minerals

does not produce 13 minerals critical for economic security

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For years, the so-called critical minerals have remained out of the focus of public debate, despite the fact that entire industries and a good part of the economic security of countries depend on them. Its relevance does not respond only to a technological issue, but also to geopolitical tensions, fragile supply chains and strategic decisions that today condition industrial development. In that context, Mexico has begun to put figuresnames and concrete limits to their own exposure, opening a conversation that goes far beyond mining and reaches directly to their productive future. What exactly is considered a critical mineral. These are elements present in nature whose demand is high while their availability is limited, either due to geological restrictions inherent to finite resources or due to external factors such as geopolitical tensions and trade blockades. That combination of scarcity and dependence makes them sensitive pieces for contemporary industry. They not only intervene in everyday electronic devices, they also determine energy efficiency, component durability and thermal stability in multiple technologies. Image shared by the Government of Mexico The concrete photography of Mexico. The Mexican Geological Service has defined which materials are scarce or directly non-existent in the national territory, or without technical and economic conditions today to produce them viably, a diagnosis that allows foreign dependence to be measured with sufficient precision. The list is not small and concentrates a good part of the inputs associated with electronics, energy and various advanced industrial chains. These are the 13 minerals classified as scarce or non-existent resources in the country: Aluminum Cadmium Cobalt Chrome Germanium Iridium Lithium Nickel Palladium Platinum Tantalum Titanium Vanadium The reverse of the diagnosis. Mexico has a relevant mining base in certain materials where there are not only reserves, but also extraction and processing capacity, which allows it to sustain its own industrial chains and participate in international markets. This dimension is key to avoiding a reading solely focused on external dependence and understanding that the resource map combines shortcomings with operational strengths. According to the Mexican Geological Service, the minerals that the country concentrates or processes are the following: Baryta Copper Fluorite Graphite Magnesium Manganese Silver Lead Zinc The diplomatic channel and the geopolitical board. The diagnosis of available resources has not remained internal. Mexico has brought the issue of critical minerals to the field of international politics with a specific goal: to ensure access to materials that are necessary for its present and future industry. This is how Marcelo Ebrard explained itSecretary of Economy, when detailing the country’s participation in different forums and coordination spaces, including areas linked to the United Nations. The strategy, as he stressed, does not seek to offer its own reserves, but rather to be part of the decisions that will determine how these supplies are guaranteed in an increasingly competitive environment. Coordination with the northern neighbor. The United States Trade Office (USTR) announced that Its ambassador, Jamieson Greer, and Marcelo Ebrard agreed on an action plan aimed at building a preferential trade scheme for critical minerals, which includes everything from the identification of priority materials to the exploration of adjusted minimum border prices for imports and consultation on how to incorporate these minimum prices into a binding plurilateral agreement. The cooperation seeks to respond to global market distortions that have left North American critical mineral supply chains vulnerable to disruption. The initial calendar, it should be noted, establishes a work horizon of two months to analyze measures before defining subsequent steps. Lithium. State ownership and pending viability. Among the minerals that explain the Mexican position, lithium occupies a unique place. The Constitution establishes that only the State can exploit it, a decision that reinforces its strategic nature but, at the same time, coexists with technical and economic limits. As President Claudia Sheinbaum notedthere is already a technology developed at the Mexican Petroleum Institute to obtain lithium in clays, although “today it is not economically viable, it is very expensive.” This combination of state control and production difficulty illustrates why guaranteeing access to critical materials remains an open question for the national industry. In conclusion. The image that emerges is not that of a country without resources, but of an economy that must precisely manage its material dependencies in an increasingly demanding international environment. Mexico has relevant mining capabilities and, at the same time, faces clear limits on essential inputs for the technology and energy industry. Between both extremes is a strategy that combines internal diagnosis, diplomatic action and technological development still in process. The result does not close the debate, but it does define the context in which the country must work. Images | Dominic Vanyi + Nano Banana In Xataka | What are rare earths, the elements that move the technological world and separate China from the West

The great covered in the War of Critical Minerals is Tungsten. The US needs it and 83% have it China

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On April 4, just 24 hours after Donald Trump announced the taxes that he was going to apply to the importation of most products from abroad, The administration led by Xi Jinping responded. And he did it with forcefulness. In early December 2024 He chose to prohibit The export of some critical minerals to the US, among which were three essential metals for the chips industry: Gallium, Germanio and Antimony. Shortly after the Chinese government added two more critical metals to its list of export restrictions: the Scandio and the Disposio. These chemical elements are probably less known than metals prohibited by China previously, such as Gallium or Germanio, but are at least as important as the latter because they have a fundamental role in the industries of integrated circuits, telecommunications and the manufacture of storage devices. The ability to put pressure from China had not yet been extinguished. Just ten days later, on April 14, the Administration did not hesitate take another step forward With the purpose of putting in check, in addition to the industries that I just mentioned, those of electric cars, aeronautics and advanced armament. To achieve this, it effectively suspended, in addition to the export of the most valuable rare earths, that of high -power magnets that have a critical role in the industries that I have cited in this same paragraph. Tungsten hunting and capture Tungsten or Wolframium (W) is a relatively scarce metal in the earth’s crust. It is very dense and extremely hard (understanding hardness as its resistance to being scratched), but its most exotic physicochemical property is that it has the second highest melting point of all the chemical elements that we can find in the periodic table only behind the carbon (nothing less than 3,422 ° C). It has a very wide range of applications, but, curiously, from World War II it is much appreciated for its suitability when intervening in the tuning of the armor of some vehicles and in the manufacture of ammunition. In February China announced that I was going to respond to US sanctions by enabling export controls of the strictest tungsten China currently controls 83% of the world’s tungsten, which has placed this country in a very comfortable position that allows it to drastically limit the amount of this metal that reaches rival powers, among which is USA. It is just what you are doing. In February, the Chinese administration announced that I was going to respond to US sanctions and its allies enabling export controls of the strictest tungsten. From that moment on, the price of this mineral has progressively increased to its historical maximum. Today Wolframio is 55% more expensive that in February. Beyond China, the main producers of Tungsten are Vietnam, Russia and some countries in Central Africa and South America. Anyway, Europe, Japan and South Korea are trying to ensure their supply of this metal by implementing political measures that seek to promote local production with the purpose of reducing China’s dependence. The US is even considering the possibility of replenishing its strategic tungsten reserve after selling it for many years. Image | Generated by Xataka with Google Gemini More information | Volt Rush In Xataka | The US will not be able to contain the technological development of China. Experts from the chips industry forecast it

Plan to remove 2,000 million from the chips and give them to critical minerals

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Donald Trump has criticized on many occasions The Chips Law approved in July 2022 by the government of Joe Biden. At the end of last January and just a week after returning to the White House, the US president He made this statement: “In the very close future we will impose tariffs on foreign production of computer chips, semiconductors and pharmaceutical products to return the manufacture of these essential goods to the US (…) went to Taiwan; now we want them to return. We do not want to give them billions of dollars in The ridiculous Biden program. They already have billions of dollars. “ “The ridiculous Biden program.” It is evident that Donald Trump doesn’t like Chips law at all. Three months before, in October 2024, I had already charged ferocity against this program of the previous administration In Joe Rogan’s podcast: “We put millions of dollars on the table so that rich companies came, they borrow the money and build chip companies here. And they will not give us the best companies.” At that time the possibility that Donald Trump dismantled the Chips program if he arrived at the government was on the table, which caused semiconductor manufacturers They were hurry to collect subsidies Before his return. The partial dismantling of the Chips Law is on the table Presumably Intel, TSMC, Globalfoundries and other designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits have already charged the subsidies of the Chips program assigned to them during the mandate of Joe Biden. Or part of these funds. A priori the money that has already been delivered will not be returned to the administration, but a part of the funds remains in the hands of the Department of Commerce, which is currently led by Howard Lutnick. AND, According to Reutersthe government is considering reallocating at least 2,000 million dollars. China is restricting the export of many of these minerals in response to US sanctions and their allies If this measure thrives those funds initially reserved for semiconductor research and the construction of chips factories will be used to finance projects dedicated to obtaining and the processing of critical minerals. At the moment China controls extraction, processing and the distribution chain of a good part of this crucial strategic resource for many industries, such as integrated circuits, telecommunications, batteries or the electric car, among others. And the country led by Xi Jinping is restricting export of many of these minerals in response to the US sanctions and their allies. The US needs to drastically reduce its dependence on critical minerals controlled by China, and the decisions that Donald Trump has made during recent months reflect clearly that he is much more worried about reinforce the American land industry to deliver subsidies to chips manufacturers. However, the reallocation of these 2,000 million dollars will have an additional effect, if it thrives, it is worth not overlooking: Howard Lutnick will expand its influence to the critical mineral sector. And this manager has the total confidence of Donald Trump. Image | TSMC | Gage Skidmore More information | Reuters In Xataka | The US will not be able to contain the technological development of China. Experts from the chips industry forecast it

China goes for those who mock their export controls. The focus is in strategic minerals that sustain their power

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Beijing has just tightened your control over one of its most valuable assets: strategic minerals that feed chips, electrical networks and satellites. A spokesman for the Ministry of Commerce He assured that smuggling will be pursued without concessions. The Asian giant redoubles the pressure. China does not stay in the ads of a firm policy: it has launched an operation that, as they say, already yields concrete results. During the last two months, multiple cases of illegal exports have been investigated, with arrests of involved and a “strong deterrence”, CGTN points out. A key meeting of July 19 at Nanning – with the presence of the Ministry of Commerce, Public Security, Customs, Attorney General’s Office and other agencies – served as an intermediate point after the operation initiated in May. In that meeting it was agreed: Establish a Joint Coordination Center for Export Application and Control of Double Use Articles. Publish exemplary judicial cases and expand the list of foreign entities subject to controls. Issue compliance guides for exporters, with emphasis on avoiding deviations to military purposes. Why these minerals matter so much. Strategic minerals –including rare earths such as neodymium, prseodimio and disposium– They are essential for high -tech industries: computer chips, electric vehicle batteries, wind turbines, satellites and military equipment. China controls about 60% of refined world productionwhich gives you a critical position in the global supply chains. Having this domain allows Beijing to influence key markets and exert economic pressure on international tension contexts. In addition, the refining of these matters requires advanced technology and complex chemical processes, which raises entry barriers to other countries. The threat: smuggling and technological leaks. Beijing’s message is not limited to economic damage. The Ministry of Commerce warned about an added risk: mineral smuggling can facilitate technological filtration towards foreign actors, including those linked to the military. It is feared that certain materials end up in defense applications without going through adequate controls, thus avoiding the official export mechanisms. The authorities claim to have detected sophisticated attempts to overcome the rules: false documentation, transfers through third countries, and fragmentation of cargoes to reduce customs scrutiny. The technical complexity of these schemes forces constant surveillance, according to He Yadong himself. It is not the first time that this is tried to stop. Frenting the smuggling of strategic products is not new, and it is rarely simple. The restrictions imposed by the United States on advanced chips and NVIDIA GPUS offer a clear example: despite the formal prohibition of exporting models such as A100 or H100 to China, China, Recent analysis indicate that these components continue to reach the country through opaque networks and triangulations with third countries. A movement with geopolitical echoes. The decision to harden control over strategic minerals cannot be understood outside the pulse between powers. While the United States multiplies controls on chips, AI and sensitive exports, China counterattacks in one of the few lands where it has a margin of real maneuver: that of critical raw materials. The country is responsible for more than 85% of the global refining of rare earthsand has begun to use that position as a pressure tool. He already demonstrated it in 2023 with the imposition of licenses To export Galio and Germaniotwo essential minerals for advanced electronics and defense. This new turn hardens its position and is interpreted as a response to the western fence. It is not a total closure, but a reminder that who controls the materials, controls a part of the game. Will these measures work? What is not clear is whether these measures will be effective in the long term. Smuggling networks usually adapt rapidly, especially when there are global interests at stake and high economic benefits. Nor do we know if these decisions will affect prices, the international supply or the negotiating position of China in future technological disputes. Images | Alejandro Luengo | Craig Thomas In Xataka | In full battle of all countries to get rare earths, an unexpected actor has raised his voice: Apple

In the center of Africa a race for minerals that moves the world is fought. And China is winning it

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Lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper and, above all, Rare earth. These are some of the minerals and metals that dominate the world today because they are key to current and future industries. Revolutions such as renewable energies or that of the electric cars They go hand in hand with these materials, but they are also key to medical, aerospace and military industries. China It has advantage because Master the extraction and processing of key raw materials, but also for its enormous influence on the great world mine: Africa. Treasury search. We are talking about a key territory not only as a business opportunity, but as fountain of critical strategic minerals for the development of technologies that move the world and, also, the future of industries such as that of renewable energies or the electric cars. This is something that has encouraged several countries to want to invest in Africa, since ensuring certain resources is to cement that future. What countries are key? Congo Democratic Republic – It’s about the great world mine when we talk about copper, gold or cobalt. It is estimated that 70% of the world cobalt is extracted only in this country, but it is also crucial for coltan, tungsten, lithium or bauxite. The technology industry cannot work without them. Gabon – Another prominent territory when we talk about gold, but it is also an important source of manganese, iron and other essential minerals. China strategy. China and Western countries are very interested In those two countries in particular, but there are others, such as Zambia, of which they extract more lithium, metals of the platinum or nickel group. But China’s strategy is something that attracts attention throughout this panorama. The Asian giant has been doing years investments Of more than 10,000 million dollars to exploit the mines, extract the materials, process them and send them to China. They control the entire supply chain of these key minerals and esteem that import about 4,000 million dollars in minerals and metals every month. Central Africa is a priority area for China’s supply, but that is also an opportunity for the African countries involved. Investments and opportunity. Within China’s strategy, there is something that is very important: politics. Summits and bilateral agreements are held to ensure access to resources by China, but African countries also remain with their part. Within that interested investment in China, we see that ports, roads and railway lines are being developed. Jobs are also created, joint laboratories and training centers are created to strengthen scientific and technological cooperation. Geopolitics and debt. But, as is usually the case, there is a dark side in this story. On the one hand, competition between China and other global actors. That growing influence of the Asian country in central Africa is not something that makes the United States or European countries. It is something that generates more tension between them, but can also contribute to the tense political and economic stability of the African regions involved. There is studies that point in lack of transparency in contracts and the possible cooperation with authoritarian regimes to extract those resources. And they have also observed some risks of over -indebtedness by African countries. Arms. In all that geopolitical, commercial and collaboration context, and taking into account that we talk about territories with political instability and several armed groups, we cannot overlook another lucrative business for China: the sale of weapons. As we read in South China Morning Posta report by the Rand Corporation prepared in 2023 placed China as the main arms supplier for sub -Saharan Africa. Between 2019 and 2023, at least 21 African countries received great deliveries from Chinese weapons that includes weapons, ammunition, artillery, rockets, drones, missiles, armored and electronic warfare systems. It is also estimated that 70% of African armies use Chinese armored armored extended Its presence in countries such as Senegal, Ivory or Mali coast with new offices. This goes far beyond armament, since China also exports military and private security forces to protect the country’s mining interests. And this occurs because Chinese military exports are usually cheaper and with lower political conditions than Western alternatives, which is very sweet to those African states with a geopolitical context that is not stable. An asymmetric relationship. It must be added that China promised an investment of 50,000 million dollars in three years in the region and that it has pledged to train police and military in the area, but as already pointsall this investment in Africa is generating is an asymmetric relationship between countries. It seems that Africa is receiving much more than China because the former let them exploit their mines and the latter invest in infrastructure, employment, safety and sell manufactured products, but in the end what is achieved is that Chinese influence is huge in Africa. This rapid expansion in recent years causes sovereignty to be questioned and reinforce the idea of ​​what will happen in the area when strategic minerals have been extracted, since many depend on those Chinese investments, seeing how their local economic and political autonomy can stagger. And it must also be said that what we now see with China is something that, traditionally, have carried out other countries in those same territories, and it is something that they are in competing With its great adversary right now: the United States. Images | Hansueli Krapf, Africraigs, Steve Jurvetson In Xataka | In its particular underground war with Europe, China has found a new weapon: to monopolize copper

The US is about to get all the minerals he wanted from Ukraine. The problem is that half control them

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In the terms in which it seems that the United States wants to end the war, Ukraine does not seem to have much to win in A peace agreement with Russia. Except if he brought out his rare earth reserves, those minerals that presume that he counts in large quantity. So much so, that, in 24 hours it is expected that Ukraine firm an agreement of cooperation with the Trump administration with minerals as protagonists. There is more than one problem. The agreement. The president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, will meet this Friday with his American counterpart, Donald Trump, in Washington to sign an agreement that gives the United States access to mineral resources Strategic Ukraine. Although Zelensky hopes that this pact will serve as a basis for future negotiations, he has recognized that does not include security guarantees concrete by the United States despite the fact that kyiv had insisted on this point during negotiations. Trump, meanwhile, has justified the agreement as a way that US taxpayers recover part of Help funds sent To Ukraine (the Biden administration raised the investment to More than 100,000 million dollars in assistance), arguing that the responsibility of Ukrainian security should fall in Europe. The terms. While the final details are still unknown, the Ukrainian prime minister, Denys Shmyhal, confirmed that both parties have agreed a preliminary version of the pact. According to this, it will be established An investment fund for the reconstruction of Ukraine, which will be jointly managed by kyiv and Washington on equal terms. Ukraine will contribute 50% of future income generated by their state natural resources, including minerals, oil and gas, and these funds will be reinvested in projects within the country. In this regard, a draft Obtained by the New York Times It suggests that the United States will have the greatest amount of participation allowed in the fund according to its legislation, although You will not have absolute control. Previously, Trump had demanded that Ukraine yield resources for Value of 500,000 million dollars As compensation for military and economic assistance received, but this point has been discarded in the final version. There are no guarantees. One of the most controversial aspects of the agreement is the lack of a formal security commitment by the United States. Zelensky insisted on the inclusion of a reference to security guarantees, although the final version only mentions that the United States “Support Ukraine efforts to obtain necessary guarantees for lasting peace.” No doubt, this does not imply a direct military support or specific commitments in case of Russian aggression. What Trump says. The President has declared that the United States will not provide security guarantees “beyond what is necessary” and that the protection of Ukraine It must fall on Europe. However, he pointed out that the presence of US workers in Ukrainian territory would provide “automatic security”, suggesting that investment in natural resources would deter Russia of attacking these strategic sites. He also said that the United States will continue to provide armament and ammunition to Ukraine “until an agreement with Russia is reached.” Why do minerals matter. We have told it before. Ukraine houses approximately 5% of world reserves of critical minerals, including graphite, titanium, lithium and rare earths, essential for the production of batteries, weapons, wind turbines and advanced technology. Thus, the United States, which seeks reduce its dependence on China In key materials for green technology and defense, see in Ukraine a strategic opportunity. According to The Ukraine Geological Service itselfthe country is one of the richest in the world in essential resources for energy transition and military industry. The problem: half are Russian. The main stumbling block that Ukraine has in the negotiation is that, paradoxically, almost half of its mineral reserves They are on land occupied by Russia Since the invasion in 2022, which has complicated access to these resources. We talk about something else 40% of these resources. To get an idea, the Minister of Economy of Ukraine, Yulia Svydenko, said that mineral resources in territories under Russian control They amount to 350,000 million dollars. In addition, the extraction of these minerals faces a greater obstacle: it is estimated that 25% of the Ukrainian territory is contaminated with land minesespecially in the east of the country, which hinders the development of mining projects without an adequate demin strategy. According to the Halo Trust organization, the nation has 150,000 contaminated square kilometers With these explosives. The Russian counteroffet. Not just that. In a twist of events, and knowing the negotiations, Vladimir Putin has declared in A televised interview that Russia is willing to offer to the United States access to your own mineral resourcesincluding, of course, those located in the occupied Ukrainian territories. In fact, he emphasized that Russia has “significantly more resources of this type than Ukraine” and that he is ready to attract foreign partners to exploit them in the so -called “new regions”in reference to the areas of Ukraine attached by Moscow. Moreover, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, fell importance to Zelensky’s visit to Washington and suggested that the final content of the agreement is not yet at all clear. Putin, meanwhile, mentioned the possibility of collaborate with the United States In the production of aluminum in Siberia, which would indicate an attempt of Moscow for interfering with the negotiations between kyiv and Washington and offering a more viable alternative for the United States. The challenge of access to resources. It is the last of the obstacles with respect to minerals. Despite its enormous potential, the exploitation of these resources Face significant difficulties. As we said, the Russian invasion has left Ukraine without access to much of its mineral reserves, particularly in occupied regions such as Donetsk and Zaporiyia. But, in addition, the country’s infrastructure has remained severely damaged After three years of conflict, which complicates the extraction and transport of materials. An uncertain future. Thus, the agreement that will be carried out in 24 hours is full of edges for Ukraine. … Read more

In its pulse with the US, China has restricted key minerals for the Tech industry. Japan fears an impact globally

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The commercial war between United States and China It is developing with export controls. While Washington restricts the sending of advanced semiconductors and other avant -garde technologies, Beijing responds by limiting access to strategic resources. However, Japan has not hesitated to warn that the repercussions of this confrontation can go beyond these two powers. Financial Times points out That both the Japanese government and the companies in the country are alarmed by the recent measures of the Asian giant, which could mark the beginning of a “declaration of economic war against the rest of the world.” Japan, the greatest global consumer of Germanio, Graphite and Gallic, continues to receive these critical minerals, but fears that China further limits its supply. The dilemma of re -export controls China wants to prevent Gallium, whose supply to control 98%, drive military applications in the United States. And not only is he trying to do it directly with the export controls, but also indirectly with the Re -export controlswhich seek to limit the sending of products that contain this element, but the rules of the game are not clear at this time. The Chinese Gallic is in pieces made in Japan and imported by Tesla, as well as in Broadcom optical communication components and semiconductors used in Apple devices. However, Japanese suppliers that make up the supply chain of these US companies claim to ignore the gallium limit that they can incorporate into their products. So, as they warn, China could decide overnight that an excess of gallium is being sent to the United States and demand that a export license to continue supplying. The dynamics of licenses is well known: the United States has also used them To restrict the export of Nvidia graphics chips to Chinaand the problem is that, in most cases, they are never granted. In a globalized world, the decisions of key countries resonate beyond its borders. A change in the export policies of China or the United States can reconfigure access to essential resources, affect global prices and alter the economy of some nations. What seems like an isolated dispute can have direct effects on global markets, even making themselves feel in consumers. Images | Lio voo | Ln In Xataka | China’s veto to export minerals to the US had a small print and affects a key element of Ukraine defense: drones

The countries of the Persian Gulf have a plan B to continue influencing beyond oil: critical minerals

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In case the sector of Solar energy was smallthe Persian Gulf wants to continue expanding his empire and now points to the extraction and trade of metals. Expanding sectors. The companies between Oman, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia They have created Specialized units in metal marketing. On the one hand, International Resources Holding (IRH) in Abu Dhabi and Minerals Development Oman (MDO) have focused on energy and metal control. On the other hand, the Saudi country, through Ma’aden and the Public Investment Fund (PIF), has driven Its mining sector with new commercial strategies towards critical minerals. The look in the metals. The global raw material trade has changed in recent years, displacing traditional centers such as London and Geneva towards the Middle East, especially Dubai. Great oil traders, such as Vitol, Mercuria and Gunvor They have expanded Its metal business, and the Gulf states seek to position themselves in this market. With greater control over marketing, these countries can ensure better prices for their resources and strengthen their presence in the global supply chain. The expansion strategy. To consolidate their presence in the sector, companies such as International Resources Holding (IRH) and Minerals Development Oman (MDO) have created specialized commercial teams. Irh, based in Abu Dhabi, He has hired to 60 people to handle energy and metal trade, while MDO is in the process of establishing a unit of 25 people. At the same time, the Saudi Mining Fund Manara plans to form its own commercial team to ensure the supply of critical minerals. In addition to reinforcing their commercial capacities, these countries have made key investments in mining. IRH has acquired a 51% share in the Mopani copper mine in Zambia, and Abu Dhabi, through ADQ, has signed a joint company of 1.2 billion dollars with Orion Resources. Oman, on the other hand, has reactivated copper extraction in his lasail mine and seeks to better organize the plaster and chromite market to maximize income. Towards other booming markets. The Persian Gulf is exploring other areas such as renewable energies, artificial intelligence and nuclear energy. Countries like United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia They are promoting solar projects massive and the development of green hydrogen, with the expectation that more than 30% of its energy capacity comes from renewable sources in the next five years. Saudi Arabia has also seen an opportunity in The resurgence of nuclear energy And seek to lead the uranium sector, ensuring its role in the global supply. At the same time, the country has sealed Strategic agreements in AIwith projects like Neom that seek to position it as a key actor in the technological revolution. Global ambition. The gulf bet for metal trade is just one more piece in its strategy to become a key actor in the global economy. With the rise of the energy transition and the reconfiguration of international trade, the region seeks not only to diversify its income, but also consolidate its influence in strategic sectors. Oil gave them power; This new diversification is your insurance to continue like this for decades. Image | Unspash and Corey Poppe Xataka | The Persian Gulf has dominated the long era of oil. Now he is preparing to lead the era of solar energy

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