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In Madrid they sell an apartment for 20.9 million euros. The question is not whether it is the most expensive in history, but what that means

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He has earned the unofficial title “most expensive apartment in Madrid” and, although it is difficult to confirm it because in the luxury sector there are operations that never reach transcendence, it certainly has the potential to be so. To start with its price. The apartment that Property Partners announces in Jerónimos, in the heart of the capital, it costs a whopping 20.9 million euros. Beyond that figure, the home’s size (1,008 m2), display of luxuries and extras is striking. For example, it has no decoration. It has “works of art.” Not a typical main room, but a “social area” that covers about 200 m2. In any other advertisement that vocabulary might sound like an exaggeration. Not here. The most expensive apartment in all of Madrid? So suggests it Property Partners, which claims to have in its portfolio what is “considered” the “most expensive property in Madrid.” The same unofficial title has been recognized in recent days several economic means, premises and generalistsincluding Tele Madrid that refers to the luxurious apartment as “the most expensive in the history” of the city. In reality, it is very difficult to confirm whether this is the case or not because discretion prevails in the luxury market. Many operations are closed with hardly any publicity, almost with their backs to the market. Others don’t. Last year, without going any further, John Taylor, a French real estate company specializing in luxury, brokered the sale of a home that was valued at 20 million. The property in question was located near Retiro Park and measured about 1,100 m2. The 20.9 million flat announced by Property has been announced for several months, although the agency assures that “there are offer processes” underway and interested people who have already made several visits. Click on the image to go to the tweet. What is the housing like? Enormous. And that’s an understatement. According to the token Published by the real estate agency itself, the apartment has a constructed area of ​​1,008 m2, although it identifies 812 m2 as “housing area”. Seven bedrooms (five en suite), six bathrooms and three toilets are distributed throughout this vast space, as well as amenities such as a gym, wine cellar and large living rooms. A reporter from EPE was able to visit the apartment and says that one of the first things that catches your attention is a 200 m2 room named “social area”. Do we know more? Yes. And it points in the same direction: that of exclusive luxury. The house, located in Los Jerónimos, has five parking spaces and two storage rooms, terraces with views of the Botanical Garden and furniture in line with the profile of its market. Tele Madrid assures Its renovation alone cost two million, to which is added another for the furniture. As a finishing touch, it incorporates works of art. That the apartment (the agency dates it back to the 70s) is so spacious in the heart of the center is explained by its past: in reality it is made up of three independent homes that a former owner bought and mergedoccupying an entire floor. Why is it interesting? Because beyond how striking the price or the characteristics of the apartment are, the advertisement connects with a larger trend: the increase in price of the home. That the price per square meter has been rising for years (in Madrid and the rest of Spain) is nothing new. Idealistic sample that in the last year the m2 has skyrocketed by 14.8% in the capital, reaching a maximum of almost €5,900/m2, although there are certain areas where this value is much higher. In Retiro there are more than 7,800 and in Salamanca they are close to 10,000. The announcement of the Los Jerónimos apartment reminds us, however, that the price increase is not exclusive to the conventional residential market. It also affects luxury. At the end of 2025 Diza Market published a report which shows that the cost of prime housing in the region rose by 95% in a matter of a decade, between 2014 and 2025. The analysis focused, however, on the luxury sector in which houses worth several million are moved, without reaching stratospheric figures. Are there more indicators? Yes. Savills has published another report in which it points out that the price of prime housing in the capital “triples the rate of global growth expected for 2026.” “If we focus the analysis on the first consolidated, the average prices in Madrid are around €16,000-17,000/m2, reaching peaks of between €25,000 and €30,000/m2”, details Santiago de Miguel, director. “The forecast is that the market will continue slightly bullish, but with sustained demand. The international buyer continues to have his sights set on Madrid.” “The Madrid market super luxury has reached a degree of maturity that allows operations of this caliber,” agrees an interview with Five Days Felipe Reuse, from Property Partner. Data from the Notarial Statistical Portal show In fact, the dynamism of the market in the heart of Madrid, with the m2 above 11,000 m2, and where foreign buyers have a relevant weight, representing a third of the total. There are those who already points out that the demand is going outside the city, towards La Moraleja or La Finca. Image | Chris Curry (Unsplash) In Xataka | There is a Europe that is suffocating to pay for housing and another that lives in peace. And this map shows the differences

We thought it took us a long time to learn to cook. Until some 780,000-year-old carp teeth rewrote history

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If we think about the technology that has most transformed humanity, it is easy for the wheel, the steam engine or the microchip to come to mind in a more current way. However, there is a much older and more fundamental “technology” that literally changed our anatomy: the kitchen. The evolution. For decades, paleoanthropologists have debated At what exact moment did our ancestors stop consuming raw foods to start processing them through the control of fire. The most recent evidence not only rewrites our chronology, but confirms that mastering cooking was the true driving force of human evolution. How do you know? Date something as precise as the beginning of cooking, but the reality is that Until recently, indisputable evidence of the continued use of fire for cooking They were around 600,000 years old. However, a great finding published in the prestigious magazine Nature in 2022 set back this evolutionary clock. In this case it was at the site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqovin Israel, remains of large carp teeth were found. With these samples and through advanced techniques such as X-ray diffraction, the researchers demonstrated that these remains had been exposed to controlled and relatively low temperatures, being less than 500 °C. The first date. With this evidence it seemed quite clear that it was not an accidental fire, but rather that it was dated 780,000 years ago these animals began to be cooked. This is consistent with the fact that Acheulean hunter-gatherers were already exploiting aquatic habitats, selecting nutrient-rich fish and cooking them in what archaeologists call “ghost hearths,” which were structured fire zones. Another hypothesis. Although direct evidence pointed us back to 780,000 years ago, biological clues suggest that the culinary revolution began much earlier. This is what primatologist Richard Wrangham pointed out, in his book Catching Fire and in subsequent studies published in Current Anthropology, proposing that systematic cooking emerged with Homo erectus approximately 1.9 million years ago. Your arguments. To be able to give this date, this expert focuses mainly on energy efficiency, since he points out that cooking predigests food, breaking down fibers and starches. This allows you to obtain many more calories with minimal effort. But the most relevant thing is that by facilitating digestion, the Homo erectus It no longer needed a massive intestinal tract to process hard, raw vegetables. And here size matters, since intestinal tissue and brain tissue are energetically very expensive, and so, by shrinking the intestine, the excess energy could be redirected to the growth of a much larger and more complex brain. But this softer diet also explains why the molars of the Homo erectus They shrank and their jaws became less prominent. Beyond nutrition. The implementation of cooking not only brought anatomical benefits, but studies indicate that in the case of the first hominids, this was essential for roasting raw meat and killing the bacteria that were inside. But in addition, fire control and the ability to process food were key tools that facilitated human migration. In reassessments of classic sites, such as the Zhoukoudian caves in China, they confirm that the Homo erectus pekinensis used controlled fire to cook deer meat in specific stratademonstrating that this practice was essential for adapting to colder climates outside of Africa. Images | Michael Lock

The Ferrari Luce breaks with everything that Ferrari history is supposed to be about. It is the best possible news for Ferrari

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Just unlock your phone, select the icon of your favorite social network and scroll to get an idea that there are two kinds of people in the world: those who have already given their opinion about the new Ferrari Luce and those who are about to give their opinion. Because if Ferrari has achieved anything by showing the inside of its first electric car (we will see the exterior in May) is to make it clear that we all have an opinion. For or against. It doesn’t matter almost because 99% of us who give our opinion will not be able to buy an electric one either, which, of course, will not fit into the new one. Auto+ Plan of purchase aid. Yes, you don’t have to think too much to get an idea of ​​who is against it. I myself am not sure if it disgusts me or, outright, horrifies me. And despite everything, it is very clear to me that Ferrari has hit the right buttons. Enzo, this is not a Ferrari They say that Enzo Ferrari took revenge for the criticism of his cars with one of those outings that only an Italian in the category of Il Commendatore You can sign: “I don’t sell cars, I sell engines. I gave the car away, the engine has to be assembled somewhere.” Whether it’s true or notwhich with these quotes you never know, the phrase not only reflects a philosophy for your company, it also captured the essence of an entire era. The Ferrari boss died in 1988, just a year after the launch of the Ferrari F40the supercar that commemorated the four decades of the firm’s history. That Ferrari F40 was the last car supervised by Enzo Ferrari and it was a shock to the table. Gerhard Berger, who drove for the brand in Formula 1, noted that the F40 was “very easy to drive… if you have experience with racing cars.” And he wasn’t lying. Jason Barlow, in Top Gearexplains that the car accelerates wildly, as if it lived inside a chapter of the Looney Tunes. In carwow define its spirit well: “the luxury of this Ferrari was not having any luxury.” Seeking extreme lightness, the car lacked air conditioning, floor mats, sound system or upholstered panels. The result was immediately evident: the F40 was the fastest car at the time with a top speed of 324km/h. Yes, the F40 was a special car, one of those series that those from Il Cavallino they throw every 10 years to honor their own historyto claim every decade to be the most important brand in the world. Whether or not it is true, they have won the speech. I say this because, since then, Ferrari has been slowing down its launches. Until the death of Enzo Ferrari, his cars obeyed the maxim of being, above all, an engine with wheels. You had to have hands to drive a Ferrari. Many concessions had to be made. But the evolution of technology has brought us to where we are today. Cars that do not need to be extremely radical and that can even be relatively comfortable on a daily basis while being a bomb on a track. When we had the opportunity to play the Lamborghini Revuelto I saw it clearly. Today, a luxury supercar brand has to think about its most radical customers, it cannot forget the purists, those who really enjoy the sound of a V12 at full throttle on a track or in a Autobahn. But the luxury supercar is now much more than that. They are also cars to get around the city center, to go to your favorite restaurant. They have to be easy to carry for an audience that is never going to take advantage of the burst of power they keep in their guts. That is where Ferrari has been pointing in recent years. The Italians have achieved the most complicated thing for a luxury brand: to be desired and aspirational despite the fact that Never before have so many Ferraris been sold. They produce more than ever, but demand remains intact. And if that demand is still alive, it is not only for those who seek the thunderous sound of a V12, it is for those who buy a Purosangue and for those who will buy an electric car with the Ferrari emblem on the nose. That’s why I understand that the brand has opted to hand over the keys to the house to Jony Ive and go on vacation for years with the uncomfortable tranquility of someone who knows that when he returns he will find it upside down. And he doesn’t know if that’s good or bad. Ive’s bet has been to create a groundbreaking and different interior for a car that needs to build its own story. Ferrari has the means and knowledge to make the most advanced electric car in the world. Your technical datawith 1,000 HP, four motors and a 122 kWh battery, aims to achieve this. But building the most radical and fastest electric supercar was not going to do them any good. Because the public for that car does not exist. At least for now. What does exist is a gigantic fishing ground of rich people who want a car as a fashion accessoryof those who do not value Ferrari for its history, for making the best-sounding V12s. This car has been created for them, so that they can enjoy it every day on their trips to the luxury shopping center, to the sports club or to pick up the children from the most elite school in the area. If Ferrari had targeted the brand’s biggest fans with its first electric car, they would have failed.either. Because technology is capable of giving us a wild stream of hundreds and hundreds of HP of power for little money. But those customers, who look for the roar of a gigantic engine behind them and a wild … Read more

In 1968 a man had the idea to create the first tablet in history. The problem is that he was decades ahead of his time.

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If I tell you to think of the oldest tablet you remember, you may go back to the first iPad, which was released in 2010 (and, by the way, I turned seven last week). Or, if you’ve been following the world of technology since before the turn of the century, you might be familiar with the Microsoft Tablet PC from HP Compaq that was announced in 2001. In reality, there was someone who already tried to create one and it was much earlier, in 1968before the term “tablet” was even coined. At that time, Alan Kay was a young worker at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center who had been mulling over the concept of a personal computer for some time (in contrast to the military, business and professional use that reigned among manufacturers at the time). After speaking with other colleagues who were beginning their research on how the programming language Logo could help younger children advance in math, Kay came up with an idea: “This encounter finally made me see what the real destiny of personal computing was going to be. Not a personal dynamic ‘vehicle’, as Englebart’s metaphors had it as opposed to IBM’s ‘railway tracks’, but something much deeper: a dynamic personal ‘medium’. With a vehicle, one could wait until high school to take ‘driving lessons’. But if it was a medium, it had to extend into the world of childhood.” In 1968, Kay created the Dynabook conceptwhich he would spend several years profiling. in the book “Tracing the Dynabook: a study of technocultural transformations” They define it like this: “Kay called it the Dynabook, and the name suggests what it was going to be: a dynamic book. That is, a medium like a book, but one that was interactive and controlled by the reader. It would provide cognitive scaffolding in the same way that books and print media had done in recent centuries but, as Papert’s work with children and Logo had begun to demonstrate, it would take the advantages of the new computing medium and provide the means for new kinds of exploration and expression.” “A personal computer for children of all ages” With the idea of ​​its function clear, Kay then began to shape it into cardboard prototypes (as can be seen in the image at the top of the article). In 1972, the researcher presented his paper “A personal computer for children of all ages” in which he offered more details not only about his motivation and his vision of personal computing at the time, but about the own device that I had in mind. His idea was to get a kind of tablet-shaped personal computer aimed at education. This would have a reduced thickness, a liquid crystal touch screen and a keyboard. Like a regular notebook in size, with a graphical interface (a revolution for the time) that allowed the reproduction of graphics, music and text, and with internal storage for 500 pages. The keyboard would not be the only way to enter information: it could also be done via voice. In the image that Kay drew, the word “stylus” can also be seen, although he did not comment on it in his paper. Kay’s idea is that the Dynabook that could be connect to other systems to “copy” information to it (among them, the ARPA Network) and even predicted the existence of content “vending machines”, which could not be accessed until payment had been made. “The books can be installed instead of being bought or loaned,” he said. Regarding digital “ownership”, Kay said the following: “The ability to easily make copies and own the information yourself is not likely to weaken existing markets, as has happened with xerography, which has strengthened publishing; and just as tapes have not hurt the music industry but have provided a way to organize one’s own music. Most people are not interested in being a source or a smuggler, but rather like to trade and play with what they have.” According to Kay’s calculations, the components to manufacture it could cost $294, so it was not unreasonable to be able to sell it for $500, something expensive for the time. “The average annual amount spent per child on education is only $850,” he said, and that is why he even proposed a different financing model: “perhaps the device should be given away as if it were a notebook, and only sell the content (cassettes, files, etc.). “This would be quite similar to the way TV packages or music are now distributed.” “Let’s do it!” he said to finish his paper. Unfortunately for Kay, the Dynabook never materialized. Despite Kay’s enthusiasm, the Dynabook itself was never manufactured for lack of support at Xerox and due to the technological limitations of the time. Do you remember what computers were like then? Well, imagine what it would be like to build a tablet. Two Xerox PARC engineers, Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampson, asked for permission to try to replicate a similar machine on their own, and so it came to light. Highwhich was also known as “Interim Dynabook”. It was not a tablet, far from it, but it maintained some of the ideas that Kay had raised in her publication. He Xerox Alto was one of the first personal computers of history and Steve Jobs and Apple engineers they were inspired in some of its innovations and concepts, such as the use of a graphical interface for its own computers. Starting at Minute 2:27, the Xerox Alto graphical interface in action Kay is not only remembered for the Dynabook itself, but for the educational vision he gave to the project, for his peculiar vision of the personal computing paradigm and for how he came to anticipate some of the problems (and even technologies) that would come later. Not only that: in 2001, Microsoft presented its Microsoft Tablet PC, a project that Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampson had led. Yes, the same ones who once tried to implement … Read more

the most powerful warship in the history of South America

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South America has long lived under a fragile balance between military modernization, internal tensions and the constant influence of external powers. That balance shakes again todaywith a turbulent regional scenario marked by the renewed pulse of the United States around Venezuela and a continent that observes how security, autonomy and defense once again occupy a central place on the strategic agenda. This context explains an unprecedented naval project. The assault of Colombia. Yes, Colombia has started one of the most ambitious industrial and military transformations in its recent history as it began construction of its first frigate manufactured in national territory. The project of the Strategic Surface Platform It marks the country’s entry into the small group of Latin American nations capable of designing and building highly complex combat ships. It is not only a military decision, but a strategic bet for autonomy, knowledge and control of the complete cycle of its naval capabilities. Cotecmar and shipyard maturity. Project responsibility falls on Cotecmarwhich assumes for the first time the complete construction of a frigate for the Colombian Navy. The media they have spoken these days of the beginning of sheet cutting as a symbol of the culmination of years of investment in engineering, production processes and industrial infrastructure. In this way, the nation leaves behind the role of simple buyer or assembler. and goes to control design, integration and maintenance of a strategic platform. Designed to last. They counted in Defense that the PES is built under an advanced modular architecture based on the design SIGMA 10514 from the Dutch Damen shipyard. With more than 107 meters in length and nearly 3,000 tons of displacement, it will be the largest warship never built in the country. Plus: block construction will allow optimization of time, quality and future modernizations without compromising the basic structure of the ship. Fleet renewal. These frigates will give rise to the class Grand Admiral Padillacalled to become the new nucleus of Colombian surface escorts. The plan contemplates up to five unitswhich will allow a progressive and sustained renewal of the fleet over the next decade. Bottom line: replace veteran ships and ensure modern capabilities in anti-aircraft, anti-submarine, surface and electronic warfare. Operational versatility. There is much more, since ESP has been conceived as a multipurpose ship capable of operating both in naval combat scenarios and in surveillance missions, protection of sea routes and international cooperation. Furthermore, its flexible and digitalized design places it among the most modern frigates in Latin America, and the most powerful in terms of war technology. On paper, this versatility will expand Colombia’s strategic room for maneuver in the Caribbean and the Pacific without the need for specialized fleets for each mission. Technology and strategic autonomy. Beyond its military power, the program reinforces industrial autonomy by allowing maintenance, updating and modernization to be carried out in the country itself. The frigate will also be prepared to operate under NATO compatible standardsfacilitating exercises and combined operations with allies. In other words, Colombia thus gains operational independence without having to give up international interoperability. Economic impact. It is the last of the legs in the global analysis of the movement. The PES program will have, a priori, a tractor effect on the economy and specialized employment, with thousands of direct and indirect positions until the delivery of the first unit scheduled for 2030. However, its true scope is structural: consolidating an industrial base capable of sustaining future naval projects and positioning Colombia as a relevant actor in the regional defense industry. If you want and from that perspective, the frigate is not simply a ship, it is a declaration of long-term intentions. Image | Defense In Xataka | Brazil has been following a path reserved for few powers for years: that of developing its own nuclear submarine In Xataka | Neither drones nor fighters nor elite soldiers: the US entered Venezuela disguising a 20th-century tactic as technology. XIX

The most brutal rains in the history of Andalusia have already ended. Now the real problems begin

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The storm Leonardo little by little begins to fade from the maps, leaving in its wake mainly alerts for strong gusts of wind in certain regions of Andalusia. The problem is that its footprint on the ground is just beginning to show its true dimension, since the main danger is that even if rainfall begins to decrease, the water continues to rise in the rivers. And this gives rise to the feared floods that are already has caused numerous evictions. Extreme saturation. To understand why authorities and the AEMET maintain the emergency level 2 and red warnings despite lulls in rainfall, we have to look under our feet. The soil functions, under normal conditions, like a sponge capable of retaining large volumes of water. However, after weeks of constant rainfall, Andalusia has reached its saturation point. In this way, the land does not support any more water, which increases the runoff coefficient throughout the territory. This means that each new liter that falls, no matter how small, will barely filter through the ground. The result is that it will run on the surface, turning slopes and mountains into giant slides towards the rivers. Increase of the channel. This is the reason why 14 rivers are under red notice today and another 31 under orange. Rivers such as the Guadalete, the Genil, the Guadiaro and the Guadalhorce They are not just responding to today’s rain.but to the inability of the basin to drain what has accumulated in the last 48 hours. We have an example in Huétor Tájar in Granadawhere the Genil River overflowed, making the entire town become a large lake. And this is the main risk we face despite the fact that rainfall is beginning to reduce its intensity. The reservoirs. The other major front of this crisis is hydraulic engineering. The reservoirs act as buffers during floodsretaining the water to prevent it from devastating the towns downstream. But Leonardo has managed to finish filling these reservoirs to their maximum limits. This has forced us to initiate technical releases with increasing amounts of water to avoid breakages or uncontrolled overflows of the dams. The problem is that doing so injects more flow into rivers that are already at the limit of their capacity, keeping towns like Ubrique or the lower areas of the Guadalquivir in suspense. Sierra Nevada. Gravity in the Genil basin is not based solely on precipitation, but on thermodynamics. Leonardo is not a cold storm of polar origin, but rather an Atlantic storm loaded with humidity that is causing snow accumulated in previous weeks melts at a high speed. The result here is clear: a greater flow in the rivers that drain the Sierra that joins all the factors that we have mentioned before. Landslides. For the next few hours, in addition to the increase in the riverbed, we must also keep in mind the risk of hillslide. In these cases, water saturation increases the weight of the soil and reduces its internal friction. This translates into a greater risk of landslides on roads and slopes, something that can especially occur in mountain areas such as Cádiz or Axarquía in Malaga. More rain on Saturday. Faced with overflowing soil, the last thing you want is to receive more rain. But the reality is that this same Saturday a new storm comes in that has already activated an orange alert in a region that has been greatly punished by Leonardo such as Grazalema. In this case, accumulations of up to 80 liters per square meter are again expected, which may further aggravate the situation that is being experienced. Images | Ted Balmer In Xataka | We have always believed that London is very rainy and that Barcelona is not. The only problem is that it’s a lie

The Nintendo DS was the best-selling console in the history of the Japanese manufacturer until now. It’s easy to guess who has surpassed her

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The Nintendo Switch has become the best-selling console in the history of the Japanese company, as revealed by Nintendo in its financial report of February 3, 2026. With 155.37 million units sold until the end of December 2025, the hybrid system has surpassed the 154.02 million of the Nintendo DS, which held the record since its discontinuation in 2013. Two proposals. The data gain more weight considering that the Switch debuted in 2017 with a price of $299.99 (exactly double the $149.99 of the DS in 2004) and not has officially dropped in price in its eight years of commercial life. The concept of the DS (two screens, one of them touch) represented a risky bet when the industry prioritized graphical power. The console found its audience in sectors outside of traditional video games, with titles such as ‘Brain Training’ and ‘Nintendogs’ that attracted users with the same casual profile that the Wii had conquered. Added to this was the DS Lite, launched in 2006, which represented 61% of the system’s total sales: 93.86 million units. The Switch arrives. In 2017, the Switch was double the price of its portable predecessor. Its hybrid concept (functioning as a desktop console connected to the television and as a portable device) eliminated Nintendo’s traditional division between home and mobile platforms. And without price cuts: the OLED model, launched in 2021 at $349.99, meant a net increase in the market positioning of the system. Different pricing policies. The pricing strategy of both consoles differs significantly. Adjusted for inflation, the $149.99 DS in 2004 andThey would be equivalent to approximately $240 in 2024. The DS also experienced reductions during its life cycle, reaching $99.99 in 2011. The Switch, in contrast, has maintained its base price for eight years, something unusual in the consumer electronics industry. The accumulated inflation since 2017 has reduced the real value of the price by approximately 20%. For comparison, the PlayStation 2 dropped its price from $300 to $100 in less than a decade. But the Switch unifies two segments: while the DS competed exclusively as a portable platform (coexisting with the Wii and Wii U as home consoles), each Switch unit captures both the traditional home console and handheld audiences. The difference: the software. Beyond hardware, software performance reveals a gap between both systems. According to data from November 2025the Switch has sold 1,452.79 million software units throughout its life cycle, compared to the 948.76 million that the DS reached at the end of its production. A difference of 53% in favor of the Switch that indicates a greater commitment on the part of its user base. Put another way: each Switch owner has purchased an average of approximately 9.4 games, compared to 6.2 for DS users. The Switch catalog, which includes ports and remasters of titles previously exclusive to other platforms, has reached an audience that goes beyond the traditional Nintendo. PS2 objective. The Switch is still below the absolute industry record: Sony’s PlayStation 2 maintains the position of best-selling console of all time with figures that exceed 160 million units. This brand has generated some controversy after Sony updated its historical data including sales that were not previously listed in its public records. To reach that figure, the Switch would need to sell approximately 4.63 million additional units. However, Nintendo’s current projections contemplate only 750,000 more units until the end of the fiscal year. Besides, Switch 2 It has already sold 17.37 million units. The coexistence of both models on the market could accelerate the withdrawal of the original hardware. Images | Xataka In Xataka | The most recurring criticism of Nintendo Switch 2 is that “it does not innovate.” We have tried it and we have something to say about it

the dark history of mercury in the fashion industry

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When we think of Alice in Wonderland one of the most recognized characters is ‘Mad Hatter’‘, an eccentric character with a top hat and a label that says 10/6. And although it may seem that the author of this story wanted to give that characterization to the famous rabbit, the truth is that all hats at that time had a serious problem which made them look too much like the classic rabbit. What’s behind. And the reality behind the character is much murkier and less colorful than in Disney or Tim Burton films. The expression “mad as a hatter” was not a literary invention in this case, but a quite popular medical diagnosis for the timesince for centuries the hat industry suffered a silent epidemic that led to serious neurological damage. and the culprit it was mercury. The ‘carroting’. To understand why hatters fell ill, we must look at how the felt was made between the 17th and 20th centuries that would give rise to hats. The raw material was usually rabbit, hare or beaver fur, and in order for these furs to become a high-quality, rigid and durable felt, they were subjected to a chemical process called “carroting”. This name came from the orange color of the carrots that the skins acquired when treated with a hot solution of mercury nitrate. But logically it was a death trap for the workshops of the time, just as collect NIOSH historical archives. Security issues. Although there are now strong regulations regarding safety at work, if we look back it was not like that. And the treatment was carried out in a poorly ventilated space, which caused mercury vapors to be released when the acid mixture was heated with the skins. By not being able to escape through any ventilation slits, the professionals who were constantly working with the skins ended up inhaling the mercury vapors. It was not a one-time accident, but rather a chronic exposure that accumulated in the body and directly attacked the central nervous system. A new reality. Although in the popular culture of the time the profession was directly related to being completely crazy, the truth is that current toxicological reviews indicate that chronic mercury poisoning produces a devastating and very specific clinical picture. And the hatters did not simply become ‘eccentric’, but also had Danbury tremorswhich are uncontrollable muscle spasms and intentional tremors that prevented fine movements. But there were also personality changes making pathological shyness, extreme irritability, depression and emotional lability the norm. The countries took note. Logically, this is something that had to be regulated to guarantee the safety of workers. France was one of the pioneers by prohibiting the use of mercury in the manufacture of hat boxes in 1898, but in Anglo-Saxon countries the industry was quite resistant to change. And the resentful. In the United States the process remained in force for decades. In this case, it took World War II for the tables to turn and it was not until 1941 when the use of mercury was definitively abandoned in key states such as Connecticut. But the reason was not the safety of its artisans, but rather that the war required a large amount of mercury to manufacture detonators, which forced the hat industry to look for substitutes such as hydrogen peroxide, as detailed in the industrial records of the time. Alice’s Hatter. It’s tempting to think that Lewis Carroll designed his character as a textbook case of erethism, but the evidence suggests otherwise. A classic analysis published in BMJ puts the dots on the i’s in this case, pointing out that Carrol knew the popular expression “mad as a hatter”, since he lived in a time where hatters with tremors were a visible social reality. However, the character of Alice in Wonderland It doesn’t quite fit the medical profile. The Hatter in the book is hyperactive, talkative, euphoric and a lover of riddles. Mercury erethism, on the other hand, is characterized by extreme shyness, social anxiety, and depression. It is likely that Carroll took the figure of the hatter and the idiom to create a caricature, but the identification of the character as “mercury poisoned” is a reading that we have made a posteriori. In Xataka | If you have ever thought that AI is useless, science has something for you: an antidote to cobras

The first hard drives in history were gigantic. Then a miracle happened: miniaturization

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Nowadays it is normal to have 32 or 64 GB of capacity on our mobile devices, and that capacity is usually multiplied by several orders of magnitude on our PCs and laptops. Storage technology has advanced incredibly in all these years, and to appreciate this evolution it is not a bad idea to take a short trip to the past and see how decades ago hard drives were heavy and cumbersome monstrosities that also had very limited capacity and features. The first example of that evolution we have it in the IBM RAMAC 305a monster that appeared in 1956 and was capable of storing 5 MB thanks to a system with 50 24-inch “platters”. That device rotated at a speed of 600 revolutions per minute and generated such a quantity of heat that it was necessary to enclose it in a large “refrigerator” with two cooling systems. Another curious fact about this product is that IBM already thought about a subscription model to make it profitable: clients who wanted to use this product had to pay $3,200 per month at the time, which would be equivalent to almost $30,000 today with inflation. Miniaturization would still take years to reach an industry that was trying to advance especially in the area of ​​storage capacity: customers demanded more capacity, and those 24 inch plates wereAs seen in the image, huge. In this case these models reached 10 MB capacity per disk. The giant of the time, IBM, dominated the sector for years, and in 1962 the company created the first “removable” drives. The IBM 1311 Disk Storage Drive made use of IBM 1316 “disk packs” that allowed the company’s customers to expand their needs to suit. From the 24 inches of the previous disks it went to 14 inches, with 2 Mbytes for each “pack”. The path to smallness Another of those storage devices It was UniDisc.a storage expansion that appeared in 1962 for the Univac 1004/1005 computers. That “flexible” disk similar to those used by IBM had a diameter of 14 inches and was capable of holding 2 Mbytes of information. The drive the disk was inserted into was about the size of a washing machine. At that time, several manufacturers tried to be leaders in a promising sector, and among them was Burroughs, a mainframe manufacturer that, for example, launched this unit of 250 MB in 1979. A true marvel that used, pay attention, regenerative braking: when it was turned off, the motor became a magnetic brake: otherwise the discs continued spinning for an average of 4 hours. A few years earlier IBM had already launched its new hard drive technology, the so-called “winchester“. The IBM 3340 drive had a smaller, lighter read/write head that had a design that allowed it to move across that surface at a tiny distance. Things would advance from that moment even more rapidly, especially in the field of miniaturization (more or less) and the capacity of units that, for example, in 1980 already reached the gigabyte with the IBM 3380 unit. From that year 1980 is also the Memorex Mark XIV “disk pack” in the header image that was advertised as an “error-free” system. It had a capacity of 80 MB and was intended for Memorex disk drives that were again the size of a washing machine. 5¼ units would soon give way to 3.5-inch oneswhich would arrive first from the Rodime company (with former Burroughs employees, by the way). Their devices were capable of storing 6.38 and 12.75 Mbytes and would start a real trend in the PC and laptop market. User needs continued to dictate smaller formats, and this led to 2.5-inch drives that are currently especially widespread due to their use in the solid state drive segment. The rest, as they say, is history: 3.5-inch drives are still widely used today, but that revolution would be followed a few years ago by that of solid state drives or SSD (especially in M.2 format) that have allowed us to achieve reading and writing speeds that were unthinkable just a decade ago. In the area of ​​capacity and cost per gigabyte, yes, those traditional hard drives continue to be (for now) the kings of the market, but if we want examples of miniaturization, the 1 TB drives that SanDisk presented at CES seven years ago made things even better. And what remains. In Xataka | Sandisk has risen 1,000% in the stock market since the summer. Its advantage is called Kioxia In Xataka | The computers of the future have found an unexpected ally to store information: fungi

We thought measles was history. The data shows that we were very wrong

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For years, measles seemed like a disease of the past in much of the developed world thanks to mass vaccination campaigns who had managed to corner the virus until turning the outbreaks into anecdotes. However, everything is changing as the WHO itself points out either the US CDC by drawing a very different scenario: measles has returned and it has done so with unusual force. The return What began as an “immunity gap” after the pandemic has become in a worrying statistical trend. From the Mediterranean to the United States, and with an echo in Spain, the figures for 2024 and what we have for 2025 confirm a global rebound that tests herd immunity. The global ‘leap’. To understand the magnitude of the problem, you have to look at the raw numbers that the WHO itself offers ussince it makes us see that we are not facing a standard seasonal rebound, but rather it is a very important change in trend. In this case the European Region The WHO has registered 127,350 cases in 2024, a figure that not only doubles the records of 2023, but also marks the all-time high since 1997. In depth. If we break them down, we can see that in Europe cases have increased by 47% compared to pre-pandemic levels and in the Eastern Mediterranean the increase is 86% compared to 2019. In the case of the European Union, ECDC documents more than 35,000 cases in 2024, which increases ten times the previous year. The severity lies not only in the contagion, but in the consequences: more than half of these cases in Europe have required hospitalization. And this leads to greater pressure on care. In the United States. If in Europe there is a lot of concern about this issue, in the North American country, since the growth is vertical. The CDC itself has set off alarms after observing how cases have multiplied by five in a matter of months. In this way, while approximately between 285 and 300 cases were reported in all of 2024, projections and partial data for 2025 place the figure above 1,500 affected. This paints a very clear picture: 92% of infections occur among people who have not been vaccinated, with outbreaks concentrating in communities with low immunization. The case of Spain. If we focus on our country The truth is that we have remained free of endemic measles since 2017. This means that the virus does not constantly circulate freely within our borders. However, globalization is causing a change in photography. Official data indicates that while in 2023 only 14 cases were recorded, in 2204 they increased to 229 cases and in 2025 the forecast points to almost 400. Its origin. The Ministry of Health and the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP) point out that the majority are imported cases (mainly from Morocco and Romania) that find “small gaps” to spread. Although there are active outbreaks in communities such as Andalusia, the Basque Country and Catalonia, the virus enters from outside and lights the fuse in non-immunized groups. The mathematics. Measles is one of the most contagious viruses that exists, and to keep it at bay through herd immunity, the WHO establishes a fairly strict safety threshold: 95% of the population must have both doses of the vaccine. This is something where Spain is doing quite well, since the first dose has a coverage of 96-97%, while the second drops to 91-93%. But this difference between having one or two doses is very important. That margin of two or three percentage points below the recommended 95%, added to the anti-vaccine movements and delays in post-COVID vaccination, is the crack through which the virus is sneaking in. Although the general population is protected, there are enough “pockets” of vulnerable population for an imported case to generate a local outbreak. Images | Wikipedia Fusion Medical Animation In Xataka | The myth of 37º: it is increasingly clear to us that there is no “normal” body temperature

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