planet

It is not an alien ship, but remains of a distant planet

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When astronomers detected a third interstellar object visiting our solar system, they probably did not imagine that it would have an even greater impact than the previous two. The fault was with the first estimates of its size, which had a colossal upper limit of 20 kilometers, which led to several articles by Harvard professor Avi Loeb arguing that it could be “a possibly hostile extraterrestrial probe“. Although the latest observations disprove that it is an alien ship, they open new possibilities. Goodbye to the alien hypothesis. The idea that 3I/ATLAS was a spacecraft was based on a number of apparent anomalies. Avi Loeb argued that its trajectory, unusually aligned with the ecliptic plane of our solar system, its enormous size and its supposed stealth approach were suspicious. It suggested that the object could be performing a maneuver to remain unnoticed while exploring our planets. However, later observations dismantled these arguments one by one. The sharpest image of the comet, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope, was devastating for Loeb’s theory. It turned out that we were totally wrong about its size. The real core did not measure 20 km, but between 320 meters and 5.6 kilometers. The initial estimate had been misled by the bright, extensive “coma” of gas and dust surrounding the true core. On the other hand, the behavior of the object, with an asymmetric material ejection and the formation of a dust tail, confirmed that it behaved like a classic comet, and not like a ship with artificial propulsion. But perhaps it is not just any comet, but a very, very interesting one. A piece of exoplanet? According to a new hypothesis, presented in a study pending review3I/ATLAS could be a piece of an extrasolar planet: a “lithified clastic fragment” torn from a sedimentary basin on a distant world that has traveled through the cosmos to reach us. In other words, a rock made up of layers of hardened sediment, similar to those we find on Earth in ancient river or lake beds, but from outside the solar system. Geoscientist Eahsanul Haque’s hypothesis is supported by several previous analyses. On the one hand, the trajectory of 3I/ATLAS suggests that it comes from the thick disk of the Milky Way, a region populated by stars much older than our Sun, up to 7 billion years old. This implies that the object formed in a planetary system with more than enough time to develop complex geological processes, including the liquid water activity necessary to create sedimentary basins. And its size is consistent with the size of large fragments that could be ejected from a planet after a high-speed impact. But wasn’t it a comet? The presence of a comma and a tail does not contradict this idea. Water and other volatiles could have been trapped in the pores of the sedimentary rock. As it approached the Sun, the heat would have caused the sublimation of these ices, generating the observed cometary activity without the main object being a “dirty snowball.” Its spectrum resembles that of D-type asteroids, rich in carbon and silicates2 This composition is compatible with that of terrestrial sedimentary rocks, such as shales or sandstones, which often contain clay and carbonaceous material formed in aqueous processes. All eyes on 3I/ATLAS. The interest in this interstellar traveler has been such that space agencies have mobilized their instruments to study it. The European Space Agency (ESA) targeted its Martian orbiters, ExoMars TGO and Mars Expresstowards the comet during its closest approach to Mars. Although the enormous distance (30 million km) made observation a technical challenge, the images captured the diffuse coma that surrounds it. It is expected that future observations, such as from the Juice probe, which will see it in a more active state after its close pass to the Sun, will reveal more data about its composition. But if 3I/ATLAS has already taught us something, it is the importance that missions such as the Comet Interceptor probe planned by ESA. Without a fixed target, it is designed precisely to wait in space for a long-term target or, with great luck, another interstellar visitor, to then turn on its engines and head towards it. Image | THAT In Xataka | NASA ignores the Harvard study on an alleged extraterrestrial spacecraft: “it is an interstellar comet”

There are no places, no planes, no planet for so many tourists.

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Before airports became small cities and low cost will multiply filling the sky of Europe, fly it was a privilege reserved for a few. Today, however, the global and mass tourism grows without brakes, pushes airlines to multiply routes and planes, and threatens to overflow not only the most iconic destinations, but also the capacity itself of the planet to sustain it. An infinite curve. commercial aviation directly reflects the evolution of the world economy. Every time global GDP increases, so does the number of passengers that fly and, with it, the demand for new aircraft to replace old ones or expand fleets. Crises (from the technology bubble to the 2008 recession, through the 9/11 attacks, the COVID pandemic or the war in Ukraine) have only managed to temporarily stop air traffic. After each stoppage, the curve has resumed its growth trend, which is around at 4% annually. The so-called Revenue Passenger Miles they have already recovered at pre-pandemic levelsconsolidating the idea that flying is one of the most resilient industries of globalization. The “bleirure”. Although the vast majority of air kilometers correspond to tourists (it is estimated that 85% of the total) are business passengers, barely 12-15% of the volume, who generate up to three quarters of the benefits. These clients they pay premium seatsmake last minute changes and purchase additional services. However, the pandemic introduced a new pattern: the “bleisure”trips that combine work and leisure thanks to the flexibility of teleworking. Airlines have reacted by multiplying cabin categories and seeking to capture the traveler who is no longer satisfied with the traditional binomial between low-cost tourist and first-class executive. The proliferation of intermediate classes reflects a market in which the boundaries between work and pleasure are increasingly blurred. The hordes and the cities. They remembered in Forbes that the reopening after the pandemic caused the phenomenon from “revenge travel”: Millions of travelers took out their lists of dream places and set out to visit the most iconic destinations. France, which has led world tourism for three decades, exceeded 100 million of annual visitors, Spain, Italy, Türkiye and the United States complete the top five. The problem? That this avalanche has had a cost: the Coliseumthe Eiffel Tower or the Louvre They are experiencing days of extreme saturation, while other emblematic places have had to impose restrictions. Notre Dame requires tickets with schedule, the Parthenon limits accessMachu Picchu temporarily closed and Mount Fuji has established quotas and fees. The list of “A” destinations does not grow at the pace of demand, and the pressure on the same spaces threatens to make them uninhabitable. Saturation. The concept of “overtourism”or also “tourism”, has become the biggest nightmare of the most popular destinations. Cities like Venice, Barcelona either Florence They have had to impose limits on tourist accommodation, prohibitions on rental apartments or access fees to try to regain the lost balance. The phenomenon not only erodes the quality of life of residents, but also puts one’s own health at risk. cultural and natural attraction that attracts visitors. Summer saturation, furthermore, already does not concentrate alone in July and August: travelers, pushed by extreme heat waves like those in Europe in 2025, move towards fall or springspreading the pressure throughout the year. What was considered a temporary relief has become another twist. Climate impact. Aerial growth not only puts stress on cities and monuments, it also puts stress on the planet against the ropes. Recent studies estimate that tourism is responsible for 8.8% of global emissions, and aviation accounts for up to three quarters of that footprint if indirect effects such as contrails are included. The problem is that technological efficiency advances too slowly: barely 0.3% annually compared to 3.8% increase in traffic. Sustainable fuels, hydrogen or electrification still They are incipient projectsunable to cover long-haul flights. Thus, each new aircraft delivered guarantees growth in emissionsdespite the fact that the planet’s carbon budgets are already practically exhausted. A planet on the limit. The expansion of air tourism generates a triple limit: physical, social and climatic. Physical, because airports, airplanes and cities cannot absorb unlimited volumes of travelers. Social, because local communities cthey start to rebel against massive tourism that makes housing more expensive and degrades common spaces. and climatebecause the sector’s carbon footprint threatens to neutralize any progress towards global sustainability goals. The paradox is that, while the aeronautical industry accumulates an order book of more than seven years and defends that there is still room to grow, experts in sustainability and governance insist that only with limits (quotas, environmental taxes, diversification of destinations) an irreversible collapse can be avoided. The dilemma of tourism. Thus, mass tourism, as we have known it, faces a historical crossroads. The industry accelerates towards expansion and consumers maintain the desire to travel further and more often, but the reality is that there is not enough physical space, nor cities capable of absorbing so many visitors, no climatic margin to sustain a sector of infinite growth. The question, therefore, is no longer just how we will travel in the future, but whether the planet can afford that we all do it, at all hours and all the time. If you also want, the myth of unchecked global tourism seems to be breaking down: because there is no place, there are no planes, and there is no planet that can withstand so much tourism. Image | RawPixel, PXHere In Xataka | Something strange is happening in Las Vegas: while tourism crowds half the world, the city loses visitors In Xataka | An “invasion” is slowly heading towards the treasures of Spain. There are millions, they like paella and they come from the US

The entire planet looks intrigued at the cars factories of China and Morocco. Meanwhile, another power grows in the shadow: Türkiye

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The European Union has more than A year applying the “compensatory rights” to the Chinese electric vehicles. This rate really applies to all manufacturers they produce in China and then bring their cars to European soil. The goal? That companies manufacture in Europe. But if all eyes point to China, other countries make their way. Morocco is not the only one that is consolidating as the springboard Star to Europe: Türkiye is asking for a step. And it is not something that are taking advantage of Chinese brands: also European. Trampolines. The Chinese automotive industry has a simple objective: to conquer the world with its electric cars. Companies have experience, technology, ships to transport thousands of cars of a tacada and are leaders in the manufacture of the most important: The batteries. China has launched some strategies to meet that plan, such as expand its factories in Europe, associate with European companies and create Kits that are manufactured in ChinaThey are transported disassembled and remembered in the final car on European soil. But, they are also taking advantage of “empty” in those compensatory rights. The combustion car is its ‘Trojan horse’but also countries like Morocco and Türkiye. In both, the labor is cheaper than in Europe and most importantly: they have commercial treaties with the EU, which allows those ‘tariffs’ to skip. Touchstone. It is calculated that The investment in Morocco is about 10,000 million dollarsa figure that contemplates not only manufacturing, but also the exploitation of key minerals for battery production. Morocco has huge deposits and China does not want to miss another portion of a chain that dominates with iron fist. In the case of Türkiye, there are examples like Chery investing $ 1,000 million for a plant in Samsun that will have a production capacity of 200,000 electric and hybrid vehicles every year. SWM Motors too will open A plant in Eskisehir to create hybrids and gasoline, and Byd will have one of its biggest factories In the West in Manisa. Besides, Not only will they be dedicated to manufacturing: In the case of Byd we also talk about an R&D center. Not only China. But it’s not just that China looks at Türkiye: Europe does not lose sight of them either. Brands like Renault and some from Stellantis produce There models for both the local market and Europe (The new Clio, for example). Moreover, the European Union, through funds such as Horizon Europe, intended 1,000 million euros in the 2021-2027 framework for the development of the automotive sector in Türkiye, especially for electric mobility, the development of load infrastructure and initiatives such as the manufacturing and recycling of batteries. Win-Win. Obviously, the situation is beneficial for all parties. On the one hand, China wins a springboard to European soil and the possibility of introducing their cars at very attractive prices in a local market that is upwards. The estimate is that Türkiye is the Major Market Fourth of electric cars for sales in Europe during the first half of 2025, only behind Germany, the United Kingdom and France. This is something favored by the State thanks to reductions and a series of advantageous tax conditions and tax exemptions if an electric car is purchased. And Türkiye, with that money, promotes the transformation of the sector with new R&D centers and strategic agreements with Europe to further reinforce its position. Toggg. And eye, Türkiye, Following The example of Europe put an aggressive tariff on Chinese electric cars, but with a condition: if manufacturers began to invest in local production facilities, they would be exempt from that import tax. But in all this there is an asterisk: Chinese companies, with their high capitalization and strong technology, can offer advanced vehicles at very competitive prices that overwhelm local producers like Toggg. There are already those who points That this competition, instead of healthy, could suppress the growth of the local ecosystem, being a danger if, at some point, Chinese companies decide to leave the market. And the United States? Apart from this issue, it is evident that the country is playing its letters well as the “bridge” between the East and West is, also in terms of critical raw materials to create batteries –part of the rare earth that China controls-. And, if you are wondering what happens to American companies, the truth is that their giants are not investing directly in Türkiye, but they are doing it through the calls Joint Ventures. They do not want to make too much outside the United States (something that recent tariff Otosan to create cars on Turkish soil and sell them both in that market and in the Middle East. In the end, as they say, a scrambled river, fishermen’s gain. And everything indicates that Morocco and Türkiye are those fishermen. In Xataka | Family and friends keep asking me if “it is worth buying a Chinese car.” This is my answer

The fastest car on the planet is electric, Chinese and touches the 500 km/h barrier

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Byd already has a new notch in its revolver. A little over a month ago that the Chinese company presumed to have the faster electric car in the world. Its Yangwang U9, an electrical hyperdeportivo of 3,000 hp of power already looked through the rearview by any previous brand with its more than 470 km/h of peak speed. Today, Byd can already boast another milestone: he has the fastest car in the world. Yangwang U9 Xtreme, previously known as Track Day The “electric” surname of its record has been removed by raising up to 496.22 km/h peak speed. Yes, they have managed to beat Bugatti. Byd has the fastest car on the planet. I had to arrive It was almost a matter of time for an electric car to be done with the tip speed record. Electric cars have become vehicles with the fastest acceleration in the world but, in addition, with the right battery they had in their hand to take the fastest car title in the world. Keep in mind that Yangwang U9 is a Electric hypercocheor 1,288 hp. It has the latest byd technologies, such as the intelligent control of your body that allows you three -wheel either hop To avoid obstacles. Yes, jump. But in its Xtreme version, this hypercoche raises the power of its four engines up to a total of 2,978 hp. That makes it an authentic missile to which only he can stop his battery. However, with the appropriate accumulator the “fastest car in the world” title was going to fall yes or yes in an electric car sooner or later. In this case, we talked about the first car with a structure of 1,200 volts (the most advanced right now on the street have 800 volts) and an energy accumulator more dense than the rest of the cars that Byd has on the street. That is why it is able to accumulate more electricity in the same space. That battery, however, is huge and despite lightening weight in other elements, we talk about a 2,480 kg car. Solution, with its 3,000 hp of power they have managed to get into a ratio of 0.82 kg/cv. He has defeated pure gross power to Bugatti Chiron Super Sport 300+, which in 2019 reached 490.48 km/h. The almost 500 km/h of the byd model have swept the European model but have been made in a unidirectional pass in the oval of the oval of ATP Papenburg Circuit in Germany. At the moment, the SSC Tuatara remains the fastest vehicle in a bidirectional past, with 455.3 km/h on average. However, the milestone is important. Bugatti has been ensuring that he had reached its limits. The Chiron Super Sport 300+ has a brutal W16 capable of reaching 1,600 hp and had put on Michelin’s roof Its ability to break a new record. Marc Basseng, the pilot on which the record of the record fell, said that it has only been possible because “the U9 Xtreme has incredible performance. Technically, something like that It is not possible with a combustion engine. Thanks to the electric motor, the car is silent, there are no weight changes and that allows me to concentrate even more on the track. ” New horizon? Obviously: be the first car that exceeds 500 km/h of peak speed. There is a new race to get it and Byd has been about to throw the door down. Photo | Byd In Xataka | Bugatti Veyron was a jewel that cost 1.7 million dollars: Volkswagen lost 6.7 million with each one that sold

Toyota has been using a megaprensa for 90 years to make cars. They have transported half planet to continue using it

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In 2024 About 92 million vehicles were manufactured worldwide. Plants like him Hyundai Ulsan Colossus Manufacture one every ten seconds Thanks to a tremendously specific machinery. One of the machines that are used are prey, Monsters such as Tesla Gigapress that allow to shape the metal in a few seconds, but despite innovations, Toyota has a press that has been working as the first day and resist to leave. In fact, it is older than the car company itself, when Toyota was nothing more than a loom manufacturer. The Komatsu press. Now, Toyota is not only one of the Industry powersbut an example of reliability and one of the most manufactured cars. It is one of Japan’s economic engines, but a century ago, things were very different. In the 1920s, Toyoda (it was named for the surname of its founder, Sakichi Toyoda) It was a company that manufactured looms. Curiously, Keep being. Toyoda Automatic Loom, from 1924, was considered the most advanced loom in the world and the company saw that it should not be so different from an engine, so they got to work. They created their first engine, also their first car and, to accelerate production, acquired a huge 700 -ton press manufactured by Komatsu. This purchase was made in 1934, when Toyota was already in the car business, but three years before the formal foundation of Toyota Motor Corporation in 1937. With its 700 tons of strength, it could work with large body panels, shaping the metal sheets with ease, and it was the one that helped boost the business during the first years in the first years in the first years in the first years in the first years in the first years in the first years in HONshus plantto. The flag in the Sao Bernardo plant Travel. Masahiro Inoue, CEO of Toyota for Latin America and the Caribbean, highlighted That it was incredible that a Japanese company acquired such a large team before the war, since it had to be “incredibly expensive.” According to Inoue, they were able to face the purchase thanks to the money obtained by the sale of Patents from the Automatic Loom to a British company. During five years, the Komatsu press gave life to some of Toyota’s most iconic cars, but in 1962, they decided to open their first floor outside Japan. Located in Sao Bernardo, the factory needed specialized machinery for the local Variant of Land Cruiser, and decided that the Komatsu press should be installed on that new plant. After a very complicated logistics due to its dimensions and weight to move it to Brazil, for 39 years, the already veteran press proved to be vital for the construction of the Toyota Banderiant. After the end of the production of the SUV in 2001, he continued in service stamping pieces both for the Corolla as for the Hilux. Back home. In November 2023, the Sao Bernardo plant closed, but that did not mean the death of the veteran press. Toyota was, and it is still a machine factory, and I don’t know whether for adherence to the press or for something merely practical, They announced that he would return to Japan. In fact, as we read in Toyota TimesThey affirmed that he would have his own tribute because his new destination would be exactly the place he occupied in the Honsha plant during those years in which he helped to shape both cars and the company itself. President Akio Toyoda approved that “functional conservation” of the machine, because it will not be a mere museum piece: it will serve both for use in the manufacture of spare parts and to train the new factory employees. An icon. For 90 years, the Komatsu press has been key in the development of Toyota both for what it helped to forge and for representing that first large deployment of the company outside its borders. At this point, it is part of the spirit of the company, but also a sample of how, for certain such specific tasks, the passage of time and the creation of new machinery has not been able to take this pillar of the automotive ahead. Now, as Inoue commented, it was sure to be “greatly expensive”, but after 90 years, the investment is well amortized. Images | Toyota In Xataka | This monstrous machine of 580 tons builds bridges as if it were flying

The “lost continents” of our planet are leaving their trail in an unthinkable place: the earth’s magnetic field

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Life as we know it depends largely on the stability of the Earth’s magnetic field. But this stability (or the absence of this) depends in turn on factors that we still do not understand. Some of these factors are in the outer space, others instead are thousands of kilometers hidden under our feet. From the bottom up. Huge geological structures located in the land mantle They could be contributing To destabilize the magnetic field that protects the land from radiation and particles from space. These are the “sunk continents”, the large provinces of low speed (LLVP). Sunk continents. This last name is due to the fact that these rock masses located in the deep layers of the land mantle stand out from the rest of its surroundings because the seismic waves move more slowly through them. Through this method we know the existence of two large LLVP, one located under the African tectonic plaque and the other located under the peaceful plaque. We do not know exactly what they are or what is the origin of these rock masses. A hypothesis indicates that could be remains of the impact between the primal earth and a second planet called Theia. The Moon would be one of the results of that impact, another would be that part of The remains of Theia would have been “embedded” on earth, specifically in the mantle, giving rise to these “lost continents.” However, other studies have pointed out that these masses would be formed, at least partially of ocean cortex buried through subductive geological processes, which would make them more close to “lost continents” of the surface of the earth. The new study can be linked to this last hypothesis. Fed by a “fire ring.” The team He modeled the movements Convectives of the land mantle, also creating a reconstruction of the possible movement of the tecton plates on the surface of the Earth in the last 1,000 million years. Thus they found indications that the African dough would contain older and more “mixed” than the peaceful mass, which would contain 50% more oceanic crust, a more “young” cortex and different from the surrounding mantle. This could be explained with the call “Pacific Fire Ring”, A vast network of failures, many of them subductive that little by little they engulf part of the earth’s crust. This “banquet” would have been producing for at least 300 million years and would be serving to feed the Pacific LLVP. The details of the study were published In an article In the magazine Scientific Reportsof Nature. In diversity is the key. Until now, intuition pointed out that these two underground “continents” had a similar composition. The reason is precisely that the two slow down the passage of seismic waves in a similar way, which leads us to the intuition of thinking that these are very similar in their characteristics. However, the team responsible for the new work indicates that this may not be the case. The reason is that the temperature is more than the material that makes these regions slow the waves that cross them. The balance is complicated. The formations are more or less opposite in the Terrestrial globe, which in principle is great news: since these masses influence the way in which the temperature of the earth’s core is spread in higher layers, which in turn affects the conductive movements inside the nucleus of the planet. Since these movements are those that allow the existence of a magnetic field On Earth, the way in which they occur has a lot of impact on this field. If the LLVPs are different, the way in which the field is generated ceases to be symmetrical as one would expect, which gives rise to the appearance of imbalances. Discussing the different hypotheses. As we pointed out at the beginning, the new study can be linked to the idea that the LLVPs are the result of the sinking of earth cortex pieces and not the remains of a planet of the original solar system. Although the study does not offer conclusive evidence confirming this first hypothesis, It can be seen as a new more test in this address. In Xataka | Julio Verne was right: there are three times more water in the depths of the earth than in all oceans together Image | Oxford University; Panton, Davies, et al. (2025) / NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

Nvidia, TSMC and SK Hynix are the most powerful chip companies on the planet. None can allow any of the others to fall

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Nvidia dominates the global chips market for artificial intelligence (AI) with a fee that during the last three years has oscillated between 80 and 94%, according to Fourweekmba. Your leadership is supported by A very competitive hardware and a software ecosystem in which CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) It has an essential role. This technology brings together the compiler and development tools used by programmers to develop their software for NVIDIA GPUs. However, the company led by Jensen Huang has a fundamental partner: TSMC. Nvidia designs the chips for AI and this manufacturer of Taiwanese semiconductors, the eldest of the planet with A global quota close to 60%it produces them. Its iron leadership is the result of Its peak technology and its titanic production capacity. TSMC has many important clients, such as AMD, Qualcomm, MediaTak or Broadcom, among many others, but thanks to the AI ​​NVIDIA, it has established itself as Your second best customer Only behind Apple. Presumably TSMC is about to start MANUFACT 2 NM GPU For Nvidia, but this is not the only thing that this chips manufacturer is going to do for one of its best customers. And this Taiwanese company has decided to start An expansion plan for five years of its manufacturing capacity of integrated circuits using its advanced cowos packaging technology (Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate). According to Beth Kindigof the I/O Fund consultant, this technology will monopolize between 50 and 60% of the market in 2025 compared to 15% it supported during 2024. The synergy of these companies is indisputable The high demand for GPUs for AI with Blackwell MicroAritectura de Nvidia is largely responsible for the implementation of this plan. The company led by Jensen Huang can respond better to the needs of its customers and will see how its competitiveness is increased in a phase in which Depseek and other Chinese companies represent a challenge. In March 2024 TSMC officially announced which was building two cowos packaging plants in the town of Chiayi, housed in southern Taiwan. However, this is not all. He also shuffled the option to put a plant more specialized in this advanced packaging technology in Japan, presumably on the island of Kyushu, in which this company is currently building two semiconductor production plants of avant -garde. In any case, there is something else. And it is that Chiayi plants will be trained to work, in addition to the packaging cowos, With advanced Info and Soic technologies (System on Integrated Chips). Nvidia and TSMC synergy is indisputable, but this recipe requires a third ingredient: SK Hynix It is evident that TSMC wants to cover your back well and look to the future to prevent its production capacity from being threatened by a bottleneck. An interesting note: currently the Cowos packaging is being used with the AMD Instinct Mi250 chips and with the A100, H100, H200, B100 and B200 NVIDIA GPUs, as well as in its derivatives. The review used in these last two chips, the B100 and B200, is known as Cowos-L. Before the TSMC ends this year, you will be able to process no less than 60,000 wafers per month using its advanced packaging technology. The synergy of Nvidia and TSMC is indisputable, but this recipe requires a third ingredient: SK Hynix. This South Korean manufacturer of memory chips leads the HBM memories market (High Bandwidth Memory) that work side by side with the GPUs for ia with a shocking authority. Your market share Broken 70%so that the remaining 30% are distributed by Samsung and Micron Technology. After them, Chinese manufacturers of Yangtze Memory Technologies Co. (YMTC) and CXMT (Changxin Memory Technologies). At the end of 2024 SK Hynix took advantage of the celebration of an innovation forum organized by TSMC to publicize its mastery of the manufacture of HBM memories. According to SK Hynix itself Its MR-MUF process, which, in broad strokes, is a technology that makes possible a faster punch of the DRAM compared to the TC-NCF process that other companies use, has allowed it to achieve an efficiency 8.8 times higher than that of Samsung and Micron. This simply means that it manufactures its HBM chips much faster than its main competitors. SK Hynix is ​​manufacturing 12 -layer HBM3E memories on a large scale while Samsung and Micron have problems with their production As we can intuit, the speed at which a company that is dedicated to manufacturing semiconductors is capable of producing its integrated circuits deeply condition its competitiveness. It is evident that greater efficiency will allow you supply more guarantees to your customersespecially in an upward market like that of HBM memories. In addition, SK Hynix is ​​manufacturing 12 -layer HBM3e memories on a large scale while Samsung and Micron have problems with their production. In any case, both Samsung and SK Hynix are already working on the development of HBM4 memories with the purpose of catapulting their competitiveness. Here it is precisely where Nvidia appears. SK Hynix announced in October 2024 that he intended to deliver the first HBM4 memory chips to his clients during the second half of 2025. However, Jensen Huang asked him That the delivery advances. Chey Tae-Won confirmed itthe president of SK Group, so it is absolutely reliable information. Why does NVIDIA require so urgently the HBM4 chips? Simply because you need to support your chips for the most capable with the most available energy and energy efficiency memories. And in this field SK Hynix currently has the pan well grabbed by the handle. Image | TSMC In Xataka | South Korea fears US reprisals. To avoid their old lithography equipment, they take dust on a warehouse

In Asturias someone paid 37,000 euros for the most expensive cheese on the planet. Then he fell to the ground

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There are expensive cheeses, very expensive cheeses and then there are the cheeses that are sold by the whopping 14,800 euros per kiloas they just checked in Asturias. There, in the town of Arenas, they just proclaimed the most expensive cheese on the planet, a piece of 2.5 kilos with Denomination of Protected Origin of Cabrales that, after the Plant of the judges, has reached neither more nor less than 37,000 euros On a bid. Shortly after the auction was on the ground. Don’t say cheese, di cabrales. Asturias is known for many things. By Your cider, Your houndsits beaches, its mountainous places and also (and rightly) for its cheese. The Cabrales is one of the gastronomic icons of the Principality and to claim it Arenas de Cabrales has celebrated every summer, for decades, A contest which usually arouses interest both inside and outside the region. The appointment is not famous just by giving visibility to Dop Cabrales. The contest arrives accompanied by a bid for the best cheeses in which amounts of infarction are reached, assumable only by privileged pockets. Offer are so high in fact that they have managed to make a place several times in the pages of the Guinness book. It has happened Other editions. And it has happened again in this. A figure: 37,000 euros. The Arenas de Cabrales appointment is divided into several parts. First the jury decides which of the title aspiring cheeses is the best, it has a more attractive aspect and offers better flavor and aroma. Then that same piece goes to auction and businesses interested in taking her to her pantries pujo for her at the crossroads worthy of the Sotheby’s house. In this edition (the 53rd already) the starting price was € 3,000 and participated near a dozen hoteliers from different parts of Asturias (Gijón, Oviedo and Castrillón) and Madrid. The winner was Iván Suárez, owner of El Llagar de Colloto, in Oviedo. It didn’t have it easy. Last year Suarez had already taken home winning cheese by 36,000 eurosa figure that this year exceeded slaughtering. A Madrid cider house matched the figure, another Gijonesa rose the bid to 36,500 and the owner of El Llagar de Colloto ended up setting up the dispute when lifting his palette to offer the whopping of 37,000 for a piece of about 2.5 kg. Himself I calculated which came out at € 14,800/kg. Records at full speed. The truth is that Cabrales accumulates records at more speed than the Guinness organization is capable of digesting them. New Spain remember that this will be the fourth consecutive world plusmarca of Asturian cheese and if you consult The web From the Guinness World Records you will find the curious chance that just two months ago those responsible echoed that the most expensive cheese on the planet is a cabrales auctioned in Asturias for 36,000 euros. It is not a mistake. It is simply the brand that the DOP reached in 2024. It has already been outdated. Does Cabrales cheese have a roof? That is The question That some media have been made in recent days, especially if you take into account the speed with which the offers have grown by the winner of the Arenas contest. The Europa Press agency remember That the winner of this edition already disbursed 14,300 euros in 2018, 20,500 in 2019, 30,000 in 2023 and 36,000 last year, a figure that has been pulverized by the 37,000 of 2025. In the price, however it goes more than the value of the product. The bid is also a huge advertising showcase, both for the Dop Cabrales and for the winning hotelier. Of headlines and anecdotes. “The head of having the most expensive cheese in the world is what leads to this. In the end if the cheese had cost 20,000 euros instead of 37,000 because yes, it would have been the winning cheese of the contest, but we would not have worldwide news, we would not open the news, nor would we have international recognition, which is what we all look for, Suárez confesses to The voice of Asturias. Interestingly this year he has monopolized holders by Another reasonmore anecdotal … and juicy. After winning the bid the Ovetense hotelier rose to collect the piece proud and when he lifted his arms to show the tray the cheese drained and finished falling to the ground. An anecdote that the businessman was taken with humor. The cheese, he explained, will divide it into three parts: For his father, for him and his family and for his clients. In cave already 1,500 meters. Record prices and anecdotes apart, the main protagonist of the contest was the cheese that elaborated the winning piece: Ángel Díaz Herrero, by Tielve. Its representative, Encarna Bada, remembers that the cheese is made with cow’s milk and mature for several months at 1,500 meters of altitude in the Los Mazos cave. “It is the coldest cave, it has little cheese and matures more slowly. It is the caves that give the flavor to the cabrales, because factors such as moisture, temperature and height influence it,” Explain. The task is not simple. Bada acknowledges that going up and down with cheese pieces is arduous work because to the area “They don’t even get cars” To transport them in fact they have to resort to horses. What there is no doubt is that your technique and know how to do work: last year The same cheese managed to win the coveted first position of the contest and, incidentally, settle his name in the Guinness. Images | Wikipedia and Javier Lastras (Flickr) In Xataka | Russia is becoming a teacher in the elaboration of European cheeses. And it is due to the sanctions of the West

The largest nuclear fusion project on the planet has survived the setbacks. This is the date on which Iter should be ready

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2024 was a difficult year for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experctor reactor). This experimental reactor of nuclear fusion It is being built in the French town of Cadarache by an international consortium Led by the European Union. Although it was conceived in 2006 and the project was officially launched in 2007, the beginning of the assembly of this titanic machine did not start until 2020. The initial itinerary Proposed by Eurofusion, which is the institution that is responsible for promoting and supporting the scientific research necessary to bring to fruition the European Nuclear Fusion Plan, established that in 2025 the assembly of this machine would end. However, that same year another crucial milestone would arrive: the first tests with plasma would start. Three years later, in 2028, Iter engineers would begin the low power with hydrogen and helium, and in 2032 the first high -power experiments would arrive with these two gases. Finally, in 2035, Iter would be able to undertake high power tests with deuterium and tritium. And in 2040 this experimental reactor would demonstrate the energy profitability of nuclear fusion. Finally this will not happen like this. In 2022 the French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) identified several irregularities of a strictly technical nature in Vacuum Chamber sectorswhich caused the Iter organization to react as it should do so: constituting a working group to address the complementary requests of the ASN and advance with the reactor assembly Tokamak. Iter’s technical challenges are unpublished Assembling a machine as complex as it is it is not easy. The vacuum chamber weighs 8,000 tons, is made of stainless steel and boron and must remain hermetically sealed. Its assembly has forced engineers to deal with extraordinarily strict local tolerances of 0.1%, and, in addition, the camera has a very complicated shape and uses plates with thicknesses up to 60 mm. To solve the assembly the technicians have had to resort to state -of -the -art technologies, such as the Electron Beam Weldingwhich is welding using an electron beam, or The design of AI models specifically conceived to identify defects in the welds of the camera. The Covid-19 Pandemia that raised very crudely during the 2020s and 2021, and, on the other hand, the technical challenges derived from the completely unpublished nature of much of the components that need to be tuning so that Iter arrives in fruition have caused that The main milestones of this project are delayed. Nevertheless, The current updated itinerary proposes several important dates that interest us know. In 2039 Iter will be able to undertake high power tests with deuterium and tritium In 2034 the first experiments will be carried out in the reactor; In 2036 the magnetic system responsible for confinement of plasma to maximum power will be tested; And finally, in 2039 Iter will be able to undertake high power tests with deuterium and tritium. Initially this last milestone was going to arrive in 2035. Whatever it is during the last year the Iter assembly has advanced at a good pace. In the cover image of this article we can see two of the titanic sectors of the vacuum chamber, although, in my opinion, one of The milestones that this project has achieved This year It was consolidated in May. The superconductor magnets placed on the outside of the vacuum chamber of this nuclear fusion reactor have the responsibility of generating the magnetic field necessary to confine plasma inside. They are also responsible for controlling and stabilizing it. These magnets weigh 10,000 tons and are manufactured in an alloy of niobio and tin, or niobio and titanium, which acquires the superconductivity when cools with a supercritical helium until reaching a temperature of -269 ºC. This requirement justifies the need to put a powerful cooling system like the one that has devised Europe for Iter. In the construction of this experimental nuclear fusion reactor, the US, Russia, China, India, South Korea, Japan and the United Kingdom, but the cryogenization plant have been commissioned by Fusion for Energy (F4E), the organization of the European Union that coordinates the contribution of Europe to the development of Iter, the French company Air Liquide and technical integrated technicians in the Iter structure. Superconductor magnets acquire superconductivity when they reach a temperature of -269 ºC This extreme refrigeration installation will be responsible for supplying liquid helium to 4.5 Kelvin (-269 ° C) to superconductor magnets and criobombs, and also gaseous helium at 80 Kelvin (-193 ºC) to thermal shields. Creobombs are empty ultraalt devices that are responsible for eliminating gases inside the vacuum chamber. To do it They must work at an extremely low temperature. And, on the other hand, the thermal shields are responsible for protecting some critical elements of the reactor, such as superconductor magnets, the heat that emits the confined plasma inside the vacuum chamber. Iter’s cryogenic plant has an area similar to that of a football field (just over 7,100 m²) and contains several 26 -meter high storage tanks. These figures help us intuit how enormous this critical installation is. As we have just verified, without it the nuclear fusion would be absolutely impossible. This Grigory Kouzmenko statementF4E manager, invites us to tie Iter’s future with a reasonable optimism: “We have entered the most exciting phase of the project, in which all the efforts of previous years finally are specified and we can benefit from the collaboration based on the confidence between all the parties.” Image | Fusion for Energy More information | ITER In Xataka | From today Spain has the key to nuclear fusion: Granada’s particle accelerator is already a reality

China already has one of the most advanced observatories on the planet to hunt the most elusive particle that exists

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Neutrinos are The most elusive particles of nature. They were first described from a theoretical point of view in 1930 by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Ernst Pauli, one of the parents of Quantum physics (We owe, among other contributions, known as exclusion principle). However, its experimental discovery took place two and a half decades later, in 1956. We owe it to American physicists Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan. There is a forceful reason that explains why these particles are so difficult to detect: They barely interact with ordinary matter. In addition, its mass is very tiny, its electric charge is neutral and are not influenced by strong nuclear interaction or electromagnetic force, although due to gravity and weak nuclear interaction. There is no doubt that they are very special particles. Scientists often illustrate how difficult it is to capture a neutrino explaining that every second trillion of these particles go through both the earth and us without colliding with any other particle. You can also illustrate how elusive that they are using quantum mechanics, which ensures that it would be necessary to manufacture a lead plate with a light year thickness to ensure that half of the neutrinos that go through it collide with the particles of the lead block. The Jiangmen Observatory is ready to hunt neutrinos Despite how elusive neutrinos are, we have several observatories that are able to detect them. One of them is The Japanese Super-Kamiokande. This installation is located in Hida, a city located in the central area of ​​Honshu, the largest island in the Japanese archipelago. It is built in a mine, 1 km deep, and measures 40 meters high and another 40 meters wide, which gives a volume similar to that of a fifteen floors building. However, the authentic protagonist of this article is the Underground Observatory of Neutrinos of Jiangmen, which is housed in the Chinese province of Guangdong. Like the Super-Kamiokande Japanese, Juno, which is how this Chinese observatory is known for its English denomination (Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory), It is a real monster. His heart is a cylindrical pool 44 meters deep that is housed in an underground chamber with granite walls. The neutrin detector consists of a 41.1 meters in diameter stainless steel mesh that supports an acrylic sphere of 35.4 meters in diameter The neutrin detector consists of a 41.1 meters in diameter stainless steel mesh that supports an acrylic sphere of 35.4 meters in diameter. This container is full of a very exotic liquid expressly designed to interact with neutrinos and produce a light of light that can be detected. Juno contains no less than 20,000 tons of this liquid, which allows him to erect himself as the largest neutrin detector on the planet. The composition of this fluid seeks to maximize the amount of light generated by the interaction of each neutrino. Its three fundamental components are linear alkyl benzene, which acts as a solvent; 2,5-difeniloxazole, which is the molecule that is excited when a neutrino interacts with herwhich causes the emission of a flash of light; And, finally, 1.4-bis (2-methylstiril) benzene, which absorbs the ultraviolet light that emits 2.5-difeniloxazole and re-enters it with a longer wavelength that is easier to detect. The flashes of light are collected by 45,000 photomultiplier tubes that cover the inner surface of the sphere. By measuring the intensity, position and duration of these flashes, scientists can reconstruct the trajectory and energy of each neutrino. And all this for what? Wang Yifang explains it to usJuno spokesman: “This observatory will allow scientists to address fundamental questions about the nature of matter and the universe.” Neither more nor less. Image | Generated by Xataka with Google Gemini More information | Digital Diario In Xataka | The future circular collider of CERN will cost 20,000 million euros. Can leave us cheap

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