world

The number of smartphones produced by each technological company in the world, illustrated in this graphic

by

The world of technology is fierce. Although in almost all segments we have several brands in Liza, it is one or two that lead. We see it on video games with Nintendo and PlayStationin Nvidia graphics cards or on televisions with Samsung and LG. In the world of mobiles it is not different and, although there are multitude of brandsthose that are distributed by the cake are Apple and Samsung. It is something that It was not always like thatand in this graph prepared by Visual Capitalist We can see the evolution of mobiles produced by the different manufacturers in the last decade, as well as those that survived and those that remained on the road. Dance of two. Although the graph, which reflects the data of Trendforceleave out Many Chinese giantswhat is clear is that the global market is dominated by two players: Apple and Samsung. It is estimated that, between the two, more than 40% of the world smartphones market dominated, highlighting Apple in Income and Samsung in total market volume, and in the Visual Capitalist graph, what we see is not the total market, but the evolution of the units produced by the selected brands. That is the reason why we do not see others like Xiaomi or a huawei that now sells, above all, in China, but for a while He played the reign to Apple and Samsung. Apple Samsung 2015 215.3 million 321.5 million 2016 225.5 million 309 million 2017 225 million 312 million 2018 200.5 million 292.6 million 2019 190.4 million 287.5 million 2020 214.6 million 276 million 2021 239 million 272.8 million 2022 225 million 245.4 million 2023 222.4 million 227.55 million 2024 222.5 million 225.8 million The ones we lost. But, although the graph is not complete, it is interesting for a reason: it allows us to see the evolution of many historical brands outside the two largest today. Thus, we can see how Nokia in 2015, already low Microsoft’s mantle, It was small compared to what it wasbut he kept planting. The same with Sony and, to a lesser extent, Asus and HTC. Nokia and Sony are still there, although with a volume very far away they handled, but the biggest batacazo without counting a Blackberry which was lost in 2018 was LG. The South Korean occupied a privilege position until it vanished in 2021, when they decided abandon completely The smartphones business. Google Sony Nokia LG 2015 – 29.5 million 30 million 66.5 million 2016 450,000 16.4 million 15 million 74.7 million 2017 3.65 million 13.5 million 14.8 million 56.1 million 2018 4.55 million 6.95 million 14.3 million 39.3 million 2019 4.75 million 4.2 million 9.5 million 33 million 2020 4.05 million 2.85 million 6.7 million 30.2 million 2021 6.45 million 2.7 million 3.3 million 3 million 2022 8 million 2.6 million 3.1 million – 2023 10.3 million 2.8 million 780,000 – 2024 10.5 million 2.45 million 160,000 – Google. It seemed that Asus was going to have his time, especially in a few years in which they innovated with their Reversible Chamber Systems – The Zenfone Flip– And some phones like the Zenfone 10 that bet on gross power in a contained size when The rest of the market was going to huge diagonalsbut the adventure did not curdle. Like that of a Sony converted into a niche brand with its Ultrapanoramic screens and powerful recording and editing tools, but that produces fewer units. In the graph we can see a very different story, that of Google. The company has been supporting others such as Samsung, HTC or Asus since 2010 to create His Nexusbut in 2016 they made the leap to their own mobiles with the Google Pixel. That first Pixel was revolutionary in the Android market and, although they have not opted for power, they have been consistent when creating mobile phones with very Good camera systems and one Applied to photography. They have also relied to being the entrance door to New Android versions of each yearand in the graph we can see how they go from having a marginal position to be one with increasing presence. Also in advertising, with series such as Last season of ‘You’ In Netflix in which the characters use brand devices. And the Chinese? They are the great absent of this comparison. Taking data from 2023, Xiaomi shipment about 146.1 million smartphones worldwide, which represented a slight annual decrease in global computing, but a light Growth in a premium segment in which they want to strengthen. Oppo (including Realme and OnePlus) sent about 100 million units and from Huawei there are no data, but after years of sanctionsin 2023 and 2024 They returned strongly to the Chinese market. In fact, although the figures say that the iPhone 15 It was the best -selling mobile of 2024 and Samsung also appears well stopped on the list, last year The great victory went to Chinawith its main brands rising in a spectacular way. And you have to wait for 2026 to see the full photo of 2024. In Xataka | The long goodbye of Huawei in Spain: of strategic partner to Technology Non Grata

Donald Trump shook the world with his reciprocal tariffs. The Trade Court has just been thrown away

by

On Wednesday the United States International Trade Court He ruled That the president of the country, Donald Trump, does not have the necessary authority to impose the reciprocal tariffs he has announced worldwide. The consequences of the decision are enormous. The chaos of tariffs. THE GLOBAL COMMERCIAL WAR that Trump announced during his candidacy and that he began to execute a few months ago has made him issue executive orders with which imposed tariffs a practically all The countries of the world, which had a Immediate impact in the economy world. Are imports to imports were reason of one absurd Reciprocal climbing of the tariffs that the US applied to China and vice versa. Trump ended postponing either relaxing those measures with view to future negotiations. Illegal tariffs. Donald Trump imposed these tariffs taking advantage of an emergency powers but there was clear opposition to these measures. In fact, a group of companies on the one hand and several Democratic states for another They sued Trump To block those tariffs, and that lawsuit has ended up causing this decision of the Trade Court. According to this jurisdictional body specialized in this area, using said law for such measures is illegal. The controversial IEEPA law. Trump took advantage of the so -called international emergency economic powers of 1977 (IEEPA). Theoretically authorizes the president to regulate international trade after declaring a national emergency if there is an unusual or extraordinary threat to the country. However, the 49 pages sentence indicates that “the court does not interpret that the IEEPA confers such an unlimited authority and annuls the challenged tariffs taxes under it.” Trump’s government will resort. The global leaders of the Donald Trump government have already issued An appeal to the decision of the Trade Court. This process will make this case reach a Federal Court of Appeals, but as they point out in the country, they could end up arriving at the Supreme Court, with a majority of conservative judges against progressives (or liberals). That would give Trump advantage in the final decision. What tariffs have been canceled. Among the declared tariffs are 25% taxes to Canada and Mexico or those of 20% to China with the excuse of fentanyl. According to the sentence, the reciprocal tariffs that Trump announced may not be applied. These rates affected almost all countries in the world, although the US president reduced them to 10% after the 90 -day temporary truce. The sentence, issued by three judges, is unanimous: “The challenged tariff orders will be annulled and their application will be permanently prohibited. It is not a precautionary measure strictly adapted to the circumstances; if the challenged tariff orders are illegal for the plaintiffs, they are for all.” But others do not. Tariffs imposed under another legal authority called Section 232, and which includes car, steel and aluminum imports, have not been affected by the decision and will remain in force. And now what. Although this tariff nullity has immediate effectiveness, the Trade Court indicates in a attached resolution that a period of 10 days is given for the administrative orders to be issued to make the sentence effective. It remains to be seen how those responsible for the US government and also the governments of other countries act. Image | WIRESTOCK | The White House In Xataka | The US threatens Apple with a 25% tariff if you do not manufacture the iPhone there. It would continue to be more profitable in India

Elon Musk turned an abandoned US factory into the most powerful supercomputer in the world. Nobody thought of the neighbors

by

It would be said that Elon Musk has created A perfect circle Around what until recently it was an abandoned factory on the outskirts of Memphis. There has installed Colossusthe most monstrous supercomputer on the planet to boost AI to new limits and that it defines the future of cars (of Tesla). In order for the combo, it is complete to the richest type in the world, everything is in turn fed by the megabaterías of Tesla. A Win Win For Musk’s framework, although with a problem: the neighbors. A colossus … toxic. The story brought it This week the CNN. In the summer of 2024 Musk transformed an old abandoned factory in southwest Memphis into what he himself proclaimed as “the most powerful supercomputer on the planet.” The project, promoted by its artificial intelligence company XAIpromised to turn the city into a New Technological Mecca (The so -called “Delta Digital”) with Quality jobs and dozens of millions in taxes. However, for Botxtown residents, a mostly black and impoverished community that has lived with decades with Industrial pollutionXai’s arrival has meant a déjà vu environmental: A new source of pollution settled without clear permits, with an apparent contempt for public health. A computer that consumes. To feed “Colossus”, XAI installed 35 gas turbines capable of generating Up to 420 megawattsreleasing toxic gases Nitrogen oxidesultrafine and formaldehyde particles. The problem? Who did Without licenses of air required, welcomed to a legal exemption for temporary machinery, which according to experts does not correspond to it. The area already houses 17 polluting facilities, and various studies indicate that the risk of cancer in the area quadrupple acceptable levels For the EPA. Memphis also has the higher rates of children’s hospitalizations by asthma in all Tennessee. Realities. While the mayor of Memphis, Paul Young, celebrated the transformative potential of the project and anticipated more technological investment, local leaders such as state representative Justin Pearson They have denounced have been excluded from the process. The lack of transparency adds to an obvious regulatory collapse: an installation with the power of an electric plant operating without permits in the middle of a residential neighborhood. To this we must add the most recent thermal snapshots (image below) that indicate that at least 33 of the turbines They were operational in April. Following the controversy, XAI finally requested permission for 15 of them and withdrew 12, but, as CNN counteddamage to trust is made. Promises Project defenders say that “leading standards in emissions” will be achieved, but residents see the employer repeat: Employment promises well paid that do not specify (because the reality is that the data centers use very few), while the environmental load falls on those who have less resources to defend themselves. Plus: The story of Botxtown It is not new. Already in 2021, its inhabitants achieved stop a pipeline that would cross their lands, and in 2023 they closed A sterilization plant that emitted ethylene oxide. For them, therefore, XAI is simply the last chapter of a long struggle for the right … to breathe. Innovation or regression. It is the last of the legs to be treated with the controversy. XAI installation reflects a broader national dilemma than We have counted before on the rise of artificial intelligence and its real cost. Amid the enthusiasm for turning the United States into the “Global Capital of AI” (according to New EPA Guidelines Under the government of Donald Trump), the expansion of data centers Devoradors of energy advances without a serious evaluation of its environmental implicationsespecially in vulnerable communities. The unconditional support of the Executive to Musk, one of Trump’s closest advisors, coincided with the Weakening of environmental policiesthe elimination of ecological justice programs and a rhetoric that prioritizes economic efficiency over human health. The first “stone.” The contradiction seems clear: IA is promoted as the future, but it is fed with fossil technologies of the past, generating private benefits while the risks and damage are socialized. “If innovation chains you to fossil fuels, that’s not progress,” Keshaun Pearson remembereddirector of Memphis Community Against Pollution. Thus, residents fear that what happens in Memphis is just a general essay of what could soon be replicated in similar neighborhoods throughout the country. A tireless struggle. He counted An NBC report That in Botxtown, indignation coexists with fatigue. Many, such as Sarah Gladney (respiratory and resident patient to a few km from the installation), feel they live in a perpetual battle. The possibility of a second meginstalization of XAI, already projected in the city, only increases the sensation of siege. “It seems that we are always at war,” He underlined. A paradox, since while local officials speak of economic transformation, neighbors simply speak of survival. In the background, the collision between the promises of peak technology and the old reality of systemic pollution raises an uncomfortable question: Who pays the price of this digital revolution? In the southwest Memphis, the answer seems sadly clear. Image | Southwings for the Southern Environmental Law Center In Xataka | Musk has created the perfect circle: Tesla’s megabers feed the AI ​​that will define their next cars In Xataka | Some researchers have disassembled the batteries of Tesla and Byd. You know which one yields better and is much cheaper

Machu Picchu has become a world tourist destination. Now face the unwanted consequence: die of success

by

Machu Picchu is one of the most popular icons in Peru, one of its greatest heritage treasures and a powerful magnet for tourists who only during the first two months of 2025 attracted more than 191,000 visitorsalmost 17% more than in 2024. For that reason, the Inca citadel of Cusco faces the same threat that looms over other large international destinations, such as Mount Fujithe monumental areas of Rome, Venice and Florence either The pyramids of Guiza, in Egypt, to cite only a handful of examples: tourist saturation. So They just warned The Peruvian authorities, who have launched a notice to navigators: the “tourist overload” of the Inca city threatens its conservation. What happened? That the Would control general Of the Republic, an autonomous body responsible for ensuring the assets and resources of Peru, has just made a warning to the country’s ministry of culture: Machu Picchu is suffering a “tourist overload.” The problem has been detected both in the old citadel and in the Inca road network (Qhapaq Ñan), he Road System of the Incas. After verifying the influx of visitors, the general control has come to the conclusion that there is an excess of tourists that puts “at risk” the conservation of both points and affects their “structure and ecosystem.” And if that message had not been clear enough, warns: To extend, that situation could lead to Machu Picchu ending in the World Heritage List in Danger of UNESCO, a risk that he already faced A few years ago. What is the problem? The Peruvian agency provides concrete data to support its complaints. Between April 17 and 30 of this year its operators detected “an overload” of 2,505 people on the upper terrace of the Inca city (Route 1-B). And it was not an isolated case. In May they estimate that this saturation will reach 1,546 users. What does that mean? That authorized maximum aguoros are repeatedly overcome in the protected space. “Although the sustainable access limit to said AES area of ​​450 people per day in regular or low season, the sale of tickets for daily income from 549 to 789 users was evidenced. And while in high season the limit is 490 people, access tickets of between 495 and 639 users were sold.” The key, They need From the control, although the state platform for the sale of tickets is respected the capacity of the upper terrace of the LlaqtaVisitors arrive on the road network. Is there more data? Yes. The agency has also detected a considerable “overload” of 836 visitors, on Route 5 of the Inca road network between April 17 and 30. In May the data will amount to 1,490. “Although the permitted capacity is 250 people per day, the sale of tickets for the entry of 300 users between tourists, guides and support personnel was evidence insist From the entity. In the case of the Route Route designedanother of the great tourist claims in the region, saturation reached 1,368 visitors during the last 13 days of April and set 1,248 people in May. The control even speaks of “errors in the sales platform” that “make it difficult to plan the number of visitors.” Why is it a worrying? Because that excess tourists can take its toll to the deposits. “These situations do not guarantee the conservation of the areas because the constant transit of visitors could cause the erosion of the soil in areas with pronounced slopes and nearby areas, as well as the compaction of the land due warns The entity. Something similar would happen on the route, where the technicians consider that the “overload” endangers the residential and ceremonial area for the wear of the stone. Is it something new? Yes. And no. The touch of attention of the control of the Ministry of Culture of Peru is new, but as it is responsible for remembering the body itself in Your official statement It is not the first time that the preservation of Machu Picchu generates debate. In 2017, UNESCO He examined the situation of the Inca citadel to decide whether or not to include it in the world heritage list. The problem, explained at that time from UNESCO, was not so much the state in which the sanctuary was, as the management of the “long -term” environment. “The difficulties are in the control of tourist flow in the area”, warned. E that occasion the Unesco chose not to register To Machu Picchu on his list, but he would control it, he remembers that this option could be on the table again. Is it a real risk? I would control it like this seems to believe it. In fact, he recalls that at the UNESCO World Heritage Committee meeting held in July last year in New Delhi, the state of the Inca deposit was approached. “Concern about the state of conservation of the historical sanctuary was expressed in relation to several aspects, including the high number of daily visitors that has generated pressure on the structures and the natural environment of the site.” The truth is that Peru It has moved token so that his great tourist claim does not die of success. At the beginning of this year the authorities of Cusco and the headquarters of the Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu They announced that would reinforce the safety and control in access to the citadel after a field guard be convicted of accepting bribes to pass to tourists skipping the rules. To avoid repeating episodes thus Cusco promised to reinforce inspections by the police and install cameras. Machu Picchu is one of Peru’s great claims: only during the first two months of 2025 attracted More than 191,000 peoplepromoting national tourism to record figures. Images | Eddie Kiszka (UNSPLASH) and Shashi Bellamkonda (Flickr) In Xataka | For decades the families adapted their vacations to travel with children. Today sends another priority: pets

The countries that drink beer around the world, exposed in this happy graphic

by

There are more than 2,000 million people drink alcohol often, according to The World Health Organization. Within these data are the Beer drinkersa drink that, Like coffeeit is one of the most consumed in the world. Logically due to its population, China has been dominating as the country that consumes more beer In the world. But if we look at the consumption of per capita beer, the thing changes. And here it only remains to ask … what happens in the Czech Republic. The Czechs is one thing. The Kirin Group public At the end of last year a report on world beer consumption based on questioning sent to beer associations from different countries and industry reports, and is the basis on which Visual Capitalist He has elaborated the graph that you have on these lines. In it, we can see that many countries are quite aligned in per capita annual consumption, but there is one that is notable: Czech Republic. According to these data, the country’s per capita consumption was 152.1 liters per year. It is a figure that is far, far from the 106.5 liters of the Austrians, of the 103.3 liters of the Lithuanians and the 100.6 liters of the Irish, who are the ones that complete the list of countries with consumption above 100 liters. Heritage. Kirin’s report points out that most countries have remained in the same positions that occupied the previous year, but with a notable rise in Croatia, which passes from position ten to five in 2024. Consumption in Spain is not far behind, but there are more and more reports that point to a decrease in consumption In Spanish lands. Let’s go back to the Czech Republic for a moment, since it is a country where beer serves you in bars, unless you say they stop doing it. As in Germany or Belgium, they have recognized the beer culture as part of its national heritage. The three have cataloged the drink and its preparation as an intangible cultural asset, something that is not yet on the Unesco heritage list, but that reflects the importance that the drink has in each of the nations. Because this goes beyond the product, bottled beer, but covers The whole process. It is a celebration of the cultivation of hops and barley, traditional beer trades, the social role of taverns in both rural and urban areas and the role it plays in everyday life. Interestingly, in the list, Belgium occupies much lower positions of consumption. Leaving Europe. This beer tradition permeates consumption worldwide and therefore, although Europe is not the leading territory, it does have the countries where each citizen drinks more liters a year. To find the first non -European country, we must go down to 13th place, where Panama is. Here we start seeing countries like Mexico (15), Gabon (16) or South Africa (18). The United States, which also acquired a wide beer culture fruit of all the miscegenation of the country, is in 27th position with 63.1 liters per capita and curious is the 25th place in the United Kingdom with 65.5 liters. Zero-Ceroseseism. These data, remember, belong to the study prepared by Kirin, but, liter above, liter below, the top positions with that Czech Republic at the head of world beer consumption are something that remains in other statistics. Now, within all the beer consumed in Europe, there is something that is taking impulse: The production of alcohol without alcohol. In 2023 se They produced 34.3 billion liters of beer (being Germany, Spain and Poland the ones that most fermented), 1.8 billion Liters without alcoholbut although it seems little, it is an increase of 13.5% compared to beer data with less than 0.5% alcohol of 2022. And it occurs more because it is also consumed more. In Spain, for example, in 2023 it was consumed 3.5% more of alcohol -free beer than in 2022. We will see if that increase in the consumption of beer without alcohol, something that already shows in advertising, and the decline of alcohol consumption in young Europeans becomes a trend and how it influences these annual statistics. In Xataka | Alcohol kills, but not everyone equally: why Spain and Italy consume more but die less

Magnus Carlsen is considered the best chess player in history. He has not been able to beat the entire world

by

Last April 4 began A very special chess chess game. With white pieces Magnus Carlsen, considered the best chess player in history. With blacks, the whole world. And the world managed to force the tables. Carlsen can’t with the world. On May 20 ended This game Freestyle chess, and did it surprisingly. After 32 movements, “the world” forced tables in a lady end thanks to the triple repetition rule. This rule allows a player to claim a draw (tables) if the same position on the board occurs at least for the third time during a game. Magnus vs. The World. The event, organized by the online chess platform Chess.comhe has faced the ex -champion of the world of classic chess – he had that title by not wanting to defend him – against more than 143,000 users of Chess.com who joined strength to try to beat him. Freestyle chess. The game did not use the rules of classic chess, but those of Freestyle chess, the new modality that Magnus Carlsen is promoting. In this modality, the positions of the pieces of the rear row (towers, horses, alfiles, lady and king) are chosen randomly, although two rules must be fulfilled. The first, that the bishops must be in boxes of different color. And the second, can be continued on both sides, so the king must always be between the two towers. Thus ended the game of Carlsen vs The World. Tables by repetition. A legend. Magnus Carlsen, 34 years old, became the world’s largest score player in 2010, at age 19, and has won five world championships. In 2014, it managed to reach the highest elo score in history, 2,882 points. In recent years, tensions with the FIDE and its own tiredness with the classic chess modality have caused the fight to defend the title of World Champion. He continues to play classic chess tournaments, but is especially interested in fast games tournaments and, in recent times, in Promote freestyle modealso known as Chess960 (chess 960) or random chess of Fischer. Voting movement. After each Movement of Carlsen, in the turn of “El Mundo” a voting system was followed that lasted 24 hours and in which all those involved in the game could participate. It was not mandatory to vote in each movement, and to help the players of “El Mundo” there were several “coaches” who shared their own reflections on the best movements with their analysis of the state of the game. A “solid” game. In statements After the game, Carlsen Indian That “in general,” the world “has played a very, very solid chess from the beginning. Perhaps he has not opted for the most entrepreneurial options, but has remained more in the normal chess line, which is not always the best strategy, but this time it has worked well. The world did not risk and worked. In the last movements the players of “The World” discussed whether to force the tables with triple repetition or try to continue playing to win it, even if that supposed the defeat. In the end the votes favored the most conservative strategy, and preferred to force the tables. The world lost against Kasparov and Anand. There have been previous events of this type. In 1999 Garry Kasparov played against more than 50,000 players via Microsoft Network and won after four months. Last year the great teacher Viswanathan Anand He won a game against more than 70,000 players at Chess.com. In both cases they were classic chess games. How was the game? Chess.com analysts have described the game as “a roller coaster” in which there were a couple of dramatic moments. Carlsen came to have a somewhat more advantageous position, but he could not take advantage of it and confesses that from that moment everything was aimed at the tables because “they did not give me a single opportunity.” Image | Frans Peeters In Xataka | A study says that AIs are “cheating” to chess. That’s what we want to think

Claude Opus 4 launches and presents it as the best programming model in the world

by

After Google will display all its artillery in artificial intelligenceAnthropic did not want to be left behind. The company founded by Dario Amodei has moved tab strongly: has presented Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4two new models with which he aspires to leave his mark on the race for AI. The announcement star is Claude Opus 4, the most advanced model Anthropic has developed so far. And they do not walk with Rodeos: they assure that it is “the best programming model in the world. An ambitious statement that, as always, will have to be tested. But the first data places it very well positioned in front of its main rivals. In the benchmark Swe-Bench Verified, which evaluates real software engineering tasks, Opus 4 gets 72.5 % in standard conditions and reaches 79.4 % if the Parallel processing. It is a performance that leaves it above models such as GPT-4.1 (54.6 %), O3 (69.1 %) or the recent Gemini 2.5 Pro of Google (63.2 %). However, in other more demanding evidence in multimodal reasoning, such as GPQA Diamond or MMMU, focused on university level questions and complex scenarios that combine text and image, Opus 4 fails to overcome O3, which continues to lead in that field. A model with resistance and autonomy But beyond the numbers, what Anthropic wants to highlight is the resistance and autonomy of this model. Claude Opus 4 is capable of maintaining long work sessions and executing thousands of steps continuously. From the company they explain that this makes it an ideal basis for AI agents More sophisticated: systems that make decisions, complete tasks on their own and do not need constant human supervision. In parallel arrives Claude Sonnet 4, an evolution of the model that Anthropic launched in February. It is not intended to compete with Power Opus, but it offers a very balanced proposal between performance and efficiency. In coding it also makes an important leap with respect to its previous version: it goes from 62.3 % to 72.7 % in Swe-Bench Verified, and improves in reasoning tasks, instructions monitoring and general precision. Both models arrive with interesting news. For example, they can now alternate between reasoning and use of tools Within the same process, which allows more complete answers. They have also improved in reliability. According to Anthropic, they are 65 % less likely to take shortcuts or make serious mistakes than Sonnet 3.7. Claude Opus 4 and Sonnet 4 are already available in the API of Anthropic, at Amazon Bedrock and Google Cloud Vertex AI. They are included in the Pro, Max, Team and Enterprise plans. Prices are kept in the line of the previous models: Opus 4 costs $ 15 per million input tokens and 75 per million departure tokens. Sonnet 4 is more affordable: 3 and 15 dollars respectively. The latter can also be used from free accounts. Images | Anthropic In Xataka | We have tried the new Google AI mode: it is a direct bullet to the blue links that worries and excites in equal parts

In the exciting world of the supernovas this newly discovered has something unique: its form is perfect

by

Identifying a Supernova is an event that astronomers usually celebrate with enthusiasm. And it is not for less if we consider that it is One of the most violent events with which we can run into the cosmos. Knowing them better is very important because it can help us understand more precisely what the latest stages of The life of mass starsand also the mechanisms that explain how the material caused by stellar synthesis can lead to new star systems. The mathematical tools handled by astrophysics current nuclear fusion that take place in the nucleus of mass stars. During the stage known as the main sequence, stars obtain their energy from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei. As this chemical element is consumed, the star begins to produce helium nuclei, and, of course, its composition begins to evolve. During this process a huge amount of energy is released and the star is forced to continuously readjust to maintain hydrostatic balance, a phenomenon that is the result of the coexistence of two opposite forces capable of compensating. One of them is the gravitational contraction, which compresses the subject of the star, pressing it without rest. And the other is the radiation and gase pressure, which is the fruit of the ignition of the nuclear oven and tries to expand the star. ‘Teleios’ is the perfect supernova If the star is massive enough will begin to consume its helium reserves and produce new carbon nuclei, while maintaining the hydrostatic balance we have talked about. And if the star has enough mass will not stop in carbon production. When this element is exhausted in the nucleus, it will be readjusted, compressing and increasing once again its temperature to stop the gravitational collapse. From this moment the carbon nuclei will enter into ignition through nuclear fusion processes and the production of even heavier chemical elements will begin. While in the star’s core is being carried out Carbon fusionin the immediately superior layer the ignition of the helium is maintained. And above this, of hydrogen. The iron core suddenly contracts under the enormous pressure that all layers of material that it has above the material exerted on it During star nucleosynthesis, stars acquire a layer -shaped structure similar to that of an onion. In the nucleus lies the heaviest element, and from there we are ascending by layers finding more and lighter elements. If the star has accumulated sufficient mass there will come a time when the nucleus will be essentially constituted by iron, and from this chemical element it is not possible to obtain more energy through nuclear fusion processes. At that time the radiation and gase pressure is not enough to counteract gravitational contraction, so Iron core suddenly contracts under the enormous pressure that all layers of material that it has above. The star has lost the hydrostatic balance. At this moment all this matter loses the support that the nucleus exercised, which is now much more compact, and falls on it with enormous speed. When all that star material touches the surface of the nucleus there is a rebound effect that causes it to be fired with a huge energy towards the stellar medium, being disseminated. A supernova has just been produced. Some of them are so energetic that for a few seconds they emit more light than the entire galaxy that contains them. This was probably what happened to ‘Teleios’, the remnant of a supernova recently discovered by an astronomer team from the University of Sidney (Australia). The remnant is nothing more than the material that is spread in a region of space after the production of a supernova In the field of Supernovas, the remainder is nothing more than the material that is scattered in a region of space after the production of a supernova. It usually acquires the shape of an expanding bubble in which it is possible to identify an external and brilliant region in which the shock wave and a diffuse interior section occurs constituted by dense and cold dust and dust. The image we publish on the cover of this article recreates a supernova in the most reliable way possible, and in it we can clearly observe the two regions in which we have just inquired. Astronomers from the University of Sidney have identified the remnant ‘Teleios’ using the Australian Askap telescope (Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder), and have realized something very interesting: its geometry is almost perfectly circular. It is very unusual that the material left after the production of a supernova acquires such a perfect geometry. Although these astrophysics shuffle several scenarios that could explain this morphology, in Your scientific article They propose to carry out more observations to determine why ‘Teleios’ is so different from other remnants. The identification of the conditions that have given rise to this cosmic object can help cosmologists to understand better What happens during the production of a Supernova and what parameters delimit the evolution of the remnant that will remain in space long after this great explosion occurs. In fact, these Australian astrophysicists have estimated that ‘Teleios’ is at a distance between 7,170 and 25,100 light years. Image | Generated by Xataka with Dall-e More information | Arxiv In Xataka | The CERN detector took 20 years to be built. It is one of the most complex machines created by the human being

Neither London, nor New York, nor Tokyo. The largest city in the world is a place that you have never heard

by

We recently told something we sensed, but there were no data to confirm it. For a long time it was thought that we were 8,000 million people on the planet, but a study calculated that we had left Between 1,000 and 3,000 million along the way. It is not a trivial figure, and gives an idea of ​​the “massification” of people on earth. If we add to this that most live in cities, the thing is complicated a little more. In fact, there is only one city that has two records: it is the bigger and the most populatedand possibly you had never heard of her. Colossal and unknown. To the question of the world’s largest city, many candidates may be repeated: London, New York, Tokyo… However, none of those well -known cities really holds the title, neither by total nor surface population. No, the true urban giant is found in China and is a name that the general public is unknown: Chongqing. This monumental metropolis, located in the geographical heart of the country, where the Yangtsé and Jialing rivers cross, has not only become the city with the greater number of inhabitants in its jurisdiction, but also in the most extensive on the planet, with More than 82,400 square kilometersan extension comparable to entire countries such as Ireland or Austria. Context. However, its real size is not easily perceived from the outside, this occurs especially because much of Its territory is ruraland because its urban structure challenges all cartographic logic, built on steep slopes, deep valleys and high urban platforms that force its residents to move between tunnels, phones, stairs, elevators and catwalks that intersect as in an endless vertical dream. A three -dimensional city. More than a flat city, Chongqing is a three -dimensional urban phenomenon, as vertical as expansive, as abruptly as unbeatable. In fact, He told the Guardian Architecture critic Oliver Wainwright when describing his experience there Like a mixture Between the Inception movie and a snake and stairs game. In Chongqing, what seems like the ground floor can actually be the roof of a thirty -story building, and moving a few apples can involve changing levels five times. Its urban design, far from following a classic pattern, Respond to the mountainous topography which forces the neighborhoods clinging to the cliffs since the subway lines cross housing buildings. In such a context, even maps lose meaning: the city is only understood in motion, from within and in all directions. The Chinese city in dusk More than an inflated statistic. Plus: Although it may seem that its classification as “the greatest” is based on administrative technicalism, the argument goes beyond the mere surface. While the urban area occupies a much smaller portion of the total, More than 70% of the population (about 33 million inhabitants) lives within that area concentrated, a figure that exceeds any other city in the world. In addition, Chongqing is not a recent experiment or a planned city overnight: its history goes back to More than 3,000 yearswith a key role as regional capital, strategic river port and even logistics node before the Qing dynasty. The city already had more than two million inhabitants before the economic reforms of 1968 that opened China to the globalized world. From that moment on, growth It was vertiginous: 6.3 million in 1979, 13.9 million in 1983 and almost 29 million in 1997. The urbanized “China”. If you want too, Chongqing symbolizes the perfect model of Intensive urbanization That China has promoted in recent decades, with a state machinery that has doubled the urbanization rate of the country in twenty years, and that projects to reach 70% of urban population by 2050. Moreover, four of the five largest cities in the world by population within its administrative limits They are today in Chinareflex of a national process that has merged economic development with urban planning on a continental scale. Within that framework, the enclave not only represents a statistical feat, but a key piece of Chinese economic and territorial gear, a kind of megalopolis built on the basis of public investment, administrative reorganization and forced mobility towards urban poles. Touching roof. It is the last of the legs to analyze: its future. Like that of many other Chinese cities, he faces a new reality that we have gone counting: Stagnation and posterior Demographic decline of the country. Despite its colossal size and its central role in the economic growth of the nation, it may have already reached its maximum point. The new generations, less numerous and With other goals and valuesThey could reduce the expansion pressure that its recent history has defined. That said, even if it does not grow anymore, Chongqing will continue to be a unique city: with 33 million people And a territory that covers more than some states and countries combined, the city of impossible heights and asymmetric densities is already, in its own right, one of the most extreme urban expressions that humanity has conceived. Image | JUUKEIHC, Kristoffer Trolle In Xataka | We thought we were 8,000 million people throughout the planet. Until some researchers began to make numbers In Xataka | In Japan there is no doubt that they live worse than 30 years ago. Literally, houses are getting smaller and smaller

The world is drinking less wine than ever. Spain is the exception

by

The world is drinking less wine than ever. Or at least, less than ever in the last six decades. In 2024, consumption fell for the third consecutive year to the minimum of the early sixties, according to the data of the International Wine Organization cited by Chain ser. Only one country goes in the opposite direction: Spain. Why is it important. This change in the trend of consumption is a threat to a key sector of many economies, including Spanish. Spain is the second country in the world on the surface of vineyards and the third in production. It is a employment generator, exports, and in part, of Spanish cultural identity. In figures. In 2024 … Global consumption stayed at 214 million hectoliters. Minimum figure since 1961. Spain remained in a consumption of about 10 million hectoliters, which in fact is very close to being its postpandemics record. That meant a 1.2% increase in consumption compared to 2023. In context. It is not that there are many people renouncing the wine, but that they drink less frequently and more selectively. There are more consumers, but with other patterns: it is drunk with greater moderation, the Alcohol without alcoholand there is greater social pressure to avoid excess. In addition, young people do not have the habit that their parents or grandparents did more frequently: accompanying meals with wine daily. Between the lines. Wine is less and less everyday to become something more linked to a whim. Less volume, more premium. In that line, global consumption has fallen, but not the interest in wines of a certain category. In fact, in Spain the food channel has risen in value (+2.7%) although it falls in volume (-0.5%). And now what. The wine industry, which You already have your own problems in Spainhas a dilemma: either adapt to the new consumer or continue losing presence in the face of new habits. The young audience, which drinks differently and in less quantity, is the key. The classic model, based on volume, tradition and hospitality, is not enough. Spain, who continues to drink, can mark the way. In Xataka | The “natural wine” has become fashionable. There is a place where he takes centuries without so much hype: Mass Outstanding image | Lily combs in Unspash

Log In

Forgot password?

Forgot password?

Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password.

Your password reset link appears to be invalid or expired.

Log in

Privacy Policy

Add to Collection

No Collections

Here you'll find all collections you've created before.