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Intel was about to snatch Apple as a client from TSMC. Having achieved its story would be another

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Apple is the largest TSMC customer. By difference. In 2021 26% of income From this manufacturer of Taiwanese semiconductors came from the signing of the apple, a figure much higher than 5.8% derived from its activity for Mediatek, which was then its second best client. All probability These numbers will barely varied In the following years. In any case, the narrow bond that these two companies have maintained has caused Apple to be a priority customer for TSMC. Those of Cupertino were the first to have access to the 3 nm lithographic node which is underway in TSMC plants in Taiwan. And Apple will have priority access, as expected, to the 2 nm lithographic node With GAA transistors (Gate-alall-around) in which TSMC will begin large -scale manufacturing for 2025. That of these two companies is a story full of complicities and alliances that have allowed both to be reinforced. However, everything was about to be very different. Intel tried to convince Apple The company led by Tim Cook began to develop its own SOC for its smartphones and tablets between 2009 and 2010. At that time Apple decided that Samsung, which is one of the three semiconductor manufacturers From the planet next to Intel and TSMC, be responsible for producing its chips. However, there was a problem: Samsung already was already one of the integrated circuit manufacturers that had some of the most advanced integration technologies, but it was also a direct competitor of Apple. This rivalry led Tim Cook to opt for other options, and one of them, presumably the most attractive, consisted of allying with TSMC and trusting that this Taiwanese company was responsible for manufacturing its semiconductors. However, this It was not the only option Cook had on the table. He also considered the possibility of working with Intel or Texas Instruments. The problem was that Intel had barely manufacturing chips for third parties, and, on the other hand, Texas Instruments integration technologies were not advanced enough. “Simply Intel does not know what to do to exercise as a chip factory for third parties” Despite all this, Paul Otellinithe general director of Intel at that time, met with Tim Cook in early 2011 with the purpose of convincing him that Intel was his best option. And it must have been very persuasive. In fact, the head of Apple decided to stop the commitment he had already reached with TSMC for two months with the purpose of evaluating Otellini’s proposal. Morris Changthe founder of TSMC, worried a lot when he learned that Tim Cook had temporarily stopped his commitment and decided to travel immediately to the US to meet with Apple’s general director. Chang has revealed during an interview with Acquired What happened during those negotiation days: “Intel’s general director approached Tim Cook and asked him to consider his company. At that time Intel was the main supplier of the Apple Mac line. I knew many of Intel’s clients in Taiwan, none of them liked it because Intel always acted as if they were the only ones who had microprocessors. Even if Intel tried to do business in good faith, he had a conflict of interest. “ However, Chang adds something else. “We have learned to attend all the requests of our clients. We always respond with courtesy, but Intel has never done that. All Intel clients in Taiwan who knew wanted to change the supplier,” recalls Morris Chang. Anyway, when the TSMC founder spoke with Tim Cook the latter had already made a decision. A decision that reassured the veteran Taiwanese engineer: “Simply Intel does not know what to do to exercise as a chip factory for third parties.” This is the phrase that, according to Morris Chang, Tim Cook said to let him know that Apple would seal his alliance with TSMC. The rest is history. Image | Asia Society | Flickr (Fortune Ceo Initiative, David Geller) More information | Acquired In Xataka | The new TSMC factory in the US has achieved something “impossible”: overcome the performance of Taiwan plants

The longest Greek papyrus found was not what it seemed. His translation has revealed an unknown story of Rome

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The tablets and papyri of antiquity are time capsules that show us a specific moment of the past fascinously, sometimes even in the first person. There is everything from The oldest trigonometric systemor from applied geometry a thousand years before Pythagoraseven stories or anecdotes that reveal us How was life thousands of years ago. Therefore, when the longest Greek papyrus was found, the world was expectant. It turns out that it was something else. A papyrus in Israel, a Roman case. An unprecedented discovery has thrown New light on the functioning of the Roman judicial system and the fight against financial crime in the eastern provinces of the Empire. An international team of researchers from the Academy of Sciences of Austria, the University of Vienna and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has published The study of a Greek papyrus of more than 133 linesthe most extensive ever found, found in the Judea desert. The document, unknown until rediscovery in 2014offers a direct testimony of a trial for fiscal fraud and falsification of documents in the Roman provinces of Judea and Arabia, a region shaken by Jewish uprisings against Rome in the I and II DC centuries As we will see, life then was not as different from what it is today. A legal testimony of imperial Rome. The papyrus, initially Erroneous classified as Nebateoshe remained forgotten for decades until Professor Hannah Cotton Paltiel realized something. When examining it in the Parchment Laboratory of the Israel Antiques Authority, it identified its true nature. That finding motivated the formation of a specialized team to analyze its content, later confirming that it was actually, of notes of prosecutors in a trial against Roman officials on the eve of the Kokhba Bar Revolt (132-136 AD). Not just that. The document of the document is surprisingly dynamic, showing procedural strategies and discussions among prosecutors on the strength of evidence. An exceptionally well documented case within the judicial context of the province of Judea, comparable in importance, for example, to the process of Jesus, especially in terms of written evidence of Roman procedures in the region. A fiscal fraud scandal. As for the pure content of the same, the judicial case documented in the papyrus involves two defendants, Gadalias and Sauloswho operated a network of fraud based on fictitious sale and fraudulent slave manumission without paying taxes required by Rome. Gadalias, son of a notary and possibly Roman citizen, had a criminal history of violence, extortion and falsification of documents. For his part, Saulos, his accomplice, designed the scheme to avoid Roman taxes, using counterfeit documents to register non -existent transactions. The punishment. Under Roman law, falsification and fiscal fraud were serious crimes, punished with forced labor or even the death penalty. The arrest of Gadalias and Saulos not only responded to its criminal history, but also happened in a context of growing political tension. His case, in fact, developed between two great Jewish revolts: The diaspora revolt (115-117 AD) and The Kokhba Bar Revolt (132-136 AD)which led the Roman authorities to suspect that their activities were linked to a conspiracy against the Empire. By the way, the papyrus mentions TO TINEIUS RUFUSthe governor of Judea when the revolt of Bar Kokhba exploded, and places the activity of the defendants in the context of the visit of the Adriano Emperor to the region in 129-130 AD said connection suggests that The Romans saw any illegal activity in the area suspiciousespecially those that could be interpreted as acts of challenge to imperial authority. Economic and social implications. One of the most intriguing aspects of the case is the lack of an obvious economic benefit in the fraudulent liberation of slaves, which raises questions about the motivations of the accused. Among the hypotheses that are considered is the possibility that the case was linked to the traffic of people or the Jewish tradition of redeeming Jewish slavespractice based on biblical precepts. Not just that. The document also provides valuable information about the Roman legal administration in the Eastern Mediterranean, Confirming the application of institutions such as the judicial tours of the governor of Judea and the mandatory jurors in the provincial courts. These structures, widely documented in Egypt, can now be confirmed in other regions of the Empire, which reinforces the image of Rome as that highly organized state with a legal supervision system that even reached the most remote areas. The enigma of the papyrus. He Papiro P. Cotton was found in Judea’s desert, possibly in a cave used as a refuge During the Kokhba bar revolt. It happens that its conservation is a mystery, since judicial documents rarely survive outside the Roman archives. According to historians, it is possible that the trial will never reach its outcome due to the outbreak of the conflictwhich would have led the defendants to hide and carry that document with them. Be that as it may, we are facing one of those findings that occur very occasionally, an extraordinary discovery that provides us with an unprecedented look at the administration of justice in the Roman provinces of Judea and Arabia and that gives us an idea, not Only of the legal mechanisms of the empire, but also of the political and social tensions that marked the time, especially in a region where resistance to Rome was constant. Power, yesterday and today. If you want also, the writing says a lot about how the political elites of Rome worked, demonstrating how the empire regulated the economy and fought fraud even in their further territories, in addition to suggesting that the Romans saw with suspicion any illegal activity in contexts of political agitation, interpreting it as a potential threat to its domain. Politics and power, after all, have not changed so much since then. Image | Israel Authority Antiquities In Xataka | This clay tablet can be the oldest applied geometry example that is known: a thousand years before Pythagoras In Xataka | We have discovered Plato’s tomb in carbonized papiros … Read more

NVIDIA’s story is that of a survivor when all its competitors disappeared or were bought

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In 1998 NVIDIA was on the verge of go bankrupt. The rivalry that graphics chip manufacturers sustained during the 90s of the last century and the first decade of the current one killed many of them. In fact, as Tae Kim explains to us in the highly recommended essay book ‘The NVIDIA Way’only the company led by Jensen Huang survived in a saturated industry that still suffered from obvious immaturity. During the second half of the 1990s, between 80 and 100 companies competed in the PC graphics market, as Kim confirms in his work. Some of them were well known to users, such as Matrox, 3dfx Interactive, S3 Graphics, ATI Technologies, Hercules, Cirrus Logic, Intel, Trident, Number Nine Visual Technology or Rendition, while others were fighting to make their way in a market whose size It was at that time much smaller than today. Tae Kim argues that only NVIDIA has survived for one reason: it is the only company of all those I have mentioned so far in this article that remains as it was at that time. Most of them no longer exist, and those that remain have either been bought by other companies, such as ATI Technologies, or have had an unstable presence in the PC graphics hardware market and have made a living from other businesses, such as Intel. Jensen Huang is where he is thanks to his perseverance and intuition In his book Tae Kim assures that NVIDIA has overcome the critical moments it has faced thanks to Jensen Huang. Many of the decisions this executive has made during his career have been guided by ‘The innovators’ dilemma’one of his favorite books. Its author, American university professor Clayton M. Christensen, maintains that not dedicating the resources necessary for innovation It leaves the way free to do so for other companies that can afford to risk and bet everything on innovation with the purpose of consolidating themselves in the market. Jensen Huang has always been attentive to both talent coming from universities and strengthening his competitors. Christensen’s teachings have inspired Jensen Huang and helped him define NVIDIA’s business strategy, but, according to Kim, the company is still competing today thanks to two qualities of Huang: his perseverance and his intuition. In 1998, TSMC, which already then manufactured NVIDIA chipsran into a production problem. The latter company was running out of money, but Jensen Huang reacted and convinced three of the PC graphics card manufacturers he worked with. “Our technology is good. We will give you a 10% discount on the IPO when we go public. You just have to give us some money now,” Huang promised them. And it worked. His conviction and firm belief in the potential of his products got NVIDIA out of the quagmire, but the recipe for his success has other ingredients that we cannot ignore: his intuition and his good eye when it comes to recruiting talent. Huang has always been attentive to both talent coming from universities and strengthening his competitors. The signing of Dwight Diercks proves it. Jensen Huang followed Scott Sellers closely before he co-founded 3dfx Interactive. When the latter company went bankrupt in 2000 and was bought by NVIDIA, Huang questioned Sellers: “Which engineers are really good among all those who have been part of your team? Who are the stars?“Sellers did not hesitate to praise Dwight Diercks. And he ended up at NVIDIA. Jensen Huang is the alma mater of his company, but it is clear that he is fully aware of how essential the people he works with are. The Nvidia Way: Jensen Huang and the Making of a Tech Giant (English Edition) *Some prices may have changed since the last review Image | NVIDIA Bibliography | ‘The NVIDIA Way’by Tae Kim In Xataka | We can forget about AI without hallucinations for now. NVIDIA CEO explains why

The story of how brown was commercially imposed

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If I ask you to close your eyes and imagine an egg, it is very likely that egg was white. Gallina eggs, both in the collective imaginary and in popular culture, are white. And, however, nine out of ten eggs They are sold to the public in Spain are brown. Why are the eggs no longer white? Where have they gotten? Egg shell. The most direct answer is that they have not gotten anywhere. The color of the eggs, in principle, depends on something very simple: the color of the chickens. In very general termsdark plumage chickens give brunette eggs and light color chickens give white eggs. And I say in general terms because there are blue eggs, pink, green beige and even broken white. There are various theories that explain thisbut the most popular tells us that they are adaptations of the different species of chickens to favor camouflage and survival in nature. Beyond that evolutionary reason, the color gives a bit the same: because there are no organoleptic differences in eggs according to their flavor. This, of course, does not solve the mystery of the disappearance of white eggs but makes it deeper. The reign of white eggs. During the 50s and 60s, when egg production began to ‘intensive’, Spanish farmers White chickens began to introduce. It made sense, They were varieties They lived longer and were more productive. It was no coincidence: the Leghorn variety, one of the most popular, had been selected in the US, England and Italy for more than a hundred years. That genetic advantage ‘continues to occur today: according to the data of poultry varieties in Germanywhite chickens put about 450 eggs in 18 months, while browns that put about 380. In addition, white are smaller (they occupy less space, they eat less) and less aggressive. The result is that white eggs have 9% less costs than brown. And what happened to them? The brilliant success of white eggs had a problem: in a country that had urbanized very quickly (and in which a good part of its population maintained contact with the rural world), consumers They began to associate The white color with intensive and industrial livestock. Actually, taste, nutritional value or egg quality They do not depend of color. They depend on things such as the good health of the animal, the physical activity they perform or its food. Therefore, for decades the farm eggs were at a disadvantage with which those who put small farms in the market (or raised at home). Like those small farms used local varieties (that is, brown), the identification between brunette eggs and camperus eggs caught in the collective imaginary. The market response … When the producers realized this, they began to modify what they took to the market: little by little, the linear of the supermarket were filled with brunette eggs and the white eggs were redirected to the hospitality or industrial food (where going at the price is more important). … but from the Spanish market. It is important to take this into account: in countries like Germany, white eggs are kings and In the Netherlands they have more and more weight in the market. In the United States and England, you can find the two types of major problem. That (above all, taking into account what has happened in other European markets) leads us to ask ourselves if it is possible that white eggs end up returning to supermarkets. To the extent that there are no substantial differences between some eggs and others, until when will prejudices last the white eggs that lead us to ignore something as “objective” as the price? No one knows it for sure. Above all, because unlike small markets such as the Dutchman (in front of the German), Spanish is a very difficult bone to crack for foreign competition. However, we already know The little that these balances last. Image | I fuck a lot In Xataka | Why you have to keep the eggs in the refrigerator if they do not have refrigerated in the supermarket

One guilty twin, another innocent twin: the tragic story of two brothers

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Kevin Dugar He closed his eyes as he heard the echo of his cell door closing once again. He had been in an Illinois prison for a decade, facing the weight of a wrongful conviction that had taken away his freedom, his relationship with his daughter and his dreams of a better life. In 2013, when autumn filled the cells with cold, an unexpected letter changed his life: his twin brother, Karl, admitted to being the real person responsible for the crime for which Kevin had been sentenced. Kevin and Karl Dugar shared much more than their identical appearance. They grew up in an impoverished Chicago neighborhood, dressing alike and playing at confusing teachers and friends. They were inseparable, known by their common nickname, “Twin.” “We will always be one,” they used to say as children, but that promise fell apart over time. During their adolescence, both fell under the influence of local gangs. Although Kevin tried to leave that dangerous world behind, Karl sank deeper into violence. On March 22, 2003, that disconnect between their paths came to a head when a rival gang member, Antwan Taylor, was shot and killed. Witnesses described the shooter as a man dressed in black who fled to a nearby park. The police investigation quickly linked the case to the Vice Lords, the gang to which Kevin had belonged. Although there was no physical evidence, The testimonies of 2 witnesses affirmed that he was responsible. One of them, Ronnie Bolden, claimed to be able to distinguish between Kevin and Karl, but did not know their real names. The inconsistencies in the testimonies went unnoticed at the trial, and in 2005 Kevin was sentenced to 54 years in prison. Kevin’s battle to prove his innocence From the beginning, Kevin maintained his innocence. The detectives offered him a deal: confess to the crime in exchange for a reduced sentence. However, he flatly refused. “I am not going to plead guilty to something I did not do,” he declared repeatedly. Despite his efforts and his lawyer’s arguments about the lack of concrete evidence, the jury found him guilty. While Kevin was serving his sentence, Karl visited his brother in prison. Although Kevin shared the details of his case with him, Karl remained silent about his own responsibility. It was 10 long years before Karl confessed the truth in a letter sent from another prison. The confession that defied the judicial system “Brother, I am the one to blame. “I can’t go on living with this,” Karl wrote in the letter Kevin received in 2013. In it, he admitted having been the author of the crime that had destroyed his brother’s life. Kevin was paralyzed as he read the words he had been waiting for for years. Despite the shock, she mustered the courage to ask Karl to turn himself in and testify. In 2016, Karl declared in court that he was responsible for the murder. However, his testimony was dismissed. Prosecutors argued that Karl, who was already serving a 99-year sentence for another crime, had nothing to lose by taking the fall. Even the judge expressed doubts about their credibility, citing the twins’ history of swapping identities to deceive others. Kevin’s case attracted the attention of Northwestern University’s Center on Wrongful Convictions. A team of lawyers and law students took up his case, analyzing the inconsistencies of the trial and the importance of Karl’s confession. They argued that a jury would have reached a different conclusion if they had access to all the evidence. Finally, in 2021, an appeals court granted Kevin a new trial, recognizing that the circumstances of the case warranted review. Although this did not mean an automatic declaration of innocence, it opened the door for Kevin to regain his freedom. On January 25, 2022, Kevin Dugar was released from Cook County Prison after nearly 2 decades behind bars. Although being out of prison is a step forward, his path is far from easy. He currently lives in a halfway house, under strict conditions, while he awaits a final resolution of his case. Kevin faces the challenge of rebuilding his life. He dreams of restoring his relationship with his daughter, who grew up without him, and finding a way to heal after years of injustice. “I have no hard feelings towards Karl. He’s my brother. He is not to blame for my being in prison; “That was the system,” Kevin told The Guardian. However, his words carry an emotional weight that reflects the complexity of his situation. Reflections on an imperfect judicial system Kevin Dugar’s story is not an isolated case. It highlights the systemic failures of a judicial system that often ignores critical evidence and relies excessively on unreliable testimony. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of initiatives such as wrongful conviction centres, which work tirelessly to correct miscarriages of justice. The case also shows the devastating impact of individual decisions in the context of a close family relationship. Karl ultimately chose to confess, but only after years of silence condemned his brother to a life behind bars. Kevin’s future remains uncertain, but his determination to rebuild his life and stand firm in his innocence inspires those fighting against a system that too often fails those who need it most. Keep reading: * Texas father guilty of capital murder after strangling daughter during video call* Iowa man sentenced to 55 years in prison for kidnapping ex-girlfriend* Man sentenced to 9 life sentences for decades of sexual abuse of girls

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