The consumption of amphetamines in Spain is concentrated in an autonomous community. And we know it with a “single” trick

The surveys are very useful for “taking the pulse” to the population, but they can also lie (or at least fool) in many ways. Not this is not a cooking thing and how its results are interpreted: sometimes the lack of truth comes from the basis, and asking for some issues can be very delicate. And a great example of this is found in illegal substances, such as drugs. OEDA report. He last report prepared by the Spanish Observatory of Drugs and Addictions (OEDA) and the Government Delegation for the National Drug Plan He investigated not only social perceptions about the drug use of Spaniards, but also in their consumption habits. One of the most striking results was the “differential clear” in the pattern of amphetamine consumption: and the report found that the consumption of this substance was concentrated in an autonomous community: Euskadi. Estimates on the consumption of this substance in the Basque Autonomous Community far exceed the state average and records in the regions treated in the report. According to these calculations, the consumption of SPEED (name with which reference is also made to this substance) oscillates, according to areas Between 700 and 2,100 milligrams A day for every 1,000 inhabitants, while in the rest of the areas of study the average estimated consumption was 24 mg/(day 1,000 inhabitants). Not as easy as it seems. Estimating the consumption of this and other substances can be complicated. In the case of illegal drugs, its illicit nature makes the task of investigating its consumption complicated through simple surveys. To this we must add the social perception of drugs as taboo, something that also applies to legal substances such as alcohol and tobacco. So how are scientists save the scientists studying these substances? OEDA reports They consult the population to know their perception of this type of substance (both legal and illegal). However, to know drug use habits follow another strategy: search in waste. Sewage. Specifically, in wastewater. Our body discards these substances or their metabolites (the compounds derived from the medicalization of a compound) through the urine, which implies that the tests end up in our wastewater and from there in the water treatment plants. The equipment responsible for the analysis took water samples in a series of purifying stations sewage (WWTP) distributed in various autonomous communities, 28 in total. The samples were taken over a week (usually in spring) in the years between 2021 and 2023. In some of the stations additional samples were taken in the second half of the year. Different habits. None of the substances analyzed presented a pattern of consumption as centered as the case of amphetamines, although in the case of cannabis, for example, some trends with the Catalan stations and the Canarian station can be interviewed indicating the areas of greatest consumption. On average, a consumption of 13 g/(day 1,000) of THC (tetrahydrocannabidiol) was estimated. The study of wastewater also gives us information about legal substances such as alcohol and nicotine. The median reading of the national WWTP ethanol showed an estimated consumption of 7.6 l/(day 1,000 inhabitants). In the case of nicotine on the other hand, the global median indicated a consumption of 1,641 mg/(day 1,000 inhabitants). Not only Spain. This type of analysis based on wastewater is not exclusive to Spain. At European level we can also find similar studies. Another recent study Performed by the European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA) analyzed consumption patterns in European countries and observed that Spain (as well as the Netherlands) showed a relatively high consumption of substances such as cocaine, MDMA, THC or ketamine. Of course, in this case, the study analyzed less water treatment stations: six located in different parts of the Mediterranean coast and one more in Galicia. The concentration of stations in the Mediterranean and absence of samples in other highly populated areas such as Madrid implies a serious limitation in this study if we want to extrapolate its results to the whole. In Xataka | Drugs, mental health and pre -Hispanic civilizations: the clash between modern medicine and millenary traditions Image | Colin Davis / Abdo Alshreef

More than 50,000 people under evacuation orders or notice for fire north of Los Angeles

CASTAIC, California, USA — Nearly 20,000 people were ordered to evacuate Wednesday as a massive wildfire moved rapidly and tore through the rugged mountains north of Los Angeles, while arid Southern California endured another round of dangerous winds and two other large fires continued to burn. The Hughes Fire broke out in the morning and within hours burned about 8 square miles (21 square kilometers) of trees and brush, generating a huge plume of dark smoke near the Castaic Lake area, a popular recreation area located about 40 miles (64 kilometers) north of the devastating Eaton and Palisades fires that are still burning after three weeks. A 30-mile (48-kilometer) stretch of Interstate 5, a major north-south thoroughfare, was closed as flames swept across hills and into steep canyons. Crews on the ground and in air tankers tried to prevent the wind-driven fire from crossing the highway and heading toward Castaic, where most of the 19,000 residents were ordered to evacuate. Another 15,000 residents in the area were warned to be prepared to leave at any time, according to the Los Angeles County Police Department. Kayla Amara drove to the Stonegate neighborhood in Castaic to pick up items from the house of a friend who had left in a hurry to pick up her daughter from preschool. While Amara was packing up the car, she learned that the fire had grown in size and decided to douse the property with water. “Other people are also spraying their houses with water. I hope there is a house to return to,” Amara said as police patrols passed through the streets and flames engulfed trees on a hill in the distance. Amara, a nurse who lives in nearby Valencia, said she has been nervous for weeks as large fires devastated Southern California. “It’s been stressful with those other fires, but now that this one is close to home it’s just super stressful,” he said. To the south of the state, officials in Los Angeles began preparing for possible rain even as some residents were cleared to return to the charred areas of Pacific Palisades and Altadena. The windy weather was forecast to continue through Thursday and there was a chance of rain starting Saturday, according to the National Weather Service. “Rain is forecast and the threat of mud and debris flows in our fire-impacted communities is real,” Supervisor Kathryn Barger said during a news conference Wednesday morning. Fire crews filled sandbags for communities while county workers installed barriers and cleaned drainage pipes and basins. Red flag alerts for critical fire risk were extended until 8 p.m. Thursday in Los Angeles and Ventura counties. Authorities remained concerned that the two large fires, the Palisades and Eaton fires, could break their containment lines as firefighters continue to monitor critical locations. For her part, Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass warned that the winds could blow ash and advised Angelenos to visit the city’s website to learn how to protect themselves from toxic air during the new Santa Ana wind event. Los Angeles County Public Health Director Barbara Ferrer warned that the ash could contain heavy metals, arsenic and other harmful materials. “Even brief exposure can cause skin irritation and lead to more serious problems,” Ferrer said Wednesday, asking people to wear protective gear while cleaning. Low humidity, extremely dry vegetation and high winds occurred as firefighters continued to battle the Eaton and Palisades fires, which have killed at least 28 people and destroyed more than 14,000 structures since they began on January 7. Containment of the Palisades Fire was 68%, and that of the Eaton Fire was 91%. Los Angeles County Sheriff Robert Luna said Wednesday that his department continues to investigate 22 active missing person reports in both fire zones. All of the people reported missing are adults, he added. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives is investigating the causes of the fires but has not released any findings. Several people who lost their homes in the Eaton fire have filed lawsuits, alleging that utility company Southern California Edison’s equipment started the fire. A judge overseeing one of the lawsuits on Tuesday ordered the company to produce data from circuits in the area where the fire started.

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