planet

The most bestial data centers on the planet, gathered in this graphic

by

The development of AI has promoted a New ‘Armamentistic’ career globally. It is not sought to dominate another territory, but to get the more computing power, the better. The main technology companies are deploying centers from Data around the world With a goal in mind: train the artificial intelligence. There are data centers that are authentic burged, and in this graph we can see the most powerful data clusters in the world with an outstanding protagonist: Elon Musk. Cluster. Before entering numbers, a nuance. When we talk about calculation power, we can talk about a computer cluster or a supercomputer. The latter is a system Extremely powerful which can be built with processors specially designed to reach extreme calculation powers or, most commonly common, from thousands of high performance servers. They are used for scientific simulations and tasks that require a huge calculation process, and its cost is brutal. On the other hand, We have the “affordable” version of a supercomputer: the computer cluster. It is a series of interconnected work stations that work in parallel solving problems. It is similar to a supercomputer, but the advantage is that It is a more flexible system Because, as you need more teams, you can expand the cluster. In addition, the components are more standard, which also allows the cost to be lower. But well, it is a concept that has blurred in recent years. The 100,000 club. That said, let’s go back to the graph elaborated by Visual Capitalist With the data of EPOCH AI. In it, we can see the most powerful clusters currently, but with some trap: they are both planned and operational. X, Elon Musk’s company, lit the XAI Colossus Memphis Phase 1 last year, a huge data center with 100,000 NVIDIA H100 GPU With the aim of training ‘Grok’, his AI model. It was something that He even surprised Jensen HuangCEO of Nvidia. It is a computing monster with an enormous calculation power, but the figure is expected to increase up to 200,000 GPU. We will see later the energy consequences of this. Following Musk’s company, we have Meta by stating that they have a cluster “greater than 100,000 GPU H100“For her model ‘calls 4’. Then there are those who maintain something else the mystery. For example, Microsoft with its cluster For Azure, Copilot and the OpenAi AI estimated they have 100,000 GPU between H100 and H200, Two worlds. Out of that 100,000 club we have Oracle With its 65,536 NVIDIA H200, another Musk company -you with the Cortex Phase 1 and its 50,000 GPU, and the United States Department of Energy with The Captainhe Most powerful supercomputer in the world. Officers or estimated, what is clear with this graph is that there is a country that has taken the calculation of AI seriously: United States. They are the ones that seem to push stronger with their data centers in the United States (of the 10 clusters, the first nine are in the US and the last in China) and are not only building inside their borders: Also outside. An example is the finish plan for Build data centers in Spain or the one who has practically Manhattan’s size. European expansion. In the graph, we can see two European clusters. On the one hand, The Jupiter from the Jülich Supercomputing Center in Germany with its confirmed GPUs. On the other hand, the Nexgen In Norway, with about 16,300 GPUs. Europe has undertaken several financing initiatives with the objective of Promote your competitiveness Thanks to programs such as Genai4eu and its budget of 700 million euros between 2024 and 2026. The objective is to build large data centers and, for the call of 2025, 76 proposals were presented in 16 different countries. Now, that development of the European AI must be aligned with Ai actthe agreement in force since February of this 2025 that ensures transparency and an ethical AI. Number vs. efficiency in China. Who has put the batteries in AI, beyond US companies, is China. Following one Road map very different from the westernChina is focusing on having (supposedly) less GPU working, operating with greater efficiency, much lower costs than those of American companies and with equivalent results. Deepseek or the most recent Kimi They are two samples of it. Nvidia rubs her hands. And of all this battle for AI, there is a clear winner: Nvidia. As much as it may be, and beyond who has more or less GPU to do the job, the clear winner is Nvidia. In China it is not so clear due to the commercial veto, but the main world data centers use Nvidia’s architecture with their GRAPHS H100 Y H200. And that if we talk about “normal” cards for AI, since they have the B200 with four times the performance of H100. In fact, the company seems so focused on that AI career that would have neglected what led by AMD for years: Your players cards. Those are servers of Lenovo data centers. Companies seek to reduce the footprint reusing hot water after dissipation to, for example, fill pools or showers. Image | Xataka The planet, not so much. And the consequence of that expansion of the AI is that data centers not only need huge energy amounts To function, also water to dissipate the heat of the equipment. There is an important absent in the graph, Google, which also operates its data centers for AI and that, together with others as goal or Microsoftneeds nuclear centrals to feed its facilities. Consumption is so exaggerated that renewables are insufficient during demand peaks, Using fossil fuels like coal or gas ( esteem That, the 200,000 Colossus GPU consume 300 MW, enough to feed 300,000 homes) and, as we said, the Water use has become discussion material in the candidate territories to house new data centers. So much dissipation needs China to already Building at the bottom of the ocean. In Xataka | China wants to become AI world engine. … Read more

Ammonite. They are lousy news for the fans of the planet nine

by

In the Dark confines From the Solar System, beyond the orbit of Neptune, a new world has appeared. First detected in May 2023 from the top of the Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii, astronomers have just called a name: ammonite. But not everything is good news, especially For those who hoped to find The planet nine. Short. 2023 KQ14 “Ammonite” is a new transneptunian object between 220 and 380 km in diameter that revolves around the sun in an extremely wide elliptical orbit. The peculiar of his orbit is that he is not aligned with other similar objects. According to a study Posted in Nature Astronomythe finding challenges the hypothesis that a distant planet still to discover (the elusive planet nine) could be aligning its orbits. A true cosmic fossil. The Amonite nickname, like ancient marine fossils, is not accidental. Astronomers believe that this object is a solar system relic, a time capsule whose orbit has remained virtually unchanged for 4.5 billion years. In fact, its discovery was possible thanks to the Fossil II Project (Formation of the Outer Solar System: An iory legacy), which tracked this type of objects with the Subaru telescope in Hawaii. What they found exceeded their expectations, because Ammonite is quite special. A very exclusive club. In addition to having a considerable size, Ammonite is far away. It has the third most distant perihelio ever detected: the point closest to the sun of its orbit is 66 astronomical units, more than double that of Neptune. The interesting thing is that what astronomers occupy the “perihelium gap”, an area between 50 and 75, where they had not found objects of this type. Ammonite is what is known as a senoid, an ultra -exclusive category of transneptunian objects of which we only knew three specimens: Sedna (The candidate for dwarf planet that gives name to the group), 2012 VP113 and Leleākūhonua. What makes them so special is that their orbits are enormous and extremely elliptical, but its closest point to the sun is so far that Neptune’s gravity barely affects them. They are gravitationally isolated. Problems for the planet nine. For years, The planet’s hypothesis nine He has won traction to explain a strange anomaly: the orbits of the sedoids and other extreme transneptunian objects They seem to be groupedas if the severity of a massive planet, too dark to be easily detected from Earth, were directing them. In addition to dark and distant, we now have another complication that makes it difficult to find. Amonite’s orbit is not only aligned with that of the other three senoids, but points in the opposite direction. With most of the models proposed for planet nine, Ammonite’s orbit would be unstable: it would have been expelled from the solar system a long time ago. So what happened? If it is not the planet nine, what molded those strange orbits? By simulating the orbits of the four senoids known back in time, Synica Academy researchers They discovered something. Although today they are scattered, simulations show with more than 97% confidence that about 4.2 billion years ago, their perihelios were grouped. This suggests that a cataclysmic event occurred about 300 million years after the formation of the solar system placed them all in their strange trajectories. But what was that power so powerful? There are two great candidates. The near passage of a wandering star who approached our sun in his childhood and that could have gravitationally scrambled the confines of the system. Or the existence of a giant planet that, after interacting with these objects, was subsequently expelled from the solar system. Not a planet nine, but a rebel planet. Image | Synical Academy In Xataka | Good news, the solar system has a new minor planet. Bad news, it’s so far that appears every 25,000 years

There is a single opportunity in 11,000 years of reaching the planet Sedna. Some Italians want to use this nuclear engine

by

A team of Italian scientists has drawn a plan to achieve one of the most distant and enigmatic objects of our solar system: the Dwarf Planet Sedna. Two options. Research, Prepublished in Arxivdetails two concepts of spacecraft to drastically shorten the trip to Sedna. Not only with the aim of doing so in less time, but also quick enough to arrive before the dwarf planet immerses itself in the dark of deep space for thousands of years. One of them is a high -tech solar candle that, according to researchers, could make the journey in just seven years. The other is a nuclear fusion rocket that would do it in about ten, but with a great advantage: it could enter orbit once there. The moment is key. He Planet Sednadiscovered in 2003, has an extremely eccentric orbit that lasts about 11,000 years. In 2076 he will reach his perihelio, the point of his orbit closest to the Sun, although “close” is a relative term: it will be almost 11,000 million kilometers, about three times the distance from Neptune to our star. It is a unique opportunity in millennia to send a probe. With current rocket technology, such a trip would require between 20 and 30 years, which would force to develop in record time an incredibly complex and high -budget mission. The cheap alternative. The first option is A solar candle that takes advantage of the thrust of the photons of the sun To propel the ship, a concept already tested in missions such as Lightsail 2 of planetary society. However, this candle would go one step further: it would be covered with a material that, when heated with sunlight, released molecules through a thermal disorption process that provided an additional thrust. Thanks to Jupiter’s gravitational assistance, this ultralight ship could reach SEDNA in just seven years. The great advantage is that it would not need to load with the weight of the fuel. The disadvantage is that I could only overflow, quickly through Sedna, As did the New Horizons probe with Pluto. I would collect valuable data, but the meeting would be brief. The ambitious alternative. The second proposal is more ambitious: a rocket driven by the direct fusion engine that is already being developed in the Plasma Physics Laboratory of Princeton University. This engine would not only generate thrust, but also electrical energy from a controlled nuclear fusion reaction, offering continuous and powerful acceleration. A trip with the nuclear engine would have been ten years. Although it is slower than the solar candle, it has a major prize: the ability to insert the ship into the Sedna orbit, making possible a much more detailed long -term study of its surface, its composition and its interaction with the space environment compared to the solar candle. Why Sedna? Not only because it is a transneptunian object, an ice cream that orbits beyond Neptune. Its reddish surface and its extreme orbit make it a pristine relic of the formation of the solar system. Scientists believe Sedna could contain organic compounds and water ice, the original “bricks” of the planets. Since most of its time passes far from the Sun, its surface has been protected from radiation and heat, being almost intact. One of the most fascinating hypotheses is that Sedna could be an exoplanet captured by our solar system during a stellar encounter in the past. Being able to analyze its in situ composition would literally study material from another star system without leaving ours. Image | CSWANCMU (CC) In Xataka | Electronuclear and Nuclear Fusion Propulsion are the options of science to take us to deep space

China has been cultivating Stem talent in silence for 40 years. Today has the most coveted quarry on the planet

by

For decades China has been the great factory of the world, but in parallel the country silently prepared another revolution: that of its Stem engineers (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). Chinese leadership in graduates in these technical disciplines is overwhelming, and every year produces about 3.5 million engineers among which there is a new elite: that of AI engineers. China triumphs with its long -term plan. It all started in the “post-mao” era. After his death and the arrival of Deng Xiaoping, the country suffered a remarkable reform that began with his “four modernizations“And among them, to restore education with a special focus on science and technology. The president highlighted in 1988 how” science and technology are the main productive forces, “and encouraged a unique change. Hai gui. In the mid -80s China began to send a huge number of students to Western countries. The objective: to learn in their universities and achieve training in fields such as engineering, physics, chemistry and mathematics. Those students then returned to China in a phenomenon that has been called “Hai Gui” (“sea turtles”). They managed to inspire the following generations when returning to Chinese academic institutions, which gradually became some of the most advanced in the world. Chinese elite universities. It happened for example with the University of Tshinghua, which between 2013 and 2016 was already the university with the highest number of relevant scientific studies (cited) according to a study of The Economist. Behind were prestigious US institutions such as Stanford or MIT. As I explained Yang Bin, vice president of the University of Tsinghua, “those intellectuals (the” hai gui “) played a very important role, changing all the climate, raising the standards.” Money and more money to educate. The long -term plan of the Asian giant has worked, and today they leave their universities 3.57 million Stem graduates a year. In the US the figure is four times lower: 820,000. Education spending It has not dropped from 4% of its GDP In the last 20 years, and the incentives for Chinese academics to publish studies are notable: if they are of great quality and they are published in Western institutions, They can enter $ 100,000 By study. And the AI ​​is now a fundamental focus. Between 2012 and 2022 the budget spending of the Chinese government in education increased from 2.2 billion yuan (268,167 million euros) to 4.85 billion yuan (591,187 million euros), more than double. Several Chinese elite universities They have announced His intention to expand his curricula with the objective of prioritizing the strategic needs of the country, and here the AI ​​- who You start teaching in schools– It’s key. Ten years projects. In that article of The Economist, they also reveal how since 1995 the Chinese government has initiated various projects to revolutionize its educational environment. The call came first PROJECT 211 which aimed to “prepare approximately 100 universities for the 21st century.” Later they were replaced with the so-called “Double First-Class Construction”, and under Xi Jinping in 2016, which further promoted technical certifications and high training of Chinese technical universities. IA superstars. We have four good examples of all that great reform. Shengjia Zhao, Hongyu Ren, Jiahui Yu and Shuchao Bi are Superestrellas of the AI. Especially after target “Straight” in Openai’s house and steal them tempting them with stratospheric salaries. They all have something important in common: their training. Talent theft. Zuck confirmed these days in an internal statement Filtrated by CNBC Those signings. There were 11 engineers, 7 of which come from Openai. In that statement, the formation of a new division of “superintelligence” led by Alexandr Wang was also confirmed. And he, in turn, welcomed four of those new companions we were talking about. Who they are. Their names are not known, but these four engineers have had a very relevant role in the development of AI models in OpenAi. In the internal statement itself there is talk of your work in Openai, which has been the following: Jiahui Yu-Co-Creator of O3, O4-MINI, GPT-4.1 and GPT-4O. He previously directed the perception team in OpenAi and multimodal co -directed in Gemini. SHENGJIA ZHAO-Co-Creader of Chatgpt, GPT-4, all MINI, 4.1 and O3 models. He previously directed synthetic data in OpenAI. It has appeared In some of OpenAi’s product presentations. Shuchao Bi: GPT-4O and O4-MINI voice mode co-creator. He previously directed the subsequent multimodal formation in Openal. Hongyu Ren: GPT-4o cooker, 4O-mini, O1-mini, O3-mini, 03 and O4-mini. He previously directed a postformation group in Openal. 100% Chinese talent. But what is striking here is that as they point out In SCMPthese four engineers share a similar and very significant academic trajectory. All of them trained in prestigious Chinese technical universities, and then continue their studies in academic entities in the United States. They graduate in China, they do doctorate in the US. Zhao graduated from the University of Tshinghua in 2016 and then computer study at Stanford University. Ren graduated at the University of Beijing in 2018 and continued studying at Stanford from 2018 to 2023. Yu was titled at the School of Young Talents from the University of Science and Technology of China and then doctorate in computer science at the University of Illinois Urbano-Champaign. And Bi graduated from the University of Zhejiang and then doctorate in mathematics at the University of California in Berkeley. China is the great world engineer quarry. The Asian giant is also in terms of its academic dimension. It is by far the largest world producer of graduates in Stem races (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). They know that well in the US, because Chinese students are the ones who take the highest share of foreign students studying or complete their studies in the US: 20% of all of them come from China. And above all, of AI engineers. A report of the Paulgo Institute of Chicago (USA) recently revealed that 38% of AI experts that develop their professional career in the US They have formed in Chinese universities. … Read more

Neither Mediamarkt, nor the English Court. Power Planet launches one of the best technology campaigns before Prime Day 2025

by

There are very few days left for the arrival of the new Amazon Prime Day 2025. Meanwhile, many stores have launched very powerful campaigns, and without a doubt one of the best we do not find it in Mediamarkt, or in El Corte Inglés – eojo, that does not mean that they are bad – but in the Power Days PowerPlanet. We already tell you that some of the best discounts are found in Samsung devicesalthough there are also Xiaomi at a very good price. Samsung Galaxy A56 by 374.99 eurosone of Samsung’s mobiles with better value for money. Xiaomi TV Box S (3rd gen) by 59.50 eurosan excellent Xiaomi Box TV in its latest generation. Samsung Galaxy Tab A9 by 109.90 eurosa tablet with microSD slot up to 1 TB. 8bitdo ultimate by 54.99 eurosa load -based control that is compatible with Nintendo Switch 2, Android and PC. Samsung Galaxy Buds3 Pro by 129.99 eurosexcellent bluetooth headphones with one of its best prices to date. Samsung Galaxy A56 Samsung is one of the most interesting brands in mobiles and stands out both in the high range and in the mid -range. Beyond the Galaxy S series, the Samsung Galaxy A56 It is a most interesting model for the price it has in PowerPlanet during the Power Days: 374.99 euros in its 256 GB configuration. And … What does this mobile stand out? First, the Samsung Galaxy A56 Mount a 6.7 -inch super amoled screen (larger than that of other high -end models), It is very comfortable in hand and has an excellent finishoffers very good autonomy and offers six years of software updates. Samsung Galaxy A56 (256 GB) * Some price may have changed from the last review Xiaomi TV Box S (3rd gen) Xiaomi launched very recently the new generation of its TV Box, offering a quite interesting generational leap. He Xiaomi TV Box (3rd gen) offers a 4K UHD resolution and is compatible with both Dolby Vision and HDR10+ as with Dolby Atmos and DTS: x. In addition, its operating system is Google TV And it comes with Chromecast and with Wi -Fi connectivity 6. Its price in this case has fallen to the 59.50 euros. * Some price may have changed from the last review Samsung Galaxy Tab A9 Ok, the Samsung Galaxy Tab A9 It is a tablet that, in this case, comes with 64 GB of internal storage, but a very positive point is that it includes a microSD card slot up to 1 TB (such as the Samsung Evo Selectalthough there are other cheaper brands). And by 109.90 euroswe are faced with an excellent model with 8.7 -inch screen whose speakers are compatible with Dolby Atmosso it is ideal to see multimedia content. Samsung Galaxy Tab A9 (64 GB) * Some price may have changed from the last review 8bitdo ultimate Yes, Switch 2 Pro Controller is very expensive, but fortunately there are alternatives. 8bitdo is an excellent brand that has a good assortment of controls in its catalog and 8bitdo ultimate It is an excellent purchase option, especially since it has dropped in price to the 54.99 euros And because it is already compatible with Nintendo Switch 2. It includes a load base, comes with two programmable rear buttons, allows you to change the game profile (it has three in total) and has both movement control and vibration. The 8 -bitdo command is compatible with both Android and PC as with Nintendo Switch (The original). Recently the brand has launched an update so that it is also compatible with Nintendo Switch 2. To do this, just access the Command page or directly to Update programwhich can be downloaded both in Windows and Mac. * Some price may have changed from the last review Samsung Galaxy Buds3 Pro For the fifth and last place of this list, I have debated to mention the Samsung Galaxy Watch Ultra (369.99 euros) or the Samsung Galaxy Buds3 Prothat have come down to the 129.99 euros. Finally, this last device is the one that has the best value for money, since we have rarely seen them with a similar discount. The Samsung Galaxy Buds3 Pro They are very comfortable Bluetooth headphones that include a very light load case. They offer excellent audio quality and a very good active noise cancellation. In addition, taking into account the load case, they offer a Autonomy of up to 26 hours With active noise cancellation, a figure that is not bad. * Some price may have changed from the last review Some of the links of this article are affiliated and can report a benefit to Xataka. In case of non -availability, offers may vary. Images | PowerPlanet, Samsung, Xiaomi, 8bitdo In Xataka | The best mobiles (2025), we have tried them and here are their analysis In Xataka | Best wireless headphones. Which to buy and 21 models from 15 euros to 470 euros

Taiwan believes having found the mythical planet 9 of the Solar System. Instead of looking for his light, he has been looking for his heat

by

The countless frustrated attempts to find planet 9, a hypothetical giant gas in the confines of our solar system, have aroused the ingenuity of some Taiwanese scientists. Short. For years, astronomers have swept the sky in search of the weak reflection of sunlight that should get to us from planet 9, a demonstratedly ineffective task. Now, a team of researchers has changed the rules of the game with an ingenious idea: instead of looking for it, they have tried to detect their heat. Well, they have found two very promising candidates. Context. Beyond the orbit of Neptune, in an icy and dark region known as the Kuiper belt, the orbits of several objects seem to be grouped in a way that challenges chance. The trajectories of these transneptunian objects (TNos) align as if an invisible hand were guiding them. The most accepted hypothesis to explain this behavior is the existence of an unknown massive planet, the planet 9. Of existing, this distant world would have a mass of between five and ten times that of the earth. The problem is that it would be more than 400 astronomical units, so its light would be incredibly dim. To put it in perspective, Neptune is “only” 30 UA or 4,496 million kilometers. If we can’t see it, maybe we can feel its heat. A team from the National University Tsing Hua in Taiwan believes to have the strongest track in years on the real existence of the most wanted object in our neighborhood. The results of their study are not final, but they reach two promising candidates. Every object with a temperature above absolute zero emits thermal radiation, that is, heat. But while the light decreases with the distance following a relationship of the inverse of the fourth power (1/d4), the heat only decreases with the square of the distance (1/d2). This abysmal difference is the argument used by researchers to focus their search on the heat signature of planet 9. A needle in a haystack. The team resorted to the data of the Akari Space Telescope of Japan. Throwed in 2006, Akari dedicated his useful life to sweeping the full sky in distant infrared light, the perfect range to detect the thermal brightness of the planet 9. And he did it from space, without the interference of the Earth’s atmosphere. Astronomers set out from a list of unprocessed Disssdl detections: more than 5.2 million signals with many false positives. After limiting the search zone, eliminating known objects, filtering sources contaminated by galactic dust clouds and excluding static objects, which seem to be at the same point in observations separated by months, the list was reduced to 393 candidates. Of 393 candidates for two. He touched his hands dirty. The investigators visually inspected the images of the 393 candidates. They ruled out weak detections, artifacts at the edges of the sensor and, above all, the impacts of cosmic rays that can be perceived as a specific source of heat. After this thorough process, there were only two candidates. Two heat points that appeared where planet 9 was expected, had the predicted brightness for the theory and showed the expected movement: they were detected in the same place in a period of 24 hours, but there was no trace of them in the same place six months later. All to demonstrate. The two candidates were baptized as FISSDL J0250422-15011 and FISSDL J0301112-164240. But to verify if these two heat points are really a single object moving in an orbit compatible with planet 9 will need new observations in visible light, with sufficiently powerful telescopes to detect its weak optical brightness and measure its movement with precision. If confirmed, the discovery would not only solve one of the greatest mysteries of modern astronomy, but would revolutionize our understanding about how our own system was formed and evolved. Everything is to be demonstrated, but at least we have a hot trail to continue hunting. Image | ESA, Hubble, M. Kornmesser, CC By 4.0

His response was the largest underground nuclear base on the planet

by

Talking about the cold war is talking about espionage, secret bases, Advanced weapons to win the opponent in a potential armed conflict and, above all, the Atomic Arsenal Explosion And constant fear of Nuclear Apocalypse. And this implies talking about Russia and the US as protagonists, leaving us in the inkwell to other actors in the conflict. China was another proper name during the Cold War, getting fully into the nuclear race. And they did it big. With the world’s largest nuclear military plant, the mysterious nuclear military plant 816. Bad crumbs with the USSR. The cold war was a tremendously complicated conflict that was played three bands part of time. The US and the USSR were two of the legs, but China entered Liza when the Sino-Soviet conflict. Simplifying history, the Soviet Union And China competed for being the champions of communism and, at a time of 1969, the Soviet Union even considered bombing China with nuclear bombs, including Beijing. However, United States “intervened“, Turning the conflict and relations with China. The position of both approached the subsequent years, but before that, and with a China smelling that the USSR could threaten with its nuclear arsenal, began to build the Nuclear Military Plant 816. Great Nuclear Wall. Zhou enlaiChinese prime minister at that time, he responded to the Sino-Soviet rupture giving the Output gun to a military base in the Chongqing region that would be much more than a bunker: it would become the Nuclear underground installation most important in the country. The goal? Produce plutonium that could be installed in arms, creating nuclear missiles without Soviet help. The works began in 1966 and in process more than 60,000 soldiers of the popular liberation army participated. The objective of the installation was that he was armored against missile attacks, but also against earthquakes of magnitude 8. In addition, he had a great natural wall around him: the Jinzi mountain and his granite. Colossal. Secretism was a constant when building the complex. This is something common and logical in this type of facilities, reaching the extreme that the workers of the workers did not know what their relatives were working or where. In the official records it is indicated that 76 people died during some works that extended over 17 years, but there are sources They point out that the figure would be much greater. Apart, the nuclear military plant 816 has an area of ​​more than 104,000 m² and is the largest tunnel system excavated by the human being. Its 130 galleries total more than 20 kilometers long over 18 United Artificial Cuevas, has more than 13 levels and the height to the deepest point is almost 80 meters, similar to a 25 -story building. In addition, to go from some sites to others inside the plant, cars that circulated on underground roads could be used. That is … it’s huge The control table The reactor room Reverse. During the years of construction, China made Advances in its nuclear program. Although it has been more recent when they officially reached The 500 headsthe first public nuclear test in the country was in 1964, but the complex of the 816 Pedish served little. The reason? After 17 years building that colossal cavernary system and with the advances at 85%, they decided to cancel it. The changes in international relations and the dimensioning tension of the cold war led to a brake on the project. The reactor was never operational and the program was classified in 1984. In 2002, however, it came to light and we could know all these details, even knowing that part of the plant was recycled to become In a fertilizer factory. Tourists, welcome. But with all that excavated, it would be nonsense to have it closed to lime and song. Something like that must have thought of authorities, since, in 2010, they decided open part of the base to the public. Thanks to this we can see photographs like those that accompany these lines and know How would the conditions of a base destined to manufacture nuclear missiles in China 60 years ago. And, in addition to serving as a museum, it is a memorial for the human sacrifices of those who participated in the project, they were official … or those that do not appear in the records. Images | 重庆轨交 18, Iswzo, Lastrik, Pierre Marshall In Xataka | Satellite images leave no doubt: the US has restored the base of the Pacific that launched atomic bombardment over Japan

9 kilometers of water keep the planet in suspense

by

The tension climbing Between Iran and the US it has had a peculiar effect: it has led to half the world (and the other medium too) to look at a tiny navigable channel located in the Middle East, the Ormuz narrow. In view of the satellite it does not seem much, a narrow sea language that connects the Persian and Oman Gulf, but in practice it is a strategic artery for the world’s fuel traffic. Every day dozens of metaneros and oil companies navigate. Now Tehran considers to close it as punishment to US attack against its nuclear baseswhat would put Above up The oil market. What is the Ormuz Strait? A strategic channel for global hydrocarbons transport. A “critical point of oil strangulation “. And a tiny corner of the Map of the Middle East who today look carefully at the economists and leaders of half everyone. Ormuz is a narrow navigable between Oman and Iran that joins the Persian and Oman golves, which in practice makes him an artery for traffic with the Arabic sea. A Fast look The map arrives to understand two characteristics of Ormuz, both interrelated. The first is its narrow geography. At its closest point the channel measures only 33 km wide, although the navigation zone is even smaller: the two reservations for the passage of oil companies barely reach Three kilometers Each one and are separated by a damping zone with a similar width. Hence The Wall Street Journal point out that world markets are really pending a strip of nine kilometers. Why is it important? Because dozens of huge ships loaded with crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) that drives the economies of world world powers, including China, are going through these routes, including China, including China, including China, including China, including China, The biggest buyer of Iranian oil. The data speak for themselves. The Vortexa firm Calculate That between the beginning of 2022 and last month every day they flowed through the narrow millions of barrels of oil (between 17.8 and 20.8) of different types, which means that the Ormuz Strait channels the fifth part of the world consumption of crude oil. And that is just oil. There are those who calculate that Something more than 20% From the metaneros ships that navigate the world pass through that narrow channel that Iran and Oman separates. The firm Lloys List has thrown accounts and calculates that every day they transit about 15 million barrels of crude oil, 2.5 million barrels of products, 20% of liquefied natural gas and one third of Liquefied oil gas. AND It is then distributed by the world, with a special impact on Asian economies. The AEI assures that 84% of crude and 83% of the LNG that passed last year through the Ormuz Strait ended in Asia markets. Why is it news? Because the stability of the channel is on the tightrope. After Washington Atacase the weekend Three Nuclear Bases of Iran, the world now expects Tehran’s response and among its possible movements is the blockade of the Ormuz Strait, which would submit to the fuel market (and by extension to the global economy) to strong pressure. How is probable? That is the million -dollar question: will they really go to close the Strait? Although there are analysts who doubt that Tehran will adopt a measure that would damage their own economy and that of its neighbors, Like Saudi Arabiathe Iranian government has already shown that the idea is on the table. On Saturday the Islamic Advisory Assembly recommended The closure of the channel, although the final decision is not in its hands, but in those of Ali Jamenei. For now, the government has made it clear that they do not rule out taking a step that would tighten the markets and would probably have its reflection in prices. Yesterday the Commander of the Revolutionary Guard insisted in that the closure of Ormuz “is being considered”, and warned: “Iran will make the best decision.” The channel blockade is only one of the options that Tehran would have to respond to US attacks. The analysts They speculate With other options, such as direct attacks on US forces, hitting diplomatic missions or cyber attacks. How would the Strait close? It is not the first time that they will love with tensioning the markets. He did it Already in 2018, in full strip and loosen with Washington for the sanctions to Tehran. TWSJ appointment Naval analysts and operators of the oil sector who remember that the Iranian Navy has been expanding its power in the area thanks to different resources, such as the use of boats capable of attacking objectives. They also talk about the possible use of mines or even the assault of ships from helicopter with the purpose of “retaining them for long periods.” A few years ago, In July 2019the Islamic Revolutionary Guard of Iran already assaulted a British oil tanker in the Ormuz Strait and kept it blocked for months in response to the arrest of one of its ships in Gibraltar. Washington could answer with their war ships, but there are experts, such as Antony Gurnee, former director of the oil sector, who warn that clearing the Strait would take time … with its consequences for the international market, as verified Not long ago In the Red Sea with Hutis attacks. What effects would the closure have? The first would be evident. Qatar, Baréin, Arab Emirates or Kuwait would face serious problems to export their crude. Saudi Arabia could continue to supply a part to the market thanks to its East-West pipelinebut its global export capacity would be strongly affected. Iranian oil would also be harmed, since it uses the same river access road, and would affect one of its great world buyers: China. The threat for Beijing is so serious that Washington already He asked him that intermediate to remove Tehran from the head the possibility of closing Ormuz. Sable noise and … Read more

Something weird is happening with the clouds of the planet. Something that will bring not very pleasant consequences

by

Where are the clouds born? The answer to that question can become much more complex than it seems. Because yes, the clouds are formed in the sky, or in the atmosphere, but the layer of gases that surrounds our planet is vast and in it intermingle predictable factors with chaos. Complex and changing. Trying to answer this question, some scientists have encountered an additional problem: the place where the clouds are born It is changing. The area of ​​the earth’s surface in which these clusters arise has moved and has shrunk what has important implications in the climate and weather of the planet. They are the results of two studies published in recent years, The first In August 2024 in the magazine Climate Dynamicsand The second In May of this year in Geophysical Research Letters. Three cloud stripes. The first of the studies observed how the cloud areas located on the oceans of both hemispheres have moved and contracted throughout the last 35 years. The study focused on three zones: one, called Interopical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) located near Ecuador Earth; and the other two located in average latitudes, approximately between parallel and 60 north and south. Through observations of instruments such as the modis (Moderate Resolution Imptotroadiometer) On board the Aqua satellite, the team was able to map the areas of greatest cloudiness as well as their evolution over time. Interpreting the data. According to The US Space Agency explainsNASA, the tormentous clouds that run through our planet are usually forming in the vertices of large -scale atmospheric circulation areas, such as hagley cells, polar and hard -latter cells or average latitude cells. More specifically in the areas where the currents associated with these cells converge and make warm and humid air ascend. In contrast, the convergence areas where currents carry cold and dry air from upper layers of the atmosphere to lower altitudes correspond to the areas where the heavens tend to be more clear. Change in the trend. The study of the clouds gives us clues about the dynamics of these torments of the planet. The responsible team calculated for example that the area contracted between 1.5% and 3% per decade In recent years. As NASA details, the ITCZ ​​narrowed and the tormented areas in average latitudes moved to their respective poles at the same time that they also contracted. In contrast, the subtopics clear areas expanded. More than a matter of color. The most recent of the studies addresses the climatic implications of change in the cloud patterns of the planet. And it is that the climate our “blue marble” depends a lot on the clouds that overshadow the atmosphere and dye it occasionally in white since this layer of clouds depends on the amount of solar energy that reaches us due to the albedo. The clouds reflect the light and therefore the solar energy that reaches the surface of the Earth, so less clouds implies more energy and more heat. According to study estimates, change implies that oceans absorb 0.37 watts per square meter more per decade due to these changes. And climate change? We could fall into the error of assuming that this change explains the tendency towards global warming that we associate with anthropogenic climate change but the truth is that climatic models already incorporate these changes into them. In fact, a previous estimate made by the instruments of Ceres (Clouds and The Earth’s Radiant Energy System) estimated at 0.47 watts per square meter and for decade the increase in solar radiation that the planet receives as a whole. These changes contribute to the “energy imbalance” that implies heating, but they do not explain it for themselves. “These new findings suggest that the loss of oceanic tormented clouds is a key factor in the imbalance,” He explained George Tseliudis to NASAmember of the team responsible for the studies. According to the expert, these changes could also Help explain The anomalo oceanic warming seen a couple of years ago and that caused the North Atlantic to beat numerous temperature records. In Xataka | The clouds are each time a more scarce resource. And some countries are already “to war” for them Image | Michala Garrison, Modis Atmosphere Science Team / Tseliudis et al (2024), Dscovr Epic

This is how the creator of the most complex machine on the planet supports the US pressure

by

In 2022 sales of ASML In China they amounted to 2.9 billion euros, which represented 13.8% of its annual sales. At that time Taiwan was a more important market for this company than China. In fact, in 2023 the clients of the island bought this manufacturer lithography equipment For a total value of 8,100 million euros, while its Chinese clients disbursed 7.3 billion euros. And, curiously, in 2024 China consolidated as the largest market for ASML with total sales of 10.2 billion euros. This company of the Netherlands cannot sell its most advanced equipment to its Chinese clients, such as the machines of extreme ultraviolet lithography (UVE) or deep ultraviolet (UVP), but at the moment you can give them the solutions that allow producing chips with mature integration technologies. These are the semiconductors that are mostly used in cars, appliances or electronic devices, among other products, and usually occur in nodes of 28 nm or less advanced. ASML needs China. And China still needs Asml Christophe Fouquet, the general director of ASML, has a huge challenge ahead. Like his predecessor at the head of this Dutch company, Peter Wennink, he has the obligation to defend the interests of his company. And currently the tension held by the US and China does not make it easy. The sanctions that They have deployed US and the Netherlands They prevent Asml selling Your most advanced lithography teams To its Chinese clients. And neither can some maintenance and after -sales services services provide. In the Netherlands 2024 will be remembered as the year in which the strap between ASML and the Dutch government reached its maximum expression. Christophe Fouquet He is convinced about what US will continue to put pressure on its partners to even more harden the sanctions that seek to stop the development of the Chinese industry of the integrated circuits. In fact, according to the British weekly The Economistthis executive argues that European politicians and regulators should do more to help their company. In 2024 China was consolidated as the largest Asml market with total sales of 10.2 billion euros Anyway, one of the figures in which we have repaired a few lines above gives us a very accurate clue about how ASML is dealing with prohibitions from the US and endorsed by the Netherlands government that could greatly degrade their business. As we have seen, in 2024 China was consolidated as its largest market with total sales of 10,200 million euros. This success is because Chinese manufacturers of integrated circuits have bought A ASML many suitable photolithography equipment to produce mature semiconductors. This Dutch company has much more advanced chips manufacturing machines, such as the UVE and UVP lithography equipment that I have mentioned a few lines above. And also The very complex High Opening Machine which has been designed to optimize the production of integrated circuits Below the 2 nm. As we have seen, ASML cannot deliver these teams to its Chinese clients, but, and this is a very important fact, has the effective monopoly of Uve and Uve Machines of Haute Opening. No other company has the necessary resources to produce such complex equipment. Currently TSMC, Intel, Samsung, Globalfoundries, Micron Technology and Sk Hynix are well building new chips manufacturing plants, they are well expanding some of those they have in operation. In any case, they all have something in common: they are buying the UVE and UVP equipment of ASML. And, in addition, TSMC, Intel and Samsung presumably will acquire for the next three years a large number of UVE Machines of Haute Opening. It is evident that even in the complicated current situation it is difficult to lie to ASML. For now Your business in China enduresand will continue to do it at least until the moment when Chinese lithography manufacturers have their own UVE machines. And outside China Asml has no competition if we stick to its Porpholio of UVE machines. This is your true strength. Image | ASML More information | The New York Times In Xataka | Japan wants to recover leadership as a manufacturer of lithography equipment. And he has a plan to end the Asml monopoly

Log In

Forgot password?

Forgot password?

Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password.

Your password reset link appears to be invalid or expired.

Log in

Privacy Policy

Add to Collection

No Collections

Here you'll find all collections you've created before.