decades

For decades Madrid was a demographic vacuum for Valladolid. Now it is Valladolid who takes away neighbors

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For a simple matter of work, For decades Many Valladolid had no choice but to make their bags and move to Madrid. There are the companies. And good professional perspectives. Today things are different, how they reveal The latest data of the Castellanoleon City Council. The Telework expansion and the Communications improvement He has allowed not a few Pucelanos to return to his city without giving up his jobs in the capital and even turn the demographic tortilla: now it is Valladolid that grows at the expense of Madrid. The data are of course eloquent. What do the figures say? That for years the Castellanoleonese city endured a migratory balance with the clearly negative capital. Many more Pucelanos went to Madrid than Madrid arrived in Valladolid. If it follows The historical series From the municipal census it is proven that this favorable imbalance to Madrid dates back to at least 1997, with years in which the difference was brutal: in 2014, for example, Valladolid scored 736 casualties of Pucelans who made the bags to move to Madrid; The reverse tour (from Valladolid to Madrid) did only 305 people. And is it like that? No. And that is the novelty. We know the change thanks to An analysis of The confidentialwhich has had access to updated data from the Valladolid City Council. They show how between 2022 and 2023 the migratory balance between the cities of Valladolid and Madrid experienced a turning point: if in 2022 the Pucelana city registered 799 casualties of neighbors to Madrid destination in front of 617 high in the opposite direction, in 2023 the photo was the opposite: it computed 765 high and 566 casualties. From the red numbers he went to a positive balance of 199 people with Madrid. The trend was confirmed in 2024 with a new positive migratory balance. The Pucelano City Council scored 796 high from Madrid compared to 504 casualties from neighbors who moved to the state capital. Again a positive balance, of 292 people. In a matter of only two years Valladolid has therefore gone to drag a historical deficit in the exchange of population with Madrid to “win” 491 new registered at the expense of its southern neighbor. That trend has coincided with the general growth of the Valladolid register, which has been gaining population for several years and is now located in 303,843 inhabitants according to The municipal censusthat It does not always coincide with that of the INE. Is there more data? Yes. The general “picture” can be completed with more brushstrokes that help to understand the change. The turn in the migratory flow has also been found in the whole of the Madrid region, not only in its capital. After decades, moving in “Red Numbers” (in demographic terms), in 2023 Valladolid registered higher from new residents from the Madrid community than Low of Pucelanos who had moved to municipalities such as Móstoles, Alcalá de Henares, Leganés, Fuenlabrada, Getafe or Madrid itself. Between 2023 and 2024 in that sense a positive balance of 758 new registered. At the end of 2024 The North of Castile I already pointed the change of tendency citing the statistics of the INE, although in its article it managed data until 2023 and provincial level, not exclusively of the municipality of Valladolid. What did they show? Something similar to what the Pucelano City Council register reflects. In 2023 they arrived at the Valladolid set 1,785 from the Community of Madrid, while they left the province 1,270 person to settle at some point in Madrid. Result: a positive balance of 515 people for Valladolid. It is not bad if one takes into account that the previous year (2022) the province had lost 115 people in favor of the Community of Madrid. And what is the reason? Rather, we should talk about reasons, in the plural. When analyzing the change in trend there are those who speak of The expansion of teleworking After the pandemic or attractiveness of the Valladolid real estate market in front of the Madrid, which makes the purchase of housing much more assumed there than in Madrid. According to Idealista, the square meter costs in Valladolid 1,832 euros while in Madrid it is located in 5,467. Something similar occurs in the rental market: in the Pucelana city, the M2 regrets average to 8.9 euros in front of the 21.4that Madrid charges. But … why this abrupt change? While it is true that COVID-19 marked a before and after in the implementation of teleworking in Spain and that the real estate market He has not stopped tense In recent years, both trends have not explained why the population flow between Valladolid and Madrid has experienced such a sharp change in such a short time. Nor why it has been accentuated in 2023. Hence, when the analysis of the phenomenon adds another determining factor: the improvement of transport between Valladolid and the Community of Madrid. At the end of 2007 The line was released High speed Madrid-Segovia-Valladolid, which made it possible to arrive from Valladolid to Madrid in less than 60 minutes, instead of the more than two hours that it has the same route by car. Since then the service It has improved In medium distance services until, today, A wide grill of frequencies in birds Ave, Avant, MD, Alvia or Avlo capable of going from Valladolid to Chamartín in 54 minutes. The key in recent years has been nevertheless another: the price. What has changed? In 2019, take the train daily to go to Madrid from Valladolid demanded to disburse hundreds of euros Every month. Today the situation is different. Regular users have benefited from Free bonds MD and a 50% discount For recurring travelers of the Avant trains. In January The Council of Ministers agreed to maintain at least until June 30 the direct aid to the transport of travelers for frequent customers of nearby, rodalies and conventional MD, with “free fertilizers”. The Avant offers a 50% reduction … Read more

The “computer” of 2,000 years ago fascinates us for decades. A new study points out that it might have not served at all

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125 years ago, divers who were collecting sponges in the Aegean Sea, in front of the island of Anticitera, They gave with remains of an old shipwreck. Among jewels, coins and ceramic remains, there was something that caught the attention: a copper fragment of something that seemed to be a gear. It was a compendium of gears that seemed to be part of something much bigger and was baptized as’Anticitera mechanism‘. For decades it was an ignored curiosity in the archives of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, until the researcher Derek de Solla He recovered it, studied and determined that it was an advanced Greek “computer” built at some point between 200 and 100 AC after many theories, a group of Argentine researchers have put the anti -life mechanism to see how the first computer in history behaves .. And the conclusion is that … it was nothing more than an ingenious toy. The main piece First computer For decades, this mechanism fascinated us due not only to its antiquity, but because ignorance about its function allowed the elaboration of all kinds of hypothesis. However, it was Solla who studied more in depth at the beginning, creating physical simulations about the complete state of the mechanism. Thus, and according to the researcher, the anticitera mechanism was a piece corresponding to a more complex object, composed of at least thirty bronze gears placed strategically in a wooden box with approximate dimensions of 340 x 180 x 90 millimeters. It was activated by a crank that allowed to move the gears and perform its function. Which? Well … predict astronomical positions. According to Derek’s studies, the anticitera mechanism was a planetary computer, a very cool name to describe a “computer” that allowed predicting astronomical positions, lunar phases, eclipses and, therefore, calculating cycles of the 354 -day lunar calendar or dates for sports games, among others The pieces found Through different discs, it showed the astronomical data and, supposedly, was designed to reproduce the irregular movement of the moon in its rotation thanks to specialized gears that compensated the anomalies in its trajectory. And, after that first finding, we found more and more pieces of the mechanism, which has allowed us to get an idea of ​​how it was. It was evident that it was A very advanced machine for its timebut it is also clear that it had a number of limitations. The first: however advanced Greek astronomers were, the mechanism embodied knowledge to date, so comparing it with subsequent techniques and tools is meaningless. The position of some planets is very diverted with respect to modern measurements, for example. This is logical and It does not remove merit To the device, but there were two factors that limited their precision: the mechanics itself and the manufacture of the gears. Due to wear, copper teeth could be increasingly inaccurate and, in addition, as they were manufactured by hand and not in series in a assembly chain, any deviation in the gears would affect their accuracy in the calculations. And that is what previous studies reported, such as those of Mike Edmundsbeing one of the few who has been able to directly investigate the device and lead the equipment that is responsible for your analysis. For what supposedly served Another representation of the Anticitera mechanism Testing Now, some Argentine researchers from the National University of Mar de Plata, have simulated by computer the anti -litera mechanism and their conclusion is … that it was useless. Esteban Guillermo Szigeth and Gustavo Francisco Arenas are those researchers, and have shared their conclusions in Arxiv. For their simulation, they were based on previous studies that already took into account the influence of irregular triangular teeth and the consequences of physical inaccuracies in its construction. When performing it, they realized that the triangular teeth did not seem to have a negative impact on the functioning of the mechanism, but of traffic jams in the gears when turning the crank. That, they point out, would have made it very not very practical in scientific use, practically impracticable, reducing the mechanism to an “ingenious toy.” Now, they also claim that it is the result of a simulation about what they know about the device that It was found in 1900 And that it is possible that, taking into account the necessary skill for its construction, the irregular space between the gears could be a fruit of corrosion, and not something deliberate in its design. The researchers propose that the wheels, given the slightest mismatch, would be stuck as it is extremely pointed, when we wear out or not being well balanced by the manufacturing of the time The researchers propose a series of improvements for the gears that would avoid this defect found, but also comment that it must be “cautious to assume that the measurements perfectly reflect their original values” due to what is commented: someone took too many discomfort to build that and it is unlikely that there would be something so complex, but not functional. That is why they also point out that more must be investigatedeven developing more refined techniques, to better understand the real precision and functionality of an anti -litera mechanism that still has room to fascinate us. On the fact that it was found among the remains of a wreck, the answer is much simpler: surely It was part of the loot for some Roman emperor, probably Julio César. Therefore, the anticitera mechanism remains a source of speculation and fascination due to the tremendous merit of its construction more than 2,000 years ago, but study after study, the conclusion is that the easiest thing is that it served little. Even so, researchers point out that its construction was a technological milestone. And that is something that nobody has questioned. Images | GRB16, Zde, Tony Freeth, David Higgon, Aris Dacanalis, Lindsay Macdonald, Myrto Georgakopoulou, Adam Wojcik, Mike Peel, GTS-TG In Xataka | The myth of the creative genius or why most … Read more

After decades of success, the restaurant day menu faces its great crisis and a dilemma: reinvent or die

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A few weeks ago the veteran articulist David Sharrock published in The Times A wide report about Madrid gastronomy. So far not surprising. That in Spain we enjoy a good kitchen, with large dishes, chefs, restaurants and ingredients is no surprise. The funny thing is that in his analysis Sharrock does not talk about that. The focus focused on another symbol of homeland cuisine, one that passes through low hours and faces the complex challenge of adapting to the 21st century: THE DAY MENU. Sharrock warns that the lifelong menu is “threatened by modern life.” And he is not the only one who thinks like that. A figure: four million. The menu of the day is an institution in the bars of Spain. And for several reasons. The first, its long tradition, which can be traced at least 60 years agowhen in the time of Fraga Iribarne as Minister of Information the Francoist Government established that a good part of the food stores offered a menu at a fixed price. The goal: to enhance tourism. The second key that demonstrates to what extent the formula of the daily menu has penetrated in Spanish gastronomy is its level of implementation. The Spain hospitality association estimates that some are dispatched every day four million throughout the country, which leads to its general secretary, Emilio Gallego, to claim your acceptance. “The menu of the day remains a spectacular success formula,” he says. A price: € 14. Hospitality in Spain has not only calculated how many menus are served daily in the country’s restaurants. At the end of last year he published A report in which goes beyond and analyzes its prices, profitability and the differences between regions. Your main conclusion? That at least in 2024 the average cost of the menu of the day in Spain was around 14 euros, although there are cities in which this figure is quite higher. In Bilbao, for example, the average was 15.5 and Barcelona in 15.1, although there are those who clarify that it results today “Almost impossible” Find a menu in the center of Barcelona for less than 16 euros. Are all strengths? No. The menu perhaps enjoy a long tradition and is rooted in the hospitality of Spain, but on its horizon they appear clouds. And one of them (and the most important) is found in its price. Although its rates increased by 19.5% between 2016 and 2024 (which in practice translates into 11.7 to 14 euros), hospitality in Spain remember that this accumulated increase remains below the general CPI (23.4%) and is much lower than that of food and beverages or the one that In your day They reached certain key products in kitchens, such as olive oil. Between 2023 and 2024 the menus did rise above the general price index, but despite that rebound, of 80 cents on average, the collective recalls that there are many hoteliers to which it is difficult for their businesses to give benefits. To be more precise, They cite a study which reveals that 42.3% of entrepreneurs claim to have experienced a “loss of profitability” during the last year, especially due to the increase in salary costs, food and supplies. At the end of 2024 almost a third of the restaurants (32.5%) admitted that their menus had not increased that year. “Totally in danger”. The hospitality data of Spain give a track of the first great challenge facing the menus for their survival: profitability. To succeed, a menu of the day must offer a range of attractive dishes and a certain variety, but it must also convince in another crucial aspect: the price. The key is how to fit that list (high quality, variety and low price) and at the same time the business gets more than cover costs. A few months ago a hotelman from Vigo I recognized to The country That, despite the fact that his bar was small and that he takes care of almost everything, so that his offer is “viable” needs to sell at least 40 daily menus at a price of 15 euros. “Below that figure, it will only serve to cover costs.” “It is totally in danger, and fortunately, because it is not a sustainable model for the hotelier,” Point to the same newspaper Paco Cruz, The Food Manager, speaking precisely about the state of health of the menus. In his opinion, the formula is profitable basically in certain businesses, with a good flow of clients and experience. The AI, to the rescue. “The customer of the menu of the day wants first five, five seconds and variety every day. But what do you do with what is left over? If everyone asks for the same, what about the dishes that are not requested? The losses are brutal and that is unsustainable from any point of view: economic, ethical and environmental,” Add Cruz. The challenge is so complex that there are those who have already sought help in AI, as Fusion was checked in Madridwhere chef Eneko Atxa and physicist Eneko Axpe presented a tool designed to design attractive menus … and above all profitable. Objective: efficiency. “Inflation is almost 40%. The diner says they are charging me more, 19.5, but the hotelier has a hard time doing 39.2 more,” recalled During the ATXA presentation before adding to that price increase the increase in rentals and energy. The objective of the delight tool is precisely to look for “an orderly efficiency” in the menu, maximize the benefit and seek maximum efficiency in the number of chefs, customers and purchase. “The menu is an immaterial good in our culture and one of the challenges and problems facing hoteliers and diners,” Axpe points out. Cost of costs (and something else). Although inflation and imbalance between the rise in prices and salaries is one of the great challenges of the menu of the day, it is not the only one. As Sharrock points out in Your chronicle of The Times The format … Read more

Chichén Itzá has been the queen of tourism in Mexico for decades. He has competition with the new “Egypt of the Maya”

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Pre -Hispanic presence is omnipresent in Mexico. We are getting more and more about the past of cities as Mexico Citybut if we have to talk about seeing cities and constructions of the Maya, Yucatán is the power. It is where are the most relevant archaeological sites. And, among all, a proper name stands out: Chichén Itzá. By far, It is the great Mayan power of tourism in the Yucatan Peninsula. But that crown jewel has just left a tough competition: Ichkabal, also known as the ‘Mesoamerican Egypt’. Ichkabal. In the state of Quintana Rooa few kilometers from La Laguna de Bacalar, the Maya raised an older city than others as famous as the aforementioned Chichen Itzá. HE esteem That it began to populate at some point in 400 BC and was inhabited until 1500 AD was the most important administrative city of the Maya, something that is believed due to the imposing size of some of its constructions. The problem is that, for centuries, the area was totally forgotten by the nature of nature, whose green opulence swallowed practically every trace of the buildings of the Maya except the main temple and some more construction. And, as is usually the case, its discovery was almost by accident. Fluke. In 1995, a team of researchers from the National Institute of Anthropology and History was in the area searching A much smaller archaeological territory known as ‘Las Higueras’ when they ran into something different and much larger. Thus, they ran into an imposing pyramid, but also with mounds of land and vegetation that covered different buildings. They immediately realized the importance of the site, so a path was built that can be seen perfectly in Apps such as Google Earth –This link-. In addition, in the application we can understand how the site had gone totally unnoticed due to that vegetation. The Mesoamerican Egypt. But well, there was no doubt that they were facing something big. In Ichkabal, the Maya built several small and medium buildings, but also other colossal. For example, an open square of about 300 meters, a couple of small pyramids and the crown jewel: a building 46 meters high and a 200 -meter plant. There is also a 60 x 8 -meter lagoon that could have supplied the population. And that proximity to a source of water and the ocean itself is what could have given Ichkabal the administrative importance that is estimated, had. Due to the size of these constructions, the Mesoamerican Egypt ‘has been called to the area. Rivaling with Kukulcán. To get an idea of ​​the size of that construction, the Kukulcán Temple that is the main Mayan attraction of Mexico as part of Chichén Itzá and indisputable protagonist of the equinox Spring and autumn, it has a height of about 30 meters and a base of 55.5 meters. The base of the main building of Ichkabal is four times larger and the height reaches 15 meters more. Now, the state of conservation is not the same, something logical considering that restoration work in both places did not run the same fate. But this is something that changed relatively little thanks to the goal of converting Ichkabal into one of the key stop stops of the Mayan train. Mayan train. With this railway network, the previous Mexican president -manuel López Obrador- wanted to create a transport system that value the archaeological sites of the country, connecting them better with the municipalities and the most tourist areas in order to facilitate it would arrive from one point to another. With that idea of ​​revitalizing the cultural heritage, the opening of Ichkabal once the objects of cataloging objects, other elements and restoration was finished, it was linked to the Mayan train project. So much so that, from INAH and as we read in The nationthey consider that Ichkabal has potential to unseat other archaeological sites, at the tourist level, such as Chacchoben either Kohunlich. Open to the public. And, after all the work of archaeologists, Ichkabal is the pre -Hispanic archaeological site number 194. As reported by himself INAHyou can visit from Monday to Sunday and it is located a distance from the stations of the Mayan Train of Bacalar and Chetumal, since the road we commented on a few lines has about 23 kilometers. And cruises. We said that Ichkabal is in Quintana Roo, a state in which yes, there are Mayan ruins XCARET-, but where tourism is otherwise. Is where the famous beaches of Cancun and the Rivera Mayawith all those kilometers of beach occupied by large resorts and hotel complexes. The ports of Xcalac and Mahahual are crucial for the arrival of cruises and is something that, together with the Mayan train, the state hopes that allows a high influx of visitors to the new Mayan city. Without a doubt, taking into account the dimensions of the archaeological site and the tourist magnet that is the state coast, Ichkabal has many ballots to be placed among the top of the most visited Mayan ruins in the country. We will have to be attentive to the list next year to see if the applicant can play the crown to Chichen Itzá and the Kukulcán temple. In Xataka | When the Spanish conquerors arrived in Tenochtitlan were fascinated by a technology: the Mexican canoes

LEGO has been in video games decades, but its latest strategic movement suggests that it is now more seriously than ever

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LEGO has been present in dozens of video games, but most have been developed by third parties. That could change soon. His CEO, Niels Christiansen, has revealed in an interview with Financial Times that the company is betting again on a team of internal developmentan interesting movement in its strategy. The idea seems clear: having more control over your products. To understand the importance of this step, it is enough to review the history of Lego and how its relationship with the digital world has evolved. Founded in Denmark in 1932Lego began to manufacture plastic bricks in 1949. Over time, he expanded his catalog and consolidated himself as one of the most influential toy brands in the world, although without paying attention to the digital world. However, at the beginning of the 1990s, when computer science began to collect more strength than ever, a group of enthusiasts led by the artist Dent-de-lion du Midi (also known as dandi) thought it was the moment that LEGO would make the leap from the physical world to the films and, eventually, that of video games. Lego in the world of video games To convince the company was not an easy task. Dandi and his team worked for more than a year in the creation of a digital library that recreated Lego bricks in a virtual environment, an idea that was revolutionary at that time. But when they finally presented the project, The answer was a blunt not. Despite the rejection, the team did not give up. Instead of leaving the initiative, they decided to bring their proposal directly to Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen, CEO of the company and grandson of the founder. The bet went well. Kristiansen was impressed enough to assign a budget for an in -depth study on the digitalization of Lego products. That study would end up paying fruits. With an initial investment of 11.5 million dollars (about 27 million adjusted to inflation), the “was born”Darwin Project“, an initiative that gave rise to four divisions, one of them dedicated to video games. From here, ‘Lego Island’ in 1997, the first video game for the company’s PC was helped. However, the initial enthusiasm did not take long to be eclipsed by the financial reality of the company. In the early 2000s, in full economic crisis, Lego decided to sell its division of video games as part of a strategy of a strategy Restructuring to avoid bankruptcy, thus delegating the development of their titles in external studies. Today, the situation is radically different. LEGO has not only avoided bankrupt Billing of 10,100 million dollars in 202413% more than the previous year. With its business more solid than ever, the company has decided to recover control over its digital strategy. “We can cover experiences for children of all ages, digital or physical,” says Christiansen. For that purpose, an internal game development division “It is something we are building” The bet is firm. LEGO has invested hundreds of millions of dollars to triple its template of software engineers since 2022 and in reinforcing its digital infrastructure. What remains to be seen is whether this new approach will mean a distancing from external studies with which he has worked for years. Give up developments like ‘Lego Star Wars‘ either ‘Indian Lego Jones‘, which have been key in their success in the video game industry, would be a risky play. Meanwhile, ‘LEGO Fortnite‘He has shown that the brand still has a huge pull, with 87 million players to his credit. The big question is: will this movement mark the beginning of a new era for LEGO video games, or will it simply be another piece in its global strategy? Time will say if the Danish company is willing to Build your own brick road to brick Or if, as until now, he continues to trust his external partners to shape his digital universe. Images | LEGO In Xataka | How ‘Fortnite’ is creating his particular “fortniteverso” thanks to Lego, with whom he is reformulating his foundations In Xataka | There is a fever for video games designed “for couples” because they get something unexpected: reinvent the ways of playing

Huelva has been the forgotten industrial pole of Spain for decades. We are realizing the consequences

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Industrial and miners are a problem in different points of our geography. It is still a problem in places where deindustrialization left hectares of empty but contaminated soils and is a problem in the vicinity of some active industrial poles. And one of the places where this is most appreciated is in the estuary of the Odiel and Tinto rivers, on the coast of the province of Huelva. As, PB, CD, MO, SE. A new study He has found evidence that people who live in the vicinity of Huelva industrial areas accumulate in their bodies amounts higher than the average heavy metals such as those we usually associate with industrial activity. The study observed that among the inhabitants of the region, the accumulation in the body of certain elements was greater than usual. The study was done In the city of Huelvabut it was observed that the pollutants varied depending on the residence area of ​​the participants. Different concentrations. Among those who lived in areas closer to the rafts of phosphoyesos From the region, the study found a greater presence of elements such as arsenic (as), lead (PB), cadmium (CD), molybdenum (mo) and selenium (se). These types of elements can be found, precisely in places where this type of waste is stored. On the other hand, the team also found areas that stood out for the presence of elements such as copper (cu), zinc (zn) and aluminum (al). These areas were the closest to the industrial area of ​​the region. In general, the inhabitants of the city of Huelva presented greater concentrations of iron (faith), nickel (ni), chromium (cr), selenium (se), arsenic (as), and copper (co) according to the results of the study. The “chemical and industrial pole. The study was conducted in the city of Huelva, a city located near the coast, between the confluence of the red and odiel rivers. The city counts around, explains the team responsible for the study, with three important industrial areas. First, phosphoyesos rafts can be found, an industrial residue resulting from the extraction and processing of phosphoric acid. This residue is categorized as a radioactive material that occurred naturally or norm (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) and the Huelva reserve is the largest in Europe, the team recalls. To this we must add two more conventional industrial areas, the “Chemical Pole for the Promotion and Development of Huelva – Punta del Sebo” and the “Nuevo Puerto Palos de la Frontera”. Both areas also located in the vicinity of the capital (being the first adjacent to it). 55 participants. The study was conducted with a little girl from participants residing in the capital. Samples extracted from the feet nails of these to estimate the concentration in the bodies of a series of elements: aluminum (al), arsenic (as), cadmium (CD), copper (cu), chrome (cr), iron (faith), nickel (ni), Uranium (U), Vanadio (V) and Zinc (Zn), among others. The details of the study were published In an article In the magazine Journal of Xenobiotics. In Xataka | The countries that most pollute the world, gathered in a detailed graphic Image | Victor / Manuel Cortés Núñez

Copper has reigned in the chips industry for decades. It already has an unbeatable substitute: Ruthenium

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Rare earth monopolize the prominence in the field of semiconductors and other industries since they began The tensions between the US and China. Gallic, Germanio and antimony do not belong to this group of exotic chemical elements, but they are also being used as exchange currency For these two great powers To assault yourself. Anyway, in the domain of integrated circuits there is a chemical element that is much more humble, but that is also essential. And it is not the essential silicon. It is copper. This transition metal is not one of the most abundant chemical elements on our planet, but it is not uncommon either. And fortunately, it is relatively simple to extract and process it. It stands out for its high electrical conductivity and good thermal conductivity, as well as its ductility and corrosion resistance. These properties have caused it to be one of the essential elements in the manufacture of semiconductors for decades, but little by little an alternative is being made that seems to be called to unseat it. And it is really exotic. Ruthenium is making its way in the integrated circuit industry Before we investigate the properties of Ruthenium, it is good for us to know precisely what the chips manufacturers use the copper. And they use it first of all in the connections of the transistors within the integrated circuits. Copper links are responsible for transmitting electrical signals between some transistors and others, so their intervention is essential within the semiconductors. In fact, the electrical properties that I have highlighted in the previous paragraph are responsible for this metal having such a relevant role. However, its adoption was initially not simple. And it was not because copper can be filtered in silicon. This process is known as the diffusion of copper in silicon, and is similar to the electromigration of which We talk to you in this other article To explain why this last phenomenon represents a threat to our electronic devices. In any case, during the diffusion the copper atoms move and infiltrate the crystalline structure of the silicon, degrading it and conditioning its physicochemical properties. “Now I think the industry is probably considering ruthenium as the next great advance in interconnections beyond copper.” Fortunately, IBM found the solution to this problem in 1998. His researchers realized that it was possible copper infiltrate silicon. This strategy was so effective that the semiconductor industry adopted it and has maintained it so far. However, innovation makes its way, and Ruthenium, as I mentioned a few lines above, seems to be called to replace copper in connections between transistors. Jon Yu, the person in charge of the Newsletter The Asianometryhe has suggested very rightly During the conversation who has maintained with Ben Thompson, the author of the interesting publication Stratechery. “The entire industry followed the steps of IBM And copper had to be treated in an innovative way that has worked well for more than 20 years. Now I believe that the industry is probably considering ruthenium as the next great advance in interconnections beyond copper. “ Like copper, Ruthenium is a transition metal. The two properties that make it so interesting to occupy the place of copper within the integrated circuits are its high electrical conductivity and its excellent corrosion resistance. However, we cannot overlook something very important: Ruthenium is very scarce in the earth’s crust. Very scarce. Only 0.0000002% of the cortex of our planet is Ruthenium. The main reserves of this metal are found in South Africa, Russia, Zimbabue, Canada and the US. We will see if it is finally consolidated as one of the essential ingredients of The next generation of integrated circuits. If so, in all likelihood it will become another object of desire for the great powers. Image | TSMC More information | The Asianometry Newsletter In Xataka | The 2 Nm chips race will start in 2025. And it will be the most fierce of all

For the first time in decades, the United States has just approved a new analgesic does not opioid

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Analgesics usually appear among the most consumed drugs in Spain and other countries in the world. These medications aimed at relieving pain also have a somewhat darker side if we look at countries like the United States, plunged into an entire epidemic of opioid addiction. Good of the FDA. Now, the US agency in charge of regulating drugs in the country, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), announced yesterday the approval of A new drug In the country. It is an analgesic not opioid, the first to reach the US in decades. We still have information about its hypothetical arrival in Europe. The drug is focused on the treatment of pain between moderate and severe in adult patients, according to explained in a press release the agency responsible for its approval. A curious detail indicated by the agency is that those who undergo this treatment must avoid grapefruit, something relatively common With certain treatments. “Approval (…) is an important achievement in public health in acute pain management,” indicated in the same note Jacqueline Corrigan-Curay, Director of the Center for the Evaluation and Research of Medicines of the FDA. “A new therapeutic class of non -opioid analgesics for acute pain offers an opportunity to mitigate certain risks associated with the use of opioids (…) and provides patients with another option.” Suzetrigine This is suzetrigine (Suzetrigine), which will be marketed in 50 mg pills for oral administration under the name Journavx. The new drug has been developed by the company Vertex Pharmaceuticals. It is administered in several doses: an initial of 100 mg and successive doses of 50 mg every 12 hours, dosage calculated through the clinical trials that gave rise to their approval. Essays that also indicated that, even though an effective compound, the new analgesic has a moderate pain reduction effect. “It is not a mate in effectiveness,” explained in statements collected by AP Michael Schuh, from the Mayo Clinic, who was not involved in the development of the drug. “But it is a mate in the fact that it is a very different route and mechanism of action. That’s why I think it shows a great promise. ” How do you know where it hurts? Suzetrigine works in our body focusing on sodium channels which exercise as a way in the pain signaling system of the peripheral nervous system. This is a different route from that used by other analgesics such as opioids, which act in the area of ​​the brain that processes pain. The new drug hinders the arrival of the signal to the brain. More than a quarter of a century later. According to Explain the US chain CNNthis is the first analgesic approved since 1998, the year in which the agency approved Celebrex (Celecoxib), an anti-inflammatory non-steroid inhibitor of the COX-2, an enzyme responsible for accelerating the formation of substances that cause in our body inflammation and pain. Investor interest. Waiting for stock markets to open in the US, everything seems to indicate that approval will imply the recovery of the company’s market value In December last year After a bad provisional results of closing of the year. The stock market contribution of the company was gradually recovering throughout January and the announcement could confirm the “return to normal” in the figures of the company on the stock market. An epidemic. In the US, analgesics are the type of drug More prescribed in hospitals And among them it is the opioids that represent almost half of the pain recipes. The epidemic is a consequence of a multitude of factors and has as the protagonist the fentanil, a synthetic opioid approved for pharmacological use but whose use as recreational drugs ravages in North America. By using different mechanisms that opioids and not generating sensations of euphoria, excitement or similar, experts believe that it will not generate dependence or addiction. This could help reduce the impact of the crisis if we take into account that the dependence on opioids in numerous cases began with its pharmacological and non -recreational use. In Xataka | In full world crisis of Fentanil, another medicine grows and worries doctors in Spain: Gabapentina Image | Towfiqui Barbhuiya

Doñana has been on the edge of the precipice for decades. Now we have an experiment to see if we can rebuild it from scratch

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On July 24, 2015, the Council of Ministers He approved to give him 35 million euros to the Guadalquivir Hydrographic Confederation to buy a farm. Very few intuited it a decade ago, but on that farm was a good part of Doñana’s future. We are about to see it come true. A farm? What farm? The Cortijo de los Mimbral were 1,061 hectares in the Doñana forest crown. Of these, about 968 hectares They were dedicated to the cultivation of orange and the rest were “structures, warehouses, roads interior mobility and boundaries, rafts, etc.”. That 2015, the government bought 922 of them. And he did it with the idea of Recover a water concession. That is, with the idea of ​​reducing by 6.8 hm3 the annual water extractions of the Almonte and Las Marismas aquifer. And it was done. With some controversy with the surroundings of the environment, the closure of the mimbrals was good news for the conservation of the park. And, eye, it is not an area of ​​Spain in which good news abounds. But, beyond that and in practice, the farm had been abandoned for years. Now it’s time to see what we do with her. Because the mimbrals are, above all, an opportunity. We must not lose sight that we talk about a thousand hectares that, for years, underwent quite intensive agricultural processes that denatured their traditional state. The great question of Doñana’s technicians has always been the same,?can go back? Can we restore paradise? That, According to Minister Aagesenit is what is going to try. The great laboratory to recover Spain. To begin with, the General Directorate wants to renaturalize the two channels that cross the farm and seal the drainage channels. Thus, they hope to recover the lagoon and riverside habitats. To do this, they will recover native plant species (and eliminate eucalyptus, acacias or reeds); And they wait Reintroduce the rabbit which is “a fundamental element in Doñana’s trophic chain.” They are just five million euros, but they aspire to be a key piece of a 1,400 million program for the entire park environment. And why do you say from Spain? Because, although we usually talk about desertification because it is the most pressing problem, this is only a particular case of Ecological degradation processes of the soil that limit the capacity of the ecosystems to self -regulate. In the mimbrals you will try something of what We have spoken in recent days: Create solid and living ecosystems where nature can develop (and repair itself) without the pressures of the human world. If the project is successful, a very interesting path will be marked not only to recover the natural heritage, but above all for fight the worst consequences of climate change. Image | Daniel Lobraña González In Xataka | We are reforesting Europe with trees that will not reach 2100. If the pests do not kill them, climate change will do so

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