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The largest map of the universe is now available thanks to James Webb. And it can be explored as if it were Google Maps

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Astronomers They were convinced that the primitive universe was a dark place. That the galaxies took to appear after the Big Bang. But the new largest and most deep map of the universe, which extends until 13.5 billion years ago thanks to the observations of the James Webb space telescope, has just dynamited this idea. You can explore it yourself. Is called Cosmos-Weband it is not just a mosaic of images. It is a detailed catalog of almost 800,000 galaxies that covers 98% of the entire history of the universe in a specific region of heaven, thanks to the extraordinary sensitivity of the Webb Observatory. This gigantic panoramic is the result of More than 255 hours of observations of the NASA space telescope, ESA and the CSA, pointing to a region with very few stars or clouds of gas that block their vision towards the confines of the cosmos. The result is the largest contiguous image captured by the Webb to date, with more than 10,000 individual exhibitions. Comparisons are hateful. One way to understand the scale of this map is comparing it to the famous “Ultra -Profundo del Hubble”, the most detailed image of the universe in visible light. If we had a printed copy of the hubble ultraprophound field on a sheet of paper, Cosmos-Web would be a mural of almost 4 by 4 meters with the same depth. The Webb telescope observes wavelengths other than those of the Hubble, those of the nearby infrared and the middle infrared, but its instruments are so sensitive that you can see those 800,000 galaxies over 13.5 billion years in a region equivalent to three moons full in the night sky. Too much light, too soon. The great surprise of these images is not their depth, something for which the webb was designedbut what they reveal from the primitive universe. Astronomers believed that there would barely galaxies in the first 500 million years of the universe were incredibly rare, but there are approximately 10 times more galaxies than expected. “Since the James Webb space telescope went on, we have been wondering if your data They break the cosmological model“, admits Caitlin Casey, leader of the Cosmos-Web project.” The primitive universe only had about 400 million years to form one billion solar masses in stars. We just don’t know how it could happen. “ The role of Spain and open science. This monumental effort would not have been possible without a globa collaboration. And this is where Spain plays a role from the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands (IAC), which applied neural networks for the morphological classification of more than half a million catalog galaxies, an essential task to understand its evolution. But Cosmos-Web would not have been possible without the work of volunteers who, from their homes, helped for two years to process the raw data and correct artifacts of the Webb Telescope. Similarly, now anyone can explore the map and make their own discoveries. Cosmos-Web will continue to expand with new spectroscopic observations to analyze the internal chemistry of the most interesting galaxies. The main objectives are the “era of reion” (when the light of the first stars cleared the cosmic fog), the evolution of mass galaxies and how dark matter is related to visible matter. Image | Cosmos-Web In Xataka | The Webb Space Telescope observed some small red points almost as old as the Big Bang. They should not exist

There are countries that do not exercise as they should, and this map exposes the most sedentary

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Change Life habits and putting in shape is one of the most common purposes when the year begins. So much that there are studies that have proposed to analyze How to meet that goal Without discouraging ourselves because, for many people, putting on form implies “from zero”. The reason is that many do not perform the physical activity necessary to remain in good shape, which implies a risk for both physical and mental health. And on this map of Visual Capitalist We can see what are those countries in which people do not do the necessary exercise. The recommendation. The World Health Organization recommends that adults dedicate 150 minutes a week, at least, aerobic physical intensity activities. This includes walking -which is increasingly uncovered as A highly recommended exercise-, but also swim, jog or ride a bike. And these 150 weekly minutes must be complemented with 75 minutes of activities such as peso lifting for Strengthen both muscles and joints. WHO also says that any physical activity is better than any. The exercise not only keeps us healthier, but also contributes to a Best Mental Healtha better humor and a better resistance to diseases. The problem is that, as a study published in The Lancet Global Health It has demonstrated, much of the population does not move as much as it should. The study. The article explores and collects the data related to the physical activity reported by adults in different population surveys. Through the analysis of 507 surveys in 163 countries with a total of 5.7 million participants, researchers have been able to estimate the prevalence of insufficient physical activity between 2000 and 2022. The data. They are not good. According to their interpretations, in 2022, 31.3% of people worldwide performed insufficient physical activity, not reaching those minimal recommendations of WHO. In 2010, that figure was 26.4% and in 2000 it stood at 23.4%. We see, therefore, a bullish trend, but also a significant increase between the last decade and the previous one. By countries. The map prepared by Visual Capitalist collects this data and reinterprets the maps published in the study itself. In some cases, these data are devastating. In much of the American continent, two thirds of the population do not meet those guidelines marked by WHO. There are exceptions like Mexico, but the population is also close to that inactivity figure. In Europe, the situation is quite diverse. Spain has 22%of the population that performs insufficient physical activity, France 23%, Germany 12%, Austria 20%and Belgium 25%. However, there are cases such as Poland with 35% inactivity, Italy with a striking 40% and Portugal with 52%. Dramas. They are striking data, but together, the worst part is taken by the Middle East and part of Asia. United Arab Emirates is the worst country in this regard, according to the analysis, with 66% of its population performing insufficient physical activity. Kuwait is not very far with 63% and Lebanon stays at 59%. It is a trend in the area, with Qatar and its 54% inactivity, or Iraq and Saudi Arabia with 52%. Looking at Asia, South Korea is not much better, with 58% of the population that does not move what should, 52% of the Japanese are also more sedentary of the account and we see that India has an index of 49%. Japan’s case is curious, since it is a country that is proud of its longevity and of the exercise programs for the elderly. More and less aligned countries with the objectives for 2030. The more azul, the better Social inequalities. Speaking of age, it is something that also plays a role in these data. In this period of analysis, insufficient physical activity increased between those over 60, regardless of the sixth and the region to which they belong. But we also see many countries with light colors that represent that they are doing the recommended activity, but as we used to have meme in Xataka, it has a trick. Some of them are in Europe as Finland (10%), Netherlands (9%) and Sweden (8%), among others, but the vast majority are in the Sub -Saharan Africa area. And it is not that they want to train than the rest of the world, but that it is a very active population due to economic reasons since a greater proportion of population in poorest countries is used in tasks such as agriculture or manual works, something that counts for movement statistics. Because these social inequalities, in the end, are represented in a very varied arc of situations, and in the study itself we can see that the activity index barely varies between people with low income, but that when life is somewhat more accommodated, Sedentary lifestyle also increases. And the conclusion of the study is that, in the end, almost a third of adults around the world do not meet the recommended levels of physical activity and it would be a good idea that policies were strengthened to foster that exercise. In Xataka | The human being is not made to run, but to rest. At least according to a Harvard teacher

This map shows how the land will be within 250 million years. If fulfilled, Spain will be very lucky

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About 200 million years ago, the last supercontinent began to fragment. THE PANGEA DIVISION He gave way, very little by little, to the current geological composition. But that which separated will join again. The continents continue to movecolliding with each other, and a theory points out that it will be in 250 million years when another supercontinent arises. We have baptized it as PANGEA Ultimaand the truth is that it will give exactly the same what countries we have as neighbors. PANGEA Ultima. Plate tectonics It is curious because they continue to move under each other, and that is what has led to the theory of Continental derives. These movements are studied to understand the past, as well as to decipher the future, and one of those scholars is Christopher Scotese. This American geographer is the creator of the Paleomap Projectwhich seeks to show not only how the elements have moved these last 1,000 million years, but the prediction of that supercontinent future. And Scote elaborated This map: Who is the one who has inspired The one that opens this article: Curious neighbors. According to this, within 50 million years North America would have turned so much that Alaska would be in a subtropical latitude and Eurasia would also turn, but in the opposite direction, making Great Britain be closer to the North Pole. Africa will get closer to Europe and Arabia, disappearing both the Red and Mediterranean Sea and, within 100 million years, the Atlantic will start diminishing. It will be 150 million years when the Atlantic disappears as a result of being sucked by the American continent, bringing much more America and that block composed of Eurasia and Africa. And the culmination will occur within 200 million years how much that new supercontinent is formed, with the Indian as central sea and a curious neighborhood mixture. According to this model, Latin America would be more or less the same, but with African neighbors in the east. Cuba would be stuck to the United States, Greenland would be next to Canada (bad luck, Trump) and Spain would continue to bordered France and Portugal, but also with Italy, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. England would also have stuck to France and Korea would be in a curious sandwich between Japan and China. It will give exactly the same. But the truth is that it doesn’t matter what your new neighbors seem, not because, obviously, you will not be there to suffer them, but because it is possible that humanity has become extinguished by then. Not because we sometimes strive in it, but because conditions will not be the most suitable for the life of mammals. In a study Published in Nature, the researchers predicted that 92% of the land would be Inhabitable for mammals. The reason is that, in a simulation of the climate of this new supercontinent, it is estimated that the temperatures of much of Pangea Ultima will be more than 40ºC, but also the amounts of CO₂ will make the life of the mammals … complicated. Due to the number of shocks between plaques, there will be a great volcanic activity that will increase the CO₂ EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERA, heating not only the planet, but promoting that the levels of that co₂ bend to the current ones. In addition, the Sun will be 2.5% luminous at that time because its nuclear fusion rhythm will have increased and is something that will contribute to the planet, in addition, to be drier. Spain or so bad. It is not a panorama too encouraging, the truth, since plant life will also experience a massive extinction, but researchers point out that conditions may not be so bad in all parts of the New World. Thus, those closest to the upper part of the North Pole, could have cooler conditions that will facilitate a better adaptation to life. And Spain, Portugal, Morocco or England are in that stage. There is also the possibility that we become specialists in desert environments, becoming night animals in something similar to what is seen in ‘Dune‘. Alexander Farnsworth, one of the researchers who have simulated the climatic conditions of that future, also analyzed From the most serious point of view how life makes its way in Arrakis’s climate and points to that parallelism with the land within 250 million years. One more. Is it this how the land of within 250 million years will be seen? Namely, but there are several hypotheses formulated these last decades that, in one way or another, point to the existence of that supercontinent. One is Novopangeawhere the Pacific will close. Another is Auricawith the closure of both Atlantic and the Pacific. And another model is Amasiawith the union between Asia and America. And the model does not care, they are still similar to the Last Pangea And, after that new supercontinent, the estimate is that the Atlantic will open again, separating the countries and starting a new cycle of rupture. What will happen to life? Well, it will make its way, as the great Jeff Goldblum already said in ‘Jurassic Park‘, because mass extinctions … There have been several. Image | Caffete In Xataka | The land has moons that we do not know: exploring them is key to revealing the secrets of our solar system

The lunar map of Johannes Hevelius, the first satellite cartography published in 1647

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More and more countries achieve what until not too many decades seemed impossible: placing a satellite in The moon. To the difficult mission of sending a probe to hundreds of thousands of kilometers away we can add the double challenge of doing it in your hidden face, unlocked by China Some years ago. One side of the moon in permanent state of escapism to the naked eye. Unlike the hidden face, the one that we can always observe from our homes has been a reason for study and analysis for endless astronomers from several centuries ago. And in such special ephemeris it is worth remembering the first time in which human knowledge drew the known surface of the moon. A Polish did it from the roof of his house, and it took five years to complete the feat. We talked about Johannes Hevelius, Latinized form of Jan Heweliusz. Born in the current Gdańsk, once Danzig, Hevelius would publish in 1647 the first great Atlas of the Moon. Literally. His Selenographia, Sive Lunae Descriptionone of the most celebrated scientific books of the seventeenth century, compiled a good handful of detailed maps that disseminated among popular culture what other scientists and astronomers They suspected long ago. Color version Heweliusz undertook his work, in part, to complete the unfinished and still imperfect designs by Galileo at the beginning of the century. Son of a rich merchant Cervecer, Heweliusz had to attend family businesses first before devoting himself fully to astronomy. It was his unusual social position and his great wealth that allowed him Build telescopes precise and long -range that would install on the contiguous roofs of their homes in Gdańsk. Long night looking at the sky Of methodical procedure, Heweliusz combined in its publication a technical knowledge very high with a Artistic sense More than respectable. Our man inspected the lunar surface every night, Drawing by hand The apprehended reliefs and moving them to a copper plate later. The process of observation, drawing and printing would have almost a five years before being able to finish such a titanic task. With annotations. The result of his work is admirable today. Hevelius’s moon is a hand -drawn moon with great aesthetic sense and, at the same time, enormous astronomical value. On your maps, Heweliusz He proceeded to baptize The topographic characteristics of the satellite from the geographical accidents of the Earth. The Polish interpreted bays, deserts and meanders where there were only craters. Years later, Toponymic work of Giambattista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi four years later, in 1615, the baptisms of Hevelius would expire. His maps, however, did survive, and served as a basis for many others elaborated by Other astronomers Europeans in later decades (such as Joanne Zahn in 1696 or Rost in 1723). Of course, the publication had A great tour and caused the usual scandal in the ecclesiastical estate. Hevelius, Polish and therefore Catholic, followed the teachings of another famous compatriot, Copernicus, and believed that the earth Orbitaba Around the sun. Another map included by Hevelius. At that time the representatives of God on earth were not in a position to accept the truth (a patent thing in their recent judgment to Galileo). So when Niccolo Zucchi, an Italian astronomer well related to the Vatican, gave Pope Innocent X a copy of the Selenographia from Hevelius his holiness He replied: “It would be a book without any comparison, of not having been written by a heretic.” Since the Church would lose that game, the Selenographia Heweliusz would mark a before and after in our knowledge of the moon. The astronomer would advance other technical aspects of the telescope and, in addition, observe To other planets of the solar system (such as Jupiter or Saturn) to those who would baptize as “fixed stars.” Despite his privileged vision to the moon, he won the planets cataloging. The astronomer would also leave sketches of his “fixed stars.” Be that as it may, Hevelius’s work marked the imagination of Europeans to the moon during the coming centuries. Already in the 19th century and in the twentieth century the new technical advances would take us from the first high definition images of the lunar surface to the moon landing of 1969. Of course, Hevelius was far from the first occasion in The one we saw The hidden face: it was in 1959 thanks to a satellite Soviet. Today we have closed a circle initiated largely by pioneers like Heweliusz, the astronomer enriched by beer. In Xataka | The land has moons that we do not know: exploring them is key to revealing the secrets of our solar system

I have tried the first Spanish recharge points map for electric cars. I have good and bad news

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Electric Red of Spain has made public Revethe first official map that reflects the recharge points In Spain. The public company has collected the dynamic data of the entire infrastructure of the national territory, creating a free map that, a priori, contains all the information. The problem? Information about these recharge points is sent to Red Eléctrica by their own operators. In other words, if the operator does not send the data … the load point does not exist for the service. I have been able to prove this service to deepen its operation. I have good and bad news. Web and app. Reve It is a web page where we can access the real -time map of recharge points in Spain. The interface is quite simple and friendly, with five possible scenarios for recharge points. Group of site Available points Points where you are loading Reserved points Points out of service Despite being a web page, the interface is mainly aimed at using it with the mobile phone, and works practically as an application. The filters. One of Reve’s strengths is in the quality of the filters. We can select the operator, being available the following: Act Endesa X Way ETECNIC Iberdrola Clients Iberdrola | BP press Moeve PowerDot Repsol Wenea Services Easycharger In addition to the filter per operator, it can be sought by power, type of connector, price (€/kW), available payment method and even services at the point (recreational area, restaurant, supermarket, taxi stop, wifi, etc.). No, you haven’t read Tesla yet. As you may have appreciated, among the available companies It is not Teslaand we cannot filter the American company to find all its loaders. However, if we are looking for “Tesla”, the main supercores appear. And I say “the main”, because not all. In fact, some supercargators with several years of life in Spain do not appear on the map. It is, without a doubt, the main stick that I have found to this website. It will not replace any app. This map is raised as a platform in which to find the 25,685 load points of the country’s main suppliers (except Tesla chargers), but not as a direct rival for the best apps, such as Electromaps. Image | Xataka In Xataka | Spain goes a lot behind Western Europe in the implementation of the electric car. And this map illustrates it

North Africa was outside the bronze age map. A metallic waste has been put in the center of history

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If we look at the map From the Bronze Age, we observe that much of Europe and the Middle East are the protagonists of the period of the Ancient bronze. For a long time it was estimated that Egypt was the only focus of Metallurgical development In Africa during the Bronze age. For years, we thought that the rest of the territories were empty and it was with the Phoenicians when settlements and metal development began. We were wrong. And young archaeologists have shown that Morocco was more connected to other Mediterranean regions of what we thought. And the Kack Kouch settlement is the test. The Phoenicians. The Maghreb was an absent zone in the debates about late prehistory in the Mediterranean region. It was known that he received some influences from the European bronze, but they were pieces, because they did not produce their own metallurgy until the colonization of the Phoenicians. Morocco arrived around 800 AC, founding colonies such as Lixusbut it turns out that there were already stable settlements on the Mediterranean coasts of Africa. In North Africa, the representation is Egypt … and it ended Kach Kouch location Kach Kouch. In 1988, a team formed by Moroccan and Spanish researchers discovered the settlement of Kach Kouch. It was an important finding, since the survey made in 1992 revealed that, at some point between the VIII or VI ac centuries, there had erected a half -hectare camp with cabins built with mud. It was probably an agricultural people and the researchers said that, probably, Kach Kouch had been founded by Phoenician sailors to control access routes to the Mediterranean from the Lau River. Why the Phoenicians? Because the remains found belonged to amphorae of this culture that would have served to transport wine, oil or wheat. Frozen. After the 1992 excavation, the archaeological site had not been analyzed again, until now. He Kach Kouch Archaeological Projectled by researchers from the National Institute of Archeology of Morocco, set out to reach the bottom of the settlement. Literally. The SE development In two phases – in 2021 and 2022 – and, although the archaeological interest was present in both, one of the objectives was that the students of the institute be formed in archaeological methodology. What they found was far beyond what would be expected of training practices: Kach Kouch was not a Phoenician settlement, but had centuries there. Through drones, differential GPS, 3D models and radiocarbon dating, the team of researchers discovered that three phases of occupation had been given in the settlement. Occupation phases | Image of The Conversation, H. Benattia Ancestral occupation. These occupation phases were between 2200 AC and 600 BC and the researchers They have isolated The three phases due to the remains they found. First phase: Between 2200 and 2000 AC the remains are scarce, such as ceramic fragments without decorating, a flint lasc and bovine bones. It could have been a sporadic occupation, but existing. Second phase: Between 1,300 or 900 AC the occupation would have already been stable with circular housing and warehouses, evidencing a sedentary society. Kach Kouch would be agricultural, mainly, due to the silos and grinding stones found. For the remains, it is estimated that they cultivated barley and wheat that complemented with the breeding of sheep, goats and cows. Third phase: Between 800 and 600 AC here and the Phoenicians have played a role. This external cultural influence brought elements such as ceramics to lathe and iron tools, which were mixed with local architecture and stone buildings. From left to right: plant remains, carved bones, flint lacquers The metal. Therefore, the new discovery indicates that, centuries before the arrival of the Phoenicians, Kach Koach was already a stable settlement. But there is a key piece that reveals that the first bronze object found in the region could have arrived through the broader exchange networks of the Mediterranean: among the important recent discoveries, a bronze fragment dated between 1110 and 920 ac This is the oldest bronze evidence in the Maghreb area and, although the phrase is very manida, it is something that changes everything in the archeology of North Africa because the fragment is a waste of the function in a mold, but it is the oldest bronze object known in North Africa if we do not have Egypt into account. In the image on the right, we see a rest of an amphora. On the right, objects A a are grinding tools. E a g are the metal remains so relevant The Phoenician influence. Hanza Benattia is one of the authors of the study, as well as the director of the Kach Kouch archaeological project and, as explained in The conversationevidently the Phoenicians played a role in this story. During the VIII and VII AC centuries, the inhabitants of the settlement had the same material, architectural and economic culture they had during the previous phase, but contact with the Phoenicians introduced new cultural practices. “For example, circular housing coexisted with other squares made of stone and framework of wood and mud, combining phenistic and local techniques,” says Benattia. In addition, he points out that products such as vine and olive tree began to be cultivated, and that was when they began to use ceramics made around and the use of iron objects. This is the first thing that was found in 1992 and for what was considered that the settlement was Phoenician. However, the archaeologist points out that, towards 600 BC, the settlement was abandoned. There is no evidence of violence, so social or economic changes would have pushed the inhabitants to other more prosperous close settlements. To look for. It is curious how a simple waste from a material that should not be there changes the historical perception not only of a specific place, but of a region. As we said, the Magreb was excluded from the conversation about the late prehistory of the Mediterranean, but as Benattia points out, this discovery “not only … Read more

If the question is where and when to see the solar eclipse of March 29, NASA has created a map to answer you

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This Saturday 29 we will have a new opportunity to see an eclipse (partial) of sun, at least if we are in an extensive region of the northern hemisphere that covers a good part of Europe (including Spain), but also parts of North America, Africa and Asia, and even a small region of South America. The eclipse, on a map. To help visualize where and when the Eclipse de Sol can be seen, the US space agency, NASA, has published a map in which the region is represented from which this partial eclipse will be visible. The map also includes time information with which to guide us. The yellow lines of the map They allow us to get an idea to what extent the sun covered by the moon will be depending on the place where we find ourselves. The area where more darkness is reached is located on Canada and Greenland, where more than 80% of the solar disc will be covered. The point of greatest concealment will see how it disappears about 93.1% of the disc area. The green lines, meanwhile, indicate the moment in which this maximum solar concealment occurs in each area. The hours are indicated in coordinated universal time (UTC), which during winter coincides with the time of the Canary Islands archipelago. One more hour in the Peninsula and in the Balearic Islands. The dawn line. The orange lines delimit the area where the eclipse will occur during dawn. The points that travel the orange line located further west are the places where the eclipse ends during dawn, while the orange line further to the east shows us where the eclipse begins with dawn. The blue line located between both joins the points where the eclipse will reach its peak during dawn. The map created by NASA to illustrate the eclipse route. NASA Scientific Visualization Studio. Where will you see better. Yes We focus on Spainthe darkness will be greater the more we find ourselves. Thus, for example in A Coruña, 31.6% concealment will be reached, while in Mahón the concealment will be 8.85%. In Madrid and Seville the concealment will be similar, about 20%. Less than in cities such as Gijón or Ponferrada (about 27%), but more than others such as Barcelona or Murcia (around 13.5%). Animated visualization of the areas that will be hidden during the partial eclipse of the sun of March 29. POT. When will it be seen. The eclipse will arrive in the morning and the first autonomous community in being able to see it It will be that of the Canary Islands. Specifically, it will be in the surroundings of the Punta de los Reyes, in El Hierro, where the eclipse will begin at about 9:11, local time. The shadow will move in a northwest direction so that the last point of the Peninsula in being able to see the eclipse will be Euskadi, more specifically in Hondarribia, where the sun will look again fully at 12:41 a.m. On the map We can see how in most of the Peninsula the maximum of the eclipse will occur between 10:30 UTC (11:30, local time or CET), and 11:00 UTC (12:00 CET). Caution. Eclipses are astronomical events easy to seebut dangerous for our view if we do not take precautions. It is essential to use protection if we want to see the eclipse but it is not enough with simple sunglasses, we need specialized glasses to be able to see this type of event without putting the health of our eyes at risk. We also have ways of seeing the eclipse indirectly and safely. In Xataka | The solar eclipse of March 29 is the starting gun for something historical: Spain will see four eclipses in four years Image | NASA Scientific Visualization Studio

The US was prepared for total destruction in the cold war. This map for nuclear apocalypse illustrates it

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The launch of Nagasaki and Hiroshima atomic bombs It was a turning point. Practically, marked the end of the Second World War while starting a Cold war in which the United States and Russia were carried away by nuclear ecstasy. The two powers engaged in a nuclear career without controlbut it is not that they developed the crazy bombs: there were also lists of enemy objectives. And on an interactive map prepared by Future of Life We can see about 1,000 objectives to which the United States would launch a nuclear bomb. But there were many more. The map. In 2015, a study of the United States Strategic Air Command was declared – SAC – that showed a thousand potential objectives in the case of nuclear war. If this possibility flew over the heads of some with the recent Ukraine War, imagine the stage in a cold war in which you could have the feeling that the enemy could squeeze the “button” at any time. There are more than 800 pages in which the objectives of these strategic bombings with nuclear weapons are detailed to erase any enemy presence. In it map From the George Washington University we can not only appreciate some of the main objectives, but the secondary objectives of each of them. For example, if we select Berlin, we can see the objective list And consequences of that study of 1956. Beyond the cities, another priority was the aerodromes, keys to a Soviet counterattack, specifically those located in Belarus. Easting east. Apart from military objectives such as strategic points and aerodromes, the listIt includes more than 1,200 cities of the Soviet block. It is where we can see that more dots are gathered on the map of Future of Life and range from cities of Eastern Germany to China. Moscow would fall into the Red Square, directly (and on this map we can see the Impact of different bombs in any city). The Asian giant, will fight or not next to the Soviet block in case of war, was something that did not matter to SAC. He treated them as hostile, selecting military objectives, but also the Beijing capital. And something that several of the bombed cities have in common is that the SAC already assumed objectives of “population.” The bombs. The plan was well mounted because there was not only a list of objectives, but also the type of weapons that would be used. They would use a combination of atomic and thermonuclear weapons with yields between 1.6 to 15 megatons. Far from the 50 megatons of the Soviet Zar pump, but much more than the 16 kilotons of Little Boy and the 21 kilotons of Fat Man, which wreaked havoc in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. The megabomba. We have talked about the tsar pump, or tsar bomb, and in the United States there was also talk of it in 1956. It is not only the bomb that has caused the largest nuclear explosion so far, but it was 3,000 times more powerful than ‘Little boy’. The Russians had that bomb and the United States wanted an equal. In the declassified material, it is detailed how the SAC wanted a 60 megatones bomb. Not only did they identify him as something key in order to be tremendously deterrent but, in case of Soviet surprise attack, they could launch it at a strategic point to “ensure significant results even with a very small force.” In that nuclear ecstasy, the nuclear physicist Edward Teller (“Father” of the bomb H) proposed 1,000 metatones dissositive and up to 10 gigatons. 10 gigatons equals explosive power 670,000 times greater than that of the Hiroshima bomb. Luckily they did not do it, since affirmed that “would contaminate the earth”In the end, the US did not develop such a monstrous bomb. Nor the 60 megatones that the SAC wanted. And the media. And, within the plan, it also specified how the pumps would be launched. There were two systems: for the delivery of B-47 bombers, the United States would use its bases in the United Kingdom, Morocco and Spain. They would also use the B-52 from the US, although they were starting their journey. For the missile system, the eyelets would be loaded in the Snark, Rascal, Cross Bow and IRBM missiles. The first was a failure in the evidence and the great priority of President Eisenhower were the IRBM. These intermediate -reach ballistic missiles projected scope of up to 2,700 kilometers and the idea was to deploy them and throw them from the United Kingdom. Insured mutual destruction. But well, the United States had its Soviet axis attack plan, but the USSR also had its own. In the Soviet plans the Western military infrastructure, the industrial centers and large cities in both the US and its allies entered. They would do it by hydrogen pumps, tactical pumps that could mount on torpedoes and missiles released from mobile platforms. But although the logic could not reign in the massive development of weapons, the fear and that position of both ‘Mad’ countries did, or ‘insured mutual destruction’ that marked that, if a country launched a nuclear attack, automatically the other would respond with a proportional force. This led to threats over the years (such as the deployment of American missiles in Türkiye and Italy or the subsequent crisis of Cuba missiles, but fortunately it did not reach more. And what happens today. In 1986, the two countries reached the zenith of their nuclear arsenal and, from that moment, they dismantled much of their arsenal. The USSR came to have more than 40,000 heads while the United States reached 23,317, but as we say, different pacts and that tension that dissipated with the fall of the Berlin wall caused them to get rid of much of its arsenal. The problem is that other countries -china- have developed and are found enhancing its own nuclear arsenaland in recent years there is a kind of new … Read more

The 1803 map that aspired to summarize the entire history of humanity

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He 19th century It is still today one of the most fascinating periods in history. It produced numerous ideological, political and technical revolutions that forever shaped contemporary times. At the same time, he opened the doors of a world, expanding numerous discoveries, contacts between various civilizations and scientific advances. The change was structural and all levels. Hence the cartography also evolved. The dawn of modernity were plagued by graphic innovations that would give way to the cartographic crafts of our time. It was no longer simply to represent the world (after the century it would already be practically explored and uncovered in its entirety), but to locate the human being in it. Nature tamed, wasn’t it time for map To humanity itself? We have already seen how Illustrators like JH Colton either John B. Sparks They tried to do so through an innovative format: the river, a continuous current since the beginning of the times of which They would break down tributaries in the form of cultures and civilizations. Those were imaginative and prisoners of their time, plagued by a rampant Eurocentrism and full of historical and political clichés. However, they were interesting for themselves, because they aspired to capture in a single graph the passage of time. All the time. The work of both, but especially of Colton, would contribute to expand the explanation of history and social geography through graphic tools. But it wasn’t seminal. Such honor may correspond to the author of the probably first histomapa always: Friedrich StrassAustrian cartographer. Entitled Der Strom der Zeiten (The current of time), The Enlightenment would see the light as soon as 1803, time before Napoleon had raised his empire. The excellent graphic and bold finish of the representation would enjoy great success, being translated into several languages ​​and serving of remote influence for other activists, educators, geographers and illustrators (From Emma Willard until Eugene pick). Der Strom der Zeiten I drank in part of Joseph Priestly’s ideasBritish philosopher, and aspired to capture a vertical understanding of the history of human beings. Under the title of “History of the World”, part of a gray nebula of which cultures already known by then. The Greeks, the Assyrians, the Italians, the Chinese or the Phoenicians. Strass focuses your attention in European peoples and cultures, marginalizing the development or prominence of African or Asian empires. The beginning of everything. (David Rumsey Collection) Detail of the first villages. (David Rumsey Collection) The importance of the Roman Empire. (David Rumsey Collection) It was a common evil of the illustrators, intellectuals, scientists and European thinkers of the time. China and India monopolized half of the world’s population and half of its economic production for centuries. However, the Strass river quickly focuses on The Roman Empire Like the Muñidor of so many civilizations of the present, and from which numerous central states would arise to the development of Europe, such as Spain or France. Eastern cultures. (David Rumsey Collection) Latin kingdoms. (David Rumsey Collection) Taxes arise, unify and disappear as time progresses. Strass’s historical gaze was essentially elitist: he listed the monarchs and leaders based on their possessions (Felipe II and Carlos V become the longest river tributary of their time) in chronological way. To the right are felt Asian civilizations. Others, such as African or American, do not even appear. Der Strom der Zeiten It is an incomplete map of human history, but one of great relevance for the development of a different look at the passing of time and the position of the human being in it. And next to all this, it is still beautiful today. In Xataka | The way in which each European language counts up to 99, explained in an interesting map In Xataka | The lunar map of Johannes Hevelius, the first satellite cartography published in 1647

His first data revalidates Einstein and put the dark matter on the map

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The Euclid telescope, launched in 2023 by the European Space Agency, has finished overwhelming its first great task. Designed to make a map in detail of the universe To help us understand dark matter and energy, Euclid has been analyzing three regions of heaven from point L2 of Lagrange. Despite being just the First mission data setwhich will extend at least until 2030, the European space telescope has already detected 26 million galaxies, some of which are 10.5 billion light years. Now the team, aided by volunteers and learning algorithms for reinforcement, has begun to publish the most complete and detailed map of the distribution of objects of the universe, which includes huge clusters of galaxies, bright quasars fed by supermassive black holes and gravitational lenses that divert the light of farthest objects. A first look at the Cosmic Network A deep field image of the Euclid space telescope Galaxies are not randomly distributed. They form a structure called Cosmic Network, similar to a web, whose filaments are made of ordinary matter and dark matter. Dark matter does not emit light, but affects the way galaxies are formed and evolved. Euclid accurately measures the shape, size and distance of galaxies to understand how the cosmic network is organized. He map that is makingwhose first three pieces have just completed, will be key to finding out what dark matter and dark energy are really. We know that dark matter exists because it gravitationally affects galaxies (it turns them faster than expected). And we know that there is a dark energy responsible for accelerating the universe. But they are a mystery. Different types of galaxies classified by human volunteers and the AI ​​of ESA Since its deployment, Euclid has sent 100 GB of data daily. It is impossible to manually classify each image, so scientists resorted to artificial intelligence and citizen science to classify 380,000 galaxies. 10,000 human volunteers collaborate in galaxyzoo.org To teach a so -called Zoobot to identify the different forms of galaxies. The volunteers classify the objects (“spirals”, “with arms”) and their responses are used to reset the AI ​​or readjust the accuracy of the algorithm. 5,000 strong gravitational lenses Gravitational lenses detected by Euclid One of the aspects that most excite scientists in the first Euclid data set are gravitational lenses. Euclid has already detected about 5,000 possible strong gravitational lenses, very rare objects that form obvious visual effects, such as arches or Einstein rings. These curvatures of space-time, predicted by the theory of general relativity, allow to observe distant objects that would otherwise be invisible, helping to understand how dark matter is distributed. It is expected that at the end of the mission, Euclid has identified about 100,000 strong lenses, multiplying the amount we currently know. Questions to solve The Euclid space telescope had a complicated deployment due to the accumulation of ice in its lens, but the ESA engineers managed to solve any setback. The results published today demonstrate the very high sensitivity of the telescope. During the next few years, Euclid will observe between 30 and 50 times these regions of the cosmos, accumulating more and more information and discovering new galaxies and phenomena. Added to the observations of the newly released NASA Spherex Telescopethe information we will have of the universe will increase exponentially. With the most detailed map of the universe, scientists will try to understand the nature of dark matter and dark energy, which make up 95% of the universe, and how they relate to each other, while solving other transcendental questions: what is the structure and history of the cosmic network? How has the expansion of the universe changed over time? Is the theory of the gravity of Einstein complete, or does it need large -scale modifications? Images | THAT In Xataka | 110 years later, Einstein continues to win bets: the Euclid telescope has discovered a ring in space-time

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