Enroll an old car as a historical to circulate in Madrid or Barcelona seems like a great idea. He does not always work

If you are thinking of entering Madrid with a vehicle without sticker, we have bad news: Since January 1, 2024 You can’t move through the capital unless you are a neighbor. And, it remains to be seen, if you can do next year because the intention was to prevent it this year but the City Council ended back. Nor can you do it in Barcelona at any time. Specifically, a vehicle without environmental label cannot circulate through the Metropolitan Area of ​​Barcelona (AMB) Monday to Friday from 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. In order to do so, you must ask for an authorization with, at least 24 hours in advance and may not do so more than 24 days a year. Although there are more low -emission areas in Spain (ZBE) and, in fact, we should have restrictions on all municipalities of more than 50,000 inhabitants. The truth is that only Madrid and Barcelona apply Hard restrictions. The rest of Spanish cities barely restrict access to a small part of them. In parallel, a door was opened to those who have a car without sticker. “What if I do historical?” The reason must be sought in the new Historical Vehicle Regulation, which allows these vehicles circulating through the ZBE … although there are important nuances to take into account. A historical vehicle for my zbe … more or less When the new one was taken a few months ago Historical Vehicle Regulations It was specified that there would be no City Council or any other institution that could prevent the movement of these cars. In fact, the following was specified: “The new regulation urges the municipalities to, in the exercise of their powers for the regulation of urban roads and for the restriction of circulation to certain vehicles in these roads for environmental reasons, establish formulas in their municipal ordinances that allow circulation to those owners who make a sporadic or non -common use of their historical vehicles.” However, aware of the implications that this could have, the following was also specified: “The use of historical vehicles will be occasional and in no case as a means of daily transport to minimize their environmental impact, and the use of historical vehicles to make public transport of travelers or merchandise and for agricultural activities or works and services is generally prohibited.” For the government, that “occasional use” has a number: 96 days a year. But with this figure an obvious question also arises: how are you controlled these 96 days a year? No one knows it and the regulation itself does not collect it. Thus, there are those who have had an idea. If I can use the historical car 96 days a year It means that I can circulate eight days every month with the vehicle. It is possible that, if we do not go to the city center every day because, for example, we telework, those eight days a month are more than enough to cover our tickets to Madrid or Barcelona. In fact, if we discount the month of vacation, we almost added one more day to each month. Taking into account that, right now, cars without label They add up to 25 years in the case of gasoline, you don’t have to go much further back to have a historical vehicle. Of course, you must meet the following requirement, as specified in Motorpasion: “To have been manufactured or enrolled for the first time 30 years ago, having stopped producing its specific type and being in its original state, without having undergone any fundamental change in its main characteristics or components. As a novelty, it is also required that they are in a correct state of maintenance and conservation.” That is, whoever wants to access the city center can be made with a car that has been enrolled before 1995. A second generation Seat Ibiza, for example, but it cannot have been subjected to fundamental changes or replace its main components. That said, can we circulate with him through the great Spanish Zbe? Well, in Madrid, technically, we can because the Municipal Mobility Ordinance that includes all the information related to Madrid 360 invites us to circulate with such a vehicle. Of course, you have to take some things into account: We cannot park in regulated parking areas since no label without label can do it. If we access more than 96 times a year (access controls it) we can be playing a fine since when it comes to registering it as a historical one, a responsible statement in which we promise not to move the car more than 96 days a year. The fine for not complying is 200 euros (100 euros with soon payment) which is reflected in the Traffic law, motor vehicle circulation and road safetyin its article 76 Z3. In Barcelona, ​​the matter is more confusing. At the moment, nothing has been approved that allows the entry of historical vehicles in the ZBE of the Metropolitan Area of ​​Barcelona in the restricted schedule only to cars without stickers. It is known that has been working on it But nothing has been completed. The problem is that, as with the obligation to have a ZBE in all municipalities of more than 50,000 inhabitants, the new regulation urges the municipalities to specify in their mobility ordinances the passage to these vehicles through their restricted areas but does not establish a term or punishment If this is not carried out. When lifting Zbe’s own we have already lived what happens when this happens. A good part of the municipalities of more than 50,000 inhabitants have not carried out these changes and an important part has barely restricted access to a few streets or, like Seville, to areas of very little affectation by traffic. Photo | In Xataka | DGT tags: what sticker corresponds to me and what advantages or restrictions I will find

The Big Tech have always compensated their great failures by copying the successes of others. And with AI are already doing it

Good artists copy, The greats stealSteve Jobs or Pablo Picasso said. What they did not say is that the best artists are probably not done by one thing or the other: directly Buy “Works” They end up seeing how their own. We are continually seeing it in the technological field, and the last example is what is happening in the world of AI. I’m going to buy a company. Google launched its own YouTube before YouTube. Three weeks before, in fact. On January 25, 2005, he announced the launch of Google Video, while YouTube would launch on February 14. We already know how the story ended: YouTube swept while Google Video barely managed to curdle. What did Google? Buy YouTube to solve the problem. Problem solved with a talonario coup. Facebook did something similar with Instagram. The company created by Mark Zuckerberg saw the wolf’s ears, so he preferred Buy your competitive potentialwhich effectively became an absolute success and is now an integral part of its ecosystem. Good artists copy. We have seen it many times: the Big Tech copy ideas as if there were no tomorrow. Facebook and Instagram did it with the Snapchat Storiesor the reels Copied from Tiktokand there are many other examples. There are times to copy works, but there are others in which those attempts end up in A true disaster. The innovator dilemma. The obvious conclusion of all these movements is already known: the Big Tech do not want any other company to end up stealing their wallet. If someone begins to shade, they go for him, it will not be that they end up as Blackberry or Nokiathat seemed immortal and now they are just a minimum expression of what they were. All great technological ones know well about the Innovative dilemmaand none wants to be part of that group of companies that let another climb to Chepa. Openai careful. The current situation is a reflection of that reality. It is happening in the world of artificial intelligence. Openai became from the launch of Chatgpt in the new great star of the technological panorama. Its excessive growth He quickly warned to almost all the great technological (but Not all), who launched ally with her or to compete directly with analogous platforms. But in addition to the Big Tech, they would compete, so many others did. And absolutely all these startups are in danger, because the Big Tech will not allow the “little ones” to steal their wallet. Letter programming agents. We have seen the last example of this phenomenon with the agricultural platforms of AI to program. Cursor was a discovery For programmers, and unleashed fever for these tools. In recent weeks, we have seen how one of its competitors, Windsurf, has been bought by Openaiwho does not happy with that also took out his own programming tool, Codex. But it is that cursor and other startups such as Devin Or replicit ghostwriter they have it complicated, because Anthropic (Claude Code), Google (Jules), Microsoft (Github co -ilot) or Amazon (Codewhisperer). Concentration in sight. This variety of options in that specific field of AI extends to many other areas: there are dozens of options to create images with AI, and the same if what we are looking for is to create music or even video. And the same for tools that transcribe audio, which make content summaries or that help in specific tasks of other types. The problem of all of them is that if one of those ideas is popularized, the Big Tech go to 1) Copy it or 2) If that doesn’t work, buy it. Except for exceptional cases, it is normal for the market to continue to dominate by a small group of large companies, leaving in the background very distant the startups that survive. Image | Techcrunch | Anthony Quintano In Xataka | They left their work in a great multinational to jump to a startup: between security, posture and personal fulfillment

The EU is one step away from vetoing it in its great tenders, according to Reuters

The Chinese market of Medical devices Live an accelerated expansion. According to a report published by Cambridge Networkit is expected to reach a value of 210,000 million dollars in 2025, promoted by a combination of internal factors and political ambition. The aging of the population and a state commitment determined by innovation have turned this sector into a national priority for Beijing. The strategy is clear: to bet on leading technologies and reduce the dependence of the foreigner. Investments have concentrated in fields such as artificial intelligence (AI) for image diagnosis, devices connected by IoT, robotic surgery or the use of advanced materials. All this under the umbrella of the program ‘Made in China 2025‘, which establishes precise objectives of national production in key areas of health. In that framework, China seeks In 2025 at least 70 % of high -end medical devices used in hospitals are local manufacturing. In strategic components, the objective rises to 85 %. And in the case of regional level hospitals, some guidelines already demanded to reach 50 % of Chinese products in 2020. According to Bloombergthis turn has had an immediate effect on trade. The European Commission states that China went from having a deficit of 1,300 million euros in medical devices in 2019 to a surplus of 5,200 million just a year later. EU’s response On Monday, June 2, the Member States of the European Union supported the commission’s proposal for RStringing access of Chinese manufacturers to public contracts of medical devices valued at more than five million euros, as Reuters saidBloombergand SCMPciting diplomatic sources and people familiar with the matter. It should be noted that the commission has not yet made the official resolution public. The measure is based on a legislation approved in 2022: the international public procurement instrument or IPI (for its acronym in English). This instrument allows Brussels to impose penalties to companies from countries where a lack of reciprocity has been tested. The sanctions can range from adjustments in the bidding scores to the direct exclusion of public competitions. According to the aforementioned Hongkonese newspaperthe measure could be applied in Question of weeksonce receives the final approval of the European commissioners. The current draft raises a duration of up to five years for these restrictions, although for now the final text has not been published. According to IPI standards, the measures must be proportional and allow exceptions case by case, at the request of the affected companies. The decision dates back to an investigation launched by the European Commission in April 2024. After a period of consultations without agreement, Brussels published in January 2025 a conclusive report: 87 % of public tenders analyzed in China contained explicit or implicit restrictions to foreign devices. In many cases, technical criteria were required that could only comply with local suppliers, or there were low prices that were unfeasible for business -oriented companies. The most affected sectors were the devices for otolaryngology (ENT), the general diagnosis and the diagnostic image. The commission also detected direct prohibitions to imported products in a growing number of competitions between 2022 and 2024. According to Bloomberg and Reuters, China did not propose any corrective measure during the consultation process. Brussels argues that the lack of access just to the Chinese market, combined with the privileges enjoyed by Chinese companies in Europe, justifies the activation of the IPI. Images | Arseny Togulev | Marcel Scholte | Arthur Wang In Xataka | Nvidia chips had always been a US negotiating weapon in their commercial war with China. Until today

The great AI companies have declared a underground war to a pillar of education: human teachers

We would all like to have a Keating Professor In our lives. One that made us get on the desks to see things from a different perspective and that he would teach us that the most important lesson he has for us is summarized in the words “Carpe Diem”. There are very few who approach that image, but all of them, bad or good, threatens them the same future as Other professions: Be replaced by an AI. Professor 24/7. The narrative of several AI companies is clear: the human teacher is a bottleneck. Each of them serves many students, their knowledge is limited and their finite availability. The AI, they assure those companies, proposes a remarkable alternative. Personalized professors 24/7 with infinite patience and access to all the knowledge of the world. There is a clear problem: that message devalues ​​the teacher’s function as a guide, mentor and catalyst for curiosity and reduces it to a mere transmitter of information. Continuous evaluations. Another of the pillars of the educational system – and one of the tasks that most consumes the teaching staff – is Student evaluation. The AI ​​promises to correct efficiently, massively and immediately, releasing the teacher for other tasks. But again in human evaluation there is much more than a mere correction of errors. The effort, the reasoning process, creativity, originality or even the personal context of the student are evaluated. Biases also pose a clear threat to these evaluations, in addition to promoting a model Based on the correct answer and not in the reflexive process. My school is OpenAi. So far schools, universities and other academic institutions are the guarantors of a theoretically coherent and quality curriculum. The approach of the companies of AI would be that of Become them In “Guardians of knowledge” deciding what is important to learn and how. The risk: lead to a fragmented education and dictated by the interests of the market, eroding the role of education as a pillar of society. Threat to humanities. The AI ​​also raises the irrelevance of memorization – it can already respond to all known knowledge – and bet on skills such as “Prompt Engineering“(know how to ask things to AI) or Technical subjects (Stem). That suggests a clear impact to matters of humanities and critical thinking that we do not apply directly. Fields such as philosophy, art or social skills, hardly quantifiable, would go to the background. The objective would not be as much to train and prepare workers for the technology industry. Goodbye to social investment. Companies that bet on that model have a clear objective: climb and be profitable. AI technology applied to education promises a lot of savings (less physical infrastructure, less teachers) and a highly scalable business. But also imposes a worrying revolution to one of the pillars of society. Bill Gates believes in the future of the teachers of AI. Among the experts who outline that idea is the figure of Bill Gates, co -founder of Microsoft. His commitment to the teachers of AI It was early: Chatgpt had been in the market for just five months when he said that “AIs will reach that capacity, to be as good tutors as any human being.” For him, this technology should also be a “leveling” for society. According to Gates “having access to a tutor is too expensive for most students, especially if that tutor adapts and remembers everything you have done and review your work.” Openai and Khan Academy have the same vision. A year ago the presentation of GPT-4O surprised among other things for that capacity offered by this AI model to talk directly to him. One of the OpenAI demos, carried out in collaboration with Khan Academyhe showed Sal Khan, his founder, contemplating how his son used the model to receive a geometry lesson. The interaction was impeccable and pointed to a future full of teachers of ia locked in our tablet, our mobile or our computer. Khan is of course interested, but it doesn’t hurt see your ted talk on “how AI could save (not destroy) education.” Schools converted into nurseries. Luis von ahn, Founder of Duolingothe poular application to learn languages, it also takes time turning towards the AI. A few days ago he participated in the podcast No priorsand there he commented how although there are very good teachers, “there are not many.” For him, education will change radically because “it is much more scalable to teach with which with teachers.” Even so pointed out That does not mean that teachers disappear: “You will continue to need people who take care of students”, but focused on a new role: “I don’t think schools disappear, because you need nurseries.” Image | Buena Vista Pictures In Xataka | Towards the end of duties: how chatgpt has been inserted in the center of the great debate on education

The great debate about whether iOS is safer than Android, myths and realities of ‘Breaking Bad’ and much more in 1×09 crossover

Can anyone manufacture your own drugs How did it happen in ‘Breaking Bad’? To tell us about the myths and realities of that series and many other things, he has accompanied us In this 1×09 crossover A very special guest: Breaking Vlad. This well -known scientific disseminator is also an original content creator because of his way of talking about chemical experiments, and in the interview we have been able to do, he answers striking questions about the radiation of phones or about the future of hydrogen cars. Presented as sowing by Jaume Lahoz and Carlos Santa Engracia, in this episode the collaboration of Xataka serves to reactivate an old and controversial debate: If iOS is safer than Android. Both platforms have been really reliable for a long time, and perhaps the problem, as the interview reveals, is another. It is also necessary to separate that debate from another in which Apple does take advantage of Google. One thing is security – things are balanced – and another very different privacy, where Apple’s business model – which is not focused on advertising – allows the company to give more guarantees. In 1×09 crossover there is also a place to make a fun debate about false news that we have seen these days – a Chromecast with integrated Tinder? -, and as we always expect your comments and ideas to improve in upcoming episodes. Enjoy it! On YouTube | Crossover

China considers softening its rare earth blocking, although not for everyone. It is great news for Europe

On April 4, just 24 hours after Donald Trump announced the taxes that he was going to apply to the importation of most products from abroad, The administration led by Xi Jinping responded. And he did it with forcefulness. In early December 2024 He chose to prohibit The export of some critical minerals to the US, among which were three essential metals for the chips industry: Gallium, Germanio and Antimony. Shortly after the Chinese government added two more critical metals to its list of export restrictions: Scandio and Disposio. These chemical elements are probably less known than metals prohibited by China previously, such as Gallium or Germanio, but are at least as important as the latter because they have a fundamental role in the industries of integrated circuits, telecommunications and the manufacture of storage devices. China has Europe at its feet The ability to put pressure from China had not yet been extinguished. Just ten days later, on April 14, the Administration did not hesitate take another step forward With the purpose of putting in check, in addition to the industries that I just mentioned, those of electric cars, aeronautics and advanced armament. To achieve this, it effectively suspended, in addition to the export of the most valuable rare earths, that of high -power magnets that have a critical role in the industries that I have cited in this same paragraph. China’s export controls are mainly directed to the US, but the old continent does not remain unscathed Chinese authorities are retaining in ports throughout the country not only rare earths, but also high -power magnets acquired by electric cars manufacturers throughout the planet, aerospace companies, chip factories and armament companies. Many of these organizations have high -power magnet reservations made with rare earths, but possibly They will only allow them to subsist a few months. Europe in particular is in an extremely delicate position. China’s export controls are directed mainly to the US, but the old continent It does not remain unscathed. At least for the moment. In fact, in Germany, which as we all know is the heart of the European car industry, There are already experts who assure that if China continues to retain rare earths and electric motors some essential parts of the electric cars production chain They will stop in no more than six weeks. For the European car industry this blow would be very difficult to fit. European companies that are dedicated to the manufacture of semiconductors are also in a very compromised situation. According to Reuters Many European chip production lines They will stop very soon Due to the shortage of crucial supplies, which has led the European Chamber of Commerce to meet with officials of the Ministry of Commerce of China to ask them to allow rare earth supply to European companies that are dedicated to the production of integrated circuits. The result of this meeting has not yet been officially completed, but the information that has been leaked maintains that China is willing to relax its export controls for some European companies. Image | Peggy Greb, US Department of Agriculture More information | Reuters In Xataka | The US will not be able to contain the technological development of China. Experts from the chips industry forecast it

This is his great commitment to geothermia

For more than a decade, the Canary Islands have been implemented renewable energies in their territory. The most emblematic case It has been El Hierrowhich became a reference of energy self -sufficiency with certain limitations. Now, Tenerife has proposed a fissure plan. Short. The Cabildo de Tenerife It will start In autumn the first polls to develop geothermal energy. In a press release They have detailed That the initiative is led by the company Geothermal Energy of the Canary Islands (EGC), a public-private alliance formed by the Cabildo itself, the Technological and Renewable Energy Institute (Iter), the Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands (involved), the Disa company and the Icelandic Reykjavik Geothermal. The total cost of prospects will exceed 80 million euros. More in depth. Estudios realizados por la agrupación promotora han indicado la posible existencia de agua y calor superiores a 150°C a 2.500 metros de profundidad en el subsuelo del sur de la isla. Depending on the deposit, it is expected to be able to generate between 5MW and 20MW, a sufficient amount to supply a city like Santa Cruz de Tenerife for a whole year, according to has estimated The Cabildo. As Santiago Rull Cullen, Energy Director of the Disa Group: “represents a decisive step towards a more sustainable energy future.” Se han analizado más de 17.000 hectáreas para identificar zonas prometedoras, y la tecnología empleada, según el director científico del Involcan, Nemesio Pérez, tendrá una mínima afección al territorio, con estabilidad de producción y cero emisiones contaminantes. Not everything is certain. The deep geothermia that will be developed in Tenerife is distinguished by its low occupation of the soil and a minimum visual impact compared With other renewables. Besides, Not depending on the weatherprovides constant, stable and safe supply, helping to avoid blackouts and reinforcing energy autonomy. However, any subsoil intervention can have unwanted effects on fragile ecosystems. This has demonstrated the case of underwater mining, which seemed off until the discovery of A phenomenon called “Black Oxygen” reactivated the environmental debate. In this context, some experts insist on the need to combine ambition with prudence: do not lose sight of the protection of biodiversity while progressing in the energy transition. A more specific obstacle. The expert Nemesio Pérez, Consulted by the Cabildohas warned that the main obstacle in Spain is the absence of a specific rate that regulates the price of geothermal energy. The lack of a stable tariff framework generates uncertainty among investors. “Without a regulated rate or a clear incentive scheme, investors cannot foresee the future revenue of the project, which increases financial risk,” he said. The Canary Islands were already exploring this route. This new impulse does not start from zero. As happened in La Palma after the eruption of the Tajogaite volcano, where It is studied to take advantage of heat Waste of the subsoil, the Canary Islands had already explored this route. In addition, the European Union has identified the archipelago as a strategic enclave for geothermal development in the continent so it could obtain European financing. Face to the future. IDAE has marked January 2026 as the deadline to execute the project, but they have also requested minimal extension in a year in case the permits and logistics of the equipment are complex. However, here the big question is now if you will achieve what iron has not yet achieved at all: demonstrate that, with planning, investment and technology, an island can be truly self -sufficient and clean. Image | Jesús Rodríguez and Pxhere Xataka | Madrid only produces 4.8% of the energy it consumes, but has found a place to solve it: the subsoil

The great digital achievement of Spain has been to raise the best fiber network in Europe

This Tuesday Spain definitely closes a 140 -year -old chapter. Telefónica has announced the shutdown of its last 661 copper centralsforever burying the technology that vertebó the communications of the twentieth century. But real history is not the funeral of copper, but Spain has become a European leader in connectivity. Why is it important. While other European countries continue to debate when to migrate from copper, Spain has already completed that transition. Telefónica is the first great operator of the continent to completely close its copper network. The rest of Europe looks at us from behind. In figures. The numbers deny the myth of Spanish technological backwardness. Spain is The third OECD country with greater fiber optic penetration. The fiber lines represent 89.3% of the total fixed broadband. The network reaches 80 million accesses installed in a country of 49 million inhabitants. The trick: homes are included but also local, in addition to many duplicates among operators. Only South Korea and Japan overcome us in some indicators. France, Germany or the United Kingdom are behind FTTH coverage. In FTTB, Spain leads Europe After years only behind Iceland. The panoramic. Since 2014, Spain has dismantled 8,532 copper centrals in a huge logistics operation. Has migrated 99.99% of customers Without leaving them without service. It has recycled 65,000 tons of cable and saved 1,000 gigawatt energy, according to company sources cited by Five days. All while building an infrastructure that covers 94% of the population. Including rural areas that place us far ahead of other European countries in rural coverage. Between the lines. The Spanish transformation has gone unnoticed because it coincided with years of economic crisis and with the perennial complex of national technological inferiority. It is true that we are light years from the United States or China in terms of large technological ones, but we have built the best telecommunications infrastructure in Europe. The optical fiber is 90% more energy efficient than copper and multiplies speeds. A fiber plant serves to the same number of accesses as four copper centrals occupying only 15% of the space. The money trail. Telefónica has converted the transition into business. The sale and recycling of the retired copper has been an extra income of about 1,000 million euros, taking advantage of the revaluation of the metal. Yes, but. Copper does not disappear completely from the Spanish map. More than two million customers are still connected by coaxial cable using HFC technology (fiber-coaxial hybrid). They are mainly of operators such as Vodafone or Euskaltel. It is not the same copper as the ADSL that has just died, but technically it is still copper that carries the signal to the home. The difference: this coaxial coexists with the fiber in a hybrid network that offers speeds far superior to the old telephone copper pair. Deepen. The Spanish fiber revolution is no accident. It started when the Spanish regulator liberalized the market and forced Telefónica to share its infrastructure. The competition between operators accelerated the deployment. Now that infrastructure will be the basis for the next generations of mobile networks, the Internet of things and future technologies to develop. Spain has built a digital infrastructure prepared for the future. In Xataka | 100 years after his birth, Telefónica faces the greatest existential dilemma in its history: what wants to be older Outstanding image | Lightsaber Collection in Unspash

Steve Jobs and Bill Gates seemed irreconcilable enemies. They were actually great allies: “We worked well together”

In the field of technology, times of A fierce rivalry between large companies to master a certain market: Intel and AMD, Sony and Nintendo, Nvidia and AMD or, of course, Apple and Microsoftwith Steve Jobs and Bill Gates as representatives of that rivalry. However, beyond that business competitiveness to achieve The best products of the market with PC or Mac: Bill Gates and Steve Jobs cultivated a relationship of “intimate enemies” based on mutual respect and recognition. Complementary adversaries Microsoft and Apple’s story has been marked by rivalrybut on many occasions, both companies have collaborated hand in hand to develop products. However, despite those collaborations that, for example, took Office to the Macintosh, has maintained the image of Steve Jobs and Bill Gates as eternal irreconcilable rivals. Nothing is further from reality. In An interview For the podcast ON PURPOUS From Jay Shetty, Bill Gates confessed that Jobs and he were complementary, and that allowed them to work together on different projects. “I had a fantastic relationship with Steve. At first I worked with Jobs and Wozniak with Basic for Apple 2, and later, as Steve had a small group inside Apple developing the Macintoshinvited Microsoft to make some software applications for him. We work very closely in that project. We loved both of the result and ended up being a key product for Apple, “Gates explained. The founder of Microsoft stressed that “although we were very competitive, we also admired each other.” Apparently, Steve Jobs thought the same as Bill Gates. In one historical interview in which journalists of The Wall Street Journal Kara Swisher and Walt Mossberg sat on both on the stage of conference D5, Steve Jobs claimed citing the song Two of the Beatles: “‘You and I have longer memories than the path that extends ahead’ and that is clearly true in this case.” Gates assured that the secret of the long relationship of love/hate between Apple’s co -founder and he was that both were complementary. “We worked well together. He was very good in what I was not,” said the millionaire. Without Apple and Microsoft the computer science would be different The visions of how a Microsoft and Apple computer should be They were very differentand a faithful reflection of the strengths of their two leaders. While Apple put all the focus on design and efficiency, in Microsoft they focused on developing a platform for their software with the aim of taking a computer to each house. “They said we were out of reality, but we knew that computer science would be part of everyday life,” Gates recalled in his interview. “Steve had incredible skills. He appreciated the user design and interface and even for his intuition with people. It was simply a genius in a way that I cannot explain. I did not look at the code or write it. Instead, the programming is mine. Let’s make that faster and more efficient code.” This rivalry and concept differences caused computer science to advance to the mature industry that is currently, with two companies reaching capitalizations that range The 3 billion dollars. This success would probably have been impossible Without the incentive of the competition which was lived in the late 90s and early 2000s. Microsoft’s co -founder millionaire recognized that both had speeches about how computers would change education and improve it, although he also acknowledged that projects to improve the use of computers They were not always successful. “I think we were both satisfied with what we had done. We got a seat in the front row and helped build all this,” Gates said in reference to the last conversations he had with Steve Jobs before his death in 2011. In the joint intervention that both founders made in 2007, Steve Jobs defined how he saw the competition between Apple and Microsoft of the late 90s: “Many people believed that the rivalry between Apple and Microsoft was a zero -sum game in which for Apple Microsoft won had to lose. It was clear that it was not necessary to play that game because Apple was not going to beat Microsoft. Microsoft. In Xataka | Elon Musk got outstanding in computer science. Who designed the computers they used did not approve with the same ease Image | Flickr (Joi Ito, Kazuhiro Shiozawa)

The arrival of the human being to South America, seen through the DNA of the heirs of the last great migration

Throughout our history as a species, Homo sapiens We have managed to reach the most remote corners on Earth. Millennia before the era of exploration, our ancestors undertook a trip that took them out of Africa and populate the great continental masses from Europe to South America. Among all these great migrations, one of the most surprising was the one that led humans from Siberia to Patagonia, a 10,000 trip whose details are knowing. History in genes. A new genetic study has given us new clues on the great migration that resulted in the population of the Americas. A migration of 20,000 kilometers whose implications still last in aspects as apparently distant as health. The study allowed to draw the history of migrations until the considered “final border” of human migrations, Tierra del Fuego, Explain the team responsible for the study. History of a millennia trip. This great migration would have begun in Siberia between 27,000 and 19,000 years ago Approximately during the last glaciation, in what we know today as the Bering Strait would have formed a “bridge” of land due to a lower sea level than the present. Through Alaska, these populations would have arrived in North America, but the expansion through this continent would have been only an intermediate stage. The study focuses on the second part of the trip, when part of the new American population crossed the Central American Isthmus to enter the last continent in being populated. The last border. The new genetic analysis allows us to know how humans expanded in South America. The responsible team detected that lineages In this continent they began to diverge with each other between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago. From this point, the South American population began to separate into four groups. The first to disintegrate was those who populated the Amazon basin, while the rest was distributed among the high areas of the Andes mountain range, the desert area of ​​the Chaco, and finally, Patagonia. Reading migration in genes. For its study, the team sequenced the genomes of 1,537 individuals belonging to 139 villages of the continent. The details of the study were published In an article In the magazine Science. Very long -term implications. The consequences of this migratory movement and its vicissitudes still last and some of them still weigh on the native peoples of South America, especially as a consequence of the isolation of some of these populations with respect to the rest of humanity. This could explain why some populations were more susceptible to the introduction of infectious diseases by the first Europeans to reach the continent. “Those migrants carried only a subset of the genetic heritage in their ancestral populations (…). Thus, reduced genetic diversity also caused a reduced diversity in immunity -related genes, which can limit flexibility when fighting several infectious diseases,” stood out in a press release Kim Hie Lim, Co -author of the study. From the past to the present. Knowing new data on the genetics of American peoples can also help us in the present. This information is valuable when studying treatments of genetic diseases, or to better understand the functioning and impact of certain medications. In addition, the closest relationship between American and Asian populations implies new data on a population that, recalls the team responsible for the new work, covers 50% of the world’s population. In Xataka | A cave has revealed the macabre Mayan ceremony to honor its gods: there are 100 bones and none is where it should Image | Soyyosycocomiel / Martin St-Amant

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