century

A third of Spain will be completely dark for one or two minutes. The astronomical event of the century is approaching

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We still have the healthy envy of seeing the Spectacular images of the total solar eclipse that toured Mexico, the United States and Canada just over a year ago. It was an event that paralyzed a continent, especially in the so -called “totality strip”, the areas that were completely dark. Well, the next great cosmic appointment has Spain as a global protagonist. And we will not have to wait long. August 12, 2026. In just over a year the first total visible solar eclipse will take place since 1905, a unique opportunity in more than a century. Together with Iceland, which will enjoy 58 seconds of totality, we will be the only country in the world that can see all the phases of the eclipse. And let’s be sincere: in the middle of August, our possibilities of having clear skies are considerably greater than those of the Icelanders. Context. A total eclipse occurs when the moon aligns perfectly between the sun and the earth, projecting a shadow that immerses the lucky ones in a twilight darkness in the middle of the day. In the 2026 event, this shadow, the strip of totality, will have about 300 kilometers wide and will cross Spain from west to east, from Galicia to the Balearic Islands. The autonomous communities that will be under the shadow cone of the totality are Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla y León, the Basque Country, La Rioja, Aragón, Catalonia, the Valencian Community and the Balearic Islands. Madrid will be right on the edge, with a fleeting totality in the north of the region. But the rest of the country will not stay empty and witness a very partial partial eclipse, with a coverage of more than 90% (and up to 74% in the Canary Islands, with Lanzarote as the island with better seats for the show). Almost two minutes. An essential tool to plan the observation of the eclipse to the millisecond is the Xavier Jubier interactive map. This resource is the gold standard for eclipses hunters because it allows you to click anywhere on the map to obtain the exact hours of each phase, the duration of the totality, the altitude of the sun in the area … The eclipse will start just before sunset. The totality phase will take place around 20:30 (summer peninsular time), with the sun already very low on the horizon. This turns observation into a race to counterreloj against sunset. In cities like Oviedo, the totality will last 1 minute and 48 seconds, only a few more moments in Burgos, León or the Island of Mallorca, which is emerging as one of the most tourist places where to see the eclipse (with the disadvantage that the sun is put before in the peninsular northwest). Safety first. As much as I tempt us, look directly in the sun, even partially eclipsed, can cause permanent eye damage. During all partial phases (before and after the totality), it is necessary to wear certified glasses to see eclipses or indirect methods to observe it. For the rest, it will be enough to look for a high observation place, with a horizon clear of mountains or buildings to the west so as not to miss the one that will undoubtedly be the astronomical event of the century. In Xataka | Mars eclipses are ridiculous compared to ours. The reason is an extraordinary numerical chance

Australia was discovered in 1606 by Dutch. A theory defends that someone advanced a century: the Galicians

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Thinking about Australia is thinking about Rare animals with A single objective: kill you. It also implies thinking about the entire country as a British prison. Obviously, it is an exaggeration, but relating Australia with the British is the most normal when it was they who, in 1770 and under the orders of the captain James Cookthey began to colonize the area. But a historian did not believe in official history and developed his own hypothesis: Australia was discovered by the Spaniards. By a Galician ship, specifically, that was brought eucalyptus and left some granaries. 1606, a busy year. The British did not discover Australia, or from afar. The classic Greeks already theorized about something they called “Terra Australis Incognita“Or” unknown land of the south. “They imagined a continent that should be there for the theory of geometric symmetry and even included in European maps without really knowing if there was something there. In 1606, Things changed. The Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon He explored the northern coast of Australia and other explorers from the same country mapped both the north and the west later decades. In 1770, the British Cook arrived at the east coast, explored it and, that same year, he claimed it for the United Kingdom. So He was born The current new South Wales and the English had a new territory to colonize. As? With prisoners that They sent there in 1788. Lost Spaniards. But in 1606 they were not only the Dutch spinning around Australia. Pedro Fernández de Quirós He was a Portuguese explorer in Spain who, in 1605, decided to start from Peru to find that “Incognite Terra Australis.” He reached the current Vanuatu, an island east of Australia, also to the current Tahiti. After weeks, it landed in a larger territory and finally I thought I had given with “Terra Australis.” The christening as “Austrialia of the Holy Spirit” and was so happy. Currently, it’s called Holy Spirit and is part of the Vanuatu archipelago. Quirós and his other ships threw themselves into the sea again, but the ships separated and the captain of one of them, Luis Váez de Torreshe started looking for the main nave. He returned to Holy Spirit, He turned around for the Strait between Australia and New Guinea … and left. The area is named after ‘Strait of Torres‘In his honor and the Australian writer George Colllingridge affirmed that Torres “had discovered Australia without being aware of it.” Robert Langdon. It seems that the Spaniards/Portuguese did not set foot in the continent, but there are those who grabbed a burning nail, defending yes, that the Spaniards had been the first to reach Australia. And if you are thinking that it would be a Spanish historian taking breast, no: it was Robert Langdonan Australian historian who is called the same as the protagonist of ‘The Da Vinci Code‘. Langdon relied on several pillars to develop his theory. The most important was the discovery of guns of Spanish ships discovered in the Atolón de Amanuan atoll of French Polynesia halfway between Australia, New Zealand and South America, in 1929. Langdon defended in his’The lost caravel‘that those cannons were from the San Lesmesa Galician caravel that was shipwrecked in the territory and that pushed its navigators to start exploring the territories of Oceania. They were also reported findings of Spanish armor and helmets in New Zealand that would support this idea, but there are more details that support that idea of ​​the historian. ‘Patakas’ in Australia. A classic construction of Galicia are the Hórreos. It is a peculiar construction to conserve food, such as grain, moving them from soil moisture. They are like high barns that are associated with Galicia, but really in other European countries and even in Japan. This is important because Langdon speculated on the influence of those explorers who departed from Galicia in the architecture and culture of the area. As? With the supposed presence of Galician granaries in the territories of Oceania. The “problem” is that, as there are barns similar to the granaries in other parts of the world, in Polynesia, New Zealand and Australia. They call them ‘Patakas’. Eucalyptus in Galicia. That Galician granario in Oceania would imply the cultural bond between Galicia and Australia, but Langdon also relies on the presence of eucalyptus in Galicia. It is an endemic species of Australia and yes, they took Galicia from the contine In the nineteenth century. In addition, Langdon also used anecdotes to support his belief, such as the presence of indigenous people with light skin and eyes, morphometric aspects in the face that differ from that of the rest of the residents of the Pacific or who knew the metal. The alleged route made by the descendants of the shipwrecked of the San Lesmes No changes in wiki. The arrival of Australian eucalyptus to Galicia is fine Documented And there is no record of transoceanic contacts before the modern era, and that in Australia there are Patakas such as Galicians also implies causality. The result is that there is a lack of evidence that supports Langdon’s theory, and the majority studies carried out by other historians thanks to the period writings show that yes, the Spaniards made several expeditions, but it was Dutch and English who made the greatest advances in the exploration of the continent and its subsequent colonization. Posts to theorize … Now, Langdon was not the only one who threw himself into the pool with alternative theories. Rowan Gavin Paton Menzies He was a British writer and submarine lieutenant who jumped to fame when he affirmed, without providing evidence, that China had arrived in America before Colon. Their Opinions They were embodied in ‘1421: the year in which China discovered the world’. Not happy with it, and also without evidence, he launched the hypothesis that China had arrived 350 years before Cook to Australia and that, in 1434, China sailed to Italy and sowed the spark of the Renaissance. In the … Read more

half a century later, his flames are going out

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In the heart of Karakum deserta vast extension of dune burned by the sun that covers about 70% of Turkmenistanthere is a place that breaks with the monotony of the landscape. There, between sand crests and without asphalting roads, the Darvaza cratera cavity of 70 meters in diameter known as the ‘Hell door‘. Its origin, like many episodes inherited from the Soviet era, is wrapped in contradictory versions and incomplete documents. The most cited theory holds that in 1971 a team of Soviet geologists pierced in search of oil when he found a natural gas bag. The land gave in and several sinks were formed. To avoid a methane leak, they would have decided to set fire to one of them. They thought it would be extinguished in a few days. Half a century later, the flame is still alive. Half a century later, the flame begins to extinguish Now, no version is confirmed. According to the Canadian explorer George Kouounis, First person to explore the crater in 2013not even local geologists agree. Some place training in the sixties and ignition in the eighties. Others talk about a grenade or even neighbors of a nearby town who preferred to light the crater to avoid bad odors or risk of poisoning. There are no public documents of the Soviet era that clarify the event, and the existing records could continue to be confidential. The truth is that, regardless of its origin, the crater has become the main tourist claim of a country that I barely receive 15,000 visitors a year. Every night, the glow of the flames illuminates the sky of the karakum and attracts travelers willing to travel four hours from Asjabad on a double -meaning road and sand roads. Visits have been professionalized: today there are several camps, such as Garagum, with housing in yurts, solar lighting and outdoor dinners next to the edge of the crater. But that fire could go out. In recent years, the Turkmenistan government has shown interest in extinguishing it. This week, During the TESC Environmental Conference held in Ashgabad, Irina Luryeva, director of the Institute for Natural Gas Research, reported concrete progress: previously sealed wells have been reactivated, drilled new to capture the residual gas, and The volume of flames has decreased visibly. The British Capterio company, specialized in satellite data, confirmed that combustion intensity has been reduced more than three times since 2013. Darvaza’s flames, which for decades have symbolized both the power and unpredictability of the country’s energy resources, have begun to diminish. And it is no accident. Turkmenistan, frequently indicated for its lack of transparency and authoritarianismhas begun to move internationally with concrete environmental promises: reduce its methane emissions by 2030. As part of that commitment, the authorities have activated a technical roadmap to contain the gas flow in the area. Images | Richard Mortel (1, 2, 3) CC by 2.0 In Xataka | We invented the asphalt for a simple reason: at the beginning of the 20th century European roads were a dust hell

At the beginning of the 20th century European roads were a dust hell

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We complain a lot about them, but the asphalt is that Gray web that joins towns and cities around the world. Today are something we take for granted, but the roads we know Today they have just a century behind them. Beyond allowing the “soft” passage of vehicles, it was the element that allowed the car expansion At the beginning of the 20th century. And we owe everything to an accident in a town in England and dust hateors. John Loudon McAdam He was a Scottish engineer who had a vocation: build roads. He dedicated his life to perfecting these routes because he realized one thing: the traditional stone and earth were easily embodied and the maintenance was constant. In other parts of Europe the roads were also being perfected, but their method, baptized as ‘Macadán’ was the one who imposed. His idea was to raise the roads a bit and give them some inclination so that the water was stored on the sides. To make them more “waterproof”, stone and gravel were crushed and compacted. That was covered with a layer of sand and seems simple, but it was a revolution. Macadán road Macadan’s roads were smoother than stone, it was more resistant and drained better. In addition, it was cheap, so it seemed like a Win-Win For governments and passersby, right? Well … not so much. The main problem was the dust that constantly rose due to that outer sand layer, but soon the natural enemy of the macadan came: the self -propelled vehicle. The first cars were many things, but of course they were not popular. Not everyone could afford a car, but who did one had to spend some time shaking the dust after a trip along Macadán’s roads. The dust is not a friend of speed, since it is impregnated in the mechanical components, in the clothes and enters through the nasal and mouthpieces of the drivers and passengers. The chance that gave rise to modern roads Mcadam’s contribution was great, but also hit by the new century. This is how Edgar Purnell Hooley enters this story. This Welsh inventor was walking a good day of 1901 along a Derbyshire County road when he realized that part of the road was covered with something black. When he asked what had happened, he was told that a carriage had lost a barrel of tar, spilling on the road and, to try to cover it, someone poured a scum of nearby furnaces. The mixture had solidified and, without pretending, had created a section of smooth road, no dust or potholes. Hooley was lit the bulb and, neither short nor lazy, patented in 1902 the process of heating tar, mixing it with sand, crushed stone and other elements and compacting it. It was baptized as ‘Tarmacadam’ and it is the element that revolutionized the roads for that new ‘animal’: motorized horses. It seemed the ideal solution by reducing dust, having much lower maintenance than the macadan and maintaining those resistance properties to the inclement weather. Besides, Little by little it was improved adding resins and portland cement to the mixture. They soon wanted to try that ‘miracle’ and the Radcliffe Road de Nottingham converted on the first paved road in the world. The Babylonians already used the asphalt to perform some processes, but Hooley’s technique to mix scum and tar was the real revolution on the roads Launching tar in the London of the IGM Those eight kilometers showed that Tarmacadam was the mobility solution of the new century, but the car revolution was not only occurring in England. At the same time that Hooley patented his idea, Alberto I of Monaco confessed that he was fed up with the dust raised by the cars. Dust covered tourism was not attractive, so he asked a Swiss doctor named Ernest Guglielminetti to do something. “We only breathe dust, the flowers suffer and it is absolutely necessary to do something. Would you have any idea?” That was his Challenge/Prayer For Guglielminetti, who had an idea. He recalled that, during his work in Indonesia, part of the hospital floor was composed of wooden planks covered with tar to facilitate cleaning. So, he proposed to spread a mixture of hot tar, sand and records along forty meters in part of the land road surrounding the oceanographic museum. It was a success and they began to asphalt other roads. In addition, tar was abundant because it was a residue of gas plants for municipal lighting that, until it began to take advantage of roads, was thrown … into the sea. Guglielminetti and his machine to heat the tar Unlike Hoolyy, Guglielminetti did not patent absolutely anything, but remained very active perfecting the tar mixture, even participating in the First International Road Congress held in 1908 in Paris. It was there when He explained that dreamed with a network of thousands of kilometers of paved roads connecting all the countries of the world. The conclusion of that congress was that tar was the ideal solution, but before it, there was already a League against dust that promoted the benefits of the asphalting. Everything developed quite fast, something logical if we take into account that the car also began to popularize. Putting Spain as examplein 1900 there were three cars enrolled. In 1905 there were already 275, but in 1910 the figure was almost 4,000. That rapid evolution and adoption of the car required a renovation of roads. With the passage of time, the tar stopped used Due to its adverse health effects, being replaced by oil derivatives, but maintaining the basis of what Hoolyy and Guglielminetti devised. And, returning to the Welsh inventor, the story did not end too well. Tarmac registered as a brand and founded the TAR Macadam Syndicate Ltd, but he was not a businessman and sold Sir Alfred Hickman. In addition to Wolverhampton parliamentarian, he had a siderurgy, so the scorus for the asphalting came out for free. He … Read more

The phenomenon of the year in Tiktok Spain is an influencer dressed in the nineteenth -century maiden mode

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The phenomenon of Inés de Robles (better known as Inesdrobles) It is particular for very different reasons. On the one hand, it is a fashionable Tiktaker who, however, remains faithful to a style that cannot even be described as Vintagebut hugs the rancid and little strident as a sign of identity. Second, those who have raised their commentators. And now, he is riding the wave of fame Tiktaker. The template. Inés de Robles videos are always the same, which has undoubtedly helped you establish a definite style. For example, never speak; simply, with unusually current background music (Quevedo, Mar Lucas, J Balvin, Ozuna … a whole Playlist own of a young woman of tastes mainstream), which accompanies of often frightful playbacks. Dressed in clothing Vintagethat sometimes they touch the directly typical of the last century (although, as we will see, not quite), it always makes a characteristic gesture: it bends a foot on the knee of the opposite leg, and stretches it and supports the ground as if it were a ballet step. 11 tricks to dominate Tik tok The comments. However, what has made it viral are its commentators: with a very white and nothing offensive sense of humor, they joke about the outdated aesthetics of videos. “She does not do history exams, she does Storytimes“,” I have gone so much that I have reached the Renaissance “,” I came out in ‘For his illustrious’ and I gave me ‘me’ “,” Fonograph of the lady? “,” This video has reminded me of the summer of 1874 “,” That is the treaty of newly signed tordesillas, right? ” 300,000 ‘Like’ and several thousand comments. Famous (and promotions) arrive. Fame is knocking on the door of Inés de Robles in the form of faranduleo, with collaborations where other people poses with her and makes her famous gesture with her foot. Some of them have been Beéle, Violeta Mangriñán, Omar Montes and even Iker Casillas. And of course, promotions have arrived, some more naked (Grefusa!a Futurist optics), and others more appropriate (Carolina Herreraa online copying where Gutenberg’s Bible says there). His last nine videos, all of April, are guests or promotions paid. An inimitable attraction. The result of this whole mixture is a fascinating account, since Inés de Robles never speaks, which makes her look like a young woman trapped in a bubble. The curious use of artists as inappropriate as the Zowi or Bad Gyal in the background in their videos contrasts with the descriptions of the videos, halfway between naivety (“enjoying sunset”, “excursion day”) and the consciously rancid (“APPOINTMENT for Thursday Tea”, “Tuesday of Mandados”). Or it is one Performance very careful or one of the last traces of spontaneity of Tiktok. And if so … What do you want to tell us exactly? @inesdrobles Recording some themes to the rhythm of @beéle 🤘🎶 #INESDOBLES #INESDEROBLES #Classicgeneration ♬ Sobloove – Beéle Inés: Origins. To discover the answer you just have to go back to the beginning of your account, not far behind in time (July last year), where we see elements such as fashion music and trap display, but in line unquestionably more modernaccompanied by their Two sisters. Some photo linked to rhythmic gymnastics also makes it clear where it comes from The famous and enigmatic gesture with the leg. The outfits They are, above all the last ones, already directly out of a period of the 1st period, possess to continue with the joke of the traveler in time. The Old Money style. As Absolutely everything can be categorizedInés de Robles aesthetics It can be framed In a recent current known as Old Moneya style with connection points with fashions Cayetana, PREPPYCatholic or prick and that is inspired by the lifestyle of American rich families, with luxurious leisure exhibition: golf, equestrian or tennis. Table skirts, poles, pearls … Everything that implies a social category in which it does not just enter, but carries generations in the family abounds (hence the “old money”, not very successful literal translation). Of course, here the ingenious account comments have twisted the concept and have taken Inés to dress with clothes that go beyond the merely aristocratic to get into the directly nineteenth. Header | Tiktok In Xataka | We have been waiting for years at airports for years. Tiktok’s “airport theory” believes that it has been a mistake

“Train” in a nineteenth century tunnel

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Supercars are no longer enough. What really removes the hiccups are hyper -sports. Combine the SUPPORTIVE CLASS with technologies and benefits of the Formula 1like him McLaren P1 With Kers and Drs. But if there is a category that is taking off the beast, it is that of the electric with benefits that They seem taken from a video game. Specifically, one English who could have Batman in his garage. It is the McMurtry Spéirling, and its secret is a tuning in a railway tunnel of 1897. Craziness. The McMurtry Spéirling, or Spéirling Electric Hypercar, was revealed in the prestigious Goodwood Speed ​​event of 2022, and there he got some records. Before that, let’s spend the technical record of this car that is not as attractive as a Bugatti Veyronthe aforementioned McLaren P1 or its maximum electric competitor, the RIMAC Neverabut that is a rex tyrannosaurus with lamb skin. Of a lamb 3.5 meters long, 1.7 wide and barely 1.1 high. It has two electric motors that produce a power of 746 kW in the rear wheels, equivalent to about 1,000 hp. The weight is about 1,000 kg, which together with that engine guarantees a huge force. How much? As an acceleration of 0 to 100 km/h in 1.4 seconds or 0 to 230 km/h in less than 5 seconds. Record car. It does not run “much” because it is limited to 305 km/h, so that engine could give much more of itself, and is equipped with a 60 kWh battery that they wait to expand 100 kWh at some point, increasing to 1,200 kg the weight of the vehicle. But with what we have now in hand, we can talk about a car that is leaving the bar high. Very high. At the Goodwood Festival of its debut, the McMurtry Spéirling managed to spray the upload record of its traditional 1.89 -kilometer hill circuit with a time of 39.08 seconds. There have not only been supercoches and hypercoches, but also formula 1 like that of 1998 Nick Heifield. With the McLaren MP4/13, he nailed the clock in 41.6 seconds. In 2019, an electric prototype, the Volkswagen ID.R. He lowered it to 39.9 seconds, and it was the brand that prevailed. Since then, we have seen McMurtry Spéirling making All types of cars bite the dustincluding the imposing Ferrari Laferrari With an atmospheric and 800 hp V12 with Kers of 163 hp or spraying the Mercedes-Am One record in Hockenheim lowering time by 14.1 seconds. The test tunnel. And the secret of this achievement is the wind tunnel. High performance cars are analyzed in wind tunnels in which their aerodynamics are tested. They are cameras in which vehicles are static and it is the air that flows on them, allowing engineers and designers to test aerodynamics. In the case of McMurtry Spéirling, the thing is different because in its wind tunnel, it moves at high speed. The reason? Use a tunnel that could go out in any Batman movie: the Catesby tunnel. It is a railway tunnel of the Victorian era that was built in 1897 and has a line of 2.7 kilometers long and 8.2 meters wide. It is no longer used for its original purpose, and from its conversion It has become an ideal test line for two reasons. The first is because it has constant climatic conditions, which allows engineers to test the car in an environment in which they can develop systematic and precise tests. The McMurtry equipment uses equipment as pressure sensors around the vehicle and high -speed cameras, but it is best to be moving, they can put elements such as wheels, the damping or the great secret of this car under the magnifying glass: the Downforce or ‘soil effect’. Fans, your secret. Because … yes, in a car import all the elements, but when we talk about speed (and that is where the F1 are specimens), it is not so much about the strength of the engine, but how much the car can stick to the ground thanks to the aerodynamics to accelerate better or take a passage through curve faster. And if we see any video of the McMurtry Spéirling, something that attracts attention is that, both in motion and standing before accelerating, it lifts a trail of dust. There is his secret: he has two rear fans that generate a force of up to 2,000 kg. This presses the car against the ground, causing it to leave a Scalextric car and getting a great speed in the curves. It makes a F1 look slow. To get an idea, that aerodynamic load of 2,000 kg that the McMurtry Spéirling has from a stop is the same that achieves a formula 1 when it goes to 250 km/h. And, speaking of formula 1, the video that we leave below is one of those that make a smile of disbelief: In it, we can see spéirling against the Rimac Nevera and a Red Bull RB8. It is very interesting because the Nevera Rimac, which is another electric one that is in the same category, wins in the first test by tip speed because the spéirling limiter comes into play. In the second test, Spéirling has heated the wheels and gets a more tight victory, and in the third we see another surprising thing. It is a braking test in which we see that the Rimac accelerates and runs a lot, but it is difficult for him to stop. Here, spéirling achieves a performance very similar to that of Formula 1, whose braking is spectacular. And it has merit that even with Liam Lawson behind the wheel, that Red Bull looks like a utility next to the other two. Especially next to the great strong point of spéirling: the acceleration from standing. Do you have a million left? Currently, the McMurtry Spéirling is approved for circuit competitions, such as the GT1 Sports Club, but if at any time it is homologated for use in … Read more

One of the most decisive campaigns of Christianity in Europe had a lost piece. It has been solved by a picture of the 16th century

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For centuries, the camp of Carlos v In the German city of Lauingen it was little more than a scene embodied in a team of the 16th century. Painted by Matthias Gerungshowed in detail the surrender of the city during the War in the Danube campaign. We knew that something important had happened there, but we had not found archaeological evidence that confirmed it and the painting could have been a free artistic interpretation. Until five tombs and a boot buckle caused the painting to become an radiography of the past. Danube campaign. In 1531, Protestant princes joined in the Esmalcalda League To fight the Catholicism that made its way in Europe Thanks to figures such as Carlos V. As usually happens, a religious war began, in this case to defend Protestantism against Catholicism in a war that consisted of bell battles when one of the two forces was considered superior, but also in strategic movements games when they felt at a disadvantage. The League had a huge army, but Carlos V managed to gather experienced soldiers and, above all, a lot of artillery. After a series of attacks and constant harassment, added to the fact that there were league troops that were not too close, it resulted in Carlos V to take control of southern Germany in 1546. He did not mark the end of the war, which would arrive a year later, but it was an important turning point. The picture. The Emperor’s main camp during the campaign was located in Lauingen, a town that surrendered in 1546 and inspired by the artist Matthias Gerung to paint in 1551 his ‘Heerlager Karls V. Bei Lauingen’, or ‘The Camp of Carlos V in Lauingen’. It is a historical piece, there is no doubt about that, but if you have not seen it so far it is understandable because paintings of this style there are many. Or not so many? Gerung embodied many details in the work that allow us to get an idea of ​​how the tents were used, as well as the weapons, armor and clothing. It was so rich that there were tiny details, as ornaments in the clothes or broches very well defined. Was it an artistic license or, was it hyperrealistic? Well, rather … the second. Coincides! The painting represents the moment in which the Lauingen Council surrenders to the emperor and is the heritage of that city. To be such an important place, no human or material remains had been found in the area, something strange that could suggest that Gerung … well, a license had been taken. However, in 2024 the situation took a turn when a group of archaeologists from Bayerisches Landesamt Für Denkmalpflege found five tombs of imperial soldiers in a place extremely similar to that represented in the painting. That changed everything. Apart from the remains, it is not that a lot of objects appear, simply some coins and the closure of a hook -shaped boot. “What has to do with the painting?” You will be wondering, because much: that closure coincides perfectly with some that can be seen in Gerung’s painting. The detail of the picture is surprising, everything must be said Coins. In a new one releasethe researchers of the BLFP They claim that the five deceased found were young men who had structural changes in the legs of the legs due, surely, to a large overload fruit of the long marches of the army. But objects are the true protagonists because, normally, in the tombs of this era there are neither coins or footwear remains. And, beyond that the closure of the boot coincides with the one that was represented in the painting, the really key is the dating of the currencies, which by their inscriptions aim to be from the 16th century. And all this represent the first clear dating sample of this era in the area. Eureka! “The antiquity of the coins suggests that burial Deputy Director of the Archaeological Conservation Department of Susabia de BLFP. The next steps of the archaeologists is to continue analyzing the remains found, but the most curious thing about this story is the painter’s excellent documentation to perform his work, since either he was in the place and stayed with all the details or was magnificently advised by someone who was in the camp. And it is, according to the coincidence found by archaeologists, an almost photographic representation of the camp that was touchstone in European history. Images | BLFD In Xataka | In 1061 two Galicians signed a legal agreement. More and more historians believe that it is really a gay wedding

What was from Barreiros, the Spanish automotive company that manufactured the Dodge “Made in Spain” in the second half of the twentieth century

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To Eduardo Barreiros the automotive was in his blood. With just 12 years he worked already in the workshop of the small bus company that his family had constituted in Ourense shortly before, in 1929, and it is said that over time he came to develop such an expertise that he could mount a truck with scrapping pieces. His other great inheritance was The businessa facet that his father had already deployed as an emigrant in the Canary Islands, where he created A CEDAZOS FACTORY. With such a cocktail running through its veins, a mixture of mechanics and entrepreneurial pulse, it does not surprise that Eduardo Barreiros ended up becoming one of the great magnates of the automotive of the Spain of the twentieth century. And rightly. Perhaps the passage of the decades and memory has not done justice, but there was an era, there for the third quarter of the twentieth century, in which his last name became one of the most popular brands in the sector and he in one of the most admired entrepreneurs, inside and outside Spain. Still in 2023 there are those who present it as “The Spanish Henry Ford”. And also in that there is enough. A logo for memory The emblematic Dodge-Dart Barreiros. The company that constituted in Madrid in the 1950s, along with his brother, Valerian Its characteristic logo In the form of eight, sum of its initials “E” and “B”. Thanks to his business alliances, towards the mid -60s of his factories even a Dodge came out “Made in Spain”the emblematic Dodge-Dart, a high-end car launched to compete against the SEAT-1500. The brand would end up becoming popular for an episode that has little to do with mechanics: when he suffered the attack that ended his life, on December 20, 1973, the Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco traveled aboard a Dodge 3700 GTsuccessor of those Dodge Dart, today Property of the Army Museum. To learn about the origins of your company, baptized not without controversy as diesel sweeps, it is necessary to go back a few years before, to the Spain of the 50s, on horseback The autarkic and developmentalism. It was then, in 1954, when Galician Eduardo Barreiros decided to constitute his own automotive company with his father and brother in Madrid. It was the result of an intuition that had been maturing since the previous decade: the business that could be created with the conversion of diesel gasoline engines, which allowed lower consumption and the use of a fuel cheaper. Simca 1000, with the Barreiros brand logo. As the Spanish Patent and Brands Office (OEPM) A detailed essay Dedicated to the company, Barreiros did not lack experience in the matter: he had accumulated it with the transformation of the engines of his own trucks and those of other transporters. Several years before founding Barreiros Diesel, in fact, he had had the good tino to protect his system with two patents. The business started on a plot of almost 16,000 m2 of Villaverdesouth of Madrid, and a capital of 10 million pesetas. Enough to make diesel engines, tractors and trucks. The young Barreiros soon demonstrated his good eye for the sector: at the months of constituting the company he made an intelligent movement that –Remember the OEPM– It allowed it for practical purposes to introduce the Perkins P-6 engine in Spain without the need for its manufacturer’s license. Boom and fall Throughout the following years the company experienced considerable growth, with the constitution of different societies related to its activity and an increase in personnel, facilities and of course production capacity. From the factory, emblematic creations came out, which even today place in the second -hand market, such as the TT-90 trucks, Goshawk and Super Azorthe Tempo van or the tractors Hanomag Barreiros R-335 and Barreiros 5500. Barreiros 4045. Barreiros also sought alliances with other companies, such as Vidal & Sohn Tempo-Werk GmbH either Hanomag. The most relevant, due to its impact, contribution of funds and – I live in perspective – business repercussions would be the agreement with the European subsidiary of Chrysler, closed in 1963 and that allowed the Spanish firm to clear its future and take a decisive step for the manufacture of cars. It did not go free, of course: the multinational was done with 40% of the capital. A few years later from the Villaverde factory, the first Dodge-Dart of Barreiros, also known in the national market-how “Dodge Barreiros” came out. The remarkable injection of resources that accompanied the pact with Chrysler also allowed him to manufacture the popular Simca 1000launched in the early 60s in France by Simca with a commercial approach other than that of Dart. The Barreiros brand was popular, had an interesting catalog, manufactured emblematic models and had even managed to face SEATdriven by the powerful National Institute of Industrybut Not everything was good news in the offices of Villaverde. By the end of the 60s the firm faced a financial crisis that allowed Chrysler to reinforce his control and gain even more weight in the capital of the company, which soon derived in Chrysler Spain. The family that had captained the beginnings of the project, back in the 50s, ended up ceasing its activities in the company. His last name, yes, still survived as a commercial brand for years, proof of the success he achieved. The old Barreiros business project, cemented on their ideas for the conversion of gasoline engines for use with diesel then employed more than 20,000 people directly, generated a considerable business flow and, above all, had earned a prominent place in the history of Spanish automotive. The very New York Times It came to include to the Galician tycoon in his list of entrepreneurs most influential in Europe. The veteran businessman would still continue with his career, betting on the livestock sector and with an adventure on the other side of the pond, in Cuba, where he promoted the creation of Taíno engines. There, in Havana, … Read more

Half a century has been waiting for gallows by mistake

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Among the many paradoxes of Japan, none like IWAO HAKAMADA HISTORY. In 1968 he was 30 years old and life changed him forever. A court in the country declared him guilty of four murders and a fire, and as a result he received the capital punishment. Hakamada became the prisoner that spent more time in a death corridor, and we say it in the past because after half a century among bars, now it is free. All It was a mistakeand Japan wants to compensate. Symbolic compensation. Hakamada, Japanese professional exboxer, has received compensation of 217 million yen (around 1.4 million dollars) After spending more than 40 years convicted of death for a crime he did not commit, which made him the prisoner in the death corridor with more confinement time on the planet. The figure is equivalent to an average of $ 85 per day that he was deprived of liberty since his conviction in 1968, a sum that, although historical for his magnitude in the Japanese context, has been qualified by his defense as insufficient to repair the irreversible damage caused. His lawyer, Hideyo Ogawa, has argued that the State committed An unforgivable error and that no amount of money can restore the life that was taken away. Context of a devastating nonsense. THE HISTORY LA We count a while ago. In 1966 the police found in a house in Shizuoka, west of Tokyo, the bodies of a man, his wife and the two teenage children. They had died staggered. The boy was at the forefront of a miso plant and the investigations ended up pointing to one of his employees, a 30 -year -old ex -box. His name: IWAO HAKAMADA. The arrest. Two months after homicides and fire, to Hakamada They arrested him. The man was subjected to extensive interrogations that included blows and threats, which resulted in a confession that he later denounced as forced. In two years the sentence arrived. The Shizuoka District Court declared him guilty of crimes and condemned him to the maximum penalty: The HORCA. In his case there were two key tests: a confession and several bloody garments that allegedly belonged to Hakamada. The agents had taken to contribute them to the case because they did not find them up to a year after the detention of the boxer, hidden in a miso tank. The dissident judge, deeply affected by the final decision, resigned from his position Six months later, unable to live with the ruling. Since then, Hakamada has sustained his innocence unwaveringly. Genetic tests. The case began to turn in 2014, when they appeared New DNA tests which showed that the bloody garments used as a key test in the trial had been manipulated and possibly placed on the scene after the crime. These findings led to their release that same year, although the final acquittal would not reach until March 2023 and the sentence last year, when the Shizuoka court finally He declared him innocent. The resolution was held as A judicial milestonealthough he could not be witnessed by Hakamada, whose mental health is seriously deteriorated because of the decades of confinement, to the point of living, according to his sister Hideko, “in her own world” without contact with reality. Criticism of the Japanese system. The exboxer’s case has exposed the world structural deficiencies of the Japanese criminal justice system, where condemnation rates They exceed 99%largely due to the dependence of confessions obtained under pressure. Its history has also revitalized the debate on the Validity of the death penalty and the need for deep reforms in the country’s criminal proceedings. The prolonged wait for a judicial review, the initial refusal to accept exculpatory evidence and the lack of effective mechanisms to prevent abuses have turned this case into An international symbol of the devastating potential of judicial errors. Although the magnitude of the compensation received represents an official recognition of the injustice suffered, it seems impossible to reverse the decades of isolation, mental deterioration or the loss of a full life. Image | Christian Senger In Xataka | Japan has the prisoner that spent more time in a death corridor, almost half a century. Now we know it was a mistake In Xataka | 21 wonderful Japanese expressions that would need a whole phrase to be translated

The projects that played to be God during the twentieth century

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On August 6, 1945, Two atomic bombs They razed the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima and, practically, put the end to World War II. It was a tragedy And, at the same time, a demonstration of strength. Demonstration of who would carry the baton in the new world order that had been created but, also, a demonstration of what was capable of doing nuclear energy. Aware of the military advantage that the atomic bomb, the armies of the most leading powers, They launched their developmentwith United States and the USSR at the head. The general atmosphere worldwide was fear and respect for technology that could cause a disaster never known until then. But, of course, it also served to give wings to the techno-optimists. Tecno-optimism is a current of thought that, In generaldefends that technological development and continuous improvement of current products will improve our life in the future, make it easier and increase our happiness. As I say, we talk about the master lines because This current of thought has different visions And, of course, detractors indicating that any development of a product or new invention can be used for malicious purposes. Noah Smith, journalist and extrabajador of Bloomberg, He puts as an example The use of drones as a gun to illustrate this last point of view. That techno-optimism lived a huge boom in the 50s and 60s. The cold war led humanity to an accelerated development that led people to spacethe First commercial opportunity of computersof Internet Oa to think of cars moved by nuclear energy. Why not? Nuclear energy for infinity car If any technology gained adherents among the techno-optimists of the 50s, nuclear energy was. In a document rescued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (OIEA) entitled 10 years of energy of nuclear origin It stands out that: “There was a period in which the fears that raised such a shortage became so deep that this was given to the commercial nucleotic energy its first great impulse. It was inevitable that the minds would turn to the new source of energy that had taken advantage of for war, as a means to compensate for the insufficiency of energy resources. When for the first time the nucleum energy became Easy about that means of obtaining cheap energy and in practically unlimited quantities, and among the fears that were sheltered on a shortage of energy of traditional origin and the hopes encrypted in an abundance of energy of nuclear origin, the latter prevailed, with an excess of optimism, until the end of 1957 “ As we said, despite the World War II Experiencenuclear energy won adepts rapidly and organizations such as the OIEA that defended its use for civil purposes, as a means of production of an electrical energy that was increasingly demanded. That idea that the nuclear led us to a “cheap energy and in practically unlimited amounts” promoted what we know as Atomic Ageor the era of atomic energy, born in the 40s. “The fact that we can release atomic energy inaugurates a new era in the understanding of the forces of nature by man. In the future, atomic energy can complement what comes from coal, oil and water, but that at the moment it cannot occur so that it can compete commercially with those sources. Before that happens, a long period of intense research must occur. It has never been the custom of the scientists of this country To the world scientific knowledge. The above words are from Harry S. TrumanPresident of the United States that gave the order to use the atomic bomb. The investigations showed that atomic energy could be used as a source of energy and, above all, as coal alternative and fossil fuelswhich were already seen as a finite source of energy and whose impact on people’s health was found first hand in the London of the 50s. At the point that nuclear energy could be a huge source of energy began to think applications for day to day. How to miniaturize technology to have, for example, appliances that will work with a nuclear battery that would last the entire product life cycle. Ford Nucleon model And, of course, the idea of ​​the car moved by nuclear energy came. The best known proposal is that of the Ford Nucleona prototype thought in 1958 that, of course, did not go from the model. The system was as simple as it was crazy: setting up a small nuclear reactor in the car. As? The rear, extraordinarily elongated would allow to shelter a small nuclear reactor. Inside, A uranium capsule It would work as a radioactive nucleus. As in any thermonuclear reactor, the uranium fission would cause a large amount of water vapor that would serve to move two turbines. One of them would start the wheels and the second would make all the electrical systems of the vehicle operate. Ford Seattle-ite XXI For some reason we do not know, Ford seemed that his plans could have some future and in 1962 they returned to the load. Then they presented the Ford Seattle-ite XXIa car that increased further the concept of nuclear car, to the point of having six wheels and body and interchangeable engines to pass from 60 hp to 400 hp. One option for day to day and another for long trips. The crazy concept was presented at the Century 21 exhibitionin Seattle, as an improved evolution of Nucleon. For example, it had been devised with six wheels because a double axis would serve to endure the weight of the small nuclear reactor in the rear. They even saved their backs pointing out that if one of the four wheels of the double axis were punctured the car would be able to continue with the rest. Guaranteed security and dynamism. Interestingly, the concept of this new car did have other inventions that we see in our current vehicles, such as a continuous tracking of the vehicle through GPS. Studebaker Packard … Read more

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