secret

We’ve found the secret ingredient for using desert sand in construction: sawdust and a giant sandwich maker

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At a time when humans do not stop building and erecting large buildings, there is a problem that should concern us more and more: there is a lack of sand to make concrete. But here anyone can laugh, since we have great deserts on the planet where there is a huge amount of sand that we could use without any problem. But it’s not that easy. The problem. Today, traditional concrete is quite exquisite, since river sand is necessary to achieve a good result. And it has to be that way, because the desert sand is too round and fine to be able to “stick” well. But the truth is that we were running out of this sand so necessary to continue building. In Xataka The rain has transformed the driest desert on the planet into a sea of ​​flowers. It’s a sight to behold and a problem for experts We have a solution. The University of Tokyo and the University of Norway they have hit the key to turn the tables, and the solution is not only to use the desert sand that a priori we have left over, but rather it is to mix it with plant waste to create a material that has received the name Botanical Sandcrete. The recipe. The recently published study details a process that deviates from traditional cement setting, using a hot-pressing technique instead. And for this you only need two ingredients: Fine desert sand which, as we have said before, is useless for conventional concrete due to its morphology. Wood particles and plant additives that act as organic “glue.” All this, together with a temperature of 180 ºC and high pressure, means that the wood components help create a solid matrix that traps the grains of sand and transforms them into a handful of powder in a block that has great mechanical properties. {“videoId”:”x7znesx”,”autoplay”:false,”title”:”Self-consumption building THIS IS HOW THEY WORK – Solar panels in apartment blocks”, “tag”:”solar”, “duration”:”564″} What is it for? Here we should not be happy to find an alternative to a problem that we already had on our heads, since we are not going to be able to build skyscrapers with these tomorrow. Here the researchers point out that the material, as it is right now, is a non-structural alternative.  In this way, its use is mainly focused on pavements, urban tiles and enclosure blocks or outdoor furniture. Things that are ultimately not pillars for large buildings, but do allow us to save river sand. Your advantage. Having an alternative, although it cannot be used in everything, allows us to drastically reduce dependence on quarries and the transportation of river sand. An action that results in the destruction of river ecosystems around the world by removing a fundamental element. In addition to all this, using wood waste and plant additives means that it has a much smaller potential carbon footprint than concrete based on classic cement. In Xataka 30 years ago the US was the country that dominated rare earths. This graph shows how China devastated at dizzying speed Its importance. To date, most attempts to use desert sand involved expensive chemical treatments or mixing them in very low percentages with conventional sand. But the focus of these researchers involves the use of biomass, making us a perfect example of a circular economy. And if we see the full context of the situation, we are taking advantage of a resource that is very abundant but a priori useless like desert sand, along with a byproduct of the logging industry. But logically it still remains to be seen how it behaves over time and how well it endures adverse conditions. Although a priori we are facing great news. Images | Keith Hardy rawpixel.com In Xataka | A 29-year-old young man has invented a cement that makes magnetic walls: a solution to hang things without a drill or screws (function() { window._JS_MODULES = window._JS_MODULES || {}; var headElement = document.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)(0); if (_JS_MODULES.instagram) { var instagramScript = document.createElement(‘script’); instagramScript.src=”https://platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js”; instagramScript.async = true; instagramScript.defer = true; headElement.appendChild(instagramScript); – The news We’ve found the secret ingredient for using desert sand in construction: sawdust and a giant sandwich maker was originally published in Xataka by José A. Lizana .

the secret “eye” of its most advanced anti-missile system

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In modern conflicts, some military systems operate at speeds greater than Mach 5 and they are capable of distinguishing targets in mid-flight without emitting a single signal, guided only by the heat they detect hundreds of kilometers away. These technologies, designed to be invisible and virtually unrecoverable, rarely leave any trace when they fail. But when they do they are a danger from what they say. The chance find. Yes, because someone in Syria has found something completely unexpected in the desert and has uploaded a video to the networks: nothing less than one of the secret “eyes” of Washington’s most advanced anti-missile system, a key piece of the THAAD system which should rarely appear outside of highly controlled environments. The discovery, supposedly in the southwest of the country near areas where US batteries operate in Israel and Jordan, shows not only the infrared sensor but substantial parts of the interceptor in a surprisingly intact state, pointing to a failure during an interception in the midst of the regional war and turning what should have been an invisible process into a tangible, recorded event and potentially exploitable. How the THAAD “eye” works. As we said, the component found is not a simple fragment, but the system that allows the interceptor to “see” its target, an advanced infrared sensor that guides the kill vehicle call after separating from the booster rocket and freeing itself from its front cover. This system detects the heat of the missile enemy without emitting signals, which makes it resistant to electronic interference, and works together with a complex set of small propellants that adjust their trajectory with millimeter precision to achieve a direct impact at hypersonic speeds, all without the need for explosives, in a process where each microsecond and each adjustment determine success or failure. THAAD A failure that changes everything. And here comes the importance of the discovery. The fact that both the kill vehicle and its cover appeared together and relatively intact suggests that something went wrong in the sequence of interception, although it is not clear whether it was a technical problem, a loss of target or a systems failure self-destruct devices designed precisely to avoid this type of situation. In any case, what was supposed to disappear in the sky has ended up on the ground, and that detail is crucial because it breaks one of the fundamental premises of these systems: that their most sensitive technology never be exposed in sight of no one. The strategic value of the meeting. Recovering this type of technology offers any adversary a unique opportunity to analyze from within one of the most sophisticated air defense systems, if not the most, unraveling how it detects targetshow it discriminates threats and what its real limitations are, something that could translate into new countermeasures, improvements in own systems or even attempts at replication. For countries like Iran, Russia or China itself that they already observe the system’s performance in current combat, the possibility of having physical access to its components would multiply the value of that intelligence and reduce the American technological advantage. A war that leaves traces. If you will, the episode also reflects a reality that is increasingly evident in modern conflicts: the intensive use of advanced weapons increases the probability that critical pieces will end up by the wayside. in unwanted handswhether due to failures, demolitions or simple operational wear. We had already talked about the problem that Washington has with the demolition of their radars more advanced by Iran, and with THAAD being used constantly against ballistic missiles in the Middle East, it is not ruled out that scenes like this are repeated, turning each failed interception into something much more serious than a tactical error for the American side: a possible knowledge leak strategic for his enemies. Image | x, US Army In Xataka | To rescue the pilot lost in Iran, the US has told a story worthy of Spielberg. Some explosive images tell a very different story In Xataka | The US is going to end its war in the Middle East with a very uncomfortable reality: Iran had years of advantage underground

The James Webb Telescope has finally discovered Saturn’s best kept secret

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Saturn has become a headache for scientists since the Cassini probe in 2004 took action of its rotation speed that did not coincide with the figures accepted in the scientific community. Little by little, new data has been discovered that helps explain this inconsistency, but it has been necessary for the James Webb Space Telescope to come into play to find the definitive answer. Cassini’s incoherence. In 2004, the Cassini probe took advantage of its visit to Saturn to measure some important dataas its rotation speed. Normally this is calculated by analyzing parameters that occur periodically, such as radio emission pulses. It is a very consolidated method, which has been used to calculate the rotation rate of many planets. With Cassini, it was expected to obtain a figure that would coincide with what the Voyager 2 probe had previously taken in 1981. However, to the surprise of the scientists who studied the data, the numbers didn’t add up. A mysterious push. A planet cannot speed up or slow down without an external force driving it. There should be something driving those changes in rotation speed. Or, at the very least, some unknown factor that was falsifying the results. All this was a mystery until 2021, when a team of scientists from the University of Leicester published a study in which new clues were provided. The auroras enter the scene. For a month, scientists at the University of Leicester measured infrared emissions in Saturn’s upper atmosphere. This allowed them to map a series of variable fluxes of activity in the ionosphere, the layer of the atmosphere in which ionized particles are abundant. That is, atoms that have gained or lost electrons and have acquired a negative or positive charge, respectively. These flows were related to the formation of auroras. However, there was something strange. Unlike on other planets, including Earth, a good part of these auroras were produced by the action of rotating winds within Saturn’s own atmosphere, not only by the influence of the magnetosphere. A reminder about the auroras. The auroras are formed when charged particles interact with the atoms that make up a planet’s atmosphere, exciting them and causing the emission of light. Normally, these charged particles come from solar activity, as happens on Earth, or from volcanic eruptions on nearby moons, as happens on Jupiter. Be that as it may, they are concentrated in a region external to the planets, known as the magnetosphere. In the case of Saturn, the 2021 study showed that auroras were also forming within the planet’s own atmosphere. On Earth, auroras are formed by solar activity A puzzle still incomplete. The interaction of molecules and atoms in the atmosphere with charged particles does not only cause the emission of light. It also causes the emission of radiation in other regions of the spectrum. For example, radio pulses. Let us remember that these pulses are the ones that were used to measure the rotation of Saturn. The auroras could be falsifying them. These auroras, as we have seen so far, are produced by the action of rotating winds in Saturn’s own atmosphere. But where do those winds come from? The rock star arrives. The James Webb Space Telescope is the rock star of space telescopes. A state-of-the-art instrument, capable of reaching where other telescopes could not. Therefore, thanks to him, the necessary measurements could be taken to find the origin of Saturn’s winds. Specifically, it has captured the glow caused in the infrared by a molecule in Saturn’s upper atmosphere, called trihydrogen cation. This is very useful, because it acts as a kind of thermometer. It is very susceptible to environmental conditions, so its ionization state helps to know the surrounding temperature. By carefully analyzing its state in different regions of Saturn’s northern hemisphere, it has been possible to make a map of both temperatures and particle density. The missing piece. The temperature and particle density patterns match those predicted in a series of computer models 10 years ago. In these models, these patterns originated when the auroras themselves acted as a heat source. The endless cycle. What happens is this: the auroras, with all their display of light and radiation, heat the atmosphere at a specific point. This heating causes the movement of particles between points at different temperatures, generating a wind charged with electricity. This wind, in turn, propels electrically charged particles, which cause more auroras to form. It’s a vicious circle or, as the authors of the study explaina planetary heat pump. A perfect system that feeds itself. And, of course, the mysterious external factor that upset scientists trying to measure Saturn’s rotation. Image | NASA | Bruce Waters (Wikimedia Commons) | Vincent Guth (Unsplash) In Xataka | James Webb has been detecting red dots in the universe for years: the only problem is that we don’t know what they are

We have a surprising new “secret weapon” against climate change: beavers

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When we think about ways to capture carbon from the atmosphere, we often imagine huge, expensive technology installations; However, nature has its own systems to be able to clean the environment. One of these systems, as a new study has shown, is that beavers are true carbon sequestration machines thanks to the dams and canal systems that these rodents build. A Swiss experiment. Until now, we knew that humid ecosystems were important, but precise data was lacking to understand why. Now we know that the key was precisely in these animals, as a study has shown published in Nature. Here the researchers analyzed in detail an 800-meter stretch of a stream in northern Switzerland that had been modified by a beaver colony. What they saw was that the river corridor, after transforming it, acted as a net sink that could retain around 100 tons of carbon per year. In perspective. These figures are equivalent to trapping 26% of all the carbon inputs that enter that system, so over 13 years the wetland created by the beavers has reached store a whopping 1,194 tons of carbon. In short, this means that the area stores up to 10 times more carbon than similar river stretches where these rodents do not live, with a sequestration rate of approximately 10.1 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare per year. How they do it. One might think that carbon is stored in accumulated wood or swamp plants, but the reality is much more complex. The study attributes that more than half of the carbon that has been removed from the environment is trapped below the surface, in the subsoil of the wetland. Added to this is the burial of organic carbon in the form of particles in the sediments. By flooding the area and slowing the flow, the beavers created the perfect conditions for carbon to settle and be locked underground for the long term. The methane problem. When we talk about creating new wetlands, any climate expert might raise an eyebrow, since these areas of stagnant water are known to be large emitters of methane, which is one of the gases involved in the greenhouse effect. On top of that, much more powerful than CO₂. However, the authors of the study also measured this factor and were pleasantly surprised: methane emissions in this system were surprisingly low, representing less than 1% of the total balance. But in addition, the carbon dioxide emissions that came from the sediments were also much lower than the carbon that the system managed to sequester. In this way, it can be concluded that the beaver wetland is a sink, not a source of emissions. Meeting objectives. The data collected in this Swiss stream opens an exciting door for climate migration policies, as encouraging the return of beavers can dramatically increase the resilience of our riverbanks. In fact, calculations suggest that the recolonization of floodplains by beavers could offset between 1.2% and 1.8% of Switzerland’s annual carbon emissions. Images | Francesco Ungaro In Xataka | Franco introduced an exotic sheep to Teide to please the hunters. Now it is destroying its ecosystem

Ukraine and the secret of its energy shield

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In 1973, a political decision was enough to unleash a global energy crisis. Today, that same effect can be caused by a swarm of drones or a few naval mines. Meanwhile, the infrastructures that support the world’s supply remain, in many cases, enormous facilities designed for another era, when the greatest danger came from the sky in the form of missiles, not small, cheap and constant threats. The five-day countdown. Five days leftactually slightly less than four troops, so that a specific threat can change the global energy balance, and it all starts with a tactical move: the United States has gone from a 48-hour ultimatum to bomb Iranian power plants to a five day break supported by diplomatic contacts that are still very weak. We are talking about a maneuver that does not imply real de-escalation but time gained to avoid a step that could trigger immediate retaliation throughout the region and, above all, convert the energy infrastructure in priority objective of open war. The real fear. The key to these hours is not only in the military fronts, but in the possibility that the conflict begins to knock down energy nodes systematically. The United States has come to put the attack on the table to electrical installations Iranians. For its part, Iran has responded by threatening to mine the gulf routes Persian and turn the area into an almost blocked space. Between one thing and the other, the message is more or less clear, because the war no longer revolves only around bases, scientists or arsenals, but around cables, terminals, pumping stations, along with oil ports and maritime corridors without which the entire planet begins to tremble. Kharg, Hormuz and the heart of the industry. The Kharg island appears in this story like a lot more than a point on the map. It is the great exit center for Iranian crude oil. It is also one of the places where a military offensive would a direct effect on global oil flows. Plus: it adds to the other decisive name of this war, the Strait of Hormuzthrough which a gigantic part of the world’s crude oil trade passes. When both places enter the equation at the same time, what is at stake stops being a one-off retaliation and becomes the real possibility of a prolonged shock to the global energy industry. Ukraine, again. That’s why everyone is looking at Ukraine again. I remembered this morning the new york times that the planet does not do it only because its war turned drones into absolute protagonists of the battlefield. It does so also because it was one of the first places where it was understood that modern energy infrastructure could survive only if it was transformed into a stepped fortress. Because Russia was hitting refineries, gas plants and critical nodes for years. And Ukraine responded building a shield made of electronic warfare, interceptor drones, physical defenses, dispersion of equipment and hardening works that sought one very simple thing: to continue functioning even under constant attack. The secret: hold on. From that perspective, the main Ukrainian lesson is not to have found a perfect defense, because that may not exist. Rather, it consists of having assumed that the enemy will hit again again, and in reducing damage, protecting the most expensive components, bury part of the facilitieserect concrete barriers and add layers of jamming and interception to complicate each attack. In short, it consists of moving from the old logic of protecting large infrastructures as if they only had to resist a major bombing from the last century, to a new logic in which you have to resist repeated waves of small, cheap and constant threats. The Gulf discovers the Ukrainian problem. Because the Gulf countries had thought above all about missiles. Ukraine it took time adding to the equation the drone swarms cheap. This difference is decisive because taking down low-cost threats with very expensive systems is not sustainable for a long time. And that is where the Ukrainian experience becomes valuable for the Middle East: not because of a miraculous technology, but because it has developed a layered defense. more flexible and cheaperadapted to an enemy that can saturate the sky with relatively simple but devastating devices for gigantic and very vulnerable installations. Few days to understand where the war is going. If you like, the central idea of ​​these hours is brutally simple. There are few left less than four days to check if the pause announced by the United States It serves to cool down the war or only to bring it closer to its most dangerous phase. If it fails, the focus will no longer be just on who bombs who, but on whether the region’s energy industry can continue standing. And in that scenario, Ukraine reappears as an unexpected reference one more time. First It was the laboratory of drone warfare, and now aims to also become the emergency manual to protect power plants, plants and terminals in an era in which energy has become one of the most delicate and decisive targets on the board. Image | Ministry of Defense of Ukraine In Xataka | Iran has led the world to desperately search for energy sources. So China has made an irrefutable proposal to Taiwan In Xataka | A ship has just arrived in Iran with the most dangerous mission: to fulfill the radical plan that the US had 40 years ago

Before the Incas, a civilization created an impregnable empire in the heights of Peru. His secret: feces

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The coastal desert of southern Peru is one of the most arid environments on the planet, but this was not an impediment for a civilization that was able to prosper here with more than 100,000 people and before the arrival of the Inca empire. Their secret here was seabird guano, and science has now just demonstrated to what extent bird dung was the real economic and demographic driver. of the Chincha Kingdom. The feeding problem. During the Late Intermediate Period, approximately 1000 to 1400 AD, the Chincha Valley became a pre-Inca superpower. But to sustain its growth and maintain some 30,000 workers, it was logically necessary to produce food on a large scale, and more specifically corn, which was the basis of their diet. The problem is that the Peruvian coast is not exactly the most fertile place in the world, so the population faced a serious food problem. But here the solution was to look at the sea and the islands full of guano birds, and more specifically towards their feces and their ability to fertilize. Something that made them begin to prosper and become very strong in the region. The confirmation. To confirm this theory, a scientific team analyzed stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in 35 ancient corn cobs and 11 seabirds found in tombs in the Chincha Valley. Here it was possible to see how clearly plants that absorb nutrients from fertilizers derived from marine animals show a very specific chemical signature with high levels of nitrogen 15. The results. Here the conservative limit to determine the use of guano in the experiments was located at a value of +20%, but in Chincha corn the average values ​​were +19.4%, reaching peaks of up to +27.4%. Thanks to radiocarbon dating, scientists have been able to place the beginning of this large-scale agricultural practice around the year 1250 AD.a date that coincides millimeters with the rise and expansion of the Chincha Kingdom. What we knew. Modern chemistry only confirms what archeology and history already hinted to us, since the iconography of the time is full of references to this agronomic practice. In textiles, friezes and ceramics of the Chincha culture, corn appears constantly represented alongside guano-producing birds, such as the guanay cormorant, the Peruvian booby and the pelican. Even Spanish colonial chroniclers, such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, recorded this practice when describing how the indigenous people applied the guano to corn through irrigation systems and they documented the strict taboo laws later imposed by the Incas to protect these birds that for them were the focus of fertilization of their fields. This is why killing a guano bird or disturbing its nests was a crime punishable by death. A great revolution. The mastery of guano technology not only filled the stomachs of the Chincha, but made them a key player in Andean geopolitics. In this way, when the Inca empire began its expansion, they did not conquer the Chincha because of their great strength, and instead they formed a strategic alliance. The Chincha here had control of the precious fertilizer and dominated the maritime trade routes, exchanging the guano for luxury goods such as prized shells. Spondylus. This agricultural base allowed the Chincha Kingdom to negotiate its integration into the Inca empire from a position of power and privilege. Images | Ames Wainscoat In Xataka | Prehistory was also ‘woke’: a woman from 7,000 years ago suggests that gender was not an immovable barrier

We have found the “switch” of cellular aging. The secret is called protein AP2A1

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Regenerative medicine has a very clear objective ahead today: to look for the ‘button’ that can stop aging and allow us live much longeror at least have a better quality of life when we reach certain ages. And here the Japanese have a lot to say with a discovery that gives us more clues about how to preserve our cells much better. A new study. Everything that has to do with living a little longer, the truth is that it causes a little stir in the scientific world, and the article published in January 2025 in the magazine Cellular Signaling it was no wonder. Here it was shown how a team of researchers from Osaka University managed to identify a protein that literally acts as a cellular senescence switch called AP2A1. Our cells. Just as aging can be seen aesthetically, our cells also age through a process of senescence. Upon entering this state, the cells stop dividing, but do not die, since they become larger, more rigid and adhere strongly to their environment. And here a team of scientists has discovered the exact mechanism that causes this. Here the study has pointed to a protein as the culprit: AP2A1. A molecule that acts as a kind of biological transport truck that moves another protein, called β1 integrin along the fibers of the cell. That is why, over time, this process strengthens cell adhesion, causing the cell to become rigid and “old.” The revolution. The important thing here is that if the function of AP2A1 is suppressed in old cells, the biological clock reverses. That is, the cells decrease in size, lose rigidity, drastically reduce the classic markers of aging and proliferate and migrate again. Basically, they rejuvenate themselves. Furthermore, it has also been seen that if this protein is overexpressed in young cells, the result is great aging that accelerates. Your potential. Here the scientific team has seen that AP2A1 is not only emerging as a great marker that measures a person’s aging, but also acts as a direct therapeutic target. That is why some specialized websites such as Fight Aging! already analyze how blocking AP2A1 prevents inflammatory signaling typical of senescent cells. In this way, if we manage to inhibit this protein in the future, we could develop “anti-senescence” agents capable of extending our healthy life expectancy and combating age-related diseases, such as osteoarthritis. A long way. For now, this is something that has been estimated in cellular models in a dish in a laboratory, but it still remains to be seen how it works in the human organism with all the factors that intervene on a cell that is not isolated. What is clear is that the discovery of AP2A1 is a spectacular milestone in cell biology. We have basically found the button that controls the size and youth of cells in the laboratory, but the next big challenge for science will be to find out if we can press that same button, safely, inside the human body. And for that, there are still many years of research left. Images | National Cancer Institute Huy Phan In Xataka | While half the world is worried about aging, one industry is rubbing its hands: the elevator industry

Tokyo is one of the few cities in the world that has managed to maintain housing prices. His secret: build

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“If you can’t solve a problem, make it bigger.” This oft-repeated maxim (and mistakenly coined for Dwight D. Eisenhower) can be good advice when it comes to housing: Expanding the scope of a problem can make new solutions possible. Japan is the world’s best example of an advanced industrial democracy with abundance of affordable housing with low carbon emissions. To build. The key to Japan’s success is its unusual degree of national control over zoning and building rules. Centralized authority trumps local housing obstructionism. Tokyo builds more housing in a year than all of California or all of England, which have 3 or 4 times its population. In the largest megalopolis in the world, the way Rents stay low in the long term is to build. National decisions. The political scientist Grant McConnell wrote on the classic articulation of the view that the national government is more likely to solve difficult problems than state or local governments. Small can be beautiful, the reasoning goes, but it can also be provincial, backward and oligarchic. This logic fits well with the housing issue: Putting much more at stake, all at once, in one big fight, rather than piece by piece in hundreds of separate local fights, could disrupt the housing war. More homes around the world. The world has provided some examples of this. Japan has had extraordinary success in housing construction. He has long been a leader and expanded his leadership even further in recent years. Germany, Austria and Switzerland have always had good records, behind Japan but still performing well. France has stepped up, at least in Paris. These countries generally employ rule-based (or “by right”) building permit systems: if your plans check the stipulated boxes, building authorities have no choice but to sign. The Anglo-Saxons. On the other hand, English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand, are lagging behind. Their permit systems are often more discretionarygiving local officials the power to approve or reject buildings at will. In many parts of these countries, especially their large cities, housing is expensive because it is scarce. For now, the Anglosphere suffers the worst housing shortages and prices. The Japanese case. The Asian country is the best example of the maxim of “magnifying” problems. Japan’s national government controls the use of land and buildings to a greater extent than national authorities in other countries. This control has grown in recent decades, even as other nations have gone into lockdown. The number of homes built per year in industrial democracies has fallen by more than 60% since 1970, according to The Economist. Meanwhile, housing construction in Japan has remained solid at all timesbroad public interest in abundant housing has triumphed over obstructionism. What did they do? To boost construction and lower prices, Japan redoubled efforts to allow more housing construction. He resorted, in particular, to administrative changes in building codes. “To help the economy recover from the bubble, the country eased the regulation of urban development,” explained Hiro Ichikawa, a construction development advisor. in the Financial Times. “If it hadn’t been for the bubble, Tokyo would be in the same situation as London or San Francisco.” Build, build and build. The results, in abundant housing, low prices and low carbon urban formswalkable and transit-focused, are notable. The city of Tokyo had 13.5 million residents in 2018. But the city built 145,000 new residences that year. Tokyo’s achievement was particularly surprising considering that the prefecture has very little vacant land, so almost all of those 145,000 homes were located in an existing neighborhood. The astonishing pace of housing construction in the capital has continued for years. Tokyo routinely builds more new homes than all of California (which has three times its population) or, in some years, all of England (which has four times its population). It has increased housing construction by 30% since the turn of the century, even as its population peaked and began to decline in 2007. disposable houses. It is true that Japan demolishes houses much earlier than other industrialized countriesso a large portion of their housing starts are replacement housing. But the much criticized Japanese culture of “disposable houses” It is actually one of the secrets of its success. Japan’s rigorous and up-to-date earthquake safety laws, plus a cultural attachment to new homes, mean that tiny houses in Japan often depreciate completely in just 30 years and are replaced soon after. Because housing is renovated quickly, the country has a much better chance of installing larger buildings. In parts of the US, where buildings typically have an economic life of 100 years, you only have one chance per century to replace a house with an apartment building. In Japan, you get three. More housing. The prefecture has tripled its stocks of housing in the last 50 years and has expanded the number of residences in the city by about 2% annually since 2000. In fact, its overall housing unit growth rate was three times faster than London or New York in the 2010s. Among the 14 megacities around the world, only Singapore and Seoul surpassed Tokyo in the pace of overall housing growth. Thanks to the Japanese program to govern housing, Tokyo Prefecture and the world’s largest metropolis have completely avoided residential closures. Japan seems to have learned the maxim attributed to Eisenhower: if you can’t solve a problem, make it bigger. In Xataka | In its crazy rise in housing prices, Madrid has just broken a barrier: that of the most expensive apartment in its history In Xataka | Tenants and owners are not the same type of Spaniards: some pay €400 more than others for the same home Image | Yu Kato

We have been reading philosophers from the West and Asia for centuries in search of the secret of happiness. Turns out the Aztecs had it

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Each course Lynn Sebastian Purcell, philosophy professor, repeat the same experiment. After reviewing the passage from the ‘Odyssey’ in which Ulysses renounces an eternal life of pleasures with the nymph Calypso to search for his wife and son, the teacher presents a dilemma to his students: How many would do the same as the king of Ithaca? “How many of you would reject immortality and a pleasant existence on the condition that you never see your family and loved ones again?” defiant spear Purcell to the classroom. The answer is always the same: nobody. The ‘Odyssey’ is an epic poem that connects with the Greco-Latin tradition, but in reality that particular passage about Ulysses summarizes well the vital philosophy of a civilization that lived thousands of kilometers from the Ionian Sea: the aztec. Goal: happiness. I don’t know exactly who you are, but it’s quite likely that you, me and the more than 8 billion Of people who share this world, we agree that it is desirable to have a happy life. Logical, right? Happiness is one of those golden nuggets that philosophy has been searching for for centuries. I did it in times of Epicurus and he does it in our days. In fact one of the most famous treatises of Bertrand Russella famous philosopher of the 20th century, is titled with a phrase that is quite a proclamation: “The conquest of happiness”. The lesson of Ulysses. However, it is one thing to aspire to happiness and another to decide how to achieve it or even what exactly happiness is. This is where the passage from the ‘Odyssey’ of the nymph Calypso. If it’s just about seeking happiness, Ulysses already had it, right? If we agree that the goal is to be happy (just like that), isn’t it a good idea to spend an eternal life, free of illness and deprivation, living with a goddess on a distant paradise island? Why does Ulysses decide to return to the sea… and his hardships? “Let it be worth it”. Ulysses’ attitude (like that of Purcell’s students) connects fully with a philosophical ethic that for decades has gone unnoticed in the West: that of the pre-Columbian Aztecs. For them, remember the teacherwhat humanity really seeks is not so much a life full of happiness and pleasures as “an existence that is worthwhile.” That’s the goal. The texts that are preserved and tell us about how the Aztecs saw the world show that for them humanity faced “an existential problem,” In Purcell’s words: a brief, fickle existence, during which it is impossible to control everything just as it is not to skate in a quagmire. “Slippery is the land”. “What they wanted to say is that, despite our best intentions, our life is prone to error, failure in our objectives and, therefore, to ‘fall’, as if we were going to end up in the mud. Furthermore, this earth is a place where joy comes mixed with pain and setbacks,” explains the professor in an article published by the Philosophy Association (APA). In it he remembers that this entire conception of the world can be summarized in a popular saying: “Slippery, slick is the earth”“slippery, slippery is the earth.” Wait, Aztec philosophy? Exact. It has not been easy to survive and in the West we may not have paid enough attention to it, but that does not mean that the pre-Columbian Aztecs created a valuable philosophical corpus, with different currents and treatises. “We have many volumes of his texts recorded in his native language, Nahuatl,” claims Purcell at the BBC. “While few of the pre-colonial hieroglyphic-type books survived the Spanish burnings, our main sources of knowledge derive from the records made by Catholic priests until the early 17th century.” A different vision. Thanks to them we preserve codices with sayings, exhortations, poems, dialogues… different manifestations that essentially tell us about the same thing: how the Aztecs who lived between the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th approached existence. Good example is the ‘Florentine Codex’a bilingual work by friar Bernardino de Sahagún on pre-Columbian knowledge. His legacy is not only interesting because of what he tells us, it is also interesting, Purcell claimsbecause it opens our eyes to “another pre-modern culture with an ethics of virtues”, one different from the legacy of Aristotle or even Confucius. “Place of joy with fatigue”. At this point the question is obvious… If the Aztecs believed that what humans really want are lives “worthwhile”, even more than joyful and pleasant existences, how to achieve it? How to face the passage through this world, “a place of joy with fatigue and pain”, as an Aztec passage says? The key is in a recipe with four ingredients, four “levels” that allow us to enjoy a rooted life, “neltiliztli”. Continuing with the metaphor of existence as a swampy terrain, full of mud, the idea is to take root to gain a foothold. And how to achieve it? To begin by ‘rooting’ in one’s own body. As Purcell explains, the figurines and descriptions we preserve of the Aztecs show us that they liked to exercise their bodies. In fact, they had a regimen of activities aimed at stretching and strengthening the body that is partly reminiscent of yoga. Rooted in the body, it had to be done at another level: the “psyche”, seeking a balance between the heart and the head, desires and judgment. “Only in the middle can you go, only in the middle can you live”, advises one of his works. Social creatures… and of the earth. In an article Published years ago in Aeon, the scholar of Latin American philosophy points out two more levels at which those who want to achieve a rooted life must work, “neltiliztli”, a term that is also used as “truth” and “goodness.” The first level is “rootedness in the community.” We live surrounded by people, in societies in which we play a role that connects us with others and activates the … Read more

the secret so that cheese doesn’t taste like fish

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You go to a store to buy a refrigerator and see that, in addition to having very different prices, one of them has a double cold circuit. You choose the cheapest one without taking into account that with the most expensive one your food may taste better. Why is this happening? Today we are going to explain How traditional refrigerators differ from Twin Cooling refrigerators. How a traditional refrigerator works Traditional refrigerators operate through a closed refrigeration cycle. The main objective is to extract heat to the outsideand it does so through two condensation and evaporation coils respectively, which are tubes through which the refrigerant fluid circulates. These two coils are placed between a compressor and an expansion valve. To understand it, in the traditional system the dry and cold air from the freezer is mixed with that from the refrigerator. It is, so to speak, as if it were a single lung for two bodies, which causes odors to mix, there to be no optimal humidity and the engine to turn on regardless of whether we open the freezer or refrigerator compartment. To understand it, the refrigerant fluid travels through the condensation coil to the expansion valve, thus reducing its pressure and temperature. This process causes the liquid to evaporate when it reaches the second evaporation coil, which, as you can already imagine, evaporates the fluid until it reaches the condenser in the form of a gas. In this section, the condenser provides energy to the gas so that it can flow, increasing the pressure to become liquid again so that the heat goes outside through the walls of the condenser tube. As a summarythe cycle through which the refrigerant fluid travels is: condensation coil, expansion valve, evaporation coil and compressor and compressor tubes. This cycle is constant until the refrigerator temperature reaches what we have set on the thermostat. Refrigerators with freezers work in a very similar way. The refrigerant fluid travels first to the freezer areaand once it has reached the desired temperature it travels to the refrigerator area. The compressor ensures that the refrigerator has a different temperature, stopping the fluid before reaching the refrigerator area if the temperature is the same as what we have on the thermostat. How a refrigerator with a double cooling circuit works Refrigerators with a double cold circuit work in a very similar way, but they have a fairly big difference: instead of having one circuit, they have two. To clarify, the fact that it has two circuits does not mean that they consume more electricity, since it is quite the opposite because they are usually more efficient. Because? By having two independent circuits, the engine work is less because it cools only the freezer or the refrigerator, and not both. If, for example, you open the refrigerator in a traditional refrigerator, the cooling fluid has to travel through the entire circuit, while in a refrigerator with a double cooling circuit the fluid travels only through the refrigerator and not through the freezer. And it is not the only advantage. These refrigerators with double cold circuit are especially interesting so that food odors do not mix placed in the refrigerator and freezer. This also means that the moisture collected from the refrigerator does not reach the freezer, thus obtaining a drier area and better preserved food. And, be careful, this is important, since with a double circuit the humidity stays where it should be, making the tomatoes stay fresh for twice as long. Of course, just because a refrigerator is No Frost does not mean it is good. Almost all modern refrigerators are No Frost, but the single circuit one is a ‘Total No Frost’ that dehydrates the food. The double circuit ones are a ‘Smart No Frost’. Furthermore, the fact that a refrigerator has a double circuit means that, in most cases, it can be attractive for when we go on vacation. And this is because you can turn off only the refrigerator part while leaving the freezer part on. And this represents savings. The good and the bad of both options, face to face Refrigerator (traditional) Refrigerator (double cold circuit) THE GOOD 🟢 They are more economical and require less maintenance in the long term. It maintains higher humidity in the refrigerator, does not mix odors and is usually more energy efficient. THE BAD 🔴 Odors can mix, food can dry out, and it is more difficult to maintain constant humidity and temperature. They are more expensive and usually require more maintenance in the long term. Ideal for: Tight budgets and for families of one or two people. Prevent odors from mixing and for families of three or more people. In summary: 👉 Choose a traditional refrigerator if: You are a person who lives alone or in a family of two people or you are looking for a refrigerator that does not increase too much in price. 👉 Choose a refrigerator with a double cold circuit: You are looking for a better flavor in food or you live at home with two or more people. Recommended models Traditional refrigerator: Hisense RB372N4AWE The Hisense RB372N4AWE is a 292-liter refrigerator with a single cold circuit that is interesting because it has a technology that means that if you leave the yogurt at the bottom it will not freeze or if you have the milk on the door it will not stay warm, the temperature is uniform in every corner. Also It comes with micro perforations to inject cold air into each shelf of the refrigeratorpreserving food better, and with technology Total No Frost to prevent frost from forming in the freezer. In addition, this refrigerator includes a fruit and vegetable drawer that allows you to control the humidity to keep food fresh and comes with a vacation mode so that it operates at a constant temperature of 15ºC, which can save energy. As a curiosity, its door is reversible, so you can choose to open it to the left … Read more

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