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The Kings League was born in 2023 to put an end to traditional football. Three years later he declared an ERE

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Gerard Piqué built a soccer league for the Twitch generation, and three years later he has cut 50% of his team, closed his leagues in France and Germany with no return date at the moment, and paralyzed the Spanish competition for six months. and the internet numbers and engagement on the internet they were not badbut that wasn’t the problem. The problem is that real football has other places where it reigns without rival. What has happened? Kings League workers published yesterday a statement in which they dismantled the version that the company had leaked to the press two days before starting the ERE negotiations. The company had spoken of a 30% cut in the workforce and the real figure, according to those affected themselves, is 41 layoffs out of 83 workers: almost 50%. At the same time, the French and German leagues are paralyzed with no expected return date, and the Spanish league stops its activity for six months to, in the words of the organization, “prepare the product for the future.” Kings League CEO Djamel Agaoua, incorporated in 2025, admits in the corporate statement that “money has been burned.” The simultaneous expansion to Brazil, Germany, Italy and the MENA region, managed from the offices in Spain, was economically unaffordable. Story of an ambition. The Kings League started on January 1, 2023 with digital audience figures that scared LaLiga. The first day reached an average of 300,000 people watching the matches between the league channel and the streamers on Twitch. They achieved a peak of 800,000 viewers only on the league’s main channel, data similar to the average of all LaLiga matches the previous season. Comparisons were published everywhere: it seemed that Piqué had found the crack in traditional football. Streamer world. Streamers like Ibai Llanos, TheGrefg or Guarnizo were presidents of the teams, and that turned each game into an extension of the entertainment that their communities already consumed. The format had gamified rules, random penalties, special cards. It was soccer 7, but designed for those who have been playing ‘FIFA’ for ten years. The numbers trick. However, Twitch’s numbers don’t exactly measure sustained following. In 2024 the drop compared to the first figures was evident: the decrease was 54% compared to the first months of the competition, with an average of 192,000 spectators at the beginning of that season. That year’s final reached only 258,000 people on average with a peak of 425,000. In the first months of 2023, the same competition had accumulated more than two million viewers at its maximum peak, adding the official channel plus those of each streamer-president. By then, the Kings League had bought into its own narrative, and oversupply compounded the problem. The first split, the second split, the Queens League, the Prince Cup, the Kings Cup, the Queen’s Cup and the Kingdom Cup suffocated the product, and each new tournament diluted attention rather than focused it. One round. In February 2026, with audiences already declining, the Kings League closed an investment round for 53 million euros. The round was led by the American fund Alignment Growth, with the stated objective of expanding the competition globally, with the United States as a goal. With this operation, the Kings League accumulated more than 160 million dollars in total financing since its launch. Four months later the ERE has arrived, and the workers are pointing in that direction: the company has just raised 63 million euros and the savings that justifies dismissing almost half of the workforce is just over two million. A martyrdom The workers’ statement also describes the work culture that prevailed in the company: three years of seven-day weeks, averages of ten hours a day, and overtime systematically above the legal limit of 80 hours per year established by the Workers’ Statute, in most cases without financial compensation or rest. On June 8, the CEO congratulated the entire team on the success of the Queens League final and two days later, the ERE was in the media. Had he left? The question, then, is whether the Kings League has ever had the possibility of competing with football. We have a precedent in American football: in 2001, Vince McMahon and NBC they launched the XFL with the aim of becoming the entertaining alternative to the NFL, with fewer penalties and a format with elements of reality show. The first broadcast achieved 54 million viewers, but by the following week the audience had fallen by 50%, with a continuous decline until the closure after a single season. Apparently, viewers were not interested in a hybrid between sport and wrestling spectacle. Unbeatable football. Spanish football has fans in third regional teams that fill stands with 800 people every weekend. This link does not arise from the product being entertaining, but rather from the fact that it is part of the local identity and, in many cases, family or territorial traditions. A child who grows up watching Rayo Vallecano or Villarreal with his father does not give the same identification value to a streamer. Even though he has a million followers. Football accumulates emotional capital for decades and the Kings League had to build it from scratch. And now? There are some pending issues: the Kings World Cup Clubs in Italy will be held in July 2026, and we will try to move forward with those who are still in the company. Piqué, in turn, publicly tested after the Queens League final the possibility of compressing the entire competition into a format of a few days. That is, a possible solution is to lower the ambition. Maybe it would have been a good exit idea. In Xataka | The Kings League has debuted on traditional television. It has had less audience than a La 2 documentary

For the first time, Curaçao will play in a soccer World Cup. And only one of their players was born in Curaçao

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Curaçao has an area of ​​444 km2, fewer inhabitants than Almería and barely 16 years behind it. 16 years, of course, as an autonomous country after October 10, 2010 the Dutch Antilles were definitively dissolved and, with them, the vestige of centuries of colonization. More or less. Because they remain autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. That is to say, Curaçao, like Aruba and San Martinhave their own parliaments but depend on the Dutch force to defend their borders. They are also tied to their foreign policy. Peculiarities of a world that seems to have been left behind but that continues to remind him of the Netherlands and multitude of territories scattered around the world There was a day when the Dutch managed, administered and, of course, exploited their lands in favor of a metropolis that was thousands of kilometers away. Today those vestiges of the past are still more or less present. Between 2021 and 2023, Amsterdam Mayor Femke Halsema, Prime Minister Mark Rutte and King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands They took over to apologize for the exploitation and slavery of people for centuries wherever the Dutch were present. Today, the Netherlands cannot be understood without the immigrants from those territories. Nor does his team, which in the last Eurocup He participated with 16 soccer players who were children or grandchildren of immigrants African or Caribbean. But the Suriname or Aruba teams are not understood either. Of course, not to Curaçao either, the smallest country to compete in the final phase of a World Cup. globalist colonialism According to data from last year provided by the Netherlands Central Statistics OfficeOf the 18 million people who live in the country, there are more than five million people who are immigrants or children of immigrants. Of them, 2.1 million citizens are children of immigrants. Those five million people, according to FIFA regulationswould be eligible for the Netherlands if they have been residing in the country for more than five years. But of them, those more than two million people (to which the grandchildren of immigrants should be added) could also be selectable with the federation of their ancestors. They know it well in Curaçao. Of the 25 players called up for the 2026 World Cup, only one of them was born in Caribbean lands. Is Tahith ChongSheffield United player in England, born in Willemstadthe capital of the country that brings together half of the population of the entire territory. It is the result of a policy that began to be planted years ago and that has now germinated with the most attended World Cup in history. Opening participation to 48 teams was the perfect opportunity for Curaçao. With three nations such as Mexico, the United States and Canada already classified as hosts, Concacaf went from 3.5 World Cup berths to 6.5 (the “seventh” was played in the play-off with an African team). It was now or never. They explain in elDiario.es that the project was born from the hand of Gilbert Martina, president of the federation, who attracted Patrick Kluivert, a former FC Barcelona soccer player whose mother was from Curacao, to contact Dutch soccer players of Caribbean descent. And the project succeeds. He succeeds so much that today We only have one player born in Curaçao representing Curaçao. With three additional spots open for the North American and Caribbean Confederation, the opportunity to play in a World Cup was very attractive for those who decided to take a plane to play against Jamaica in a life or death final in Kingston and defend a tie that gave them a ticket to the most attractive competition in the world of football. The attraction of the project is evident in the statistics books. Of the 10 players who have played the most games for Curaçao since their emancipation as an independent team in 2011, nine are Dutch. The company has also raised interest among coaches. Since the arrival of Patrick Kluivert as coach in 2015, eight of the nine coaches have also arrived from the Netherlands, with a single exception from Curacao. Wearing the Curaçao shirt was the express (and only) ticket to reach a World Cup for these players, most of whom were unknown to the general public and undoubtedly without sufficient level to be part of Ronald Koeman’s plans where they were born. In fact, only five of them play in the Dutch first division. The rest of the players are divided between the second division of major leagues such as the English one or mid-table teams of lesser-known leagues such as the Turkish, Greek or Israeli ones. Use a “wild card selection” to guarantee a ticket to a final phase of a World Cup or a major national team tournament has been a common practice for years but such a “migratory movement” has never occurred. At the 2014 World Cup It was the only match where two brothers have participated wearing different shirts despite sharing the country of birth: Jerome Boateng defending Germany and Kevin Prince Boateng doing the same for Ghana. Iñaki Williams, a player from Athletic Club de Bilbao, also participated with Ghana in the 2022 World Cup in which Nico Williams wore the Spanish shirt. This time the paths did not cross. The debate about whether or not to call the best available is a tricky one. Alberto Edjogo-Owono, a well-known Dazn commentator born in Sabadell, defended the Equatorial Guinea shirt and recognizes that there is a debate within the footballer and another within the fan. This is how it was expressed in Africa Worldto David Soler’s questions: “A moral dilemma opens up for me: ok, on the one hand it’s fine, but of course. Be careful, I don’t want to be hypocritical. I was born in Sabadell and if I had had the level to play for the Spanish team, then I would have tried to play for the Spanish team, because it is the country where I was born, where I … Read more

Adobe was not born with Photoshop. It started by solving a huge and inconspicuous problem: printing well

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Before becoming one of those companies that we almost automatically associate with digital creativity, Adobe had a much more specific and less brilliant obsession at first glance: printing. We are not talking about retouching photographs, editing videos or opening PDF documents with the naturalness with which we do it today, but rather about attacking a difficulty that is basic in appearance and enormous in practice. In the early years of personal computing, making what was seen or designed on a computer turned out well on paper It was not something guaranteed. Adobe’s story begins precisely at that point: with PostScripta language intended to describe how a printed page should look. The difficulty was that that chain was much more fragile than we can imagine today. Lemelson-MIT remembers that, at that time, personal computers were beginning to hit the market and the printers available were, in many cases, dot matrix, with very low quality results. For truly professional work, the alternative was composition equipment that could cost more than $150,000 at that time and required laborious processes. Between one extreme and the other there was an obvious gap: there was a lack of a more flexible, reliable and accessible way to bring complex pages to paper. The problem was not creating images, it was getting them to look the same on paper The next piece of history appears in the famous Xerox PARCwhere laser printing was already a laboratory reality, although still full of limits. Those early machines were controlled by Press, a protocol that worked well with simple letters and images, but got bogged down with demanding projects. A member of that team named John Warnock encountered the same message over and over again, “Too complex page“, and that was no small anecdote. His response was to think of an architecture capable of doing just the opposite: printing any page. That idea didn’t come from nowhere. Before coming to Xerox, Warnock had worked at Evans & Sutherland, where he was involved in a highly ambitious project for the New York Maritime Academy: a simulator of New York Harbor with computer-generated buildings, docks, buoys, changing weather and other ships. That system had to be built without yet knowing what specific hardware it would end up running on, so the team opted to create a language not tied to a specific machine. A decisive lesson emerged from this: device-independent software gave much more flexibility. John Warnock, left, and Charles Geschke, right, founders of Adobe With that learning behind him, Warnock once again encountered a similar problem at Xerox, but now fully applied to printing. The company used different schemes depending on the printer, to the point that its Star stations were under increasing load due to having to communicate with each model in a different way. Warnock and a group led by Charles Geschke They then worked at Interpressa standard, device-independent language for Xerox laser printers. The advance existed, but it collided with a business decision: Xerox adopted it internally and did not want to open it to the market. Apple LaserWriter The departure came in 1982, when Warnock and Geschke left Xerox PARC and founded Adobe. Lemelson-MIT says that its first idea was not exactly to become the software company that would end up marking desktop publishing, but rather to set up a printing service for companies and consumers. That plan changed when their financial advisors encouraged them to move toward software development. There PostScript began to take its decisive form: not as a closed solution for a single machine, but as a portable language that manufacturers could integrate into their own devices. One of the decisive pieces for that technology to jump from the laboratory to the market appeared in Apple. IEEE Spectrum explains that Steve Jobs had a very specific problem: The Macintosh was advancing, but without a quality printer it was difficult to enter the business world. Daisy printers didn’t work for Mac graphics and Apple didn’t arrive in time with a high-quality solution of its own. Adobe was building an answer. In late 1983, Adobe signed an agreement with Apple, and in January 1985, PostScript appeared for the first time on the Internet. LaserWriter. Seen from today, the interesting thing is that Adobe did not start with the most recognizable part of its current history, but with a layer that we almost always take for granted. Of course, Illustrator, Acrobat, Photoshop and Premiere are part of a later expansion, but the starting point was different: PostScript and the promise that text, images and graphics could reach paper with fidelity. There was the true initial intuition. Before becoming recognizable for its creative tools, Adobe found its place by solving a discreet but decisive task: that what was created could be printed well. Images | Adobe (1, 2) | Xataka with Nano Banana In Xataka | In 1967, a war veteran believed that moving around a computer could be easier. So he created the first mouse

So few babies have not been born since the Civil War

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Barcelona is a dynamic city, destination for thousands of foreigners looking for a new life in Europe and a territory that takes years seeing how its census grows almost uninterruptedly. Still, that doesn’t mean its demographic engine is well-oiled. On the contrary. The latest data published by the City Council show that, after almost a decade of decline, in 2025 its birth rate marked the second lowest level since 1900. Since the beginning of the 20th century there was only one year in which fewer babies were born in Barcelona: 1939, when the Civil War ended. In fact, if the Barcelona census remains more or less afloat it is basically thanks to the flow of immigrants. What has happened? That the Barcelona City Council has published their official demographic data as of January 1, 2026 and the general ‘photo’ they leave is full of chiaroscuros. The city’s population remains more or less stable, with 1,729,963 registered0.1% less than the previous year. It is not a bad figure if you take into account that Barcelona has been gaining residents from 2022 and that at the beginning of the century the census barely exceeded 1.5 million. What’s more, the local government relates this slight decline of 0.1% to a simple administrative issue. In his opinion they are explained (at least in part) because there are people who were still registered in Barcelona without living there and have now “regularized” their situation. “Barcelona is the administrative and physical gateway to the territory,” clarify the deputy mayor, Jordi Valls. Resident population in Barcelona (1900-2026) Perfect, right? Not quite. It is true that the loss of population has been minimal, almost negligible, and that Barcelona has been gaining population practically since the beginning of the century; But that doesn’t mean the city’s demographic engine is working well. On the contrary. Its vegetative balance (the difference between births and deaths) is in the red. To be more precise, last year Barcelona saw how they died 3,549 neighbors more than those who were born. This data is explained because, although in general the number of deaths was reduced, the number of births decreased even more. The statistics of the City Council also reveal that this imbalance occurs in practically the entire city. “The negative natural balance is spread across all districts with the exception of Ciutat Vella, where for the third consecutive year there are more births than deaths,” clarify from the Consistory. This is an interesting note because of what it reveals to us about the birth rate in Barcelona. Are so few children born? Yes. The Barcelona statistical office counted last year 11,012 birthsa bad fact no matter how you look at it. Not only does it represent a decline of 1.3% compared to 2024. If we broaden the focus we see that this decrease aggravates the negative trend that the municipality has suffered since 2017 and, above all, distances it (even further) from the peaks in birth rates that it registered during the ‘baby boom’. For reference, the 11,012 births in 2025 are almost three times lower than those recorded in 1973, when the city saw 31,689 cradle Barcelonans born. The 2025 figure is in fact the second lowest in the entire historical series of the Barcelona Department of Statistics and Data Dissemination, which dates back to 1900. Since then there has only been one year in which fewer babies were born: 1939. That year they came into the world in Barcelona. 8,992 people. It is not surprising if we take into account that it was the last of the war and in 1938 the municipality had registered a record number of deaths (almost 28,200). At that time the total registry was also very inferiorit barely exceeded a million. Births and deaths (1900-2025) Immigrants, emigrants and administrative movements (1971-2025) How is the census maintained? Thanks to immigration, basically. “During 2025 the natural balance between births and deaths was -3,549 people, but it was offset by a positive migration balance of +11,383 people,” recognize the City Council, which confirms that the flow of foreigners “continues to be the essential component of demographic dynamics.” This is not an isolated fact or something temporary. From the Town Hall confirm that the population arriving from other countries has been “the protagonist of demographic growth” in Barcelona so far in the 21st century. Last year, in fact, the number of those registered with foreign nationality rose another slight 0.7%. Can we go further? That immigration has become the great demographic driver of Barcelona is something that can already be felt in its social structure. The “native population” was no longer the majority in 2019 and today in the city it is easier to meet people born in other places than in a Barcelona hospital. To be more precise, the City Council calculates that on January 1 the native population barely represented 44.6% of the total. In Barcelona there are 626,924 people registered who were born outside of Spain, the vast majority (53.2%) from America, although there are also many residents born in Pakistan, Morocco, Italy and China. And that among a long list of 181 different nationalities. Almost a third (30%) of those born abroad have already acquired Spanish nationality and today they represent 11% of the registry. What happens with age? The municipal statistics They also allow us to understand how the Barcelona population pyramid evolves. Another interesting indicator, since, although the immigrants who come to the city tend to be young, the average age of the general population has risen to 44.6 years. Nothing surprising if we take into account that the pyramid is clearly widening at the summit. As of January 1, there were 1,196 people residing in Barcelona who had already blown out the 100 candles, an all-time high. Meanwhile, the number of homes in which children and adolescents live is decreasing, and they do not even represent a quarter. What does increase is the education of the population: 37.4% of those registered over … Read more

Drivers born in 1956 will be able to renew their driving license for free in 2026. And it is possible because nothing has changed

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Drivers over 70 years of age will be able to renew their driving license for free. This year those born in 1956 or in previous years will be able to. But those born in 1955 were also able to do so last year. And, although you have read that the regulations have changed, the truth is that everything remains the same. And that’s an advantage for elderly drivers. From 1956. If we look back at the calendar, it is the line that marks who can renew their driving license for free and who cannot. And traffic regulations state that drivers aged 70 or older will renew their license completely free of charge. This rule, although you may have read the opposite in some media, is the same one that has been applied for years. And it is that on social networks and in the media we have read that “from 2026” drivers over 70 years of age will renew their driving license for free and that from the age of 65 onwards they will have to do so every five years (instead of the usual 10). It is a rule that has not undergone any change and that, as already The DGT itself told us last year When this information went viral again, it is something that has been applied for a long time. At the moment, the price of renewal of the driving license is 24.58 euros to which the cost of the medical examination must be added. What does the norm say?. When we want to renew the license to drive a car, three large groups are established according to the General Driver Regulations (Art.12.2): From 18 to 65 years old: the driving license is renewed every 10 years From 65 years of age and older: the driving license is renewed every five years From 70 years of age and older: the driving license is renewed every five years but the renewal is free Of course, it must be taken into account that a doctor can decide some restrictions. For example, it can shorten driver’s license renewal times and require a person over 70 years of age (or any other driver) to re-pass the medical exam, in which their driving abilities are evaluated. earlier than what would be required by general regulations. Yes, but. Indeed, those over 70 years of age can renew their driving license for free but, as a general rule, they have to do so more frequently than the rest of the groups described above. But they are also the age group on which the most restrictions are imposed. According to Mapfre, 61% of drivers People over 65 years of age have some type of limitation when driving and the DGT raises these figures to 81% of the elderly. A driver may be limited in the range in which he or she can drive, prohibited from driving at night or at maximum speed. Traffic officers know this because on our driver’s license Each of these limitations would be reflected with a code. Too long? If an 18-year-old driver renews his or her driving license every decade, he or she will have to pay the renewal fee up to five times. The last one would reach the age of 68 and from then on, if the deadlines are met every five years, the license would be renewed for free on another five occasions until the age of 93. The big question is whether driver’s license renewals extend too long in time. The director of the DGT himself already pointed out in November 2021 that it seemed excessive “that a 90-year-old person can have their driving license for five years without renewing it.” Despite this and despite the fact that a decade without passing a medical exam before renewing the license can also be too long even if we are under 65 years old, nothing has changed. Contradictory. One of the ideas that has been floating in the air for a long time is whether a person should lose their driving license after reaching an age. The European Union has been adamant about this idea: no. And from Brussels they consider that It would be a discriminatory rule and that it is the medical examinations that must continue to set the limits. María José Aparicio, deputy director of the DGT, I was aiming for 2021 that “in Spain, 28% of those killed in traffic accidents were over 65 years of age (data from 2019). These figures are going to worsen, if we do nothing, due to the aging of the population.” But this is probably due to the physical condition of these people, who are more likely to have more serious consequences in minor accidents. And these people over 70 years old are only immersed in the 12% of accidents and they crash four times less than the youngest, according to data from Mapfre. In addition, another problem is added. A good part of them They keep older and unsafe carseither because they have a tighter economy or because they do not want to make the investment. And it is also the group that adapts worst to the mandatory ADAS systemsdriving aids that They also cause confusion among younger people. Photo | Daniel Silva and DGT In Xataka | The DGT insists: there are drivers who are too old. But that’s not the main problem

The C919 was born to stand up to Boeing and Airbus. Data shows how close (or far) you are from achieving it

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If you have made a medium-haul flight in recent years, it is most likely that you have traveled on an Airbus A320 family or Boeing 737 family aircraft. It is the unwritten rule of many of these journeys: two industrial giants and a market that for decades has seemed almost closed to any applicant. China has been trying for years to gain a foothold in that segment with the C919, its single-aisle aircraft developed by COMAC. And the latest data suggests that the project is beginning to leave behind the phase in which it could only be read as a promise. This jump can be seen in the operational data collected by Flight Master and citated by China Dailand. In April, the C919 completed 3,190 flights, 117.9% more than in the same month of the previous year, and some aircraft recorded up to 10.7 flight hours per day. The accumulated figure also helps measure progress: as of April 30, 2026, the aircraft had exceeded 42,000 commercial flights since its entry into service. While the data does not make the C919 an immediate global rival to Airbus and Boeing, it does show that the program is moving forward. Let’s look back for a moment. The C919 made its first flight test on May 5, 2017, was delivered for the first time in December 2022 and officially entered commercial service in May 2023, with a route between Shanghai and Beijing. Since then, its network has gradually expanded until connecting 29 airports: 28 in mainland China and one in Hong Kong. As we can see, this is a domestic expansion, but it clearly no longer plays the experimental role. C919 flies more and more, but still depends on key parts Okay, but how many airplanes really sustain that growth? According to China Daily, at the end of April China Eastern Airlines operated 15 units of the C919, Air China had 11 and China Southern Airlines had 10. The distribution between the three large Chinese airlines reinforces the presence of the model in the local market. However, the figure forces us to put the progress in perspective: the fleet is still small compared to the usual volumes of Western competitors. That is why the key is not only in how many C919s there are, but in what performance they are giving in operation. According to Flight Master, since the beginning of 2026, 88.5% of C919 activity has corresponded to operations with at least four daily sectors. Zhu Keli maintains that the use of the plane is already close to that of comparable models more common single aisle, which translates into a sign of greater maturity in maintenance, crew scheduling and ground services. The limit appears when you look beyond the daily operation. IBA Group pointed out in August 2025 that international certification continues to advance slowly and keeps the C919 largely focused on the Chinese market. The consulting firm recalled that the European Aviation Safety Agency had confirmed in April 2025 that the validation of the plane would require at least three to six years from the technical familiarization phase. This schedule does not prevent the program from gaining volume within China, but it does help to understand why its international leap is more complicated. LEAP -1C, the Western engine used by the Chinese Comac C919 The most delicate vulnerability is in the engine. The C919 that flies today uses the engine LEAP-1C of CFM International, a joint venture of GE Aerospace and Safran, and that dependence has already proven to be more than a technical issue. Last year, let us remember, the geopolitical and commercial tensions they altered the production of the program, with a temporary suspension of the supply of that engine. IBA Group also identifies the dependence on imported engines and avionics as a relevant limitation. China is trying to close that gap with political support, planned production and more control over critical parts. According to SCMPthe national plan for 2026-2030 places among its priorities the increase in production, the stability of the supply chain and the advancement of the CJ-1000A engine, called to reduce foreign dependence on the C919. IBA Group adds that even if that engine enters service later this decade, matching the performance and reliability of Western engines will be a multi-year process. That’s the real measure of the program: the plane is already flying more regularly, but its industrial maturity is still being built. Images | Comac In Xataka | The Comac C919 symbolizes China’s aerial dream: the trade war threatens to clip its wings in mid-takeoff

If the question is whether the rich are born or made, the answer is condensed in a graph that shows that Spain is different

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Globally, the distribution of wealth is not only measured by how much money the richest have, but also by the economic flow and what it is like. the architecture of success that each country has built. The balance between “own merit” and “cradle” defines the identity of an economy: while in some countries they function as innovation laboratories where fortunes emerge from nothing, in others they function as a kind of safe deposit box where heritage is transmitted from generation to generation like a modern noble title. This chart from the German economic data analysis platform DataPulse and is made from Forbes data for June 2025. At that time, the business magazine counted 2,838 billionaires around the world. Forbes ranks each using its own scoring system (Self-Made score), which ranges from 1 to 10 according to the weight of the inheritance versus one’s own merit. The overall result is clear: two out of every three millionaires are millionaires because they “made themselves.” But this statement hides abysmal differences that reflect how economic power works in each society. By the way, a global fact that the graph itself highlights: between 2024 and 2025 the total wealth of all the billionaires in the world grew by 13.4%. According to the UBS Billionaire Ambitions Report 2025that growth pushed aggregate wealth to an all-time high of $15.8 trillion. Wealth: Self-made vs. inheritances. Data Pulse with data from Forbes Where does the fortune of the world’s richest come from: inheritance or self-made? The upper area of ​​the graph is where those countries are located where it is easier to get rich on your own and is led by Russia and China: both appear with 97% of billionaires self-madethe highest percentage in the world. They may be entrepreneurial countries, but the true differential feature must be found in their history: their respective revolutions of the 20th century They destroyed any inheritable private capital (the Bolshevik in 1917 and the Maoist in 1949). So technically, their fortunes are first generation because they couldn’t be from any other. However, this small print also includes Forbes’ conception of Self-made: In the Russian case, the main oligarchs accumulated their wealth in the 90s by taking advantage of Yeltsin’s savage privatizations. He Harvard’s Wilson Center says it loud and clear: It was one of the largest transfers of public wealth into private hands in modern history. Calling it self-made is at least generous. Although the United States is the country with the most millionaires in number with almost 924 people and according to the UBS Billionaire Ambitions Report 2025 74% of them are self-made, not the one that appears higher in the graph. The United Kingdom, Canada and Israel stand out there. What they all have in common are economies with developed capital markets, active venture capital ecosystems and legal frameworks that facilitate the creation and scaling of companies. In Germany, France or Spain inheritance rules. The Western European bloc is the area where inherited wealth weighs the most, with Germany as an extreme case: only 25% of its rich people are so because they built their own fortune. Family Capital explains it quite well: the ten largest German assets are all linked to family businesses. There are no great new generation technological fortunes. What there are are “old-fashioned” names, such as the Quandts at BMW, the Albrechts behind Aldi or the Würths: post-war industrial dynasties that have passed down their empires from generation to generation. Spain and France embrace a similar logic: they have legal frameworks that strongly protect intergenerational wealth transmission, scarcity and/or weakness of a technological ecosystem comparable to that which exists in the Anglo-Saxon or Asian ecosystem, and a business culture where family control of capital is considered a value in itself. Just above Germany is Spain, which has second place in the world in percentage of inherited wealth, with 74% of its billionaires in that category and only 26% self-made. Although there is the occasional green shoot of a modernized economy, it is residual: Spanish wealth is historically concentrated in a very small number of families with dominant positions in sectors with little competition. In short, generally In Spain wealth comes from dad. As in Germany, the names in the Spanish state are great classics: the Ortega family with Inditex, the Del Pino with Ferrovial, the March, the Entrecanales or the Lara. They are fortunes built for the most part during the Franco regime or the transition, in a context of little competition, privileged access to credit and close relations with political power. The result is what the graph shows: a country where becoming a billionaire from scratch is statistically almost an anomaly. In Xataka | We thought that millionaires had their fortune rain down from the sky without the slightest effort: Spain is different In Xataka | The “Great Transfer of Wealth” is not only a thing for the rich: demographic change will concentrate wealth among the youngest Cover | DataPulse

James Webb has had to investigate whether he was born “from the top down” or “from the bottom up”

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29 Cygni b is a huge celestial object, with a mass equal to 15 times the mass of Jupiter. Apparently it is a planet, but that mass could place it as a star. For example, a brown dwarf. Therefore, a team of astronomers has used the James Webb to analyze its origin, further refining the concept of the formation of stars and planets. A question of metals. The authors of the study, who it was just publishedhave used the NIRCam camera on the James Webb Space Telescope to take photographs of this planet. This instrument allows high-resolution images and spectroscopy measurements to be taken, with which the composition of the atmospheres of stars and planets can be studied, taking into account how they reflect light. Thanks to this, it has been seen that 29 Cygni b is very enriched in metals compared to the star around which it is located. Specifically, it has an amount of metals equivalent to 150 Earths. This is compatible with the accretion of a large amount of metal-laden solids into a protoplanetary disk. It is then confirmed that it is a planet, but a planet very unusual. Planet or star? That’s the question. Planet formation takes place in a bottom-up process. In a disk of gas and dust, known as a protoplanetary disk, dust particles collide to form small fragments of rock and ice, which continue to clump together and grow until they form a planet. It is a process called accretion. The largest ones, in addition, in this process capture gas, which is why they later become gas giants. On the other hand, stars form from top to bottom. A gas cloud fragments and each fragment collapses under its own gravity, becoming smaller and denser. From paradox to paradox. This definition could lead us to think that planets are larger than stars. After all, planets go from less to more and stars from more to less. However, that is not true. Stars form when huge clouds of gas collapse, so they are still very massive. So much so that nuclear fusion can occur in them due to the high conditions of pressure and temperature. On the planets, although there is a growth from less to more, it is not so great. The problem is that with planets as immense as 29 Cygni b there are doubts about the formation from less to more. It would seem that they were also formed by a fragmentation process in protoplanetary disks. As explained by the European Space Agency in a statementis something that “could explain why some very massive objects are found billions of kilometers from their host stars, in regions where the protoplanetary disk should have been too weak for accretion to occur.” That’s just what happens with 29 Cyni b. It has an enormous mass and is 2,400 kilometers from its star. What James Webb teaches us. The fact that 29 Cygni b is so rich in metals indicates that it must have been formed by an accretion process, in which it accumulated more and more. In fact, heIt is normal for a planet to have many metals in proportion to its starwhich happens in the system in which 29 Cygni b is located. In short, it is shown that much larger planets than we thought can be formed by accretion, without having to resort to a top-down process. And now what? 29 Cygni b has been the first of the four objects that will be studied by James Webb. All of them have a mass between 1 and 15 times that of Jupiter and are at least 1.5 billion kilometers from their star. This indicates that they are all in that dilemma of being huge planets or another star. Cataloging them into one of the two groups can help us understand much better the process by which the largest planets are formed. Image | NASA, ESA, CSA, J. Olmsted (STScI) In Xataka | Since we were children we have been told that Jupiter is enormous, colossal, exaggeratedly large. It is 8 km smaller and that changes everything

humans born there will cease to be Homo sapiens

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with the mission Artemis II operational around the Moon, humanity has Mars among its colonizing desires. Past and present missions, such as NASA’s Curiosity rover, aim to analyze its surface for clues to past habitability. And although we have found them, leave a lot of unknowns. We haven’t set foot on Mars yet and we already have in mind how we will build the houses there (spoiler: with bricks and urine). And that if one day a human being is born in a possible human colony on Mars, it will not be homo sapiens on the anthropological level. Because in short, if we get to Mars and start being born there, we will no longer be the same species: Scott Solomon, an evolutionary biologist at Rice University, has been studying this question for years and has reached that conclusion, which he recently published in his work “Becoming Martian“. If you are born on Mars, you are not homo sapiens. Solomon differentiates between those who arrive from Earth to Mars and survive there, those colonists who arrive at the red planet with a body molded by millions of years of evolution here. But their creatures and their creatures will not have the same luck. In short, it will be the beginning of the end for homo sapiens. Mars has 38% of Earth’s gravity, radiation two or three times higherthere is no protective magnetic field nor the microbial biosphere with which our immune system It was evolving. All of the above constitutes an engine of biological change and evolution that has marked our anatomy and its absence, too. Why is it important. Evolutionary biology has a name for what will happen: allopatric speciation. That is, when a population is isolated and develops in a new environment, natural selection and genetic drift continue their course within the adaptation to the environment with respect to the original population (in this case, those who remain on Earth). The passage of time can cause the two groups to become so different that they are another species, a new human species. And something paradoxical would happen: by looking for planets other than Earth as an alternative to continue preserving the species, we would stop being the same. Context. You don’t have to go to future generations to see the consequences of space life. There is evidence of astronauts on the ISS who have suffered accelerated loss of bone mass, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular problems, vision problems and stress. Until your blood is mutating. The creatures born there will develop their skeleton and nervous system directly under these conditions. Salomon offers concrete changes: denser and shorter bones, greater eumelanin production (a type of melamine responsible for the dark coloration) as protection against radiation, an immune system calibrated for the closed environment of the colony and potentially vulnerable to diseases common on Earth. However, the most sensitive point is reproduction: we do not know for sure whether humans will be able to conceive, gestate and give birth successfully on Mars. Experiments with mammals in microgravity are worrying. The biologist also anticipates that childbirth on Mars would inevitably be surgical: the lower bone density and muscle atrophy make it an even more risky activity. What will happen next. For Solomon there are two possibilities: Let natural selection take its course and shape future generations. The second is to resort to genetic engineering: get ahead of the problem before sending them there. In any case, the macro result is the same: two branches of humanity evolving on separate paths, in different conditions and in different worlds. A dystopian future of genetics and ethics. It should be noted that thousands of generations are needed for speciation to occur, which gives sufficient time for humanity to take measures, such as frequent travel or assisted reproduction with transferred genetic material. Or that genetic engineering steps on the accelerator so much that natural selection takes a backseat. Ethics also comes in here: if a boy or girl is born on Mars and cannot return to Earth because their body cannot resist it, humanity will have made an irreversible decision without their consent. Solomon warns also of that gap in humanity in terms of identity and rights. These are questions that we cannot answer now, but that should be clear before the existence of a colony on Mars is seriously considered. In Xataka | Europe has thought of throwing three robots into a volcanic lava tube and now colonizing the Moon or Mars is closer In Xataka | If the question is “how are we going to build houses on Mars” the answer today is “with bricks made of urine” Cover | Photo of Dmitry Grachyov in Unsplash

This is how the most brutal engineering work in urban history was born

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London Underground, known in our language as the London Undergroundis one of the most famous public transportation networks in the world. With more than 543 units, 408 kilometers long and 274 stations, this precious piece of the United Kingdom capital is capable of handling up to five million passengers a day. Now, this service did not become what it is today overnight. London Underground has a fascinating history, a history that, by the way, began more than 160 years ago with a completely innovative project for the time: the construction of an underground railway. Let’s go back in time. In the 1830s, London was the largest city in the world. It was a rapidly growing global economic epicenter that needed to decongest its streetsso the idea arose that trains They will begin to move underground. The problem was that until then nothing similar had been implemented. After many years of being just a proposal on paper, a test tunnel was built in 1855 at Kibblesworth. After this step, which turned out to be a success, work began on the world’s first underground railway, a circuit between Paddington (then Bishop’s Road) and Farringdon that entered service on January 10, 1863. The locomotives ran on steam engines and the carriages were lit with gas. It was basically like putting up a traditional railway system in a closed placewhich translated into inconvenience for passengers, who often had to travel in a polluted environment with high temperatures. In any case, the metropolis continued to grow and there were more and more transportation initiatives with private investment. Therefore, in 1868 the first section of the Metropolitan District Railway was inaugurated. This was a service that ran between South Kensington and Westminster (now part of the District and Circle lines). Electricity reaches trains Both services continued to expand as tunnel construction techniques improved. On December 18, 1890, The City and South London Railway launched the first electric railway. This was a very important advance because it allowed us to solve some of the main drawbacks of the service. In 1905, electrification came to the District and Circle lines, but the London Underground network operated as separate systems. This changed after 1906, when companies began to make their way deep into the city to unify. In all this, the name ‘Underground’ did not yet exist. Artist’s representation of a platform on Baker Street London in 1906 The companies that had come together for the project proposed different names, including ‘Tube,’ ‘Electric,’ and ‘Underground,’ but the latter was the winner. In this way, in 1908 it appeared for the first time the name ‘Underground’ in the seasons, and he did it with the roundel symbol that we know today. The technological progress of the London Underground seemed unstoppable. That same year, electronic ticket-issuing machines arrived and in 1911 the first escalators were installed. In 1929, manually operated doors began to become extinct. These were updated with pneumatic systems. Until this point, the service was operated by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL). In 1933, however, underground transportation services merged with the railroads and bus services under the London Transport brand, which was overseen by the London Passenger Transport Board. That same year Harry Beck’s map appearedan element intended to guide users. The system had grown so large that some stations were just meters away, while others were kilometers away. It is a cartography that was received with skepticism, but ended up triumphing. Aldwych tube station, in 1940 For the first time, decisions about London’s public transport services were perfectly coordinated. This allowed us to improve the service and outline an ambitious improvement plan. However, the outbreak of World War II in 1939 meant that the plan could not be completed as originally envisioned. The underground transport service was converted into a huge air raid shelter between September 1940 and May 1945. Some stations were also used during the war as a warehouse to keep valuable historical items safe, for example pieces from the British Museum. After the war, in 1948, the London Passenger Transport Board acquired a public role. HE nationalized and became the London Transport Executive, years later being renamed the London Transport Board and operating under the orbit of the Ministry of Transport. The system also suffered several tragedies. In 1975 a train heading south did not stop at the final terminal and crashed at the end of the shift. 43 people died and 74 were injured. In 1987, a fire claimed 31 lives at King’s Cross station. Later, in 2005, an attack on the London transport system It caused 52 people to lose their lives. Nails contactless cards called Oyster They were implemented on the London Underground in 2003, but by 2014 you could already pay directly with contactless bank cards. By 2016, some lines provided evening service on weekends. Currently the service is run by an organization called Transport for London (TfL) which comprehensively manages the city’s state transportation strategy. Images | Joel de Vriend | Nelson Ndongala | Tomas Anton Escobar | Tom Parsons | Will H McMahan | The Graphic (Wikimedia Commons) | John Jackson In Xataka | The unfinished dream of the Roman Empire: a 125-kilometer train to link Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus In Xataka | France has been torpedoing the possibility of AVE reaching Paris for years: Renfe’s plan is now regional ones In Xataka | In 2007, Japan made a cat the station master of a dying train line. Today that line is saved

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