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All the skulls of the great apes were equally large. Until homo sapiens got fifth

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Talk about the human evolution is talking about a gigantic puzzle of which we have completed a large percentage, but whose last pieces resist us. There are many who continue trying to put these pieces together, and each new fossil studied brings us one step closer to the goal… or to rethink everything. One of those questions was at what rate the hominid brain evolved compared to that of the great apes, and the conclusion of a new study It has been devastating. Double. The hypothesis. The researchers at University College London, led by the Spanish Aída Gómez-Robles, started from a well-known premise: current humans have brains about three times larger than those of our closest ape relatives. And not only a different sizealso a noticeably different cranial structure. While most great apes have forward-projecting faces and small brains, humans have a flatter face with a larger head and rounded. The exception among the apes would be the gibbons and their heads were rounded, but with much smaller brains. The hypothesis they used was that these craniofacial adaptations evolved at an accelerated rate in humans thanks to the advantages of having a large brain, but also that social factors would have influenced this accelerated transformation. The study. The team examined virtual models of skulls of several species of modern primates. Thus, they analyzed the skulls of seven species of “great apes” including humans, two species of gorillastwo of orangutans, chimpanzees and bonobosas well as nine species of hylobatids or “lesser apes”, like the aforementioned gibbons. To do this, and using a technique that allows landmarks to be mapped onto anatomical structures, the researchers divided each skull into four sections. They analyzed the markers of the upper face, lower face, front and back of the head and compared between all the skulls analyzed. As a control group, they used hylobatids, since the species separated from hominids about 20 million years ago and they realized something: while gibbons are very similar to each other, hominids are very different from each other. And, among them, humans are the ones that evolved the most. At an astonishing speed, too. Face + neuroskull. The conclusion is that the human brain It evolved twice as fast as that of other hominids. Studies have already been done on additional factors driving accelerated changes in the brain and skull, but this study is the first to quantify the speed at which different species evolved. And, in addition to speed, what they found is that the human face transformed almost as quickly as the neuroskull. Brain expansion and facial flattening are related, but in other species there is not such a clear relationship between the evolution of the neurocranium and the face. Therefore, the team concluded that there was something external at play: a selective pressure caused because we started living in a society. “The face is the interface through which we interact with other people, so a possible explanation is that the selective pressure that caused its accelerated evolution is related to how we interact with each other in a social group,” exposes Gómez-Robles. Implications. This has not happened exclusively with humans. In the case of gorillas, the UCL team concluded that they had had the second-fastest rate of cranial evolution, probably also driven by social selection, which means a larger cranial crest is a symbol of higher social status. Now, as we said at the beginning, although the UCL study has demonstrated the evolution of human brain growth in relation to that of other similar species, there are still pieces of the great puzzle to put together. Future studies can examine other aspects to better understand what were those biological or social factors that drove the accelerated cranial development in humans. Images | UCL, Jacklee In Xataka | A 4.4 million-year-old ankle has rewritten human history: our first steps were not as we thought

They seemed like useful tools for WhatsApp Web, but they were part of a large spam campaign

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When it comes to using third-party applications and software that interact with WhatsApp, you have to be especially careful, since you never know what may lie in store for you. In this sense, a massive spam campaign has used 131 fraudulent extensions of Chrome to automate mass sending on WhatsApp Web, affecting more than 20,000 users. Researchers at cybersecurity firm Socket have reported of the operation, which has remained active for at least nine months. what has happened. According to the investigationthe extensions were presented as CRM or contact management tools for WhatsApp, promising to increase sales and improve productivity. Names like YouSeller, Botflow or ZapVende hid their true function: injecting code directly into WhatsApp Web to send massive messages without the user’s permission, bypassing the platform’s anti-spam systems. The spam business model. According to Socket, all extensions They shared the same code base and they came from a single Brazilian company, DBX Tecnologia, which sold a white label reseller program. Researchers say that affiliates paid about 2,000 euros in advance to rename the extension with their own logo and name, promising recurring income of between 5,000 and 15,000 euros. “The goal is to keep massive campaigns running while evading anti-spam systems,” explains security researcher Kirill Boychenko. How the fraud worked. The extensions used sophisticated techniques to manipulate WhatsApp Web. They ran alongside legitimate WhatsApp scripts, using internal functions to automate message sending. Users could configure send intervals, pauses, and batch sizes specifically designed to circumvent detection algorithms. According to the researcher, DBX Tecnologia even published tutorials on YouTube explaining how to adjust these parameters to prevent WhatsApp from blocking accounts. Why is it dangerous. Although these extensions are not considered malware classic, they also represent a significant risk. When an extension injects code into web applications like WhatsApp, it can read your messages, monitor your actions, and send automated content using your account. The extensions had full access to the page WhatsApp Webpotentially allowing them to access private conversations and personal data. What to do now. According to firm, Google has already removed the extensions from its store, although they were available for more than nine months, accumulating tens of thousands of downloads. If you have installed any extension related to WhatsApp or message automation and it appears in the list of extensions provided by the research, you must delete it immediately. To do this, access ‘chrome://extensions‘ in your browser, review the entire list and uninstall any suspicious or unrecognized tools. Above all, pay attention to extensions that request permissions to access all websites or modify page data. Just because it’s in the store doesn’t mean it’s safe.. Socket recommends Regularly review installed extensions, reject those that ask for excessive permissions, and be wary of tools that promise to “boost” popular services. The presence of an extension in the Chrome Web Store does not guarantee security, as well as in the rest of the extension and application stores. Cover image | AI-generated with Gemini In Xataka | It’s a matter of time before WhatsApp ends up filling your phone’s memory, unless you do these three things

Europe is preparing for a large -scale war

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That the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 activated all alerts in the rest of Europe is beyond doubt. First there was a warm way “Rearme”then they began to appear Ideas from the past and the first initiatives (special mention to the Automobile industry) where it was perceived that something was brewing. Then it was confirmed that it would start on the roadswith Italy giving the exit gun with An impossible architecture For war propaganda. However, nothing like satellites to betray the real state of things. Unprecedented reindustrialization. I told it in exclusive the Financial Times. The European arms industry has entered an accelerated expansion phase, multiplying by three the usual growth rate in peacetime and adding more than 7 million square meters In new facilities. A analysis From the medium based on radar data from Sentinel-1 satellites of the European Space Agency, which covered 150 facilities of 37 companies, reveals that a third of the locations dedicated to ammunition and missiles shows clear signs of extension or construction. It is a generational change that is displacing the production model “just in time” towards an industrial base capable of sustaining a foot of prolonged warwith deep implications for the defensive capacity of the continent and the sustainability of the supply to Ukraine. The role of the ASAP program. Much of this expansion is linked to European program Act in Support of Ammunition Production (ASAP), endowed with 500 million euros To solve bottlenecks in the manufacture of ammunition and missiles. Of the 88 sites associated with ASAP, 20 show substantial extensionsincluding new factories and roads, while 14 record minor improvements such as parking. The plants dedicated to projectiles (especially 155 mm artillery) concentrate the bulk of the works, reflecting their strategic priority. Thanks to these investments, the annual ammunition production capacity in Europe will go from 300,000 units before the war about 2 million At the end of this year, with companies Like Rheinmetall increasing its production of 155 mm projectiles of 70,000 in 2022 to 1.1 million planned by 2027. Outstanding expansions. In Várpalota, Hungary, Rheinmetall and the state -owned N7 Holding They have opened A 30 mm ammunition plant for the combat vehicle KF41 LYNXwhich in the future will manufacture artillery projectiles, ammunition for Leopard 2 and Panther, and will have its own explosive plant. In Germany, MBDA expands its headquarters in Schrobesen with support of 10 million euros from the ASAP and a NATO contract for 5.6 billion dollars to produce up to 1,000 missiles Patriot Gem-T in European land. Norway has opened a Kongsberg plant, financed with 62 million dollarswhile Bae Systems invests More than 150 million of pounds in the United Kingdom, including multiplication for 16 of its 155 mm projectile production capacity in its Glascoed plant, Wales. Economic impact. Although potential production increases, industrial and governmental responsible They warn that the real volume will still be below the installed capacity, and that certain areas remain vulnerable. Experts like Fabian Hoffmann They point out thatTo sustain deterrence against Russia, NATO must reinforce its ability to long -range missileswhose manufacturing is limited by the low production of miniature reaction engines and explosive loads. These elements, together with aerial defense systems and drones, appear as possible objectives of a new European program of 1.5 billion euros that would replicate The ASAP model and would encourage joint purchase. The delicate balance. The current growth is result both European funds and national orders, reflecting a political convergence around the need to increase industrial mass. However, this impulse faces the budget pressure from which We have already spokentogether with the complexity of supply chains and global technological competition. In Baiba Braže wordsLastonia Foreign Minister, it is a “very positive and necessary” advance, but whose effectiveness will depend on the industry being ready to respond to The growing demand of NATO and that public resources are used effectively. If you want also, the challenge for Europe does not seem only to increase productive capacity, but to maintain it In the long termguaranteeing that the effort to rearma that is promoted so much is not diluted if the political or economic context changes. Image | Rawpixel In Xataka | Europe has realized that the rearme must begin on the roads: a Russian invasion would unleash a fatal congestion In Xataka | If Europe rearma we will find a problem that will affect us all: cars and trains

A large mass of cold air on our heads

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The first half of the summer of 2025 was of intense heat. Now, those days seem distant for many: temperatures have descended significantly and everything indicates that they will remain for a while. The responsible: a large mass of cold air. A cold dough. Temperatures this week They will continue to be low In a good part of the country, according to expert forecasts. At least for what would correspond to this time of the year: the last days of July and early August is precisely where the cannula is usually given, the summer point in which the temperature peak is reached. The reason is in a large mass of cold air located on Western Europe and that also covers part of the Iberian Peninsula. Behind this situation are the undulations of the polar jet. A more undulating jet current of what is usually common is responsible for bringing to our latitudes this mass of cold air and the consequent atmospheric instability. More than fresh air. The low temperatures at this time of the year are striking in themselves, but they are not alone: in some areas it is expected that rainfall and storms continue during this week, although for now it is not expected to reach the intensity of The episodes seen last week. The forecasts From the State Meteorology Agency (Aemet) they talk about “abundant” rainfall today in the Eastern Cantabrian and North of the Pyrenees, With yellow warnings activated in eastern Catalonia. A situation that will be similar tomorrow, with rainfall also in the area of Cabo de la Nao and again with notices for rains activated on the Catalan coast. On the border. The situation will not be homogeneous. Not much less. While the north of the Peninsula and the Mediterranean basin experience a thermal decrease, temperatures will exceed the fork of the 34º to 36º in the southwest quadrant, especially inside. Aemet has activated various notices due to high temperatures in these areas, among which orange notices (important risk) in the valleys of Guadiana and Guadalquivir. The maximum could reach 41º in areas such as the Cordoba countryside. A warm August. We do not know exactly when this “cold episode” will end but Medium -term reviews indicate A second half of August in which temperatures could be warmer again than usual. We will have to wait to verify the evolution, but for now what seems safe is that this year’s canicle will not be how we could have anticipated a few weeks ago. In Xataka | What came fast, fast is going: the big basins already have their reservoirs less than 80% of their capacity Image | ECMWF

Large basins already have their reservoirs less than 80% of their capacity

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Summer is affecting Spanish reservoirs. After almost a year of Hydrolyogical recoverysummer goes to the amount of reservoir water, which has been especially reduced in the downtown and north basins. Two months. Since reaching its annual peak before the start of summer, the amount of water retained in Spanish swamps has descended significantly. If at the end of May the Spanish Water Reserve It was 77.5% of its capacity, nine weeks later It is 68.4%. At a light pace. The speed at which the swamps are emptying this summer It’s somewhat faster that the average of recent years and considerably faster than in the last two summers. If in their peak the Spanish reservoirs accumulated 43,407 cubic hectometers (HM³), now they have 38,311 hm³, a decrease of 11.74% compared to this maximum (9.1% less compared to the total capacity of the system). This fall is somewhat greater than usual in this period. If we took the same dates last year, the fall was 8.88%, while the average of the last 5 years was 11.18% for the same dates. 10.98% if we consider the last 10 years. Different basins, different falls. The basin most affected by this fall is that of the coast of Galicia. The reservoirs of this basin have passed to save 548 to 417 hm³or what is the same, 23.91% less water. Among the big basins, the largest falls have been seen in the Duero, which went from 7,040 to 6,031 hm³ (a 14.33%drop); and of the Guadalquivir, which passed from 4,905 to 4,206 hm³ (14.25% less). Less restrictions. Part of the difference can be explained with the end of the drought that threatened our reservation last year at this point, a drought that affected all the basins of the Peninsula. The lack of water led the administrations to introduce Measures to limit consumption water. Some measures that, as the rains arrived, were being lifted by the different administrations that introduced them. Now, After relaxing the measureswater consumption has been able to increase and, with it, the speed at which our swamps empties. A June of the most anomalous. Summer is always a time of water stress: rainfall is usually minor and water consumption is greater. This year this is especially true, especially during the month of June. The summer of 2025 began strongly. June was not only an extremely warm month (the warmest since we have records), it was also a drier month than is usually common on dates. Precipitation was about 68% of the usual in peninsular Spain. Heat implies greater Evaporation of reservoirs water. A study Posted in 2000 It estimated at 1,400 hm³ the evaporated water in reservoirs and wetlands of Spain. This figure, of course, depends on factors such as temperature, but also on others such as the filling of the reservoirs (more water, more surface; already more surface, more evaporation). Heat makes more water to refresh us, also through greater energy consumption, and the lack of rains in some contexts must be supplied with water from reservoirs. In Xataka | The next great drought is a matter of time. It is the one we have to solve the problem of sediments in reservoirs Image | Pedro Luis Domínguez Ruiz

We are champions in productivity with medium and large companies. The problem is that with SMEs we lose by win

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The OECD data has been putting the red lantern to Spanish productivity decades. However, that perception does not Low productivity in Spain It does not fully adjust to the reality that reflect the Recent OECD reports. Such and as they highlight in The confidentialalthough the global data show a very discreet increase, companies of between 10 and 250 workers exceed productivity to the average of their peers in the OECD. However, the big problem is that 95.1% of Spanish business fabric is made up of SMEs with between 0 and 10 employees. What the OECD says about Spain. The OECD, in Your productivity report Of 2024, it evidences that the average annual growth of the hour per hour worked in Spain has been 0.5% per year, while the OECD as a whole has registered an average of 1.2%. That places the country clearly below the average of the Club of developed economies. Despite this scenario, a BBVA Foundation Analysis On the evolution of the total productivity of the factors (PTF), which combines the productivity of labor and capital to leave a photo closer to the reality of companies, says a growth of 0.9% interannual of this parameter. Which reinforces the conclusions of the OECD on the growth of productivity in Spain, which is like the Second country with greater growth of productivity in the last two decades. However, beyond the global data of Spain, the graphics of the OECD productivity study value the largest companies already medium -sized as a productivity engine in Spain. Thus, the OECD evidence that the mismatch in productivity is not so much between Spain and Europe as a whole, but among the different company sizes within the country itself. Total productivity of the factors (PTF) by country. Source: Productivity Council of Spain Microenterprises: many and unproductive. As recognized From the report From the Productivity Council in Spain, the most relevant feature of the Spanish productive fabric is that 95.1% of Spanish companies have less than ten employees, confirming that microenterprise is the standard in Spain, not the exception. According to the OECD dataSpanish microenterprises generated in 2023 an added value of $ 56,990 per worker, compared to $ 108,356 per employee generated by large companies. That means that large companies are 90% more productive than SMEs. The productivity of microenterprises is 15.3% below the OECD average and represents one of the main ballasts for the national average. He OECD diagnosis On microenterprises it is clear: having many very small companies limits the Productivity improvements and investment capacity. Medium companies approve with note. The highlight of the international comparative analysis is that, according to the OECD, “Spanish medium -sized companies have a productivity higher than the EU average, standing above the other advanced countries in their category.” In percentage terms, Spanish companies of 10 to 49 employees are 8.7% more productive than the OECD average; those of 50 to 250 employees 9.1% and those of more than 250 employees 5.2%. In other words, only 4.9% of companies in Spain would be above the OECD average, occupying avant -garde positions in terms of competitiveness in markets International The challenge: increase size and investment. The recipe that the OECD gives to Improve productivity Of these microenterprises it is clear, but it is not simple to apply: it is necessary to seek improvements in productivity through Investment and innovationimproving the value added by employee so that the business fabric gains size. According to 2023 dataSpain is at the tail in investment in machinery, ICT assets and i+d. Precisely, a Report of the Bank of Spain He pointed to productive investment as the key to business growth. The report emphasizes that private business investment had not managed to recover prepondondemic levels, while public investment in this area had recovered and grew at a good pace. In Xataka | Some researchers have analyzed the working day in Spain: the same thing that 40 years ago is worked, but in worse jobs Image | Unspash (Sherman Yang) We believed that in Spain we were not productive, but medium and large companies exceed the OECD average. That is the problem

Cantabria wants more visitors in the Cabárceno Park. So you will create a large alpine slide to travel at 40 km/h

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He Cabárceno Parkin Cantabria, he is famous for his animal reserves and having reached a curious World milestone: Become a reference in the captivity of African elephants. Now those responsible want the enclosure to be known for something else, a spectacular Alpine slide of 1.2 kilometers in which speeds of 40 km/h will be reached. At the moment we only have the plans Included in your technical report, but they are enough to open the appetite. What is your goal? That the park is more attractive and capture more visitors. Two words: Alpine Tobogán. He Cabárceno Parka half -way space between the traditional zoo and an enclosure to safaris nestled in the middle of Santander region, wants to become more attractive. And he wants to do it big, with a claim designed for the most adventurous: a Alpine slide. Also known as “Alpine Coaster”the alpine slides are neither more nor less than rail circuits designed so that visitors can slide through them aboard sled taking advantage of the slope of the mountains. In Andorra they have a very popular one: The Tobotroncwith a route of more than five kilometers. Trips at 40 km/h. The alpine slide that Cantabria wants to build may not reach the size of Tobotronc or The one of Hydersin Austria, where they have built another similar structure of almost three kilometers and a slope of 640 meters, but will be equally fascinating. According to He has revealed The autonomous government will measure 1.2 km (330 m of climb and 854 of descent) and those who rise to it can reach 40 km/h, although it will be the users themselves who regulate the march. 360 degree sleds and curls. They are not the only data that has transcended the project, promoted by the public company Cantur. The Cantabria Government has revealed that the infrastructure will have 25 sleds with capacity for two people who will save a level of 75 my will advance in a journey in Zigzag, with curves and two loopings of 360º. Nor is it necessary to imagine it. The Executive has published the Basic projectin which his future layout appears. Autumn of 2025? The project itself is not new. In October, the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sports of the Region, Luis Martínez Abad, He already spoke of him in Parliament, where he broke out some characteristics of the future slide. As he said then, the investment to carry out the structure would reach 1.5 million euros and the idea was that it was already operational in the autumn of 2025. The Montañés newspaper reveals Now that in the technical document an investment of three million euros, VAT included. It also seems difficult for the structure to be ready before 2026. That does not mean that the initiative is stopped. On the contrary. Yeah It has been news These days it is because the Government of Cantabria has just released the construction project. During the next few days anyone interested in the project can consult in The web of the General Directorate of Urbanism the plans and calculations of the future slide and, in case it creates it necessary, to present allegations. Aerial view of the area where the “Alpine Coaster” will be installed. Objective: Diversify. In October, during his speech at the Plenary of Parliament, Martínez Abad He claimed That the future Alpine slide “is not a whim, but an opportunity.” Now the government insists on the same idea: its purpose is to reinforce the attractiveness of the park to visit more people throughout the year. “The objective of this infrastructure is reason the Minister of Tourism. In 2023 the enclosure received more than 650,000 visitors, but that figure actually hides two major challenges. The first is that most of those visits They concentrated During a very concrete time of the year, during Holy Week and the summer months. The second challenge is that the enclosure is difficult to awaken the interest of the youngest population. The idea, The Cantabrian Government emphasizesis to attract people between 14 and 24 years old, which “less interest shows” now in the park. Wink. The slide will be located in an area close to the northern entrance of Obregón, “in a field not used of the installation,” Clarifies the Regional Executivewhich remembers that when planning the layout, a part of the park away from the animals has been sought (in Cabárceno, zebras, camels or Elephantsamong many other species), with trees and an adequate slope. The technicians have also wanted to launch a wink to the mining past in the region. “The project is developed in a unique environment of the vicinity of the local good of the old facilities of the Cabárceno Hierra Mineso it contemplates integrating the necessary infrastructure into the landscape environment, using cut steel, treated wood or glass to offer an external appearance similar to mining facilities ” Clarify. Among other things, those who climb to the sleds may contemplate the mining vestiges of caul. Images | Cantabria government, Jeremy Thompson (Flickr) and Tuscasasrural (Flickr) In Xataka | In his fight not to be “the North Ibiza”, Cantabria has taken a radical measure: limiting tourism in iconic areas

Bitcoin boasts decentralization. But a third is already in the hands of large centralized actors

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Bitcoin’s “whales” are getting bigger. This is what it indicates A recent study of Gemini and Glassnode in which there is talk of the great “centralized treasury of Bitcoin”, which already control 30.9% of the bitcoins that currently circulate. The data is striking, but it is not entirely conclusive, and the decentralization of cryptocurrency remains high. 216 Ballenatos. In 2021 we talked about how Bitcoin’s 10,000 most important investors They controlled more than a third of all cryptocurrencies in circulation. They were the great whales of the market, people or entities that had accumulated huge amounts of cryptodivisas. That concentration was already worrying, but now it is more: According to the data From the aforementioned study, there are now 216 large centralized entities that controls a third of all bitcoin in circulation. An upward trend. The report indicates how the total number of bitcoins that have ended up acquiring the great institutional and custody entities has grown up to 6,145,207 bitcoins. That represents an increase of 924% in the amount of bitcoins that such entities had a decade ago. Of hate to institutional love. During the past decade the vast majority of the institutions remained away from Bitcoin, but in recent times we have lived a unique change in the mentality of these entities. Companies and governments have begun to invest in Bitcoins in an extraordinary way, and Institutional love It is now a clear exponent of the situation – and the price – of Bitcoin. Companies that bet strongly. Bitcoin’s value does not suffer great changes weeks, but the enthusiasm on the part of the great entities continues. Strategythe firm led by Michael Saylor, Keep buying as if there were no tomorrow and already has 592,000 of these cryptodivises. Far away are others such as Mara Holdings (49,179) or Twenty One Capital, which It already has 37,230 bitcoins. Tesla, by the way, has 11,509 bitcoins, although that unusual interest seems to have stopped. Companies such as Exchange Coinbase (9,267) or the “Mining” Hut 8 mining corp (10,273) group also demonstrate that interest in monopolizing more and more bitcoins. And the countries, too. Not only are companies: some governments have also made strong investments in this cryptocurrency or have obtained it from seizures. The US is a good example: almost all of its 207,189 bitcoins come from the operations carried out against Silk Road or what He recovered In 2022 after the Bitfinex hacking In 2016. The North American country is the one that has the most BTC ahead of China (194,000) or the United Kingdom (61,000). El Salvador, who was especially notorious to end up becoming Bitcoin into legal tender and then backwardyou have much less, 6,089 bitcoins. They are still many. A misleading concentration. Although Gemini’s data are striking, they are also somewhat confused, especially because in their definition of large entities the large markets for the sale of cryptodivisas and The ETF and Bitcoin -based financial products. But it is that in reality the cryptocurrencies that accumulate these centralized entities – which are certainly – are not one of those entities in their vast majority, but of the investors that use them and operate in this market through such financial products. A more realistic figure. Similar studies such as Made by Bitmex Research in April reveal a somewhat less worrying concentration. Of the 21 million bitcoin that will end up producing, 11.9% are in the hands of companies and governments, but above all of ETFs and funds, as well as Indicates Bitcintreasuries. The vast majority (69.4%) are in the hands of independent investors, and especially surprises how 7.5% of all bitcoins that have occurred have ended up being lost forever. That percentage was even higher in 2017but since then it seems that those who invest in them have taken many measures to avoid losing them. Outstanding image | Erling Løken Andersen In Xataka | A man threw his hard drive and lost 700 million euros in Bitcoins. Now you will have your own series

We believed that the large numbers of soldiers dead in combat were a thing of the past. Until the Ukraine War arrived

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This week a New report Updated from the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington. The data, by drudos, left the imagination a few doubts: just over three years after the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the conflict has reached low figures that place it between The bloodiest of modern history. We have attended historical statistics to find out how much. The human cost of a stagnant war. As we said, the CSIS study revealed that the total number of dead or injured soldiers amounts to almost 1.4 millionof which around one million are Russians and 400,000 Ukrainians. This figure is even more shocking if it is considered that Ukraine does not publish its official data and that Russia, according to Experts warnsystematically underestimate your losses. The study is based on estimates from American and British sources, in addition to satellite images and field analysis. The slowest war. The work tells more things. For example, despite the huge number of casualties, Russian territorial advances since January 2024 have been practically insignificant: less than 1% of the conquered Ukrainian territory, with an average advance rhythm of just 50 meters per day, even more than even the more expensive offensives of World War I. Today, Russia occupies approximately the 20% of the Ukrainian territorybut without achieving decisive advances. This slowness, together with the Mass destruction Of war material, he has turned the Russian campaign one of the clearest examples of wear war of the 21st century. Irreplaceable losses. However, if something betrays the brutality of the contest in Ukraine, that is the data of the CSIS that estimates that at least 250,000 Russian soldiers They have died in combat, which represents the highest military mortality rate of any Soviet or Russian war since World War II. For its part, Ukraine would have lost between 60,000 and 100,000 soldiers. However, the proportion of forces in the front It is overwhelming: More than 400,000 Russian soldiers in front of about 250,000 Ukrainians, with Russia benefiting from a much larger population and aggressive replacement mechanisms. As We have counted: Moscow has avoided declaring a new general mobilization, but has resorted to Recruitment of prisonersdebtors and people with criminal causes, to whom it offers lucrative contracts or the cancellation of charges in exchange for the military service. CSIS data shows a shocking Moscow casualties against other conflicts where Russia was The historical scope. With the figure offered by the CSIS We have attended the historical statistics of similar war conflicts (excluding civil or genocide wars), all after World War II, to measure the scope and impact of the losses that are taking place in Ukraine on the Russian side. The base is that estimate of 250,000 losses since the beginning of the conflict in 2022. A point and apart. The first data we found is that the estimation of the 250,000 losses makes the Ukrainian conflict The most lethal For Russian forces since World War II, surpassing the losses in Afghanistan (1979–1989), where the USSR lost Around 15,000 soldiersbut in ten years. Comparatively, in the Korean War (1950–1953), China (the main ally of North Korea) lost Between 180,000 and 400,000 fighters in three years of conflict, while the United States registered some 33,700 casualties in combat. Not even Vietnam. In the Vietnam War (1955–1975), United States He suffered 58,220 deathsbut, again, it happened in a period of twenty years. For his part, Northern Vietnam lost Between 400,000 and 1.1 million Of soldiers, although those figures, again, accumulate over two decades. Even in the devastating Guerra Iran -ira (1980–1988), with close to One million combined casualtiesonly Iran exceeded the current Russian figures in a longer period, with estimates of 200,000 to 262,000 dead. Therefore, the intensity of Russian losses, concentrated in a short period, is exceptional in the history of contemporary interstate conflicts. Deep consequences. It is the last of the legs to analyze. Russia, despite having a population greater than Ukraine and, a priori, a deeper human replacement capacity, faces a accelerated erosion of their professional military capacity. Unlike previous conflicts where deaths were distributed in longer campaigns, the current wear of wear (right now around 7,000 soldiers dead per month) threat with structural degrade to its armed forces. If these levels are maintained, Russia could exceed the psychological and logistic threshold that prevents you from sustaining the offensive. In front of wars such as the Gulf (1990–1991), where Iraq lost between 20,000 and 35,000 soldiers In just over a month, or the invasion of Iraq in 2003, where the United States suffered less than 5,000 casualties In eight years, the contrast is, if possible, even more extreme. The war in Ukraine, in terms of direct military loss and temporary concentration, has become an atypical case for its lethality and its potential for internal destabilization for the aggressor country. Image | Ministry of Defense of UkraineCsis, Worldindata In Xataka | The true magnitude of the Ukraine drones attack to Russia has revealed the space: the bombers were not alone In Xataka | A technology 20 years ago took Ukraine to the Russian bombers. Moscow’s response comes from China: a laser cannon

A country has literally found the bomb -proof solution to the large electrical blackouts: Ukraine

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It happened a few hours ago. Among the multiple calls that the Spanish Government has received from countries, worrying about the emergency situation after The national blackoutone did not go unnoticed. Zelensky, president of Ukraine, called Pedro Sánchezand not only to show your support, but to provide all the necessary help. After all, if anyone knows about blackouts, that is the nation of the East. They have learned to survive in the dark and Russian bomb proof. The devastation of the electrical system. From the beginning of the large -scale invasion in February 2022, Russia has directed a good part of its attacks against infrastructure Ukrainian energy. Last summer, Ukraine had lost and in just three months More than nine gigawatts of generation capacity, more than a third of the one it owned before the war. According to Ukrenergo dataThis would be equivalent to the total demand of countries such as the Netherlands at peak hours, or even the sum of Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Winter. All state thermal plants were destroyed and all hydroelectric plants had suffered damage to missiles or drones. The strategy of Russian attacks was clear: it was not only sought to destroy military capacity, but to break the soul of a society through forced darkness, interrupting the most essential: Heating, running water, elevators, communications, operating rooms or the simple possibility of maintaining an organized civil life. Today, and according to the UN agency for refugees, More than 60% From the country’s electricity generation capacity it has been destroyed or useless. In a country where winter is not only a station but an existential threat, running without energy is running out of heating, without water, without communications. For millions, electricity represents the last bastion between dignity and precarious survival. Survive blackouts. He told the last July the BBC that the blackouts in Ukraine had become a presence as constant as the war itself. In cities such as Odessa, Kyiv or Zaporizhzhia, electricity was an intermittent luxury, a resource that appears and disappears under the buzzing of the generators or the sepulchral silence of the fallen network. In that context, electricity ceased to be just a comfort to become the threshold between life and death. Cases like Tetiana’smother of a child with serious disabilities, who lives that truth every day: her son depends on breathing machines, feeding and receiving medication. Without stable supply, his life hangs from a thread. In your home, prolonged blackouts (sometimes twelve hours a day) force to constantly feed a gasoline generator that, in addition, must stop every six hours so as not to overheat. When your child convulses, the minutes without mobile or ambulance coverage are transformed into torture. In words to the British environment“You can die if you don’t receive oxygen. I am missing words.” Thus thin is the line between chaos and survival. Scheduled cuts. In August of last year there was a substantial change in the struggle of Ukraine to the blackouts. A Mondayhundreds of missiles and Russian drones fell on the nation. First the electricity was cut, then the water. That day marked the Greater Russian air attack against Ukrainian energy infrastructure since the beginning of large -scale invasion. The bombing continued the next day, raising the number of deaths to twelve and leaving millions of people throughout the country. The largest private energy company in Ukraine, DTEKmade a decision: Apply scheduled cuts In multiple regions: Kyiv, Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk. On the periphery of the capital, the neighbors began to live with six hours of blackout followed by two hours with electricity, in the early morning. A rhythm that allowed planning (even if not resting). Loading with energy. The result of the situation is that Ukraine has learned to live with the blackouts. What would have paralyzed the country before, today faced with Decentralized solutions. In Kyiv, the so -called “invincibility points” offer citizens electrical charge and the Internet during the cuts. But many do not even go to them: they have made portable batteries an object as essential as mobile phone or keys. Most shops, from street stalls to shopping centers, already have their own generators. In fact and as we said, that buzz of its engines has become the usual soundtrack of the blackouts. Examples Told the CNN Maksym Holubchenko, a 25 -year -old barista in the capital, that his cafeteria remains open thanks to one of those generators. However, it does not supply to cover all the demand: in winter you can maintain the operation, but in summer they must turn off the air conditioning and parts of the coffee maker so as not to overload the system. Adaptation is not comfortable, it is simply the result of an urgent need, and a resistance without alternatives. For Inna, an 87 -year -old woman from Odessa, the current situation arouses ancient echoes. “I already survived World War, so I have some experience … I bought candles,” He reported. His story underlines a painful paradox: a modern, European country, with full integration ambitions in the West, forced to technologically retreat, to depend on the rudimentary to face the essential. The candles, thermos, the portable loaders, the calendars marked by electric cuts … make up a new normality born of the energy siege. Go to the bank without light. Before prolonged blackouts caused by Russian attacks on energy infrastructure, the National Bank of Ukraine has also launched the Power Banking Projecta network of autonomous bank branches designed to operate without depending on the electricity supply. These “unwavering” offices will be equipped with generators, special communication channels, ATMs, additional and effective personnel available, allowing citizens to access essential services such as money withdrawals, payments, transfers, currency change and financial advice even during prolonged cuts. In addition, a “National Roaming System” Between ATMs, with unified limits and without commissions between banks, initiative already adopted by entities Like Oschadbankto guarantee equitable cash access throughout the country. Broken as a resistance symbol. In short, Ukraine applies preventive cuts Not only … Read more

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