated due to the lack of atmosphere or one so “thin” that it would not protect the planet well against the star’s radiation, also implying surfaces so hot that they would not be compatible with life. Any hint of atmosphere that was initially observed is now practically ruled out. As we read in spacefrom the University of Arizona they comment that “based on the most recent work, the previously reported tentative hint of an atmosphere was likely just “noise” from the host star.” If the star itself gave us hope in the first place by not seeming to be a “killer” of planets, it has now moved to the other side of the spectrum. It is possible that this radiation bombardment allowed Extremophilic microbes will develop on those planets, but to do so they would have to have a denser atmosphere, something that JWST is not seeing. However, all is not lost. The Great Hope: TRAPPIST-1e Although d, c and d no longer look good, the great hope now falls on e, f and g. They are the planets located in a more temperate orbit, where the balance between radiation and atmospheric loss may be more conducive to having a denser atmosphere that allows life. Among them, astronomers consider TRAPPIST-1e to be the most promising. A few weeks ago, a article showed how JWST observed TRAPPIST-1e during four different transits at the time when the planet came closest to its star. The telescope’s near-infrared spectrograph recorded subtle changes in the light around it, which would indicate the presence of chemicals in the atmosphere. Their estimate is that the atmosphere is composed of a majority of nitrogen and methane, and not carbon dioxide as occurs on Venus or Mars. Now, is this the case or is it once again noise from the host star.” It is a possibility that they do not rule out, but as they comment, need more observations and analysis. The researchers are clear that “if TRAPPIST-1e has an atmosphere, it is habitable.” It is a bold statement, but the second part of the question is “is there an atmosphere?” For now, it remains an enigma, but the next step is what will allow researchers to rule out the planet as habitable or get excited again. What will they do? Observe the transit through the star of TRAPPIST-1e when it coincides with that of TRAPPIST-1b. This way, ‘e”s signal will not be contaminated with noise from its star and observers will be able to “separate what the star is doing from what is actually happening in the planet’s atmosphere. If it has one.” Therefore, there is a thread to hold on to, but it is better not to get too excited about a planet that is right here in the neighborhood of the infinite vastness of the universe. Images | IT/M. Kornmesser, NASA/JPL-Caltech In Xataka | The James Webb has broken another historical record: a supermassive black hole older than expected

Why 20°C “ice slush” changes our search for extraterrestrial life

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Titan, the crown jewel of the moons of saturnjust gave us a slap of reality. For two decades, the official narrative of space exploration focused on what was hidden beneath its thick haze. a vast global ocean of liquid water. But now we know that we were wrong, or at least, it was not as we imagined. The study. Led by Flavio Petricca, from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from NASAand published this December 17, 2025 in Nature magazineproposes a radically different model: Titan does not have an interconnected ocean, but a dense, viscous layer of “slush ice” with pockets of trapped liquid water. The 15 hour lag. The Cassini probe ended its mission in 2017 crashing into Saturn, but its data remains a gold mine for physicists. Petricca’s team has therefore decided to reanalyze the probe’s Doppler data, that is, the changes in frequency in the radio signals generated by the moon’s gravity. But now with the most modern processing techniques that we have developed. The result of the analysis is a 15-hour lag in Titan’s tidal response. This means that when Saturn exerts its brutal force of gravity on Titan, the moon deforms as if stretched. In this way, if on its surface there would be pure waterthe response would be almost instantaneous as it is liquid. But what they saw is a 15-hour delay that indicated that the interior is highly viscous. What is it? The data collected suggests that the material on Titan behaves more like a pasty glacier or extremely dense slush. What seems ruled out is free-flowing water, where the existence of life in the future was already pointed out. A new Titan. With all the data that has been collected, it has been possible to completely define everything we knew about the internal geology of Saturn’s largest moon. Specifically, it is now known that the rock core has a radius of 2.26 km, and the layer that surrounds it is formed by high-pressure ice mixed with water. Although not everything has to be so cold, it also has hot water pockets due to the internal heat. This is what keeps liquid water lakes near the rock core at about 20ºC. The question of life. At first glance, eliminating a global ocean of liquid water may seem like a bad idea for astrobiologists who had hoped for life here. But for the members of this study, the opposite is true. In the new “slush” model, the liquid water in the pockets is in direct contact with the rock core. This is very important, as it allows the water to dissolve essential nutrients from the rose and also have a temperature of 20°C which is ideal for complex chemical reactions. But also, having a small size, all these components are more concentrated. Dragonfly. This discovery puts all the pressure on this NASA mission whose launch It is planned from 2028. Dragonfly is an octocopter designed to fly over the surface of Titan, but its most important instrument in this context is its seismometer. What was expected is that this mission would measure the tides of a deep ocean. Now their mission will be to confirm whether seismic waves propagate through this viscous “hail.” In the event that the characteristic vibrations are detected, we will have confirmed that Titan is the most promising chemical laboratory in our solar system. Images | Wikipedia Matt Hardy In Xataka | NASA changes hands in the middle of the space race with China: private astronaut Jared Isaacman will be its new director

The nougat promised them happiness in their search for impossible flavors. Until almonds and eggs skyrocketed in price

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If you like to celebrate Christmas with nougat, bad news: this year it will be your turn scratch your pocket more. Quite a bit more, in fact. It doesn’t matter if you prefer soft or hard bars, you love chocolate, you have a favorite manufacturer or you don’t mind trying the white label of your supermarket. You will almost certainly have to pay more. This is concluded by several studies of Facua and the OCUwhich show that Christmas sweets are not immune to the ups and downs of the market. Although it is not the general trend, in their reports they warn of some specific cases in which prices have skyrocketed. above 50%threatening to sour one of the great pleasures of the holidays. The sweet, less sweet. There is no Christmas without nougat, but this year it will be much more expensive to bring it to the table. It reflects it clearly a recent report of the OCU that warns that, on average, the classic almond nougat has become more expensive by 16%. To be more precise, the organization detected an increase of 15.8% in the price of hard tablets and 16.1% in soft tablets. The variants that dispense with added sugars also increased (although to a lesser extent), in which honey or sugar is replaced by sweeteners: in those cases the price has increased, although somewhat less, by 13.6%. One piece of information: €23/kg. The calculations start from an OCU studywhich has dedicated itself to analyzing the prices of more than a hundred nougats. The study focused specifically on the most classic varieties, the almonds, both Alicante (hard) and Jijona (soft). Then their technicians dedicated themselves to purchasing the prices of each tablet with the records they stored from 2024. With the new prices, the average kilo of nougat is in €23/kgalthough if we talk about “brand nougat” that indicator rises to €33/kg. Same photo, different details. Although the report shows a general increase in price, the rise has not been equally intense in all tablets. It influences (a lot) what brand we talk about. The best ones are white label nougat, those sold under the distributor’s labels. In that case the increase has been close to 9.4%. It is a considerable increase, but it pales when compared to the 24.3% increase in the average price of manufacturer brand nougat. Within this category, notable differences are also seen depending on the company and product. Can it go further? Yeah. According to the OCUthe nougats from El Almendro’s “Own Harvest” line cost 37% more than in 2024. The cake, however, goes to El Lobo, which has products in its catalog that cost 57% more today. The organization recognizes in any case that this percentage has an explanation: in its 2024 analysis it appeared as the cheapest, which explains why it has experienced such a pronounced price update. “These increases have turned the price of traditional branded nougat into a luxury item. Manufacturer’s nougat now costs €33/kg on average, compared to €15/kg for supermarket white label nougat,” they explain from the consumer organization. The average value of almond nougat is around €23/kg. Far beyond nougat. The OCU has not been the only one that has taken out the calculator to study how much more we will have to pay for sweets these holidays. FACUA has carried out a similar exercise, which in November I already warned that Christmas desserts had become 15.4% more expensive in large distribution chains. That was at least the average, and the organization was able to detect specific cases with exorbitant “peaks of rise”, of up to 65.3%. The study It analyzed 185 items, including nougat, but also chocolates, mantecados and Polvorones available in several supermarket chains, such as Mercadona, Dia, Hipercor, Alcampo, Eroski and Carrefour. “Only three have gone down”. “Of the total prices analyzed in the months of October 2024 and 2025, only three have decreased compared to last year and eight remain the same. The rest, 174 out of 185, are more expensive,” FACUA warnswhich warns of increases in Hipercor, Alcampo, Carrefour, Eroski, Dia and Mercadona. The clearest case was detected in a Supreme Quality toasted yolk nougat El Corte Inglés Selection from Hipercor: from 2.39 euros in 2024 it went to 3.95 euros, which represents an increase of just over 65%. In general, the organization detected an average increase in the price of sweets of 22.6% since October 2023. Searching for the causes. That nougat is experiencing such a steep price rise is no coincidence. Although there are several factors that come into play, to the OCU and CaixaBank There is one that stands out: the drift in the price of one of its main raw materials, almonds. In fact, the OCU recalls that in higher category tablets it represents more than 60% of the weight, which explains why fluctuations in its price are felt in the rates. Has it risen that much? “Its price has increased significantly: from 90-95 euros per 100 kg of shelled almonds between January and August 2024 to about 120 euros in 2025, with peaks of 138 euros in June,” argues the organizationwhich ensures that varieties such as Marcona, Largueta and Comuna have seen their prices rise from 15 to 25%. It’s not no surprise if we take into account that the almond has reached values ​​not seen since 2019. CaixaBank remember that frosts and droughts have marked the harvest of recent campaigns, affecting prices. If in the 2024-2025 season farmers received an average of 5.6 euros per kilo of communal almonds (the cheapest), in previous seasons that same value hovered around 4.09 or 2.95 euros per kilo. The change in weather conditions has improved the prospects for the campaign that began in September, but this effect has not yet been noticeable in the 2025/26 Christmas nougat campaign. Almonds… and something else. To be fair, almonds are not the only ingredient that has become more expensive in the last year. He has done it too (and not … Read more

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