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The heat changes your mood. An Egyptian understood this 40 years ago and designed a town that “sweated” to cool down

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The heat doesn’t just make you sweat: it also changes the way you behave. think, sleep and even relate. For decades we have responded to that problem by filling houses air conditioning. However, long before that was the solution, an Egyptian architect came to a very different conclusion: if heat alters our well-being, perhaps the first thing to change is not the machine, but the building. Thus was born an architecture that seemed to “sweat” to stay cool. The “great” discovery. The life of Hassan Fathy changed in 1941 during a visit to a small Nubian village in the Upper Nile. There he found something that modern architecture had forgotten: houses built with mud that seemed to emerge from the landscape itself and maintained a pleasant temperature even under the scorching Egyptian sun. While the rest of the world associated progress with concrete, steel and glass, Fathy began to wonder why those humble buildings managed to coexist with the climate. far better than modern buildings. Heat is a psychological problem. Fathy understood something that today science relates to heat waves: an uncomfortable home not only consumes more energy, it also affects to rest, to humor and the quality of life. His obsession was never to build spectacular buildings, but rather spaces where the air itself will work in favor of those who lived inside. To achieve recovered centuries of forgotten knowledge: interior patios, narrow streets, lattices, thick adobe walls and systems capable of moving air naturally without the need for engines. Hassan Fathy Buildings that seem to sweat. One of the most striking elements of his designs were wind catchers and evaporative cooling systems. In some buildings he carefully oriented the homes with respect to the sun and the prevailing winds to guide the air inside. In others it made that current pass on wet coal or wet surfaces, causing cooling by evaporation very similar to human sweat. Just as our body uses water to dissipate heat, Fathy’s architecture used mud, humidity and circulation of air to reduce the interior temperature without wasting electricity. Roof and dome of the Kourna Mosque seen from the minaret The modern takes another path. While Fathy advocated mud, adobe and local solutions, much of the Middle East began to copy western models designed for very different climates. From Baghdad to Benghazi, large concrete blocks, wide avenues and glass facades appeared that eliminated shadow and trapped heat. For Fathy that was a misconception: It made no sense to build buildings that first generated a thermal problem and then solved it by installing air conditioning. New Gourna City The best example: an entire city. This is how we arrive at what was his great laboratory: New Gournaa town built near Luxor during the 1940s to relocate hundreds of families. There he applied all your ideas: adobe houses, private patios, winding streets, Nubian vaults, wind collectors and spaces designed according to the path of the sun during the year. Its objective was not only to make housing cheaper for the poorest, but to demonstrate that it was possible to build entire communities. adapted to the climate and not the other way around. New Gourna The problem was never the architecture. Nueva Gourna ended up becoming one of the great paradoxes of the 20th century. Many neighbors covered the wind collectors, closed the patios and replaced the adobe vaults with reinforced concrete because that seemed “more modern” to them. The result was exactly the opposite what they were looking for: homes that are hotter in summer, colder in winter and much more dependent on mechanical systems. Fathy had anticipated it years before: when prosperity comes, the poor tend to imitate the houses of the rich, even if those houses perform worse in their own climate. The New Gourna Mosque The man who was ahead of his time. While his colleagues were building Western-inspired glass skyscrapers, Fathy was seen in Egypt as little less than like an eccentric determined to return the country to the past. However, outside its borders it began to gain recognition as a pioneer of sustainable architecture and received some of the profession’s highest international awards. As time goes by, your ideas they ended up influencing in universities, international organizations and entire generations of architects interested in bioclimatic construction. The answers from 80 years ago. Today, with cities increasingly hit by heat waves, many of the solutions that good Hassan Fathy defended are once again in the spotlight. the center of the debate architectural. Natural materials, passive ventilation, patios, lattices or wind collectors reappear in projects that seek reduce energy consumption without giving up comfort. Even UNESCO works to restore part of New Gourna and preserve its legacy. Not because it represents a historical curiosity, but because it contains a surprisingly current idea: perhaps the most intelligent building is not the one that incorporates the most technology, but the one that makes the heat never comes to become an enemy. Image | Nasrollah koohkanDimitri Papadimos, Marc Ryckaert, Marc Ryckaert In Xataka | In 1970 Japan built homes of the future where each capsule would be replaceable. Half a century later he discovered that no one knew how to repair them In Xataka | The incredible story of the tallest building on the planet that ended up becoming the largest swimming pool in the Soviet Union

12.4 kilometers and 35 years of concession

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Brazil has begun to undertake one of the most ambitious public works in the entire American continent: on July 1, its president Lula Da Silva, gave the starting signal for the construction of what will be the longest bridge over the sea in all of Latin America. And leaving aside the records, it will make life easier for those who travel through the Bahia region because this infrastructure will save them two hours of travel. The bridge. Known as Salvador Bridge Road System – Itaparica Islandthis 12.4 kilometer long bridge with four lanes will link the capital of Bahia with the Baixo Sul region of Bahia through the Bay of Todos los Santos. The central section, 682 meters long, will have stays and will rise 85 meters high from the sea, which will allow the passage of large ships so as not to alter the logistics of port operations. The system is not limited to the bridge: it includes 4.4 kilometers of new road accesses in Salvador, a 22-kilometer expressway in Itaparica that will surround the urban center of the island and the duplication of 8 kilometers of the BA-001 highway between Tairu and the Funil Bridge, according to the official project of the Government of Bahia. Why is it important. Precisely, the authorities of the region quantify that this civil work will benefit some 10 million people who live in the nearly 250 surrounding municipalities, easing travel time by two hours. In addition, it will absorb a flow of 28,000 vehicles daily. Several political figures in the region have spoken out explaining its relevance in economic and logistical issues. Thus, Mateus da Cunha Dias, Extraordinary Secretary of the Western Road System, stands out that the work could generate an impact on the economy of the area of ​​40 billion Brazilian reals (about 6,840 million euros). Governor Jerônimo Rodrigues details that goods coming from the west of the Bay will have to travel 200 kilometers less. The president of Brazil sums it up in one sentence: “Employment, income, mobility, tourism and collaboration with the private sector, with a direct benefit for the population of Bahia.” In figures. This Brazilian mega-construction has impressive figures from the first moment: 12.4 kilometers long. Budget: 1,983.6 million euros, of which 513 million are from the federal government, 530.1 million from the Bahia government and 940.5 million from the Chinese concessionaire. Duration of the work: five years, with planned completion in June 2031. Concession of exploitation for 35 years with toll. The construction will generate 7,000 jobs. In detail. The project is a public-private collaboration in which the Government of the State of Bahia and the Concessionária Ponte Salvador–Itaparica participate on the one hand and, on the other, two of the largest Chinese engineering groups in the world: China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) and China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC). He concession contract It has a duration of 35 years: one year for studies and obtaining licenses, five years for construction and 29 years for the operation of the system, which will have toll collection to guarantee maintenance and permanent operation. The first phase has already concluded and since the beginning of the month they have been in that five-year period of construction of the bridge. The previous geotechnical studies included the drilling of 105 wells along the bridge layout, which began in shallow waters (just 10 meters in the municipality of Vera Cruz) to the central channel, where the bottom is 67 meters according to the Government of the State of Bahia. In addition, materials have been extracted from up to 200 meters deep, as the regional government explains. Yes, but. The information provided by the authorities and interested parties offers consistent data on the size of the project and its exploitation, but no public source details with concrete figures the technical risks of the construction and its maintenance against waves and corrosion in a complex marine environment. The president of the Chinese dealership himself yes he recognizedin the act of starting works, that the project faces “world-class maritime engineering technical challenges”, citing the medium and long period waves and the geological complexity of the seabed, but without providing the technical study that supports this risk assessment. On the other hand, there are no figures on the exact value of the toll that those who use the infrastructure will pay, a key fact to evaluate the profitability of the project. In Xataka | From the Atlantic to the Pacific in less than seven hours: Mexico wants to build its own “Panama Canal” In Xataka | 145 kilometers of “artificial river”: this is the pharaonic engineering work with which Brazil wants to overcome the eternal drought Cover | Government of the State of Bahia and Gemini

a colossal textile factory from a thousand years ago with its own Amancio Ortega

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There are many myths surrounding the Vikings: they were not a pure superior race how supremacists think neither pillage was their way of life. Yes indeed, They were even more violent of what the collective imagination thinks. But they were not savages or illiterate: their society was more complex and advanced than it may seem. So much so that They had a huge workshop set up textile. The discovery. The Moesgaard Museum, the institution linked to Aarhus University and an authentic reference in Danish Viking archaeology, has presented the preliminary results of an ongoing excavation in Søften, north of Aros, the Viking city that is the origin of modern-day Aarhus. There they have found 82 underground workshop huts (grubehuse) in an area of ​​at least 100,000 square meters. Liv Stidsing Reher-Langberg, director of the excavation, points out that the layout of the site, with differentiated areas of production, crafts and a single home, suggests that it was an activity directed by someone with control over the resources, it was not just any agricultural town. Why is it important. Moesgaard historian Kasper H. Andersen explains that Søften and Lisbjerg are examples of how Aros was integrated into international economic networks thanks to these productive centers in the periphery. That is, it reinforces the theory that there artisanal production was organized in satellite settlements around emporiums, such as Ribe or Hedeby. Context. In addition to this Søften site, there are two other Viking sites near Aros: Lisbjerg, where the Moesgaard museum had previously excavated an aristocratic settlement where they found 30 graves in 2025 and Elstedwhere in 2024 an archeology student found a Viking silver hoard. This set of sites reinforces the image of a densely organized region around Aarhus during the Viking Age, probably between the 7th and 10th centuries AD, although the exact dating of the Søften site is yet to be confirmed by scientific analysis, according to collects mithsonian Magazine. In detail. Of the 82 grubehuse, 48 have been located in this campaign in an area that covers 60,000 square meters and the remaining 34 come from from previous excavations carried out in 2008 and 2013. Among the objects recovered were loom weights and spindles for textile production, silver cuttings, coins and glass beads, goods linked to commerce and the economic activity of the place. Likewise, there was a cobblestone area next to a wet area, which made traffic easier. Yes, but. At the moment we are looking at conclusions from the preliminary study, not an academic publication with peer review. Furthermore, the hypothesis of “centralized control” is an interpretation of the excavation director, Liv Stidsing Reher-Langberg, pending more precise dating and fiber analysis that places the site exactly within the Viking era. In Xataka | We knew that Viking society was violent, but not that violent: a new study sheds light on their level of weaponry In Xataka | Science already knows when the Viking Age began. Thanks to a solar flare Cover | Ashutosh Gupta and Moesgaard Museum

NASA’s map that brings together 25 years of clouds

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If we use typical clichés with European cities, Seville is the city of the sun and London is the city of rain and clouds, but some get the fame and others take the wool. If the question is where are there more clouds in Europe? NASA has been monitoring the old continent for more than 25 years and has the answer. Spoiler: a long list where, to no one’s surprise, there is also the United Kingdom. In 1999, NASA launched the Terra satellite, which incorporates the MODIS instrument (medium resolution imaging spectroradiometer). MODIS is, broadly speaking, a sensor that observes the Earth in 36 spectral bands, from the visible to the thermal infrared, which allows it to simultaneously capture temperature, water vapor, aerosols and cloud cover in one pass. Thanks to this combination of bands, MODIS generates cloud fraction products with spatial resolutions ranging from 250 meters to 1 kilometer depending on the channel used. With data from the year 2000 to 2025 and data released by NASA through its NASA Earth Observations, the Italian data expert and meteorologist Guido Cioni has created this map that solves the question at a glance. There is a clear pattern: northwestern Europe has the most cloud cover on the continent, while the southern Mediterranean enjoys the clearest skies. The United Kingdom is the country in Europe with the most clouds. Guido Cioni Beyond the anecdotal, cloudiness has its consequences: directly affects the solar radiation that reaches the earth’s surface, which takes its toll on solar energy production, agriculture, tourism and even health (the vitamin D level of the population). In fact, this map gives us a clue about renewables and why certain European regions depend more on photovoltaic energy and which on wind energy. The Europe of the clouds and the sunny Europe Cities such as Bergen in Norway or Glasgow in Scotland appear in intense red, consistent with their rainy climate and direct exposure to the inclement weather of the North Atlantic. The red is softer for Warsaw and Bucharest, two cities in the continental interior, precisely reflecting the continental climate with seasonal but less persistent cloudiness. On the other side of the coin, Seville and Turkish Antalya appear in blue, typical of dry Mediterranean and subtropical climates, and a little behind is Marseille. That north – south pattern makes sense: Northwestern Europe receives Atlantic storms almost without interruption. The moves are polar jet streamwhich pushes humid air and fronts towards the area and it is these fronts that generate clouds. In Norway, furthermore, the coastal mountains force that humid air to rise, so even more clouds form. Southern Europe experiences just the opposite: there the Azores anticycloneespecially in summer. That is an area of ​​high pressure where the air tends to go down instead of up, and that leaves the skies clear. Of course, this map and its data have small print: Terra passes through each point on the planet only once a day (around 10:30 local solar time), so this data corresponds to a specific moment, not to a continuous measurement for 24 hours. The good news is that, in 25 years of records, variability and unusual phenomena are cushioned. Furthermore, it only records that specific cloudiness, not the rain: one area may have many high clouds with hardly any rain, and another may have less cloudiness in total but concentrate its rains in short and intense episodes. Finally, NASA explains that in polar areas, distinguishing clouds from snow is a limiting factor that the agency has corrected over time. In Xataka | The easiest way to understand global warming, in this climate map with data from 1940 In Xataka | This map reveals the exact ‘climate clone’ of your city (and the result is surprising) Cover | Gido Cioni

We have been fleeing the heat for years to play sports. Science has discovered that we were losing a superpower

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Summer is coming, temperatures are rising and going for a run or cycling becomes an act of bravery. In this situation, common sense tells us that we should avoid the middle hours of the day, hydrate ourselves more and slow down, even though there is a possibility of falling into the sedentary lifestyle. This is why it is vital to adapt our exercise and rest to the high temperatures we are facing. The thermal shock. When we exercise, our muscles generate energy, but only 20-25% is translated into mechanical movement and the rest is released as heat. If we add to this a hot environment, the body faces a double thermoregulatory challenge. As detailed in an exhaustive review published in 2021Under heat stress, the body diverts a large flow of blood to the skin to dissipate heat through sweat. This means there is less blood available to working muscles and the heart. The result? The heart rate skyrockets to try to compensate and exhaustion comes much sooner. Acclimatization. The good news is that our body is an extraordinarily adaptable heat machine, and that is why if we expose ourselves to heat progressively, we activate what is known as acclimatization. Here, a study published in 2024 quantified this adaptation and it was seen that, after a period of repeated exposure to heat, the participants managed to reduce their core temperature at rest by 0.19 ºC and their heart rate by 6 beats per minute. That is, follow a process of adaptation 8 to 14 days Heat training consistently improves performance and thermoregulation. In fact, from the fifth day onwards, cardiac adaptations begin to be noticed. The physiology. Something that has been seen is that in the first week of heat training, the body retains more water and sodium in order to increase the blood volume that runs through the arteries and veins with the aim of improving cardiac output and the supply of oxygen to the muscles. The good thing is that if we maintain the thermal stimulus long term, the body responds by creating more hemoglobin, which is the protein that transports oxygen through the blood. This makes the system much more efficient when training, since the muscle will have a greater amount of oxygen. Train with heat. Just because the heat offers physiological advantages does not mean that we should go running at three in the afternoon during the heat wave in August, since there are serious complications such as heat stroke. Here the recommendation states that exposure to heat should be progressive, with short sessions at low intensity and increasing the duration over two weeks. Logically, hydration must be maintained according to physical activity, since dehydration of more than 2% of body weight nullifies many of the advantages of acclimatization and dangerously increases internal temperature. In short, training in the heat is hard but little by little it is possible to adapt as long as common sense prevails, changing the training schedule also to times with lower temperatures. Image | Unsplash In Xataka | Drink water right before going to sleep? Science has finally clarified whether it is a good idea or a terrible enemy of sleep

In 1611 Brueghel the Elder painted a baroque painting full of birds and bats. Without knowing it, he was 400 years ahead of modern science

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The god Apollo crosses the firmament aboard his chariot drawn by steeds, the muse Urania shows us an armillary sphere while resting on a cloud and, in the distance, we see a cloudy sky full of birds. The painting ‘Air’, painted in the 17th century by Jan Brueghel the Elder It shows a mythological scene that served the artist to make clear his ability with brushes and colors. Now a group of Spanish researchers has confirmed which is something more: a treatise on zoology that was 400 years ahead of modern science. It turns out that Brueghel the Elder was also a skilled chiropterologist. The value of details. Beyond its composition or technical quality, something must be recognized in ‘Aire’, a allegorical painting painted around 1611 by Jan Brueghel the Elder and preserved in the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon: it is full of details. It is something that is verified with the naked eye but is (re)confirmed by observing the study of detail published by the French institution. In it we see, in addition to Urania, the central figure of the painting, an enormous number of birds. The experts have counted 60 different species. There are specimens of ostrich, turkeys, swans, flamingos, cranes, owls, chickens… and a vast etcetera of winged creatures that either rest perched on the ground or branches or cross the sky. The latter also include three species of bats, including at least one Nyctalus lasiopterus or “giant noctule”, a large bat that can reach 46 cm wingspan. Much more than art. For the vast majority of people, pieces like ‘Aire’ are basically works of art. There are, however, those who have seen something more in them: valuable (and above all graphic) clues to study the fauna of centuries ago. That is the case of Pedro Romero-Vidalan ecologist at the Doñana Biological Station (EBD), who embarked on a project to identify animals in historical paintings. When he came to Brueghel the Elder’s 1611 work, he noticed a detail that activated his instinct: “I had never seen a similar scene in any of the many paintings I had examined.” admits to ScienceNews. But what the hell is that? What caught Romero-Vidal’s attention was a detail located in the upper right margin of the painting, almost at the edge of the composition. There the artist depicted a large bat flying away from the rest of the figures. The creature that came out of the brushes of Brueghel the Elder has been there, clearly visible, since the 17th century, but when the CSIC experts analyzed it they realized something: It doesn’t fly alone. In its jaws it carries a small bird. “Pedro saw the bats and it seemed that one of them was a noctule carrying a bird in its mouth,” explains to elDiario Miguel Clavero, researcher at the Doñana Biological Station and one of the authors who sign the article (just published in PNAS) in which they report their discovery. To understand its scope, one fact must be taken into account: science did not document until well into the 21st century how noctules hunt passerine birds and are able to devour them while they fly, which makes Brueghel the Elder ahead of his time. four centuries before. As recognize EBD-CSIC itself, the painting by Brueghel the Elder reveals that “the hunting of passerine birds by nocturnal bats was already known in the 17th century, 400 years before science was able to demonstrate it.” Zoologists obtained the first “solid evidence” that Nyctalus lasiopterus They fed on small passing birds several decades ago, observing their feces. However, we had to wait until 2025 to obtain a definitive study on its behavior. That confirmation did not arrive until October and it also did so at the hands of a scientific team led by the EBD-CSCI. “He managed to demonstrate that the great noctule, the largest bat in Europe, could hunt and consume birds in mid-flight,” points out the CSICwhich recalls that researchers captured for the first time the sound of a specimen preying on a European robin during flight in Doñana. “The first direct evidence of this behavior.” Or so they believed until someone noticed a painting from 1611. Pioneering scientist… with nuances. Of course, it is one thing to capture a scene observed in nature with brushes and another, very different, to document animal behavior with 100% scientific criteria. In fact, the CSIC itself clarifies that what Brueghel the Elder shows in his painting “does not exactly coincide” with what we know today about these animals and their strategies. “Carrying it in its mouth like a raptor is unfeasible. Bats at night are guided by sound and make calls,” Elena Tena clarifies to elDiarioone of the scientists who studied this habit. “To be realistic, the bat would be holding the bird with its hind legs and bringing them forward toward its mouth.” In any case, this does not detract from the painter’s merit or from the fact (confirmed by the CSIC) that art galleries can be valuable sources for zoologists. Images | Wikipedia and EBD-CSIC In Xataka | The mere existence of donkeys has been a mystery of natural history for decades. One we have solved

will be under scrutiny for 10 years

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John Deere has been tug-of-war with some of its farming clients for more than a decade, but 2026 is the year of checkmate: it will go down in history as the year of checkmate. Just a few months ago, the justice system already gave it its first slap for monopolizing repairs, forcing it to compensate farmers who for years had to pay for their repairs at a high price. Now comes the final blow: the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has ruled in favor of farmers’ right to repairand the agricultural machinery giant will have no choice but to make it easy for them: ten years of close surveillance so that it opens its diagnostic tools to anyone who has to repair their own tractor. The sentence. John Deere must offer farmers and independent repair shops the same resources it already offers its authorized dealers for 10 years and do so in a fair and reasonable manner. The agreement also prohibits Deere dealers from retaliating against or discriminating against independent repair customers who actively promote the availability of these new resources. Why it is important. The right to repair is an old acquaintance in technology, but in the agricultural sector with high-value specialized machinery it takes on another dimension: the time frame for sowing or harvesting is limited and if a tractor or combine is broken down for several days waiting for an authorized technician, that translates into a real loss of production. And the price of the repair is usually not cheap. The FTC considers John Deere’s practices illegal and abusive by forcing farmers to rely on authorized dealers for repairs, resulting in increased costs and delays in service at critical times. Be careful because this sentence could set a precedent as a model for the application of the right to repair in other sectors such as the automotive sector. Context. In April 2026 John Deere had already reached an agreement of 99 million dollars in a class action lawsuit with farmers who had already paid expensive repairs since 2018, thereby compensating them for the damage caused. Now the ruling requires a change in modus operandi: the FTC structurally requires Deere to make its repair services available to equipment owners and independent shops. You can spend up to 450,000 euros in a new John Deere and even so, the tractor is not completely yours, because these machines are much more than four huge wheels, they have GPS, sensors, telemetry and proprietary software of the brand, here is the crux of the matter. In detail. Deere has exclusive control of a fully functional repair software tool called “Service Advisor,” which it restricted distribution to only its authorized dealers, something the FTC qualified of “an illegal chokehold on essential repairs to farm equipment.” Additionally, Deere will have to pay $1 million collectively to the five plaintiff states in antitrust enforcement costs, and will be subject to strict compliance monitoring for the next 10 years, a period that may be extended if the company fails to comply with the terms of the settlement. Yes, but. The agreement is binding, has a defined term and a supervision mechanism to ensure compliance. But John Deere limits itself to saying that this measure only reinforces a “commitment of years” that, according to it, it had already been fulfilling. And we will have to see how it is implemented in practice: whether these “fair and reasonable” prices really are will depend on how strictly the FTC monitors compliance. In Xataka | 16 cameras, LIDAR sensors and 360º vision: the impressive technological arsenal of the new autonomous tractor from John Deere In Xataka | Every summer fires devastate Spain. There is a common culprit that goes unnoticed: old tractors Cover | Photo of chris robert in Unsplash

We have been putting bananas in red fruit smoothies for years. Science says it’s just what we shouldn’t do

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Although it will always be a better option to eat whole fruit, smoothies and fruit shakes are a good way to eat healthyespecially in the heat of summer. When preparing them, it is time to experiment and try different mixtures and combinations of flavors. However, according to a study from the University of California Davisthere are combinations that are best avoided. In their case, they refer to bananas and red fruits. The key is in the flavanols. So much the banana like the red fruits They are very healthy. The first is especially rich in potassium, fiber and B vitamins. Forest fruits are rich in vitamin C and antioxidants such as flavanols. Precisely, it is with these that the problem arises. And, as these scientists saw in their study, bananas contain an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase that prevents the flavanols from red fruits from being absorbed. First experiment. These scientists carried out several experiments to reach these conclusions. In the first, 8 volunteers participated, who were given a red fruit smoothie or a capsule with flavanols. In both cases, when blood samples were taken, it was seen that the levels of flavanol metabolites had increased. This indicates that your body was metabolizing them to extract their benefits. However, when the process was repeated by adding banana to the smoothie, the results were very different, as the blood levels of flavanol metabolites were much lower. In search of the culprit. The guilt of polyphenol oxidase is not a suspicion. This was confirmed in a second experiment, in which a banana and red fruit smoothie was left at room temperature. After an hour, flavanol levels had greatly decreased. However, when the process was repeated with bananas that had this enzyme inhibited, they remained intact. Even separately. In another experiment, participants were given a smoothie made only of berries, followed by one made only with berries. banana. Again, the levels of flavanol metabolites decreased. It seems that polyphenol oxidase acts even when both fruits are put together in our stomach instead of in our blender. There are limitations to the study. This research took place in 2023 with only 8 participants. It’s a tiny sample size, so it can’t be considered very conclusive. Furthermore, all participants were men, so it is still not a representative sample of the entire population. The authors themselves indicated at the time that it would be necessary to carry out the study with more participants. At the moment, they have not done so. They have continued researching in the area of ​​flavanols, but not in relation to the drawbacks of mixing banana and red fruits. Although they have focused on the need to properly choose the fruits we consume. For example, recently published an investigation which concluded that eating five pieces of fruit and vegetables is not enough to achieve the adequate dose of these antioxidants in one day. You would have to choose the best options. Don’t despair either. If you love the combination of banana and red fruits, don’t suffer. It’s not dangerous at all. Simply, according to this study, flavanols are not extracted in the best possible way. You can resort to other additional sources and the problem would be solved. In any case, if for you banana is a dispensable complement, it may be better not to consume it with red fruits. Both fruits are very healthy, but the best option, based on this research, would be to eat them at two different times of the day. Image | Magnificent Xataka | The Spanish cherry had been dreaming for years of a scenario that has just come true: opening the doors of China

We have been believing for decades that the Great Pyramid was built at one time. The latest analysis places it more than 20,000 years earlier

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(Fortunately) the world is full of monuments as ancient as they are impressive, but few, very few, are comparable to the Great Pyramid of Giza. Almost 140 meters high, thousands of years old and an immortal testimony to the power of Ancient Egypt. It has such magnetism that every year they visit it millions of people arrivals from all over the world. But… What if we have been wrong about its origins for decades? What if instead of becoming 2,500 BCas we have always believed, rose up ago more than 20,000 years? What if Pharaoh Cheops was not its true promoter, but simply renewed it? All those questions have been left by launching a new (and controversial) study. What has happened? That Egyptology has just been shaken by unusual news in modern archaeology: a study that has turned upside down the dating (and origins) of the Great Pyramid of Gizaone of the most iconic monuments not only in Egypt or Africa but on the entire planet. Until now, experts agreed that the monument was built in the time of Khufu, around 2589-2566 BCbecoming one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the tallest structure in the world for 3,800 years. For Alberto Doninian Italian engineer from the University of Bologna, that estimate falls short. Very short. In fact, he has published a study in which he traces the origins of the pyramid back to more than 20,000 years. What dates do you handle? After analyzing several points of the pyramid, Donini has come to the conclusion that the reference date to talk about its origins should be another: 22941 BC That is, their calculations indicate that the structure is around 24,900 years old. Before continuing, it is important to clarify one detail: its analysis does not seek to set specific dates, but rather to establish a time frame for the construction of the monument. What does that mean? That, in reality, what Donini has done is calculate that there are 68.2% probability that the period of construction of the pyramid is framed in a window that extends between 38,903 and 10,979 years ago. The calculation of 24,941 years would therefore be a simple arithmetic mean that serves as a reference. If instead of talking about antiquity we talk about calendars, this means that, according to the estimates of the Italian engineer, the most famous structure in Giza was probably built between 36878 and 8954 BC What is it based on? Donini’s work is not controversial only because of its conclusions. It is also because of its methodology, the calculation system it has used. Its main tool is Relative Erosion Method (REM), a formula that dispenses with documentary sources to be based fundamentally on what the rocks say. Literally. What the REM does is analyze the erosion of the pyramid blocks to, based on their level of wear, date them. Said like this, it sounds simple, but what the engineer has done is somewhat more complex: he selected 12 different points spread across the base of the Great Pyramid and then compared their different levels of erosion, looking at aspects such as the holes and cavities opened in the rock by rain or the roots of plants and the natural wear and tear caused by wind, sand and the constant passage of people. And has that been of any use? Yes. The analysis has yielded a disparate range of dates. At one of those twelve points, the REM suggested an estimated age of 5,708 years. In others the estimate was 17,955, 30,375 or even more than 50,000 years. It may sound strange considering that we are talking about a single monument and it is logical to think that all its blocks have been there for the same amount of time, but many factors influence erosion: from the position of each stone, which determines its exposure to wind and rain, to its mineral composition. It’s still a strange thing, isn’t it? Yes. And no. It is true that the engineer obtained very different dates, but this is explained by another peculiarity of the Great Pyramid. The monument did not always have the appearance we see today. In it 1303 AD The area suffered an earthquake that affected the white limestone blocks that originally covered the structure. That material was later reused in buildings in Cairo. Although it may sound like an archaeological tragedy, it offers experts like Donini a real opportunity. The reason? They now have blocks that have been exposed to erosion almost since the construction of the Great Pyramid and others that have only been exposed to erosion for 675 years, when the earthquake left them bare. This contrast partly explains why when applying the REM method Donini obtained such a broad time frame, the same one that later led him to propose an antiquity of 24,941 years. Issue settled, then? No. The study has only served to stir up the debate. And it is more than understandable if we take into account several keys. First, the dating turns upside down everything we thought we knew about one of Egypt’s most famous monuments. Among other things, he questions whether Pharaoh Cheops was its main architect and slips that he could have limited himself to reforming it. Furthermore, Donini’s study has another handicap: it is preliminary and has not been peer-reviewed, which heats up the debate (even) more. He himself has admitted that REM calculations are influenced by factors that must be handled with caution, such as the variability of erosion processes or the wear and tear that mass tourism may have had on certain parts of the base of the pyramid, altering the calculations. Images | Wikipedia, Alessandro Zanini (Unsplash) and 2H Media (Unsplash) Via | 3D Games In Xataka | Egypt is creating a new tourist mega-destination. There are those who see it as a threat to the oldest monastery in the world

We have been cooling homes for decades with increasingly expensive machines. The Persian method has not consumed a single watt for 2,500 years

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For decades, air conditioning has been the great response to heat. The more the temperatures rose, the more powerful the machine we installed was. However, more than 2,500 years ago, in a city in the Iranian desert, someone proposed an idea completely different: Maybe the problem was not how to cool a house, but how to build it so that it never got too hot. The heat has a new enemy. The planet is going through an escalation of unprecedented temperatures and the buildings are starting to pay the bill. Glass facades turn offices and homes into veritable greenhouses, concrete accumulates heat for hours and cities radiate energy at night. absorbed during the day. The consequence is an increasing dependence on air conditioning. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, cooling systems already consume about 20% of all the world’s electricity, a figure that will continue to grow as heat waves become more frequent. The Persian redesign. In the heart of the Iranian plateau is Yazda city where summer temperatures easily exceed 40 ºC and where survival was never a question of comfort, but engineering. There appeared one of the most sophisticated passive cooling systems ever conceived: he badgirknown as a wind catcher. His approach was radically different from the current one. Instead of combating the heat once it had entered the house, the architecture itself took care of it. to capture the fresh airexpel the heat and maintain a habitable interior without consuming electricity. Yazd The “Persian method”: a way of thinking. At first glance, a badgir It looks like a tall, decorative chimney jutting out from the rooftops. In reality, it is a carefully calculated system to take advantage of two natural phenomena. On the one hand, it captures the air currents that circulate several meters above the ground and channels them towards the interior. On the other hand, even when the wind hardly blows, it acts as a solar chimney: Hot air rises through the tower and, as it escapes, creates a depression that draws cooler air into the building. In many homes, this flow also passed over underground water tanks or connected channels. to the qanatsfurther increasing the cooling effect. A bâdgir in Yazd A city designed for the climate. The truly extraordinary thing about Yazd is that the badgir It did not work in isolation. It was part of an architectural ecosystem where each element fulfilled a function. The thick adobe walls slowly absorbed the heat. The inner courtyards they created microclimates protected from the sun. The qanats They transported groundwater from the mountains and helped cool the air. There were even the yakhchalenormous structures capable of manufacturing and preserving ice for months in the middle of the desert. The result was a city designed to work with the climate, not against it. Yakhchal in Yazd And the air conditioning arrived. During the 20th century, much of the Middle East and other warm regions embraced imported architectural models that had little to do with their climatic conditions. Concrete replaced adobe, glass facades replaced solid walls and passive solutions were giving way. to mechanical systems. Many badgir they were abandoned due to the lack of maintenance, due to the entry of dust or insects and, above all, because the air conditioning offered an immediate response. The problem is that it also moved energy consumption to the center of the equation and made cooling a permanent necessity. The irony of the West. As many wind towers fell into disuse in Iran, their principles were beginning to reappear discreetly in other parts of the world. Between the end of the seventies and the mid-nineties, thousands of modern versions of wind sensors in British public buildings. Shopping centers, hospitals and schools incorporated ventilation systems inspired by those ancient designs. In the United States, the Zion National Park visitor center was able to drastically reduce the need for air conditioning thanks to passive cooling strategies based on the same concept. Today architects and engineers they resort to simulations by computer to optimize a technology that was born centuries ago simply by observing how the wind moved. The future may not be in more efficient machines. Contemporary architecture begins to take on an idea that for decades was relegated to the background: the building is also part of the air conditioning system. Recent regulations in countries like uk They prioritize shade, natural ventilation and reduction of solar gain before resorting to mechanical solutions. Exterior blinds, slats, vegetal covers, materials with high thermal inertia or patios return to gain prominence. Even those who defend the use of air conditioning agree that these measures can significantly reduce energy consumption. The big lesson: don’t repeat the same mistake. The history of the Persian method and its badgir It does not prove that we should give up air conditioning. prove something much more uncomfortable: For decades we have tried to solve heat by adding machines to buildings that, in many cases, were designed as if the climate did not matter. The Persians followed the opposite way more than two millennia ago. Before thinking about how to cool a house, they thought about how to build one that needed to be cooled as little as possible. Perhaps the most revolutionary technology to face the next heat waves is not a new machine, but recover an old idea that had been waiting for centuries on the rooftops of the desert. Image | Mohammad Hosseini, Diego Delso, Pastaitaken, Dinkun Chen In Xataka | In 2020, a Chinese billionaire bought the most expensive and luxurious home in London. Then his nightmare began. In Xataka | In 1972 Italy wanted to put an entire city in a one kilometer building. Half a century later he is still paying the consequences

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