dark

A new type of dark matter

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The mystery of dark matter is one of the great unknowns that pursue the scientific community. Well, now this mystery could be folded. And it is that a group of researchers claims to have found indications of a second type of dark matter. Dark matter 2.0: A group of researchers has postulated A unique hypothesis to explain a chemical phenomenon observed in the central area of ​​our galaxy. Its proposal implies the existence of a new type of dark matter. “Loaded” hydrogen. The focus of the mystery is found in hydrogen clouds located near the center of our galaxy. What makes these clouds an enigma is the fact that they are positively loaded, that is, hydrogen atoms in them have lost their electrons. The problem is that we do not know what has caused the ionization of these clouds, what an energy enough event could the electrons of their atoms start. As explained Those responsible for the study, the “energy firms” that reach us from this region of the galaxy suggest the existence of “a constant, turbulent energy source.” The explanation to this phenomenon proposed by the team is related to dark matter, but has an important nuance. WIMP Dark matter is a key element of cosmological models that attempts to explain some anomalies detected in the movement of large space bodies, such as galaxies. Dark matter would represent about 85% of all matter existing in the universe and would only interact with the rest of the matter through gravity, hence we have not yet been able to detect it in another way other than through gravitational movements. One of the hypotheses that try to explain this phenomenon focuses on the so -called massive particles of weak interaction or WIMP (Weakly interacting massive partners). The new study indicates that these would not be responsible for what happens in the center of the galaxy. Mass of mass. The responsible team postulates that the particles responsible for ionizing hydrogen clouds are actually A new type of dark mattercharacterized by having a much lower dough than the WIMP would have. The new hypothesis postulates that these “tiny particles” would collide with each other producing in these charged particles, a physical process called “annihilation.” It would be in turn these charged particles that would be ionizing the gas clouds. The details of the study were published In an article In the magazine Physical Review Letters. Alternative hypothesis. As the team points out, so far the main suspects of this phenomenon were cosmic rays. The team maintains that the new theory explains the phenomenon with greater precision. And, according to the observations, the “energy firm” of the phenomena observed in this region does not seem intense enough to be attributed to the phenomenon of cosmic rays. This implies that the cause of this “annihilation” must be “slower than a cosmic and less massive ray than a wimp.” In Xataka | In the sky of the Canary Islands not only stars are seen: we have just discovered a superstierra only 56 light years Image | Nick Risinger

There is a cosmic network of “roads” formed by gas and dark matter filaments. We have just captured it from Chile

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We know well that matter is not distributed in a form of all homogeneous throughout the observable universe. The galaxies like the one we live are great clusters of matter in which the stars are born and died, and with them other objects such as planets and asteroids. However, that is only part of the story. In sight. A group of researchers has achieved Capture directly and in “high definition” an image of the so -called cosmic network, a network of gas filaments that extend throughout millions of light years in the intergalactic space. He has done it from the VLT, the large telescope that the Southern European Observatory has installed in Chile. A cosmic network. The subject in the universe is not only concentrated in the galaxies. Moreover, the subject distributed in intergalactic space plays a fundamental role in the structure of our cosmos. Physical interactions lead to this matter to be distributed in an interesting way. He does it In immense filamentsgas clouds that form an immense network that connects the galaxies around it. The gas that accumulates in this network of “cosmic highways” is the one that feeds the stars of the bright galaxies located at the intersections of this network. Huge, and almost invisible. In addition to the gas that feeds the stars, dark matter also plays an important role in the structuring of this network as indicated by the team responsible for this new image. Observing this dark matter is impossible today, but capturing the gas columns that accompany it, the “star fuel”, is possible. Hundreds of hours. Overcome this difficulty Requires dedicationeven for our most powerful telescopes. That is why capturing this image required hundreds of hours of observation by the VLT (Vary Large Telescope), The telescope of the European Observatory (ESO) installed in the Atacama desert, in Chile. The team resorted to the Muse instrument (Multi–Unit Spectroscopic Explorer), An advanced spectrograph installed in the Chilean telescope. The details of the process were published In an article In the magazine Nature Astronomy. In the image, in color, the diffuse gas that extends around and between the remarked galaxies can be seen. Davide Tornotti/University of Milano-Bicocca. Three million light years. The team used ultraprecisous data compiled by the telescope to create the most clear image ever achieved by one of the filaments that make up the cosmic network. The filament in question extends over three million light years and Connect two distant galaxieseach of them with its own supermassive black hole. “By capturing the dim light emitted by this filament, which has traveled for just under 12,000 million years to reach the Earth, we are able to accurately characterize its form,” Explain in a press release Davide Tornotti, co -author of the study. The team also highlights that the accuracy of the new data has allowed “Draw the border” between the gas of the galaxies themselves and all the subject that we associate with this cosmic web. And all through direct measurements. Validate the theory. In his study, the team used these direct observations to test the theoretical cosmological models. And with a positive result: “When comparing it to the new high definition image, we find a substantial agreement between theory and observations,” Tornotti indicated. Even so, the team also points out that they will continue working on the study of these structures. “One is none,” that is, with the image of one of these elements, it is not enough to draw generalizable conclusions about these key structures for our cosmos but as unknown as the filaments that make up the cosmic network. In Xataka | Is our Milky Way a zombie galaxy and we without knowing it? Image | Alejandro Benitez-Llambay/University of Milano-Bicocca/MPa/Davide Tornotti/University of Milano-Bicocca

We have new evidence that there is a “dark atomic force” capable of “deforming” in the nucleus of atoms

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The atomic nucleus might seem well explored in an era in which scientists focus their efforts on better understanding quantum mechanics and interactions between subatomic particles that star in this science, such as Quarks or gluons. However, perhaps we still have much to learn about how the protons and neutrons that structure it are organized in this nucleus. New clues. A new study, led by PTB researchers (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) German and the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (MPIK), He has revealed The existence of small “deformations” in the nucleus of atoms. This finding indicates the possible existence of a “dark atomic force” that governs interactions between neutrons and electrons within the atom. From dark matter to “dark force.” In 2020, a MIT team (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) observed something strange when comparing different isotopes of the ytterbiumelement number 70. The team examined changes in electronic resonance between isotopes of the element (different versions of an element that differ from each other in the number of neutrons) and ran into results that were not expected. That experiment could have been the first time that someone crossed with an still inexplicated phenomenon that some call “dark atomic force.” This means basically that we are facing an interaction between particles (in this case neutrons and electrons) still unexplored. A force in this sense analogous to the most studied “dark matter”, which only interacts with conventional matter through gravity. According to Explain the responsible team From the new study, there is the possibility that there are also “dark forces” that govern interactions between dark matter and conventional matter. In the same way, there is the possibility that these forces also affect matter within the same atoms. Measuring deformations. Finding these hypothetical interactions is not easy. To find its trail, the team responsible for the new study measured the frequencies in the atomic transition and the isotopic mass ratios between the different isotopes of the iterbio. Each of the two laboratories that led this research analyzed these changes using a different methodology, but in both cases these measurements involved much more precise measures than those carried out in previous experiments. The team thus confirm the existence of an anomaly in the observations. The details of the experiment and its results were published In an article In the magazine Physical Review Letters. From practice to theory. In its article, the team tried to theoretically base the anomaly observed in the experiments as a result of collaboration with researchers from the Technical University of Darmstadt and other institutions. These data, They explainthey also allowed to extract direct information on the deformation of the nucleus in the different isotopes of the iterbio. This way of “looking inside” atoms could help us acquire a totally new perspective in the analysis of the heavy atomic nuclei and in the “matter rich in neutrons.” This line of research could, for example, help us better understand the physics of the neutron starsbut also establish new paths of collaboration in the search for the long -awaited “new physics”, they add. In Xataka | Milestone in Quantum Physics: MIT has measured for the first time the geometry of electrons in the quantum world Image | MPIK / PTB / Brookhaven National Laboratory

Siberia stays in the dark good of winter. In 1988, Russia had an idea to solve it: mirrors in space

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Towards the end of World War II, Some documents in Life magazine They revealed one of the many ideas that Hitler’s Nazi Germany had: a kind of solar projectile through A giant orbital mirror to destroy enemies or even whole cities. Obviously that never happened, but decades later it served as a slight inspiration for a Russian scientist who started from a fascinating idea: how could we extend the hours of the day? Convert the night. The truth is that the background idea is not new. Over the years, Humanity has sought to extend the day (Understood as day and light) with technological tools, from electric light to digital communications. However, in the 1990s, a group of Russian scientists tried to take this concept to the extreme: launch huge space mirrors to reflect sunlight towards the earth and prolong the day. Vladimir Syromyatnikov. The project we are talking about was directed by Vladimir Syromyatnikovone of the most influential space engineers in historyknown by Develop the ship’s coupling mechanism which is still used at the International Space Station. During the 80s, his interest focused on The design of solar candles that could use solar radiation To propel ships through space. However, in postsoviet Russia, obtaining financing for space projects required clear economic justification. Thus, Syromyatnikov reformulated his idea and presented it as One way to illuminate Siberia’s arctic regions during the dark winter monthsincreasing productivity in agriculture and industry. Yeah, I would try to turn on the sun for the polar regions of Russia After the night fell. Image of Znamya Znamya and his brief success. In 1988, Syromyatnikov founded the Space Regata Consortiumwith the support of Roscosmos and several state companies. His motto was very clear: “Diury light all night.” The idea not only promised to reduce electric lighting costs, but also Facilitate rescue in disasters, military operations and night construction projects. The first prototype, Znamya 2, He was sent to space in February 1993 aboard the progress M-15 ship and subsequently deployed from the MIR Space Station. Once in orbit, he began to turn to deploy its reflective surface. The mirror, 20 meters in diameter, achieved the feat of Reflect a beam of light equivalent to that of a full moon, illuminating an area of ​​5 km in diameter while crossing Europe and Russia 8 km per second, even Astronauts in Mir confirmed that they could follow the flash from space. The problem? The reflected light was more diffuse than expected and difficult to controland the weather was not taken into account. Plus: The cloudiness prevented the majority of observers on land to notice. Hours later, The mirror disintegrated by re -entering the atmosphere. ZNeamya 2.5. Despite its short duration, the experiment showed that the concept was viable, which promoted Znamya 2.5 planningwith a larger mirror and the ability to maintain the beam of light on a fixed point. Thus, in 1999 this second version was launched with A 25 meter diameter mirror. This time, when deploying, one of his fine sheets became entangled in an antenna from the Progress ship, tear the structure. The attempts to free her failed and the mirror had to be exorbitantburning in the atmosphere. The next step would be Znamya 3, with a 70 -meter mirror, capable of illuminating entire cities. What happened? That The failure of Znamya 2.5 and the lack of financing buried Syromyatnikov’s project and dream. In addition, the opposition of astronomers and environmentalists grew, arguing that Space mirrors could alter natural cyclesaffect astronomical observation and confuse wildlife. A man and his tireless search for light. Despite the failure, Syromyatnikov continued looking for financing to build a permanent mirro system. We talk about An estimated project of 340 million dollars. His vision was a world where cities would not need artificial light and the days had no nights. However, investors lost interest and the project was abandoned. Syromyatnikov continued his work on coupling systems until his death In 2006, dedicating his days to work without rest, in an ironic parallelism with his obsession with eliminate The night. The legacy. If you want, that was also the end of a space “exploration.” In any case, much less the background idea is over. Today, the idea of ​​taking advantage of sunlight from space has resurfaced In the investigation of orbital solar plantsthe same as They could send energy to Earth through microwave. However, Znamya is still a reminder of the limits of technology and the need to respect natural cycles. Russia’s attempt to convert the night and enlighten Siberia in winter was both a demonstration of human ingenuity and an experiment that, in the end, crashed with the laws of nature and resistance of the modern world. Image | QSI/MIR In Xataka | The Nazi plan to build a huge space mirror with which enemies and the Russian project that (almost) makes it a reality In Xataka | A secret simulator of the Cold War led to the US and Russia to a nuclear war. Since then they know what the red line is

Say goodbye to dark circles with this routine recommended by an expert

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Taking a look at all the questions I have received in the office during these weeks, I have been struck by how much the topic of baggy eyes. There are many factors that influence and that are not in your control, such as genetic predisposition, which plays a very important role, but you should know that there are other factors that yes they depend on you if you want to say goodbye to dark circles. “Some people have dark circles under their eyes simply because they have inherited thinner skin under the eyes or more pigment in that area,” Gema Cabañero, founder and director of the Gema Cabañero Advanced Aesthetics and Antiaging Clinic, tells me. But lifestyle is also an essential factor in understanding why some people have dark circles and others don’t. © livmanni “Factors such as smoking, ingesting excessive amounts of alcohol and having a diet high in salt and deficient, in which essential nutrients are missingcan worsen the health of the skin and make dark circles more visible. Another cause that causes some people to be more predisposed to having dark circles than others is rest. “People who do not have correct sleep hygiene are much more likely to trigger an inflammatory response in the body that can cause different skin conditions that go beyond dark circles. In addition, sleep promotes the balance of hydration in the skin and repairing the skin barrier,” adds Cabañero, who is also director of R&D&I at the nutricosmetic firm 180 The Concept. If what you want is to prevent its appearance, the expert recommends that, in addition to avoiding alcohol and tobacco, be careful, especially with the sun. “We should not expose our face for prolonged periods of time without proper protection.. “This will cause excessive production of melanin which can lead to hyperpigmentation in this area.” © valentinaferragni To know the causes of dark circles and how to treat them, the expert differentiates four types that can be classified into: Dark circles due to genetics: They are hereditary and appear from an early age. They usually have a brownish tone and tend to be difficult to treat, however, they can improve their appearance with the correct aesthetic treatments. Dark circles due to lack of sleep: Lack of sleep causes a variation in blood circulation around the eyes, causing blood vessels to dilate and become visible under the skin, causing bluish dark circles. Don’t forget that sleeping well has a profound impact on your general well-being: during sleep the body enters a process of cellular repair and regeneration and this phase is essential so that aging is not accelerated. In addition, sleep also plays a crucial role in hormonal balance, closely related to skin health. Therefore, sleeping well is one of the simplest and most effective ways to take care of your beauty from the inside out. Dark circles due to aging: The loss of collagen and elastin can contribute to the skin in this area losing elasticity and firmness. As a result, the skin becomes thinner and thinner, contributing to the formation of dark circles under the eyes that often appear next to bags. Pigmented dark circles: This type of dark circles, characterized by being brown in color and contrasting with the rest of the skin tone, are motivated, above all, by excessive and prolonged sun exposure for years, which results in an overproduction of melanin by the body. © chloelecareux Taking advantage of the fact that I have had the opportunity to speak with Gema Cabañero, I have asked her what routines we can do at home and there is one that is very easy and simple: drink at least two liters of water a day. “It is essential to stay well hydrated and, in this way, prevent the skin from looking dry and dull. In addition, I also recommend using a facial mask once a week. eye contour focused on solving the condition that worries us most. If we want hydrating and soothing results, we will look for hyaluronic acid or aloe vera among the ingredients. If we want to give the area extra luminosity, it will be important to integrate Vitamin C or retinol.” And if you have had a bad night, a good way to hide dark circles quickly can be through the use of the well-known gel patches. “It is important that they integrate hyaluronic acid, collagen or caffeine into their formula to increase their moisturizing and decongestant power.” 1) ‘Eye and Lip Contour – Nuxuriance Ultra’, NUXE / 2) ‘The Rich Eye Cream’, Augustinus Bader / 3) ‘Icelandic Essence – Eye Serum’, LICO / 4) ‘Renewing Mask – Eye Contour Area’, Nescens / 5) ‘Wake-up serum roll-on’, Biovène Barcelona To keep this area of ​​the face healthy, it is essential that you include a specific cosmetic for the eye contour in your daily routine. Now there are two launches that I recommend: NUXE and Augustinus Bader, who have released two great products so you can start the year with a perfect look. I love them for their texture, they absorb very quickly and leave the skin nourished and firm, in addition to reducing expression lines in record time. I also want to try LICO’s ‘Icelandic Essence’ eye contour and I have signed up for the new Nescens mask, which works as an intensive treatment to treat and correct dark circles, wrinkles and bags. It contains hyaluronic acid, peptides and powerful antioxidants, as well as caffeine, which is an active ingredient that acts as a vasoconstrictor, meaning it narrows blood vessels, reducing the appearance of dark circles and bags under the eyes. Another caffeinated option is the Biovène Barcelona roll-on, designed for tired, dull skin prone to dark circles and puffiness. You can also use eye contour products that include Vitamin C: an antioxidant that helps brighten the skin and reduce pigmentation; hyaluronic acid: a powerful moisturizer that helps retain water in the skin, making it look smoother and less fatigued; and retinol: for … Read more

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