origin

Now the science ‘guilt’ to the origin of livestock

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For a long time it has been a suspicion, a logical hypothesis but difficult to prove: that our decision to Domesticate animals and live with them unleashed the great pests that have ravaged humanity. Now, the biggest study of ancient DNA of pathogens ever has confirmed it. An thorough analysis. Analyzing 1,313 human remains of up to 37,000 years old, a team from the University of Copenhagen has created a genetic map of diseases and has found the exact moment in which everything changed: about 6,500 years ago, with the arrival of livestock. A 37,000 years map. The study, published in the prestigious Nature MagazineIt is not a simple confirmation. It is a time trip at the molecular level that draws 37,000 years of the silent struggle between humans and pathogens in Eurasia. The results in this case demonstrates that the change to an agricultural and livestock lifestyle was the entrance door for the Zoonotic diseasesthose transmitted from animals to humans, which drastically increased the burden of morbidity and molded our history and our own genetics. How they did. To achieve this feat, the scientists analyzed sequencing data of 1,313 old individuals, covering from the upper Paleolithic to historical times. In their teeth and bones they found the genetic footprints of a true catalog of horrors of the past. What diseases they found. After performing this molecular analysis, they were able to determine the presence of several diseases that now heard them can enter normal, but the same did not happen at that time. To understand them better, they can be summarized as follows: Bubonic plague (andErsinia Pestis): They identified 42 cases, 35 of them completely new, greatly expanding the map of the plague in ancient times. Lepros (Mycobacterium leprae): It was detected in seven individuals in Scandinavia, appearing from the Iron Age, which supports the theory that the trade of squirrel skins could facilitate its transmission. Recurring fever (Borrelia recurrentis): A disease transmitted by lice with high mortality. The study points to 34 new cases, demonstrating that it was a much more common plague than was thought. Hepatitis B: 28 cases were found, confirming their presence for millennia. Malaria: nine infections located in three different species of Plasmodium, with the oldest case dated in the individual of the Bronze Age in Central Europe. The moment in which everything changed. The most resounding conclusion of the study is that although the human being has always lived with pathogens, those of Zoonotic origin They are not detected until about 6,500 years ago. Its appearance coincides with the generalized domestication of livestock and the beginning of large -scale agriculture. The peak of these new diseases was reached about 5,000 years ago, a period that coincides with the great migrations of the pastors of the Euroasy steppe, who, together with their herds, could have acted as transmission vectors throughout the continent. Why not before. “It is a beautiful idea that makes sense: livestock brought zoonotic diseases. But there really is very few overwhelming tests about it,” Martin Sikora saidauthor of the study. Until now, the evidence was scarce because most infections do not leave visible marks in the bones. But as they point out in the study, examining a large number of pathogens and looking for some temporal trend that will support that hypothesis has managed to find the necessary evidence. Older plague cases. The team has identified the presence of Y. Pestis In three individuals between 5,700 and 5,300 years ago, located in western Russia, Central Asia and Lake Baikal. This finding pulverizes the previous record (a woman in Sweden from 5,000 years ago, also discovered by them) and defies the idea that the first plague outbreaks were isolated events. An millenary coinfection. A hunter-gatherer who lived in Russia 11,300 years ago showed evidence of a double infection in his body: diphtheria (C. Diphtheriae) and Helicobacter pylori. This is a fairly unusual combination that demonstrates how complex the world of diseases is, even before agriculture. We are the children of the Neolithic (and its pests). For Carles Lalueza-Fox, geneticist of the Institute of Evolutionary Biology of Barcelona, ​​this work is a fundamental step to understand the pandemics not only as tragedies, but as “engines of social and political change” and factors that have modeled our genomes. In this way, the study provides the direct evidence that was missing for one of the most important transitions in human history. The Neolithic Revolution not only brought us agriculture, villages and eventually, cities; It also inaugurated a new era of diseases. Images | Stijn Te Strake National Institute of Allergy In Xataka | The ten most common (and deadly) diseases that we do not know, we cannot or do not want to cure

We have detected a mysterious and very potent radio signal of a nearby galaxy. And its origin is a complete enigma

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In March 2025, an energy pulse as powerful as the one that emits our Sun in several days hit the earth. It lasted just a few milliseconds, but its detection, and above all, the location of its origin, mark a before and after modern astronomy. Now a team from Northwestern University has managed to identify the origin of the fast radio gust (FRB) brighter ever registered. Although there are still many questions to answer. What is a fast radius gust. To understand the magnitude of this finding you must first know what we are talking about. The astronomers themselves describe THE FRB LIKE a cosmic lighthouse of immense power that ignites during a fraction of second In a vast and distant universe. These signals are incredibly energy and travel for millions of light years to reach the earth’s telescopes. Detect one of these bursts It is already an achievement. However, the real challenge is Respond to the origin of these bursts of energy. Until now, the frb that were repeated, which gave scientists multiple opportunities to triangulate the position, had been precisely located. Now they have done it with only one signal. A “photo” with unprecedented precision. The protagonist has been baptized as FRB 20250316A which was detected on March 16, 2025. To achieve this, it is where our current technological capacity enters. Thanks to a telescope network called Chime Outriggerastronomers were able to locate this burst of energy with an amazing accuracy of 13 parsecs, which is equivalent to 42 light years. If we move this measure to the universe itself, we could talk that they have been able to point out a specific house in an entire city seen from space. Something that marks preceding, is that the first time it is achieved for a burst that has apparently been a unique event. An origin that was almost empty. The address from where this signal came to a spiral galaxy called NGC 4141. At that time, all the great telescopes of the world, from the MMT in Arizona to him Keck in HawaiiThey turned to observe that little corner of the universe. Everyone tried to look for some explanation to this event, but what they found did not square them at all. And it is that in the exact place of the outbreak of this signal there is nothing. Not a supermagnnetic neutron star (a Magnetar), Neither a nebula, nor any continuous radio source. A very quiet neighborhood. When looking around the point that scientists had located, you could think that there would be something spectacular. But nothing is further from reality. It was seen that the signal could not come from another close place. Specifically, the formation of stars closest to the localized point is 190 Persecs away. In this way, the origin is located in a really quiet region of the universe. There have been no more repetitions of the event. Despite looking intensely for months, the signal has not reappeared. This is key. Many frb are “repeating”, emitting bursts sporadically. If it were, given its closeness and power, we should have detected weaker pulses. Statistical calculations are clear: the probability that it is a known repeater and we have only seen this bright pulse is very small (with a tension of more than 3.7σ, a very high level of certainty in physics). What could cause this signal. This combination of factors puts the main theories about the origin of FRB. The most accepted hypothesis is that they come from young magnetares, neutron stars with incredibly powerful magnetic fields. These objects are usually born in active star formation regions. The fact that FRB 20250316A is displaced from its “cradle” could mean that the Magnetar He is older of the one that is thought (between 200,000 and 3 million years) and has moved away. However, this clashes with the active life that is presupposed to these objects. The study also rules out other scenarios, such as outbreaks gamma rays Recent The “cleaning” of the environment and the lack of any residual glow in radio or X -rays do not fit with the models of cataclysms such as the Fusion of two neutron starsat least not immediately. The beginning of a new era. Beyond the enigma of the origin of this particular signal, this phenomenon marks a before and after in astrology. The capacity of the Chime/FRB system to locate unique events with this precision The field will revolutionize. It will no longer be necessary to wait for a source to be repeated to be able to study it in detail. Now, astronomers will be able to create a large -scale map of the environments of hundreds of FRB, allowing to compare the unique bursts and those that are repeated every so often. Perhaps in this way we discover that, after all, not all FRB are born from the same type of event. We may be facing two (or more) different phenomena that produce the same type of signal. The universe is plagued by mysteries. From how The stars were formed to him How the ‘big bang’ formedthey still have Many intrigues For our scientists. This makes every time there are more fronts in open -open astronomy And also the hardware field for put our best teams pointing to space with the aim of increasing our knowledge. In Xataka | There is a radio signal arriving at Earth since 1988. The pulsar from which an important mystery is hidden

The science behind one of the AI pillars has an origin as unexpected as unknown: pigeons pecking for food

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Imagine a missile guided by a dove. It sounds absurd, but it happened in the middle of war: someone proposed to train them to Picute the target from a screen and thus redirect the projectile. The system was never usedbut left something more powerful than the anecdote: A way of learning based on proof, error and reward. The comparison helps to understand logic, but it is not literal: today there are no birds in algorithms; What is maintained is the idea of strengthening behaviors through signals. That logic, simple and direct, is the one that many artificial intelligence models follow. What was previously an answer conditioned by food, is now a score, a preference or human indication that the model learns to pursue. The test and reinforcement mechanism was not lost over time. In the 1940s and 1950s, the American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner formalized that idea with his theory of “operant conditioning”: A behavior increases its probability of repeating itself if its consequences are positive. Although behaviorism was displaced by approaches focused on mental processes, its logic found a new field in computer science. Since the end of the seventies and, above all, in the eighties and ninety, Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto applied it to the design of artificial agents capable of acting, receiving a signal and adjust ‘Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction’. As Mit Technology Review points outthe idea of molding behaviors without resorting to fixed rules became a useful tool to teach machines. From the 1980s, reinforcement learning began to be implemented in algorithms that explore simulated environments, fail, receive feedback and try again. They do not follow human instructions step by step: learn based on the result. This approach proved to be especially effective in tasks with clear objectives, such as games. And it was there that he gave one of his most visible jumps. Alphago’s story marked a before and after in artificial intelligence. In March 2016, he beat South Korean Lee Sedol 4-1 in a series of Go games. He succeeded by combining supervised learning of human games and reinforcement learning. A year later, Deepmind was one step further with Alphago Zero. Instead of training with human data, he started from scratch and learned playing against himself: each victory reinforced his strategy, each defeat the corregía. In 40 days he surpassed not only the human championbut also to all the previous versions of Alphago himself. Today, reinforcement learning is not only used in games; It is also used to refine the models behind services such as Chatgpt. The OpenAI system incorporates a technique known as Reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF): people compare model responses and those preferences become a signal that guides their evolution. According to Openai, this phase seeks to align the behavior of the model with the user’s intention. It does not learn explicit rules, but patterns that maximize the reward, that is, what receives better assessments. Reinforcement works, but it doesn’t work for everything. Its effectiveness depends on the signal being well defined and represents the objective well. If it is confused or poorly designed, andThe system can adopt ineffective or even problematic strategies. This has fed a scientific debate. Some biologists have indicated the paradox: Association learning is considered limited to animals, but is celebrated in AI when it produces advanced results. It is no accident that great technology have adopted this approach. More than 80 years after that experiment with pigeons, their pecks are still present in the technology we use every day. Images | Nist Museum | Google | Xataka with Gemini 2.5 Pro In Xataka | The strange case of the diminutive AI: how tiny models are taking the colors to the mastodons of the AI

Toyota already knows that the gap with Tesla and Byd has its origin in its Japanese company culture

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We are living the future. The transition to the electric car and how this is being carried out will define what we will see in the coming years. With a changing political environment, hard emission regulations for Europe And a Chinese market that seems to Just look at borders insidethe investments that are made and the focus of how the future is faced will be key. Right now, saying what will be the design of a traditional car brand to ten or fifteen views is little less than adventurous. There are those who assume that Tesla has reached her roofthat Chinese manufacturers have complicated to follow Breaking barriers (economic and psychological in consumers) and that Toyota, very conservative, is the one who is playing the smartest game. And there are those that defend with cape and sword that Tesla has created a new way of understanding the vehicle, based on software. Also that China carries the front and that it is only a matter of time that we embrace throughout Europe the Byd, Nio, Xpeng and, of course, Xiaomi proposals. They are usually the same as they point out that Toyota is only taking the first steps of their decline or, at least, a logical setback given its brand strategy. Be that as it may, decade and a half will have to know who is right. However, we must recognize the latter who, in part, Toyota is concerned about how things advance internally. Also that you are taking measures to solve it. And that your business culture is key. The software as an example of a major problem We counted a few weeks ago that in Toyota they were worried about the way of working in the company. In their collaboration with Byd in China they had discovered that the company of the neighboring country worked at a devilish pace implementing changes in record time. They explained then in Reuters that much of the secret were in the evidence that each new change passed before being approved. While European manufacturers made thousands of kilometers before giving green light to each small modification, Chinese brands preferred put it as soon as possible on the street And, if necessary, apply changes when the vehicle development phase was already very advanced. That cultural shock is even more pronounced with Chinese manufacturers. Consulting specialized in the automobile market have already advanced to Toyota and the rest of Japanese manufacturers that their business culture, in which it is about working on the same concept and repeatedly improve it in search of perfection, is outdated. Then the Caseoft company already encouraged them to expedite the deadlines and think about electric cars from scratch and not only as a purely electric alternative of their combustion cars. This would allow them to save on components (applying plastic instead of more noble materials) and directly eliminate some of them (such as reinforcements that make sense not to transmit vibrations inside the car but lack them when what moves the vehicle is a combustion engine). On that path to adapt to the new times, Bloomberg Explain that Toyota has hired Code Chrysalisa Start Up based in Tokyo specialized in software development. That consultant says that Toyota has already understood the importance that software will play in the future but “remains slow.” Code Chrysalis is organizing intensive camps in Silicon Valley to improve the programming knowledge of Toyota employees With the latest ads about its upcoming electric cars and plug -in hybrids, Toyota confirmed that had worked in software completely renewed and anticipated that they would show more details when these cars are launched to the street. In the presentation of the new TOYOTA RAV4 It was specified that we were facing “the first step towards vehicles fully defined by software.” Already in May, Financial Times He echoed that Toyota had put a greater effort to evolve his software, understanding that in the future it will be a purchase value (if it is not already). With them, we knew that Toyota looked at Chinawith the aim of evolving and learning from those who have revolutionized the interior of their vehicles. Now we also know that, by the hand of Code Crysalis, the company is organizing camps in Silicon Valley to learn coding intensively and then try to replicate what they learned in its future models. However, in Bloomberg They point out that part of these chosen employees are disappointed Because they understand that efforts are still insufficient. In fact, the media indicates that the division designed to develop software has not been directly integrated into the vehicle development chain and that, among hands, have digitalization projects that affect the entire company. For some of the workers, the strategy is still too conservative. In your information, Bloomberg He explains that the company follows a too conservative philosophy in which those who have a long curriculum within the company are greatly rewarded and the labor harmony over risks. They put as an example the case of a worker interested in autonomous driving who, however, when he entered the company, he was doing a quality control of low importance quality. It is just another example of what Toyota defends as Kaizen philosophy. A business culture directly linked to a philosophical posture in which it is preferred to improve until the exhaustion is known before taking a new product and starting from scratch, on a blank paper. It is not accidental, therefore, that the company’s strategy is (at least for the moment) strikingly conservative. Toyota does not stop repeating that they will sell the proper car (electric, plug -in hybrid or combustion vehicle) In the right market. At the same time, what is undeniable is that they have a five years being the company that sells the most cars. The big doubt is whether in decade and a half we will be talking about the first steps of its stagnation or the winning strategy in front of a competition that launched into the arms … Read more

The US every day trusts less than China. Now plan to prohibit the use of submarine cables of Chinese origin

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The distrust held by the US and China is absolute. And probably both countries have solid reasons not to trust the other. After all, they are struggling to get world supremacy. The last sample of distrust has been put on the table the nation led by Donald Trump. And is that the Federal Communications Commission, known in English as FCC (Federal Communications Commission), wants to ban submarine cables of Chinese origin used to connect USA with the rest of the planet. This American institution is responsible for regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, telephone, satellite and cable, so it has power to execute a prohibition like this. In fact, Brendan Car, the president of the FCC, holds in a statement That his intention with this measure is to defend the integrity of the US Internet connection infrastructure in the face of the security threat that China represents. This initiative is also supported by the Plan “America First” that the Trump administration officially launched in February this year. In the current context, submarine cables are more important than ever “Submarine cables are the anonymous heroes of global communications. In fact, they transport 99% of Internet traffic,” Brendan Carr assures in its statement. “As the US builds the data centers and the infrastructure necessary to lead the world in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and next -generation technologies These cables are more important than ever. “Although it does not express it clearly, Carr’s statement contains a very important message that we cannot overlook. “We have witnessed how submarine cable infrastructure has been threatened in recent years by foreign adversaries, such as China” What the FCC fears is that China, which is climbing at full speed in the manufacturing industry of submarine cables, uses its technologies to spy on the US. Currently the companies that lead the production of these cables reside in France, Italy, USA and Japan, but HENGTong Group, Zhongtian Submarine Cable, Orient Cable and Dosese cable, All of them Chinese companiesThey are increasing their competitiveness and market share. Car proposes to adopt a double approach. On the one hand, it aims to encourage the use of US repair and maintenance of submarine cables, as well as completely reliable technologies from foreign countries. And, on the other hand, it aspires to discourage the use of Chinese technology in global infrastructure by imposing additional restrictions on its use in any underwater cable that connects to the US. “We have witnessed how submarine cable infrastructure has been threatened in recent years by foreign adversaries, such as China,” Brendan Carr in its statement. This is not at all the first time that the US launches an initiative to prohibit the use of Chinese technology in its communications infrastructure. In fact, in 2019 the Donald Trump government prohibited using telecommunications equipment manufactured by Chinese companies ZTE and HUAWEI. This was one of the most important chapters of the conflict held by the US and China for almost a decade. More information | Tom’s hardware In Xataka | 2025 has started with another cut cable cut. The problem is where and the suspect: in Taiwan and China

Blue Origin now has a golden opportunity to advance Spacex on trips to the moon. And he is taking advantage of it

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The Lunar exploration panorama has changed with the new US administration. Blue Origin, the Jeff Bezos space company, is strategically positioning to capitalize on the recent turbulence of the NASA Artemis program. Short. With Boeing and Lockheed Martin outside the future lunar missions after the Cancellation of the SLS Rocket and the Orion shiptwo companies are the clear favorite to reconfigure the NASA Artemis program. Although Spacex has led the commercial narrative so far, its focus centered on Mars and the Technological developments of competition They could offer Blue originated a window to, if not advance, at least equate forces in the race towards our natural satellite. First flight this year. John Couluris, the leader of Blue Origin’s lunar efforts, has revealed New details about architecture and The road map From the company’s missions to the moon. In a presentation of the Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative Conference, Couluris said Blue Origin planned to do A demonstration flight without crew from its lunar module Blue Moon Mark I to the South Pole of the Moon before the end of the year. Blue Moon Mark I. Blue Origin’s first lunar module was designed to launch aboard the new Glenn rocket. Driven by a single be-7 engine of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, can transport up to 3.9 tons of load anywhere in the lunar surface with a precision in the alun of less than 100 meters, according to Blue Origin. The Mark I will not only serve as a test bench for technologies of the future Blue Moon Mark II ship, Yes with the ability to carry astronautsbut it will transport commercial and NASA useful charges to the Moon, including an experiment to measure the impact of the BE-7 engine on the lunar surface. Blue Moon Mark II. Blue’s true bet for dominating trips to the Moon is its Blue Moon Mark II, capable of taking four astronauts or between 20 and 30 tons of load to the Moon, depending on whether it is the reusable or disposable version. Here the newly announced Cislunar Transporter comes into play, a key piece that improves Blue Origin’s strategy with that of Spacex and its gigantic Starship ship. This vehicle, also driven by BE-7 engines, is designed to transport up to 100 tons of load from the low terrestrial orbit to a lunar orbit. Cislunar Transporter. Blue Origin’s lunar architecture begins with a New Glenn rocket by placing the transport in the low terrestrial orbit. Additional rocket launches would take advantage of the upper stage of the New Glenn to fill the liquid hydrogen and oxygen tug tanks. Once full, the Transporter southern would travel to an almost rectilinear halo (NRHO) next to the moon. The Blue Moon Mark II lunar module, thrown into another New Glenn, would go to that same orbit, where it would be attached to the transport to recharge its tanks, obtaining the necessary fuel to alunize and return to the NRHO. Simpler than Starship. Blue Origin’s architecture is easier than the HLS system of Spacex, in which a starship stays in terrestrial orbit and has to be coupled with several starship-cysterna (a maximum of eight, a maximum of eight, a maximum of eight, According to Elon Musk) Before recovering enough fuel to travel to the moon. On the other hand, Blue Origin is moving forward in the storage technology of cryogenic propellants without evaporation (“Zero Boil-Off”) that he hopes to demonstrate in June 2025 to solve one of the main problems of liquid fuels in long-term missions. An opportunity. These Blue Origin advances charge special relevance to the drastic cuts proposed for NASA. The 2026 budgets propose the cancellation of the SLS rocket and the Orion ship after the Artemis III mission, scheduled for 2027, which will use a Spacex starship to transport astronauts from the lunar orbit to the satellite surface. This dismantling of the Artemisa program As we know it leaves a vacuum that the White House intends to fill with rockets and commercial ships that allow more ambitious subsequent lunar missions. Although Spacex with Starship is an obvious candidate, Blue Origin is making it difficult. Images | Blue Origin In Xataka | The last eeuu slap to Europe has sounded up to space: NASA has just left ESA with Artemis

We knew that the space spheres were at some point in the universe. We have a new theory about its origin

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The universe is full of spherical objects: stars, planets, black holes and a part of the satellites that we can find in our environment have more or less round shapes. However, there are other types of spheres (or rather other types), spheres that are not formed of compact matter but whose circular nature can be captured by our instruments. Teleios. A few days ago, an international team led by researchers at the Western Sydney University announced The discovery of a unique object spherical located in our own galaxy. Although the main hypothesis about the origin of this object is in the outbreak of an IA type supernova, the team admitted that some pieces did not fit. This leaves the door open to different possibilities. One of the details we know about this object is that it can be detected “almost exclusively” in radio frequencies, something not so conventional in this type of objects. This and other details of the discovery make the object an immense enigma. An enigma that does not even escape its location. The problem of distance. We know that this sphere is found at a not very large distance from our solar system, inside the Milky Way. The problem is that the team responsible for its study has only been able to delimit two possible distances to which the object could be found: either at around 7,175 years-years of us, or about 25,114 light years of our location. This has an obvious involvement and we don’t know what size this sphere is either. If we assume that it is located at the closest point, its size would be about 45.7 light years in diameter. However, it could also be further and be larger: it would be more than 156.6 light years of length if it was found in the farthest location contemplated. Unknown age. The size is in turn a temporary implication. Being an explosion, the object would have formed from inside out, as an expansive wave. That is, if the radius of this explosion is longer, we would be facing a burst occurred longer than if we were watching a shorter radius. The team’s estimates indicate that, if located at the closest point, the supernova that this remnant would have left would have been given less than one millennium; While if it was about the location, we would be talking about an event that occurred more than 10,000 years ago. The problem of X -rays. One of the enigmas that surrounds Teleios has to do with the X -rays or, rather, with the absence of these. The models used by the equipment suggest that the remnants of a supernova as the detected should emit radiation not only in radio frequencies but also in X -rays. IAX type supernovae. The fact that this is not the case has led the team to raise a somewhat different hypothesis: that it is not the remnants of a Ia supernova but of a IAX type. The IAX supernovas are a subtype of the former. The IA Supernovas occur in binary systems dominated by a white dwarf star that absorbs the subject of its companion star until reaching a critical mass that leads it to explode. The explosions of this type of supernovas are very predictable: as they always explode when reaching the same critical conditions, these supernovas shine with a predictable intensity. But not always: There are cases in which the outbreak is lower speed and luminosity. Something that makes these supernovae unique is that they leave behind a important remnanta “zombie star” that we cannot find in conventional supernovae. This hypothesis however poses another problem, and for this to be the case, Teleios would have to be much closer to our planet than the estimates of the team itself posed. As noted, none of the hypotheses raised can answer all the issues raised by this enigmatic object, so more observations will be necessary and determine exactly what we have in front. Askap. The finding of G305.4–2.2, another designation for teleIos, was made in the context of the creation of the evolutionary map of the universe or EMU (Evolutionary Map of the Universe), A work done by the Askap Observatory (Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder). The team recently sent an article to the magazine Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia detailing the details of the finding. The drafteven under review, it can be consulted through the repository Arxiv. ORCS. In recent years it has been done relatively common Topar with strange circular objects with a certain resemblance to teleIos. Some of these objects are usually classified as a strange circle of radio or orcs (Odd Radio Circles), A name that already accounts for the strangeness they generate in astronomers. These circles usually occur in the Intergalactic space So the scale in which they are given is different from that of Teleios. Initially cataloged as Supernovas, these circles still consider an important enigma for astronomers. In Xataka | We have a new explanation for dark matter. We have found it in superconductivity Image | SUPERNOVA TYCHO, NASA/CXC/SAO/JPL-CALTECH/MPIA/HIGH CALAR/O. Krause et al.

Barcelona began to excavate to build a parking. Ended up discovering a medieval ship of 10 my and uncertain origin

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His intention was to build a new parking, but the team in charge of the works of the Ciutadella del Coneixementin Barcelona, ​​has ended up doing something very different: finding an archaeological finding that has already captured the interest of the historians of the Catalan capital. And it’s normal. What technicians have located under the ground of the city, to five meters Under the sea level, it is neither more nor less than a medieval long -won over 10 meters long and three wide. The first studies estimate that the boat dates from the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries, but questions are left to answer. What happened? That the Barcelona subsoil has just given a surprise (and a joy) to historians. Another one. A few weeks ago, during the construction works of the future Parking of the BSM in the Ciutadella del Coneixement, archaeologists located the remains of a ship that, according to the first estimates, would date from the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries. It is not the first once the work on the site of the old Mercat del Peix brought to light remains of historical interest, but as Recognize The Archeology Service of the Barcelona City Council is “exceptional”. Good proof is that the town hall has launched A statement (and a wide image gallery) to value the wreck and team of archaeologists in charge of documenting the remains has spoken with the means to clear some doubts. What have you discovered? The “partial remains Of a sunk ship “, a boat that ended up wafraling or abandoned and priori (already waiting for her to advance her study), experts have dated between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. To be more precise, during their investigation, archaeologists have found a structure formed by thirty notebooks and part of the wooden pieces that covered the exterior of the fuselage. In total the pec ten meters long for just over three wide. “The tables are nailed in the notebooks with circular section timber, a kind of wooden nails that served to join the parts. Two longitudinal pieces set with iron nails are also preserved,” details The City Council Archeology Service. In the world’s surroundings, very fertile sand and alms have also been located that include “organic remains” of interest, such as hazelnut seeds or even pineapple remains. Do we know anything else? In addition to date it around the fifteenth and sixteenth, experts They point that the construction style of the ship was common in the Mediterranean medieval and extended throughout Europe from the mid -XV. They are however Some questions for responding, as its exact origin or what function I played. To clear some of those unknowns archaeologists are also investigating the remains of seeds and alms that surround the wreck. What will happen to him? The City Council He has stressed The importance of the finding because it is “a unique source of knowledge” on navigation and naval construction techniques that were used in the Barcelona of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, not everything is in his favor. The remains are found in a “very fragile state of conservation”, which forces experts to be cautious. To prevent the soaked from drying and degraded by being exposed to the weather, the technicians have partially kept it with the sand that has been used for centuries. The objective of the Archeology Service of Barcelona and the Archaeological Museum of Catalonia is now to document the remains and “guarantee the conservation” of the wreck, which has already been baptized as ‘Citadel I’. “The first actions have included three -dimensional documentation works, the marking of the pieces, the sampling and the preparation of the transfer in containers full of water that ensure the temporary conservation of the remains,” The Consistory requires. The materials will be transferred to “specialized facilities” so that they can treat them with water and hydrosoluble wax, a substance with which the structure is to be reinforced. What tells us about Barcelona? The wreck is not interesting only for the boat itself and what can be told about medieval navigation or naval. Another key is what can tell us about the development of Barcelona. After all, the remains appeared in the old Mercat del Peix, at a depth of more than five meters under sea level. Archaeologists have already They slid that its location can be related to the transformation of the maritime front. “The finding, which from a technical point of view is known as melter, is part of a historical context of transformation of the maritime front. From 1439, with the construction of the first artificial tenazes, the dynamics of the coastline was altered and the sand bar known as the task, which had protected the city for centuries” Clarify The City Council. In 2008 it was already located A similar ship near the station of France. Images | Barcelona’s Decrease In Xataka | We finally know what sailors ate at the high seas in the 16th century. Thanks to the CSIC and a sunk galeon

The price of olive oil in origin has returned to “normality.” What everyone wonders is what happens to supermarkets

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Every week, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food publishes the price of oil at source and The last bulletin is full of good news. The price of ‘liquid gold’ before reaching bottling, distributors and supermarkets has returned to the levels prior to the ‘boom’ of recent years. Now the most difficult is: this reaches supermarkets. When did the oil price start uploading? Actually, the price of oil began to rise erratically from the beginning of the Ukraine War. The explanation is simple: Ukraine was one of the largest producers of vegetable oils in the world. As soon as the problems began, manufacturers around the world went to other types of oils and that raised the price of oil (also driven by the increase in energy, fertilizers and oros agricultural inputs). It was, however, a conjunctural price increase. However, like Cristina G. bolinches pointed at eldiario.esthe situation began to complicate in autumn of 2022, when the Ministry of Agriculture warned that the harvest was going to be abnormally low. From that moment on, a roller coaster of ups and downs that now, finally, reaches its term. What price do we talk about? According to the Ministryon March 16, the 100 kilos of oil in origin were at 406.04 euros. A little (very little) above the traditional profitability threshold of the dry land. Before the war, the price became lower, but to this we would have to discount the inflation and rise of costs. In addition, the trend (although slowed) remains positive. In Italy, for example, the price Still still in the clouds. The price in supermarkets. In the lines of the stores the price has also dropped. Above all, if we take as a reference the 12 euros per liter of virgin oil of extra olive that was requested in the worst moments of 2024. Right now, the liter (in white marks) can be found at 5.80 euros, according to Bolinches. The problem is that in October 2022, just when the price of oil was at these prices, the liter You could find 3.2 euros per liter. Rockets and feathers. It is, however, a well -known phenomenon in other goods. When the Brent barrel rises in price, the fuels experience strong and almost immediate growth. On the other hand, when you go down, prices They fall much more moderate. In the case of oil, in addition, it is logical. It is enough to remember that the largest distributor in the world, deoleo, lost 34 million euros Only in 2023. All that entity that has some power in the market will try to soften the price drop to square the accounts at the end of the month. In this sense, the fall in origin evidence that producers are still the weakest leg of the entire framework. After years walking on the tightrope, they need income to stay alive. Above all, in an environment in which prices can fall even more. When will ‘normality’ return to the supermarket? A priori, it’s a matter of time. The rains of the month of March They predict good conditions for the next harvest. It is true that everything can still be twisted, but it is the stimulus that the market needed to assume that they don’t have much time. Of course, the months of March They are becoming more wet And that has long -term implications. It will be necessary to see how all these climatic changes affect the Olivos Sea and, by extension, to our diet. For now, everything seems to indicate that the sector is getting interesting. Image | Fulvio Ciccolo | Eduardo Soares In Xataka | For centuries, olive leaves were used to feed cattle. Now some grenadines want our nutrition to revolutionize

Blue Origin will cut 10% of your workforce

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Blue Origin has managed to put into orbit The imposing rocket New Glenn And, according to Jeff Bezos, It could become bigger than Amazon in the future. But for now, its priority is to reduce costs and increase the number of releases. To achieve this, the space company has announced the dismissal of “about 10 percent” of its workforce. With a template of about 14,000 employees, Blue Origin will cut about 1,400 positions, According to Reuters. The layoffs will be concentrated especially in Florida, Texas and Washington. In these last two locations, respectively, the suborbital launch installation of the New Shepard rocket and the company’s headquarters stand out. Blue Origin cuts The most affected areas are engineering, R&D and project management, in addition to a reduction in the management team. The announcement has surprised manyespecially after the recent advances of the company. However, the decision seems to respond to the need to make some adjustments to continue sailing in this complex business. Dave clean, CEO of Blue Origin, held a meeting with the employees and pointed out that “there is no easy way to communicate this.” The executive also talked about the successes that the firm has had in recent months. However, he reflected on the necessary steps they must take to guarantee their operation during the next three to five years. “We realized, with great regret, that we are not in a position to achieve the success that we really aspired to achieve,” he added. With these measures underway, Blue Origin hopes to have greater agility To, among other things, climb the manufacture of the New Glen, financed largely by Bezos, and turn it into an operational launch system. Today, access to space to “low cost” is a land dominated by Spacex. The company founded by Elon Musk has no rival and takes most of the military and commercial contracts. Blue Origin wants her piece of the cake and, although she still has her way to go, she seems completely deciding to get it. Images | Jeff Bezos (Instagram) In Xataka | NASA is developing a Hubble super telescope capable of observing exoplanets. And only two rockets can launch it

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