James

James Cameron has always played heads or tails with his films. Cinema has returned him a fortune of 1.1 billion

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Imagine shooting movies that cost hundreds of millions, dive into the impossible and play it all on one card: that the public likes them. James Cameron has done it for four decades and that bet on heads or tails in each film has helped him enter a select club: that of the billionaires list Forbes. At 71 years old, the director of titles such as Titanic and Avatar has achieved an estimated net worth of $1.1 billion, thanks to a balance between box office revenue, profit-sharing agreements and the exploitation of licenses for his most profitable franchises. Some hard beginnings. Cameron’s path was neither immediate nor easy. Before becoming a successful name in Hollywood, he worked as a truck driver and production assistant with modest salaries. His first feature film as a director, ‘Piranha II: The Vampires of the Sea’ in 1982. A creative setback that hardly brought him any income, but it helped him gain a foothold behind the cameras. The real turning point in his career came with ‘Terminator‘ in 1984. The filmmaker claimed that he had dreamed the apocalyptic story during a feverish night and, to ensure creative control, he sold his script for one dollar, a bet that resulted in a “low-budget” film ($6.4 million), but which represented a return of $78 million at the box office and the definitive boost for his career as a director. There is no easy movie: everything is heads or tails. Camerón risked his salary to carry out the project the way he wanted, and he came out of that adventure very well. That triumph led him to continue risking immediate benefits in exchange for control and participation in future income. In ‘Risky lies’the director went overboard with the production budget, becoming the first film to exceed $100 million. To avoid ceding creative control, Cameron renegotiated his agreement with FOX, allowing the studio to recoup its investment by ceding part of its profits to him. Finally, it was not necessary since the film grossed $378 million worldwide. Another example of this dynamic was ‘Titanic. When the budget exceeded $200 million, Cameron voluntarily gave up his salary as director and producer. The studio, resigned to rising costs, prepared for a financial debacle. However, the result was a success that grossed more than $1.8 billion at the box office and more than $800 million in VHS sales, making Cameron one of the highest-paid filmmakers of his generation after receiving a percentage of the profits. Avatar and his great gold mine. However, despite having a track record full of titles that are already part of the history of cinema, its real gold mine It’s the saga ‘Avatar‘. The first film, released in 2009, grossed nearly $3 billion worldwide and generated more than $350 million directly for Cameron from its box office rights, physical sales and licensing fees. Your producer, Lightstorm Entertainmenthas contributed to his fortune with parallel income derived from the saga through theme parks, merchandising and technological agreements. The sequel’Avatar: The Sense of Water’ It totaled more than 2.3 billion at the box office, with Cameron obtaining around 250 million dollars for its box office and production rights. Just a few days before the premiere of the third installment with ‘Avatar: Fire and Ashes’Forbes already takes its box office success for granted and estimates that Cameron could add at least $200 million more to his pre-tax assets if the film meets commercial expectations, as it did. the second installment of the saga. A legacy that goes beyond money. Throughout his career, Cameron has been known for both his perfectionism and his willingness to give up short-term benefits in order to maintain creative control or improve the end result. That approach has led him to technological and business projects outside of cinema: from immersion in digital effects with ‘Terminator’, to underwater exploration after ‘Titanic’ and the environmental activism at the end of the first installment of ‘Avatar’. Cameron doesn’t usually talk about wealth. In a recent interview with Puck, the director said that “I wish I were a billionaire.” According to Forbes, his salaries as a director, participation in the profits of his productions, income from theme park and toy licenses and the value of his production company, raise James Cameron’s fortune to over $1.1 billion. At least until the premiere of his new installment of ‘Avatar’. In Xataka | The “100 billion dollar club” has added a new member: for the first time, the new member is a woman Image | The Walt Disney Company, Flickr (SMPTE)

James Webb has opened the door to a fascinating world

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Until not so long ago, the word “exoplanet” seemed more typical of speculation than astronomy. Isaac Newton already dropped in the ‘Scholium Generale‘ of the Principia Mathematica that fixed stars could be the center of systems similar to ours, but science needed centuries to prove it. It was not until the late 1980s that the first signs of planets outside the Solar Systemalthough we had to wait until 1992 to confirm for the first time the existence of worlds beyond the Sun, around the pulsar PSR B1257+12. In recent decades, the pace of discoveries has skyrocketed thanks to increasingly precise instruments, which have allowed us to locate worlds that are as strange as they are fascinating. The Kepler space telescopefor example, identified more than a decade ago Kepler-16ba planet with “two suns” reminiscent of Tatooine from Star Wars. Since then we have cataloged a huge variety of exoplanets, but now the James Webb telescope presents an especially striking find: a world of boiling lava that, to the surprise of astronomers, is colder than theoretical models predict. An extreme world that questions what we know With a radius approximately 1.4 times that of Earth, TOI-561b It is an extreme super-Earth that orbits a star located about 280 light years away, in the constellation Sextans. NASA describes it as the innermost planet of a system made up of four worlds, with an immediate peculiarity: it completes an orbit in less than eleven hours. Its proximity is so extreme, barely 0.01 astronomical units, that the daytime hemisphere must greatly exceed the melting point of rocks. Everything points to a planet trapped by its star in a tidal lock, with eternal day on one side and perpetual night on the other. One of the peculiarities that most puzzles researchers is the low density of TOI-561 b. Astronomer Johanna Teske, lead author of the study, explains that “it is not a super-puff, but it is less dense than one would expect with a composition similar to that of the Earth.” The team envisioned the planet having a small iron core and a mantle made up of less compact minerals, a possibility that would fit the chemistry of its star. As it is a very old G-type star, about 10 billion years old and poor in iron, located in the thick disk of the Milky Way, it is plausible that the planet emerged in a primordial environment different from that of the Solar System. Still, the exotic composition did not resolve all the unknowns, and the team began to consider another possibility: that TOI-561 b was involved through a thick atmosphere. The idea is striking because the models indicate that small planets subjected to such intense irradiation for billions of years should have lost their gases long ago. NASA reminds us, however, that some worlds of this type show signs that they are not simple bare rocks. That nuance opened the door to thinking that the low density could be due, in part, to a volume inflated by a substantial layer of gases. To test the idea of ​​a dense atmosphere, the team turned to a technique that James Webb has used on other rocky worlds: measuring the disappearance of some of the infrared glow as the planet passes behind its star. Using the NIRSpec spectrograph, the researchers estimated the temperature of the illuminated hemisphere and compared it to what would be expected for a surface without heat-distributing gases. If TOI-561 b were a bare rock, its temperature would be around 2,700 ºC. However, observations placed that value close to 1,800°C, a difference too large to ignore. The unexpectedly low temperature makes sense if TOI-561 b is enveloped by a dense, volatile-filled atmosphere. In that case, the winds would transport heat from the illuminated hemisphere to less hot areas, which would reduce the infrared emission received by the telescope. Gases capable of absorbing part of the radiation before it escapes into space also come into play, something that coincides with the models evaluated by the team. YoIt is even possible that silicate clouds exist that reflect the light of the star and contribute to cooling the upper layers of the atmosphere. To explain how TOI-561 b maintains such a resilient atmosphere, the researchers propose a mechanism in which magma and gases are in constant exchange. Tim Lichtenberg points out that as the interior releases volatile compounds into the atmosphere, the ocean of molten rock recaptures some of them, reducing the loss to space. This process requires a planet exceptionally rich in volatile substances, very different from Earth in its initial composition. In Lichtenberg’s words, it would be “like a ball of wet lava,” a description that well sums up the extreme nature of the find. The observations that have allowed us to reconstruct this scenario are part of James Webb’s General Observers 3860 program. For more than 37 hours, the telescope continuously tracked the system as TOI-561 b completed nearly four full orbits, a record that offers a rare glimpse of how its brightness varies along the way. With that volume of data, the team is now analyzing how the temperature changes around the planet and what clues it provides about the composition of its atmosphere. This set of data, still being analyzed, points to a more complex world than was intuited in the first observations. The case of TOI-561 b shows that even the most extreme worlds can hold surprises. Far from just a scorched rock, Webb’s observations describe a dynamic system in which magma, atmosphere, and stellar radiation interact in ways we don’t yet fully understand. As Johanna Teske points out, “What’s really exciting is that this new data set It’s opening even more questions than it’s answering.“The research continues, and each new analysis seems to confirm that this planet belongs to a category that we are only beginning to know. Artistic images | POT In Xataka | We already know when the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS will be closest to Earth and what’s … Read more

James Bond is literally dead. And apparently that’s a problem for his next movie.

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James Bond has not been an easy franchise for years, decades perhaps. The latest incarnation of 007, played by Daniel Craig, took a turn from the classic incarnation of the character, ending in 2021 in ‘No time to die‘ and tragically. Now that Amazon owns the rightsis encountering a considerable obstacle to launching a new installment. He died. The death of James Bond in ‘No Time to Die’, the last incarnation to date of the character, has generated an enormous creative challenge for Amazon MGM Studios, current owners of the rights. For the first time in sixty years, 007 died on screen after a missile attack and poisoning by nanobots. Now Steven Knight, creator of ‘Peaky Blinders’must find a way to continue the franchise while respecting that final death. What seemed like a bold ending has become the biggest obstacle to Bond’s future. Dead end. According to sources close to the production, the franchise’s producers are “pulling out hair“because Bond did not disappear or fake his death, as he has done in other installments. He was literally torn to pieces before the viewer. To Anthony Horowitz, author of three recent Bond novels, It is not difficult to believe in these difficulties: “The last time we saw Bond he was poisoned and torn to pieces. It was a mistake, because Bond is a legend.” Why is it a problem? There are authors who talk about the fact that a death scene as explicit as the one seen in the latest Bond film undermines the legendary nature of the character, who has lived an impossibly long arc of time (he fought in the Second World War, but remains fit today) and has changed his face as his performers rotated. This gives 007 a halo of a mythological hero, in the style of the classics, which clashes head-on with the idea of ​​him dying. Furthermore, it is a decision with an economic ingredient: a reboot It would open the door to continuous and unconnected versions, which would devalue the brand. We must bear this death. Where is the franchise? There is still little known information about this new installment: Denis Villeneuve, director of ‘Dune’, will direct this twenty-sixth Bond adventure, with Knight as screenwriter. In March 2025, Amazon MGM obtained complete creative control of the franchise after an agreement with Barbara Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, ending decades of control by the Broccoli family, and the studio aims for a premiere in 2028. Casting is paralyzed until the problem of Bond’s death is resolved, but names like Tom Holland (finally discarded), Jacob Elordi and Aaron Taylor-Johnson (also discarded). Possible solutions. With the franchise in danger, many fans and experts have provided possible solutions. The first is an idea that has always been floating around since it became clear that the character’s longevity was meaningless: “007” and “James Bond” are code names given to the best agent, and when one dies or retires the next one receives the title. Of course, there is the possibility of a complete reset. You can also propose a prequel and set the film, for example, in the sixties, showing Bond’s rise in MI6. EITHER use the already canonical character of Mathildethe daughter that Bond has with Madeleine Swann in ‘No Time to Die’, and changing the character’s gender. In Xataka | These researchers have watched all the James Bond movies to see how exposed to infectious agents a 007 is and the result is nonsense

Ukraine has a weapon against Russia that we had only seen in James Bond. Her name is Sea Baby and when she finishes her work she blows herself up.

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At the end of September Ukraine sent a message: It was already the largest drone laboratory on the planet, but with its latest 12-meter “monster” it wanted to do the same under the sea. This is how the family of Toloka underwater dronesa technological leap that redefined naval warfare in the Black Sea. That effort now has its continuation in a drone that until recently we had only seen in James Bond movies and the like. Technological evolution. Ukraine has taken its “Sea Baby” naval drones from being disposable explosive boats to becoming attack and multiple mission platforms capable of operating at more than 1,500 kilometers, transporting up to 2,000 kilos and mount heavy telecontrolled weaponry (multiple rocket launchers, stabilized turrets, secondary drone launch) while incorporating self-destruct systems to avoid capture and AI-assisted functions to reduce identification errors. This step not only adds firepower and range, but turns a low-cost means into a sustained system that can penetrate, hit, return and remain available (or self-destruct), something that repositions the naval drone from immediate consumption to renewable operating capital. The Black Sea. Successive waves of drones have forced Russia to withdraw most of its fleet from Sevastopol to Novorossiyska change in posture that does not respond to a specific defeat but to that persistent risk that makes it unfeasible to sustain an advanced presence without assuming continuous losses. The “Sea Baby” have been attributed by the SBU to eleven attacks against shipsas well as repeated blows against the Crimean bridge and other logistics facilities, producing a chain effect: Moscow has had to redirect its military transport to land and more distant ports, making each kilometer of support more expensive and reducing its ability to condition Ukrainian trade routes to Europe. Doctrinal change. What once required steel fleets, shipyards and squadrons can now be inflicted with platforms cheap, reproducible and guided at a distance, which modifies the unspoken rule that the maritime domain belongs to the one who owns tonnage: here control emanates from who can inflict repeated damage at a lower cost than that imposed on the defender. The Ukrainian case surpasses precedents such as the coastal missiles of the Lebanon in 2006 because it not only denies a coastline, but forces a structural reconfiguration of an entire squadron and its main base, demonstrating that an entire naval theater can be altered without having a conventional navy. Industry and allies. kyiv claims to produce around 4,000 naval drones and needing only half for his own defense, opening the door to sell the surplus to partner countries while NATO observes and adjusts doctrine after verifying that these systems have changed the cost/effect relationship at sea. Public financing via United24 and coordination with political and military command make the program an example of how a country at war can generate dual technology with external projection, replicating what happened with aerial UAVs: first combat effectiveness, then international adoption and doctrinal adjustment by third parties. Consequences and cycles. There is no doubt, offensive success is strong now defensive investment: floating barriers, sensors, redundant electronic warfare and point defense layers in ports and terminals to prevent innovation that has worked externally from reversing its own infrastructure. Russia tries to copy these platforms and use them againwhat chains a cycle of innovation in the face of interference that pushes both sides to adapt communications, navigation and mission architecture to overcome the electronic blockade. The result: a loop of accelerated evolution in which the advantage is no longer in possessing an isolated weapon, but in the ability to continually improve it before the opponent degrades its effect. Strategic conclusion. The Ukrainian naval drones have shown that sea power can be eroded without a conventional fleet through cheap mass, strategic reach and sustained pressure on valuable nodes, altering the adversary’s posture and reallocating its resources on the defensive. The displacement of the Russian fleet, the logistical impact and the international adoption as a reference point to a change of era: the sea ceases to be a domain secured by the capital spent on steel and becomes a space where the advantage belongs to whoever controls the marginal cost of the next impactnot the size of the hulls it anchors. Image | Security Service of Ukraine In Xataka | Ukraine cannot believe what it found inside Russia’s ballistic missiles: déjà vu In Xataka | After Cubans and North Koreans fighting alongside Russian troops, new guests have appeared in Ukraine: Chinese

The James Webb captures a lonely object of the size of Jupiter devouring like a miniature sun

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An international astronomer team has witnessed an extraordinary event: a lonely object, with a mass of just 5 to 10 times that of Jupiter, has entered a violent and prolonged growth burst. Using the combined power of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and him Vary Large Telescope (VLT) of the Southern European Observatory, scientists They have observed How this object, known as Cha J11070768-7626326, drastically increases its brightness and its “food” rhythm, behaving like a miniature star. The importance. This discovery represents the first time that a outbreak of accretion of type “exor”, a phenomenon so far associated with young stars, in a body of planetary mass. The finding is not only a milestone in astronomical observation, but also further blur the borders between what we consider a giant planet and a small star. The mystery. CH 1107-7626 is not a planet in the traditional sense that we all have in our mind. Although it has a mass comparable to that of a gaseous giant, I do not orbit any star and is 620 light years from the earth. Is what is known as an “free planetary mass object” or FFPMO (for its acronym in English). The existence of these lonely bodies raises a fundamental question for astronomy: are giant planets that were expelled from their solar systems, or are smaller stars that can exist in isolation? In order to solve this enigma that astronomers have right now on the table, you have to analyze the gas and dust disc that is around, as well as the way of accumulating the material. The fact that Cha 1107-7626 has an album and feeds on it suggests that its origin is more like that of a star. A cosmic feast. Astronomers observed Cha 1107-7626 in a state of calm in April and May 2025. However, for June, something had changed drastically. The object entered a “indulgence.” This means that its rhythm of ‘food’ began to increase, and in this way it reached a mass increase rate of 10-7 masses of Jupiter per year, the highest ever measured in a planetary mass object. As a result of this frenzy, the objective became between 1.5 and 2 brighter magnitudes in visible light and its optical flow increased between 3 and 6 times. This outbreak remained active for at least two months, since it was still on the end of the observation campaign in August 2026. But the most interesting thing is the speed it has. According to the observations made with the Vray Lark Telescope of the European Observatory, the growth rate is really aggressive, with a record rate of devouring 6,600 million tons per second of dust and gas. Great footprints. Beyond the increase in brightness, the telescopes captured detailed physical changes that reveal the nature of the event. A hydrogen emission line, known as Hα, developed a “double peak” profile with a red displaced absorption. According to the authors, this profile is a “distinctive brand” of the accretion channeled through magnetic fields, a process called “magnetospherical accretion” observed in young stars. But the most surprising finding was the change in the chemistry of the disc. At first, changes in the emission lines of the hydrocarbons molecules that came from the disc during the outbreak were seen. But water vapor also began to appear with a characteristic emission around 6.6 µm. This appeared during the outbreak where there was nothing before and is relevant because it is the first time that chemical changes of this type are observed caused by an increase in accretion. Relevance. This event classifies Cha 1107-7626 as the first “exor” of known planetary mass. Exor outbursts are significant accretion events that are considered key episodes in the early evolution of the stars. They can deeply affect the physical structure and chemical composition of the protoplanetary disk, potentially influencing the early stages of planet formation. Observing this process in such a small object demonstrates that the violent and fundamental mechanisms that the stars build also work at planetary scales. The study of Cha 1107-7626 offers an unprecedented vision of the accretion in the lower mass objects of the universe, providing a new window to understand how both smaller stars and the largest planets are formed. Images | Javier Miranda In Xataka | The most transformer of modern cosmology is just around the corner, according to the hypothesis of these physicists

With the James Webb we have seen the oldest black hole in the universe. But you just have more questions

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He James Webb Space Telescope has accustomed us to discoveries that break with our schemes mental The last discovery Where he has been the protagonist, he has undoubtedly re -rethink what we knew about the universe, by confirming the existence of the black hole more distant ever observed. Something that will allow answering some questions that astronomy still had. A colossus that has already been baptized. This black hole has received the name of Capers-lrd-Z9 And it is 13,300 million light years away, which means that we are seeing it as it was just 500 million years after big Bang. In this way, its existence, and especially the size it has, challenges everything we thought about how these giants grow. How this black hole was found. Finding something that is so far is not a simple task precisely. Astronomers used program data Capers (Candels-Aea Prism Epoch of Reion Survey) of the James Webb space telescope, specially designed for explore the confines of the universe. The leader of the research team, Anthony Taylor, Explain that “when looking for black holes, this is the farthest that can be reached in practice. We are really expanding the limits of what current technology can detect.” A discovery to confirm. The key to confirmation was spectroscopy, the technique that breaks down the light of an objective in its different wavelengths, such as a prism. For Identify an active black holescientists are looking for an unmistakable firm: gas that moves at extreme speeds. Turning the spiral towards the black hole, the light of the gas that moves away from us will tend towards a red wavelength, and that of the gas approaching is compressed towards the blue length. In this way, if these two trends are found, it is quite unmistakable that a black hole is ‘seeing’. In this way, the Nirspec Spectrograph The Webb detected a remarkably wide hydrogen emission line, the irrefutable test that a massive object was stirring the gas around it at speeds of up to 3,500 km/s. It belonged to something bigger. Initially, Capers-LRD-Z9 was just an intriguing motorcycle in webb images. However, it was belonging to a new and enigmatic class of objects called ‘Small red points’ (Little Red Dots or LRDS). These galaxiespresent only in the first 1.5 billion years of the universe, they are extremely compact, bright and as its name indicates very red. His discovery was “a big surprise,” according to Steven Finkelstein, co -author of the study. “They didn’t look anything like galaxies seen with Hubble.” In this way, this finding has helped explain two of the great mysteries above the table. Why are they so bright? Its brightness would suggest an unlikely number of stars for such an early era of the universe. In this way, this study confirms the theory that light comes from a supermassive black hole that is active and literally devours the subject. Something that results in hot and shines with a huge intensity. Why are they so red? The model that best suits the observations of Capers-LRD-Z9 suggests that the black hole is wrapped in a dense and neutral gas environment. This gas cloud absorbs the blue light and lets the red pass, staining the entire galaxy. Something that could be confirmed when comparing this object with other similar sources of energy. An impossible giant. The most shocking of Capers-LRD-Z9 is the size of its black hole. It is estimated that it could have a mass of up to 300 million times that of our sun. To put it in perspective, it is so massive that it could represent more than 4.5% of the total mass of all the stars of its host galaxy, a proportion much greater than the 0.1% we see in the nearby galaxies. How could it grow so much and so fast? This is one of the big questions that anyone can ask, taking into account that this black hole appeared at a very early stage of the universe. Something that questions the current models that we have on the table. Finkelstein summarizes it as follows: “This adds to the growing evidence that primitive black holes grew much faster than we thought were possible. Or they began being much more massive than our models predict.” Two models to explain its existence. The first of these is that the black hole was not born from a star, but from the direct collapse of a cloud of primary gas, starting its life with a mass of thousands of soles and growing at a normal pace. The second theory that scientists have on the table is that it was actually born from one of the first massive stars (with a mass 100 times higher than the sun) that existed. The question here is that he would have grown at a rhythm ‘Super-Edington‘, devouring matter much faster than the stable theoretical limit is considered. There is still much to find out. The team expects to obtain more observations with the Webb to unravel the secrets of this single object. “We had not been able to study the early evolution of black holes until recently,” concludes Taylor, “and we are excited to see what we can learn.” Images | Nasa Hubble Space Telescope In Xataka | Two astronomers studied the “sound of the Big Bang” and reached a disturbing conclusion: the earth is in a lonely bubble

The James Webb has just photographed one of the great mysteries of the universe’s galaxies: how they intertwine

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How many galaxies fit in an image? In the instruments of the James Webb space telescope (JWST), at least, many: hundreds. And even thousands. From close to the distant. The image taken by the JWST (with the help of the veteran hubble) and published by the European Space Agency (ESA) It shows us objects in a wide range of distances: from stars located within our own galaxy (easy to distinguish thanks to The characteristics six points of diffraction of this telescope) to distant galaxies in space and in time. The “star” of the image. However, according to Explain the agency itselfthe main protagonist of this capture is none other than a cluster of galaxies that we can see below the center of the image, a distant group of galaxies that shines in a mixture tone of white and gold. This group emerged about 6.5 billion years after the Big Bang, when the universe as and as we know it was somewhat less than the age it is now. The importance of this group lies in the fact that more than half of the galaxies we know can be found in similar groups, so studying it can help us understand more about how these groups that make up the greatest structures linked through the force of gravity are formed, says ESA. Cosmos-Web. The outstanding group is the largest galactic cluster in the region called Cosmos-Web Field. COSMOS (Cosmic Evolution Survey) It is a survey that uses telescopes such as webb, hubble or the XMM-Newton Space Observatory of ESA to explore the spaces and space phenomena that occurred in that celestial region. He Cosmos-Web program It seeks to take advantage of the high abilities of the JWST and instruments such as the Nircam filters on board to explore and map an area of ​​0.54 square degrees of the celestial vault, a little more than twice and a half times the area that occupies the full moon in our sky. This power of the instruments of the orbital telescope should allow us to understand how galactic clusters formed, taking us at a time when the universe was only 1.9 billion years old, 14% of their current age. This is intended to meet three objectives: identify galaxies at the time of reion (when the first stars were “caught”; probe the formation of the most massive galaxies; and understand the relationship between the mass of the stars in a galaxy and The galactic halo that “wraps.” “Galaxies feast ”. In its publication, ESA has given some additional details about the image we see. They explain, this combines nircam images (Near-Infrared Camera) with Hubble observations to present ourselves “a visual feast of galaxies.” In capture They can be seen galaxies of different types and even pairs of galaxies in the process of merging. The European Agency He also explains The interpretation of the colors of the galaxies: the galaxies that tend to the bluish tones are those in which young stars predominate, while the most old are older; either because of the color of the stars inside, either because they are further in space and therefore in time. The latter is the effect of the phenomenon called Redshift or red shift. Galactic evolution. Images like this have to tell us about the evolution of the universe and, above all, of galaxies like ours. The gravitational interaction between galaxies (more or less) close affects what happens within the same galaxies, such is the mass that these groups accumulate. And not only that: collisions and mergers between galaxies in the same group also condition what happens in these. An example can find it when the nearby step of two galaxies of different size allows a huge clouds of matter “start”, or it can Cause a “burst” that quickly consumes the gas of this. In Xataka | The James Webb has found a galaxy when the universe was 330 million years old. Hide an entire enigma Image | Es es/Webb, Nasa & Csa, G. Gozaliasl, A. Koekemoer, M. Franco, and The Cosmos-Web Team

The largest map of the universe is now available thanks to James Webb. And it can be explored as if it were Google Maps

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Astronomers They were convinced that the primitive universe was a dark place. That the galaxies took to appear after the Big Bang. But the new largest and most deep map of the universe, which extends until 13.5 billion years ago thanks to the observations of the James Webb space telescope, has just dynamited this idea. You can explore it yourself. Is called Cosmos-Weband it is not just a mosaic of images. It is a detailed catalog of almost 800,000 galaxies that covers 98% of the entire history of the universe in a specific region of heaven, thanks to the extraordinary sensitivity of the Webb Observatory. This gigantic panoramic is the result of More than 255 hours of observations of the NASA space telescope, ESA and the CSA, pointing to a region with very few stars or clouds of gas that block their vision towards the confines of the cosmos. The result is the largest contiguous image captured by the Webb to date, with more than 10,000 individual exhibitions. Comparisons are hateful. One way to understand the scale of this map is comparing it to the famous “Ultra -Profundo del Hubble”, the most detailed image of the universe in visible light. If we had a printed copy of the hubble ultraprophound field on a sheet of paper, Cosmos-Web would be a mural of almost 4 by 4 meters with the same depth. The Webb telescope observes wavelengths other than those of the Hubble, those of the nearby infrared and the middle infrared, but its instruments are so sensitive that you can see those 800,000 galaxies over 13.5 billion years in a region equivalent to three moons full in the night sky. Too much light, too soon. The great surprise of these images is not their depth, something for which the webb was designedbut what they reveal from the primitive universe. Astronomers believed that there would barely galaxies in the first 500 million years of the universe were incredibly rare, but there are approximately 10 times more galaxies than expected. “Since the James Webb space telescope went on, we have been wondering if your data They break the cosmological model“, admits Caitlin Casey, leader of the Cosmos-Web project.” The primitive universe only had about 400 million years to form one billion solar masses in stars. We just don’t know how it could happen. “ The role of Spain and open science. This monumental effort would not have been possible without a globa collaboration. And this is where Spain plays a role from the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands (IAC), which applied neural networks for the morphological classification of more than half a million catalog galaxies, an essential task to understand its evolution. But Cosmos-Web would not have been possible without the work of volunteers who, from their homes, helped for two years to process the raw data and correct artifacts of the Webb Telescope. Similarly, now anyone can explore the map and make their own discoveries. Cosmos-Web will continue to expand with new spectroscopic observations to analyze the internal chemistry of the most interesting galaxies. The main objectives are the “era of reion” (when the light of the first stars cleared the cosmic fog), the evolution of mass galaxies and how dark matter is related to visible matter. Image | Cosmos-Web In Xataka | The Webb Space Telescope observed some small red points almost as old as the Big Bang. They should not exist

In 1995, a reading club began reading James Joyce’s most difficult book. 28 years later it is finally finished

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More than a quarter of a century has taken Gerry Fialka, a Californian experimental filmmaker, in bringing a very ambitious purpose: a reading club of ‘Finnegans Wake‘, James Joyce’s book that is famous not only for his extraordinary literary quality, but for the difficulty involved in his pages. Literary nightmare. ‘Finnegans Wake ‘was published by deliveries from 1924, and was only edited as a book fifteen years later, when its title was also revealed. Since its first edition, the hostility of critics and readers was won by Your difficultywhich sometimes seems to be written in An invented language (in fact, mix words of seventy languages), and with which Joyce seeks to reproduce the way in which memories are ordered and reproducedwith words of multiple meanings and that try to challenge literary conventions at all times. 28 years. From this monumental fuck (‘Finnegans Wake’ is the closest that literature has been to generate a completely new means of expression), Fialka congregated every month in a local library to a group of between ten and thirty people. Your mission: comment in each session two pages of the book. The purpose was so ambitious that they ended up having to reduce it to a single page a month. They began in 1995 and 28 years later, in November 2023, they managed to finish reading full ‘Finnegans Wake’. Why get into this authentic scrub? The Guardian He spoke with Fialka when the reading came to an end, and some of his usual people commented on the appeal they had found in the monumental task. Bruce Woodsis, a 74 -year -old Disney retired animator, says that although “there are 628 pages of things that look like typographic errors,” he has not stopped rereading the novel since his adolescence, and that he finds in it “something of visionary.” Woodsis allowed himself to leave the club for two decades to return to him when he found no other to analyze it so intelligently. At that time, the club had only advanced fifteen chapters. A special club … With such a special purpose and novel, it is clear that we do not talk about a club to use. Fialka himself defines him more as “a Performance Artistic that a reading club “, and also speaks of the club as” a living organism. “The group ended up finding a purpose despite a few initial months of chaos and gallimaties comparable to the sensations that the book itself awakened. The curious thing is that the interpretations of the work themselves are all valid, because Joyce died not long after publishing it: he could not explain it. … for a special book. Sam Slote, One of the greatest experts In Joyce of the world, he affirms that “we must accept that no one will understand it, and that is where the idea of ​​community reading enters.” After all, Joyce himself affirmed that “the demand I make to my reader is that I dedicate all his life to read my works.” Fialka and his people seem to follow their indications, although they are not the only ones: Slote states that there are more than fifty reading groups of ‘Finnegans Wake’ throughout the world. Other clubs. Some of them seem to be trapped in an eternal literary return: the ‘Finnegans Wake’ club of Zurich has read it three times in forty years. One of them lasted eleven. And when they end, they start again, something that the book itself helps: the last sentence is interrupted in the middle and recover on the first page. Of course, Fialka himself, who is already seventy years old, has had no choice but to start again: in November last year they began their second reading of ‘Finnegans Wake’. Header | Unspash In Xataka | I thought I should always read new books, until the rereading showed me what I was losing me

The James Webb has found a galaxy when the universe was 330 million years old. Hide an entire enigma

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The immense capacity of the James Webb space telescope (JWST) to see the confines of the observable universe also allows us to see how our universe was billions of years ago. Recall that, the finitude of the speed of light implies that what we see further in space is also further in time, which makes JWST a kind of time machine. JADES-GS-Z13-1. The James Webb has detected again the light emitted by a very distant and therefore ancient galaxy. The telescope has captured the appearance of Jades-GS-Z13-1 as was 330 million years after big Bang. So old and distant is that its observation implies a new enigma: the enormous density of the universe in that era should prevent its observation billions of years later. And light was made. The original universe was a dark place. If we go back enough, we will reach an era in which the universe was too dense for the light emanating from its particles to travel the space. The cosmos cooled as it expanded, so, when the photons had space to move around, there were no particles to issue them. The thing changed when hydrogen atoms began to join to form the first stars and galaxies when the universe I was a few million years old. In this long process it is called reionization, a byloys in which hydrogen clouds were reactivated and emitted new light. Even in this context, the universe was dense enough to part of the radiation of these first galaxies was overshadowed by a dense layer of neutral hydrogen. This is the case of Lyman-Alfa or Lyman-α. Redshift 13. The team studied the luminous spectrum of the galaxy to estimate its red shift or Redshift. The expansion of the universe means that, in the long run, the frequency of the light emitted by this galaxy is reduced, that is, the universe, when expanding stretches the electromagnetic waves as if it were a magnet. This causes the visible light to store towards the red tones and to the infrared after long trips. The level at which the light comes “stretched”, its value Redshiftallows us to estimate the distance at which the galaxy is found that the broadcast. The observations made from the JWST Nircam instrument allowed the team estimate value Redshift of 12.9 (either z= 12.9) For this galaxy, but to confirm this value, the team decided to study the complete spectrum through the Nirspec instrument (Near-Infrared Spectrgraph), also aboard the space telescope. It turned out that they were infrastiming their distance, which was closer to z= 13. Lyman-α. However, the spectrum study caused the team to detect something strange in this galaxy, at a specific point of the spectrum, the Lyman-α radiation lamade, a type of electomagnetic emission associated with hydrogen atoms. The broadcast captured by James Webb’s instruments was much more intense than it should according to current cosmological models. The details of the study have been published In an article In the magazine Nature. Two possible explanations. In his article, the team speculate with possible explanations To this anomaly. The first involves the possibility that the stars of the galaxy, which would have been some of the earliest in the universe, would have created a “ionized gas bubble” around the galaxy. This possibility would imply that the primal stars would have been “more massive, hotter and more luminous” than the stars formed in later stages of the universe. This possibility would give us new clues about the enigmatic population of stars known as Population III and that represents precisely these early stars of the universe. The second possibility implies the existence of a supermassive black hole in the center of an active galactic nucleus. In Xataka | These real images were unthinkable before the Webb Telescope: they are planets orbiting other stars to 130 light years Image | ESA/WEBB, NASA, STSCI, CSA, JADES COLLLABORATION, BRANT ROBERTSON (UC SANTA CRUZ), BEN JOHNSON (CFA), SANDRO TACCHELLA (Cambridge), Phill Cargile (CFA), J. Witstok, P. Jakobsen, A. Pagan (STSCI), M. Zamani (ESA/Webb)

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