history

Google has signed the largest hydroelectric agreement in history. You no longer know where to get more energy to feed your AI

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Google closed on July 15 A historical agreement With Brookfield Asset Management worth $ 3,000 million to access hydroelectric energy for 20 years. This is the largest corporate cleaning of the world in this modality, which will allow technology to access up to 3 gigawatts of hydroelectric power in the United States. The magnitude of the problem. Artificial intelligence has triggered the energy consumption of large technology to levels never seen. According to The International Energy Agencyfor 2030 the United States will consume more energy by processing data than by manufacturing aluminum, steel, cement and chemicals together. There are studies that indicate that data centers could consume 945 theravats of electricity time globally that same year. Although of course, the same agency also concluded that the energy consumption of AI It is overestimated. What includes the agreement. The initial contract covers two hydroelectric facilities in Pennsylvania: Holtwood and Safe Harbor, which Brookfield acquired between 2014 and 2015. These plants will initially provide 670 megawatts of power, but Google will have the option of expanding the agreement to the 3 gigawatts through future updates of the facilities. At the same time, the company will invest 25,000 million dollars in data centers in Pennsylvania and neighboring states over the next two years. Why now hydroelectric energy. While previously technological ones focused on wind and lots, now They look for “firm” renewable energy sourcesthat is, they provide constant supply regardless of the weather or time. Hydroelectric energy fits perfectly in this category. Besides, Trump’s recent legislation He has maintained fiscal credits for hydroelectric projects until 2036, while those of wind and plot will lose these incentives unless they are launched before the end of 2027. The energy career. Google is not alone in this desperate search for clean energy. Meta signed an agreement for Buy the production of a nuclear plant In Illinois for two decades. Microsoft, Amazon and other technological giants also They are closing similar contracts. The pressure is such that these direct agreements have become a way that technology funds to new generation capacity, thus relieving pressures on electricity prices at home. What comes after. Google Plan Expand this model beyond Pennsylvania towards the Middle Atlantic and the US western environment. The company has already signed other pioneer agreements during the last year, including Geothermal energy No carbon and advanced nuclear. He is also working with the country’s largest electricity operator to use AI and accelerate the process of connecting new energy sources to the network. The arrival of AI in our lives has overcome any energy forecastand now it is the great technological ones that have to guarantee a constant supply of their AI at any price if they want the business to be profitable. Cover image | Greg Bulla and Nuclear forum In Xataka | The AI has folded the price of an ultrarrao metal. The problem is that we need it to store renewable energy

Samsung is mired in the deepest crisis in its history. You no longer have room to make more mistakes

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2025 is being a crucial year for Samsung. A year in which his future is being played. This reflection of Han Jong-Hee, co-director general of the company, Express clearly At what time is The largest company in South Korea: “First of all, I sincerely apologize for the fact that the performance of our actions You have not fulfilled your expectations. In the last year our company has not correctly responded to the semiconductor market for artificial intelligence (AI), which quickly evolves. “ A very important idea follows from Jong-Hee’s words: The competitiveness of its subsidiary Specialized in the manufacture of integrated circuits is essential for Samsung. Even so, the problems are being presented from several fronts. “Our technological advantage has been compromised in all our businesses. It is difficult status quo instead of generating disruptive changes “, Pray an internal statement Written by Jay Y. Lee, the president of the company. In this Samsung scenario you need your best chip manufacturing technology, 2 Nm lithographyBe a success. At the moment we know that at least two companies, the Japanese chip designer for the preferred networks (PFN) and a South Korean company specialized in the design of neuronal processing units (NPU), are very interested in their 2 Nm integration technology. And, as we tell you earlier this week, has reached an agreement with Tesla to make chips for a value of 16,500 million dollars in its Texas plant (USA). There is no doubt that the confidence of these companies is an oxygen ball for Samsung, but in all likelihood it will not be enough to relieve the stress to which it is currently subjected. The loss of leadership in the memories market has further injured Samsung Samsung has led for more than three decades the dram memory chips industry, but the AI boom has triggered something that just two or three years ago would have seemed unthinkable: now it is SK Hynix the manufacturer of integrated memory circuits that LEADS THE HBM Chips Market so much (High Bandwidth Memory) like that of the DRAM memories. The latter are those used by most of the devices with which we are familiar, such as computers or mobile phones. SK Hynix controls 70% of the Integrated HBM MEMORY Circuits market However, HBM memories are those that are integrated into those hardware solutions in which it is necessary to prioritize maximum performance, such as GPUs for Ia. In recent months Samsung has led the manufacturing market for integrated dram memory circuits with An approximate 40% quotawhile SK Hynix defended A very worthy 29%. Behind both was Micron Technology, with 26% approximately. During the first quarter of 2025 these figures have varied in a very important way. In fact, Now the leader is SK Hynix. This last company controls no less than 70% of the market of integrated HBM memory circuits, so its leadership in this sector is overwhelming. In fact, SK Hynix is the Nvidia supplier if we stick to its GPU for ia. On the other hand, this last company was erected during the first quarter of 2025 as the leading manufacturer of DRAM memories with A 36% quota. Samsung now occupies the second position With 34%. And Micron Technology follows them closely with 30%. Behind them, Chinese manufacturers of Yangtze Memory Technologies Co. (YMTC) and Changxin Memory Technologies (CXMT) During the next years SK Hynix will maintain its leadership in HBM memories, although it will lose a part of its quota due to the saturation of the hardware market for AI and the growth of competition. Samsung, meanwhile, about 25% will be stabilized market share. And finally, Micron will be the only one of these three companies that will grow up to 20% market share. These figures are just a forecast elaborated by analysts from SCMPbut they allow us to get a quite accurate idea about how this market of the semiconductor industry will evolve. Image | Xataka In Xataka | This is the chips war: a former SK Hynix employee is suspected to deliver stolen technology to Huawei In Xataka | Samsung tries

Someone has made a ranking with the greatest fines in the history of Spain and an old suspect is in the lead: Ryanair

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The fine imposed by the Government of Spain to Ryanair is the highest in the history of our country. The more than 100 million euros of sanction exceed all the records we had until a few months ago. To get an idea, the highest fine until then was just over three million euros. These are the most large fines and the companies that have received them. The highest. Without any discussion and without competitors. Ryanair received a sanction of 107.78 million euros last November 2024 on the occasion of his hand luggage policy. The sanction did not arrive alone and also punished Vueling (almost 40 million euros) and Easyjet (almost 30 million euros) for the same issue. However, Ryanair’s traffic volume is so high That by punishing the same fact repeatedly, the economic amount for the company is very high. So much so that, as we see, the two companies that accompanied him in it were well below the punishment to the Irish airline. Unprecedented. The list with the 15 toughest fines imposed by Spanish entities to companies operating in our country has collected Facua. This classification shows how, before the sanction to the airlines, the toughest fine had been for Unicaja and had stayed at 3.17 million euros. At that time, the Junta de Andalucía punished Unicaja in a package that extended to other banks that had imposed land clauses to their customers in mortgages. Rapier It was considered abusivehe entailed a very small fine with Ryanair’s. Despite being the first until very recently, Ryanair’s fine is 3,400%. Who appears? In addition to the aforementioned airlines, Norweigan was also part of that package and slipped between the 10 largest sanctions in our country. In between, Movistar (receivable in the time of the calls), CaixaBank (soil clauses), Vodafone (seven fraud among which is the deceptive advertising) and Endesa (for applying illegal rates for the rental of their light counters). It should be noted that, in addition, Movistar is the company that repeats the most in the ranking, adding up to three fines, the aforementioned and two other sanctions worth 1.53 million euros. Vodafone also repeats with a second fine of 1.19 million euros. Volotea, the fifth and final sanctioned airline, also appears here with a fine of 1.4 million. Banco Mare Nostrum (BNM) and Caja Rural de Granada are two other financial entities that close the breakdown. Has there been any consequence? Yes, although Ryanair has camouflaged him In response to rates, supposedly abusivefrom Aena at airports. Its response has been the abandonment or partial exit of some regional airports. A change of strategy propitious to the company And that, in addition, it has served to press the government, aware of the importance of these spaces. While Ryanair has been winning passengers in Spain, now he faces new fines. Some of the routes survived by the commercial agreements that Ryanair maintained with municipalities and other entities for advertising that acted as Covering line of the line. That has caused the complaint of, among others, The Mayor’s Office. Who is right? It remains to be seen. At the moment, the sanction is imposed but in Spain justice has proved both to the government and the company Despite judging the same fact: the possibility or not of Ryanair to charge for hand luggage. Until now, aerial regulations force airlines to let a lump pass that allows the “essential” to transfer. That, according to the government, cannot enter the brief measures that The company applies. Ryanair alleges otherwise And emphasize that there is no paper that proves the minimum size that the backpack has to have. The latest changes. Everything indicates that Europe is going to put on the side of Ryanair. The institutions are advancing in a new regulation to fly in which you want to stipulate a minimum measure for cabin luggage. This is slightly higher than that forced by Ryanair and The company has already made the changes to adapt to the regulations. It remains to be seen, to leave that new regulation ahead, the company would end up claiming Spain the money of the large fine with which it has punished it. This listing list shown can completely change if your claims get ahead. Photo | Nejc Soklič AND FACUA DATA In Xataka | Ryanair’s new competition does not come from any European airline: it comes from India and has an ambitious plan

‘The fantastic 4 is the most disappointing superheroes saga in the history of cinema. And the first criticisms are not optimistic

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‘The fantastic four: first steps’ is more than An essential film for Marvel: After some box office failures and a doubtful future, the company is at a point where the success or failure of this new installment of its superhero adventures can mark many future decisions. The previous trajectory of Marvel’s first family in cinemas does not give much hope, so this summer will be for Disney as essential as It is being for Warner. A delicate moment. Why do we say that Marvel is at a key point? They have had a 2024 of Impasse: They just released a movie, ‘Deadpool and Wolverine’that although it was a Great box office successdoes not easily fit into the continuity of the house, that is, it does not “guarantee” future successes, as the “you will continue” of the first phases did. In 2025, Marvel has stumbled upon two films that have worked halfway at the box office, ‘Captain America: Brave New World‘ and ‘Thunderbolts‘And, in part, they frustrate the future of the house (its most emblematic hero, new avengers …) At this point, the success of’ The Fantastic 4 is vital for the company. What comes next. The fantastic four supposes many things, and we do not speak only of a welcome and healthy turn in the aesthetics and the tone that the MCUy asked from the moment it premiered ‘Endey me‘. It also opens doors to the future, to the next Avengers and, of course, to the hopeful ‘Doomsday‘with which The Russo return to Disney. It has already been leaked that ‘the fantastic 4’ includes direct references to that future in which Marvel is putting all his wait, so he will also serve to test the real interest of the public, beyond Soponcios in the Comic-Con. What came before. The fact is that the previous history of the fantastic 4 in cinema feeds, in part, the expectation. As much as they are the groups of key heroes of the House of Ideas (well above the Avengers), they have not had luck in the past, for both reasons. Roger Corman produced An absolutely disastrous version that it was not released in cinemas and whose intrahistory is much more interesting than the film itself. At the beginning of the century two films arrived (one of them also adapting the arrival of Galactus to Earth) that were not bad but were something generic and forgettable, and whose only legacy seems to have been the chance of Qiue Chris Evans, future captain America, gave life to human torch. Finally, in 2015 we had another version, also with very interesting details, also with fateful results and that has again A more stimulating intrahistory than the film itself. And what is looking like. The film reaches the screens today, but we can access the first impressions of the press: it has a very positive 89% in Rotten Tomatoes and a somewhat more discreet 65 in Metacritic. They are, to begin with, scores much higher than those of the previous films of the characters, which suspended in all cases on both platforms (some of them as abysmal as the 2015 version, which has 9% in Rotten Tomatoes, being the Marvel film with the lowest score in history). Thus, In Variety They say that the film says it is “just what is needed to recover the public that suffers superhero exhaustion.” In Screen Rant They claim that Marvel Vuyelve “to the basics: a solid superhero film, with a lot of heart, but with little spectacular.” And Empirethat “with an exemplary cast and a brilliant new alternative universe to enjoy, this is the best movie of the fantastic four so far. And if that standard seems too low, then it is also the best Marvel movie in years.” With nuances. There are, however, some clouds on the horizon. ‘Thunderbolts’, despite its disappointing box office, has a comparable score in Rotten Tomatoes (89%), and surpasses it in Metacritic with a 68. In fact, ‘the fantastic 4’ does not even enter into The best valued Marvel Top 10 In Rotten Tomatoes, which only includes films above 90%. Data that, without a doubt, have nothing to do with their performance at the box office, but they give away what can be the Marvel Achilles heel: we may not be facing an infallible film. For example, Our Espinof companions They claimed that “throughout the second act the film becomes a Space Opera Moral that slows down the thrilling rhythm of the beginning “and put the character of Estela Silver, which” has a tiny character arc and a sudden evolution that cuts the film dry. “Despite everything, the general impression on the film was positive and” reminds us why we fell in love with Marvel. “The only way to dissipate these doubts will be attending the rooms. Header | Disney In Xataka | Marvel chronological order. The definitive guide to see all the UCM films and series

We are going through one of the shortest days in history

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If you feel that days fly, it is not just a perception of yours. Our planet is turning faster than normal. This July 22 is expected to complete its rotation 1.34 milliseconds before 24 hours, turning today the second shortest day of the year and one of the shortest since we have records. Earth accelerates. Until 2020, the shortest day registered had lasted 24 hours less 1.05 milliseconds. Since then, The shortest day of each year has overcome that threshold. In 2020 and 2021, the highest deviation was −1.47 ms; in 2022, of −1.59 ms; In 2023 he rose to −1.31 ms and in 2024 he came down again, marking the current record. The shortest day ever documented occurred on July 5 of last year. He lacked 1.66 ms to complete 24 hours. 2025 silver medal. The predictions for the summer of 2025 They pointed out three key dates in which Earth’s rotation could beat its speed record: on July 9, July 22 and August 5. Finally, the shortest day of 2025 was on July 10 with a deviation of -1.36 ms. According to the latest estimates, this July 22 will be the second most short day with a duration of 24 hours -1.34 ms. On August 5 it would be third with a -1.25 ms. The world upside down. The really fascinating thing about this phenomenon is that it goes against everything we know about the rotation of our planet. For billions of years, the land has been stopping for the friction of the tides generated by the moon. Our satellite steals rotational energy to the planet, causing the days increasingly long. In fact, it is believed that during much of the history of the earth, the days lasted about 19 hours. Why it happens. We don’t know. Some researchers They attribute it to the thaw of polar capsbut the redistribution of that mass of water to Ecuador could actually be moderating the acceleration, not driving it. Earth’s acceleration has no place in any of the oceanic and atmospheric models, so the scientific community suspects mainly from the depths of the planet. One possibility is that the liquid nucleus of the earth is slowing down its movement and, to preserve the angular momentum of the planet, this internal slowdown is being compensated With a slight acceleration of the mantle and the cortexwhich is what we experience on the surface. The second intercalar … negative. Earth’s acceleration has implications for time measurement. Since 1973, atomic watches mark the coordinated universal time (UTC). Occasionally, A “second interlar” has been added To resolve our watches with the terrestrial rotation, which Historically, he slowed down. Now, we face an unprecedented scenario: the need for a second negative intercala. If the acceleration trend continues, world timing could have to subtract a second of atomic watches Around 2029. It would be the first time in history that this type’s correction is made. Image | POT In Xataka | We know since time immemorial that the days last 24 hours. Except when the wind blows

We know exactly where and when the longest solar eclipse will occur in history: our great -great grandchildren will see it

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On July 16, 2186, the Moon will align perfectly between Earth and the Sun, creating an unprecedented eclipse. Unless Millionaire eccentric determined to rejuvenate Be successful, none of us will be here to see it. But our descendants will want to spend that day somewhere in Colombia, Venezuela or Guyana. 7 minutes and 29 seconds. The longest total solar eclipse in history will exceed in almost two seconds the duration of the record until now: the eclipse of June 15 of the year 743 AC, which reached a totality of 7 minutes and 27 seconds on the Indian Ocean, near the current Kenya and Somalia. No eclipse will have lasted so much From before 4000 ACand none will do it until after 8000 AD, so we can be sure that it will be a really unique astronomical event. The total solar eclipse of longer duration in an interval of 12,000 years. The moon will obscure South America. The historical solar eclipse of 7 minutes and 29 seconds will not occur on the mainland: the strip of totality will reach its largest duration over the Atlantic Ocean. However, northern South America will also enjoy extraordinarily long totalities. Especially in Colombia (from Cali to Puerto Ayacucho), Venezuela (from the Orinoco to Imataca) and Guyana (throughout the northern half of the country, including Georgetown). The show will not be limited to that narrow strip. Virtually all South America, including the entire Brazilian territory, can observe a partial eclipse of great magnitude. The eclipse will also be partially visible from Mexico to Paraguay, and west of Africa. In Spain, the Canary Islands will barely touch at sunset. Why it will last so long. The reason for this extreme duration is a “perfect storm” in the positions of the three bodies. The Earth will be at its point farther from the sun (its aphelium), which will make the solar disk look slightly smaller. The Moon, meanwhile, will be at its closest point to Earth (its perigee), so its apparent album will be larger. And finally, the eclipse trajectory will pass very close to Ecuador Earth. This combination maximizes the time that the shadow of the moon takes to sweep the surface of the earth. How we are so sure. Eclipses’ prediction is one of the most successful feats of computational astronomy. The scientists feed their superorders with the current positions and speeds of the Earth and the Moon, and then use Newton’s Movement Laws to know what will happen within several centuries or even millennia. These algorithms are actually models that integrate gravitational equations to project their positions in the future. And they do it with amazing precision, usually with a margin of error of less than one minute over hundreds of years. Primo brother of a recent eclipse. The total solar eclipse of 2186 belongs to the same “lineage” as the great eclipse of North America of April 8, 2024, The Saros 139 cycle. A cycle of Saros is a period of approximately 18 years, 11 days and 8 hours, after which the Sol-Tierra-Luna geometry is repeated almost identically, producing a very similar eclipse but displaced about 120 degrees to the west. The discussions among the eclipses enthusiasts already fantasize about how the hunting of this event will be in 2186. There is talk of flotles of cruises positioned in the Atlantic and flights in hypersonic airplanes to pursue the shadow and further extend the experience of totality. Although we can only imagine it, it is a fascinating reminder of how science allows us to travel in time and be witnesses, at least on paper, of the wonders that the cosmos reserve for future generations. Image | THAT In Xataka | Two European ships synchronized in space to create an artificial eclipse. It is a before and after in solar science

Archaeologists believed to know the history of the Maya. Until they found the tomb of the first King of Caracol

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Forty years are nothing. Not at least if we talk about the archaeological research of Snailan ancient and impressive Mayan city located in what is Belize today. Although the teachers Diane and Arlen Chasefrom the University of Houston (UH), they have been excavating the deposit for more than four decades had not yet found one of their Great treasures Occults: a grave of almost 1,700 years in which the remains of Te K’ab Chaak, the first ruling of Caracol and founder of a powerful dynasty that lasted for almost five centuries rest. The finding is key for what he reveals to Te K’ab Chaak, but also about his context. “They rewrite the Mayan history”, They claim From the UH. In a remote place by Belize … The Chiquibul Forest Reserve He hosts one of Belize’s most important (and impressive) Mayan deposits: the ancient city of Caracol. It is believed that at its peak came to occupy an area of almost 100 km2, with agricultural fields and careful urban planning, and welcomed 100,000 inhabitants. That without counting its geopolitical weight in the Mayan civilization and its participation in wars with neighboring towns, such as Tikal either UCANAL. One of the most fascinating constructions that has been preserved in Caracol is Caanaa majestic royal palace and ceremonies center raised around 600 or 700 AD (during the period Late classic of the Mayan civilization) and that reaches 43.5 meters high, which led its discoverers to give it the name with which we know it now: Caana, which means “place of the sky” in Maya. Ancient city, new surprises. Although the researchers have been studying the snail site for decades, they had not yet found one of their greatest treasures. At least until now. The couple of archaeologists formed by Diane and Arlen Chase, of the UH, has just discovered A surprising finding Under the canopy of an acropolis located to the right of the Palacio de Cana: a tomb of ago 1,700 years. A real grave, to be more precise. And not anyone. His dweller is You k´ab chaakwho amounted to the throne towards The 331 AD His figure is crucial in the history of Caracol for several reasons. He is considered the first ruler of the city and founded a real dynasty that would last 460 years. “We knew we had something”. A few days ago Arlen Chase He reported to The New York Times (Tnyt) The exact moment of the finding and how the archaeologists intuited that they had found something great just to take a look at the grave, the color of the cinnabar, its ceramics and the mask located on the side. “As soon as we saw the camera we knew we had something,” recalls Arlenwho still remembers what his first impression was: “My God, this is much more important than he believed.” Logical. A Te K´ab Chaak had buried him at the foot of a real family sanctuary with 11 vessels, carved bone tubes, jewelry made with jadeíta, a funeral mask made with accounts of the same material and shells of Spondylus (a genus of bivalve) of the Pacific. Among gods. “The vessels. The finding brings new clues about Te K´ab Chaak, who amounted to the throne in the year 331 of our era and whose grave is the first of three important burials dated Maya of the merchants, surrounded by offerings. Four of the vessel rulers of Caracol as part of their names “, Point out The University. Knowing Te K´ab Chaak. The finding provides information about Te K´ab Chaak, who amounted to the throne in 331 AD and whose grave is the first of three burials dated Towards 350 AD The sovereign was the first ruler of the Mayan city and set a real dynasty that would last for four and a half centuries, covering much of its history. The UH remember that the metropolis played a relevant role in Mayan history and dominated part of the southern Yucatan between 560 and 680 AD ended up abandoned around 900 DC Thanks to the remains located in the grave, the Chase have concluded that at the time of their funeral you k´ab chaak was a sovereign major, who had already lost his teeth and measured around 1.7 meters. “The early classical period is the time when the rulers claim that they supervise everything, completely away from the rest of the population. That changes at the end of the period, especially in Caracol, when after the success of the war against Tikal, they begin to share wealth with the general population. Not this person,” Comment. Does it reveal anything else? Yes. Light. And that is one of the reasons why the finding of the Chase has generated so much expectation. For a start, Remember The researchers, is the first grave of an identifiable ruler after more than 40 years of work in Caracol. It also provides valuable information to better understand its context, the connections of the Mayan world and its contact with Teotihuacánone of Mesoamerica’s greatest archaeological complexes and that in 300 AD had already become a city that marketed with all of Central America. “The Mayan monuments of carved stone, the dates, the iconography and the archaeological data suggest that the generalized Panmeso American connections occurred after an event in the 378 DC called ‘input’”, remember Diane Chase. In Caracol tombs archaeologists have found however artifacts that leads them to look at central Mexico and Teotihuacán. Problem? The burials located in Caracol date from 350 AD, “at least one generation before the recognized theotihuacan presence.” But … What does that mean? “Both central Mexico and the Mayan area knew the ritual practices of the other party, as reflected in the Caracol cremation,” Reflect Arlen Chase. The clues included in the Belize necropolis point out therefore that the first Mayan rulers maintained contacts “at the Mesoamerican level” before even the “entrance” of Teotihuacán that was recorded in their sizes. “The connections between the two regions were … Read more

A US Nuclear Submarine has just arrived in Iceland for the first time in history. That can only mean one thing: Giuk

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When 2025 United States began, a word incessantly repeated: Greenland. There was no appearance of Trump where he did not slide that Washington was interested in getting the small nation, even for the bad. Behind, of course, There was much more that an occurrence, because the island is part of a Western strategic edge that he shares with the United Kingdom and Iceland. Interestingly, the first nuclear submarine in the US has just come to stay. First nuclear scale. Yes, by first time In history, a nuclear propulsion submarine in the United States has docked in Iceland. He USS Newport Newsa fast attack unit Los Angeles classarrived in Reykiavik in a movement that underlines the growing strategic importance of the Arctic in a context of Geopolitical tensions increasingly acute. The Icelandic government only began to allow the entry of nuclear submarines in its territorial waters in 2023and this inaugural visit is part of an increasingly narrow cooperation pattern with Washington and NATO. The American navy presented the event as A “decisive moment” which reaffirms its commitment to collective defense and maritime security of the Arctic, while American diplomats in Reykiavik stressed that the operation has been carried out in full Coordination with Icelandcountry that does not have its own naval forces and depends on the allied umbrella for protection. Giuk. It We count A few months ago. The geostrategic background of the event is closely linked to the call Giuk runner (Between Greenland, Iceland and the United Kingdom), a strip of key waters through which routinely submarines of the Russian north fleet, including the advanced yasen-m Cruise missile carriers. The location of Iceland makes the island a vital control point to follow these vessels before they are hidden in the vast Atlantic and represent a potential threat to the east coast of the United States. During the cold war, Iceland housed to the 57th Hunting Wing of the American Air Force at the Keflavik base, as well as maritime surveillance detachments With P-3 Orion aircraft. Currently, this surveillance persists with modern P-8a Poseidon and with NATO fighters that rotate to cover the Icelandic airspace. The Newport News stop adds to that renewed defense network, in a context where NATO has intensified protection of underwater infrastructure after alleged sabotage acts Russian In the Baltic which alerted about the vulnerability of vital cables and conduits. Sobs on board the submarine make guard while arriving in Reykjavík, Iceland And more. As We explainYes, let’s say Russia or China cross the corridor, its location would become extremely difficult, both because of the acoustic conditions of the underwater terrain and by oceanic vastness. Thus, from those hidden positions they could launch missile attacks against objectives in the east of the American continent. In fact and in response to this, the United States formed in 2021 the so -called Task Group Greyhounda specialized group of anti -submarine destroyers Designed to counteract This specific threat. The American navy itself warned at the time that the east coast of the country already It was not a safe shelterunderlining the urgency of establishing surveillance and defense points in key areas such as Greenland. The Russian answer. The truth is that Russia has proven to know very well the value of this corridor. In 2019, he organized its greatest naval exercise From the Cold War, sending at least ten submarines through the completely submerged Giuk gap, with the aim of Reach the Atlantic without being intercepted. According to Norwegian mediathe intention was clear: to prove the capacity of the West to detect movements of his fleet and demonstrate that he could project power to the US coast. These exercises also fulfill a fund growing territorial presence. A new stage. Beyond its symbolic value, the arrival of the Newport News represents an important operational step for the United States: to have a logistic support point for nuclear submarines in the Arctic without the need for move to Scotland or northern Norway. The ship, equipped with twelve vertical launch tubes for Tomahawk missiles and anti -submarine and anti -surface warfare systems, also provides surveillance and deterrence in a region where Russia has reinforced its naval presence and has increased its military activity near Finland. Icelandic Foreign Ministry itself recognized that these visits contribute to continuous and efficient underwater surveillance that also protects critical infrastructures submerged in Icelandic waters. Since 2023, six American submarines They had already briefly entered the island waters for partial crew rotations, but this is the first stop in port, product of bilateral regulations prepared with discretion and based on similar agreements with other Nordic countries. An emerging axis. The submarine scale is not an isolated case: in 2019, B-2 Spirit poachers They also used Iceland as an advanced base, which was a novelty for both aircraft and for the island. The ability to operate from austere locations has become a key principle of the American projection strategy. Iceland, who for decades played a secondary role after the end of the cold war, is repositioning as a central node in the defensive device of NATO in the north, especially in front of the resurgence of the Russian underwater threat. This scale, therefore, is not only a naval operation, but a silent but unequivocal statement of intentions: the United States contemplates the Arctic as a theater of strategic competence in full boom, already Iceland as its new bastion. Image | USN In Xataka | We already know why Greenland is so important: the key is called Giuk and gives access to China and Russia east of the US In Xataka | In the Norwegian cold war he devised a plan underground to detain the Soviet. Invasion to Ukraine has reactivated it

After the hottest June in the history of Spain, there is a minimum ray of light on the horizon: Vaguadas

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The heat wave It comes to an end, although the high temperatures will fad down gradually between today and Thursday. The heat wave has been the culminating point of a series of warm episodes that have been repeated since the end of May and, like so many of these episodes, has seen its end with the arrival of a trough and important associated storms. A record heat. Meteorologists advance that the month of June has been the hottest since we have records. And that It is not the only record that has broken during the last 30 days. The absolute temperature record was also broken for a month of June. It happened in the Huelva municipality of El Granado, where the thermometers They got to register a maximum of 46º. As if this were not enough, June He has also pulverized Another record, that of the greatest positive thermal anomaly, 3rd Celsius above what would be common during the sixth month of the year. All that despite the fact that a month with marked meteorological fluctuations in which extreme heat episodes with brief but intense storm episodes have alternated. It has been the tonic of recent weeks and everything indicates that once again it will be the storms that free us (for now) of heat. Summer troughs. Thermal relief will arrive pushed by arrival Of a series of troughs, the extensions of a area of ​​low pressures that will bring us cold air and atmospheric instability. It is expected that the arrival of the cold air associated with these troughs interact with the stagnant warm air mass on the peninsula and part of southern Europe. Storms and hail. THE RESULT: A NEW STORM REMESTING AND THE POSSIBILITY OF HEGHOE TO CHARGE STEPORS. The appearance of convective winds (resulting from the presence of warm and humid air that ascends to high layers of the atmosphere) is one of the key factors in this context. And what do the forecasts say? The State Meteorology Agency (Aemet) foresee that during the next few days the heat (still extreme in many areas) coexist with the proliferation of “locally strong” storms. Today these storms are expected in the mountains of the northern third and this peninsular; While tomorrow the mountainous areas of the entire northern half and surrounding areas could reach, as well as at northern plateau points, half north of the South Plateau and Sierra Nevada. Uncertainty. It is still early to foresee the weather tendency of the month of July but seasonal forecasts Aemet does not call optimism. A few weeks ago the agency spoke of a high probability that the summer of 2025 be remarkably warmer than usual. In Xataka | The first heat wave in Spain has brought a new epidemic in summer: deaths during working hours Image | ECMWF

The ruins of a temple located in the Andes can rewrite the history of a forgotten pre -Hispanic civilization

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It is possible that the name Tiwanaku does not sound too much. It is not among the great most famous pre -Hispanic civilizations such as the Incas, Aztecs or Maya. However, this missing society before Europeans arrived in the South American continent reached unique dominance of their surroundings. The last discovery is proof of this. More than 200 kilometers. A team of researchers has documented A temple built by the civilization of Tiwanaku. This temple was found about 210 kilometers south of the power center of this civilization which allows us to better understand the geographical extension of the domain of this pre -Columbian culture. The state of Tiwanaku. There is little we know today about Tiwanaku. This civilization would have emerged south of Lake Titicaca, in what is now Bolivia. Tiwanaku would have managed to be one of the most powerful civilizations on the continent, but disappeared around the year 1000 of our era,, giving rise to the arrival of the Incas that would dominate the region five centuries later. This civilization would have achieved, Explain the responsible team of the new discovery, an advanced social structure and left behind traces of its architecture in the form of pyramids, staggered temples and monoliths, distributed in the vicinity of Lake Titicaca. However, delimiting the area of ​​influence of Tiwanaku is difficult among those who study this civilization. The last discovery can be helpful. The Palaspata temple. The site was baptized as the Palaspata temple in reference to the name by which the natives call in the area. As described, these ruins show a rectangular complex with 125 meters long and 145 wide. I would have had 15 quadrangular enclosures and an inner courtyard. The temple disposition would not have been random since it is aligned with the equinox. In the enclosure, fragments of Keru glasses were found, which were used for chicha consumption, a corn beer. Corn is not a local crop so The team considers that Palaspata’s environment would have been a commercial node in the Tiwanaku civilization. Combining techniques. To study the diffuse brands left by the old temple the team had to combine different satellite images, images that combined with those taken by drones with those who fly over the site. They also resorted to the photogrammetry technique, that is, three -dimensional reconstruction from multiple photographs. The details of the study were published In an article In the magazine Antiquity. Recycling the stones. Although we have just discovered the nature of this archaeological site, the environment was well known by local people. In fact, some of the stones and artifacts that constituted this temple had been “recycled” by local farmers in their own constructions. A triple border. Palaspata’s significance lies in its location as we indicated at the beginning, a “strategic” location for those responsible for the finding. This area, they explain, connected three of the main trade routes that communicated three valleys with two ecosystems: the high and fertile lands next to Lake Titicaca; The Andean Altiplano, livestock zone where the flames grew; and the Andean valleys east of Cochabamba, another agrarian region. In Xataka | We have found 21 human remains of 6,000 years ago in Colombia. They do not look like any current living population Image | José Capriles / Penn State

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