longest

We know exactly where and when the longest solar eclipse will occur in history: our great -great grandchildren will see it

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On July 16, 2186, the Moon will align perfectly between Earth and the Sun, creating an unprecedented eclipse. Unless Millionaire eccentric determined to rejuvenate Be successful, none of us will be here to see it. But our descendants will want to spend that day somewhere in Colombia, Venezuela or Guyana. 7 minutes and 29 seconds. The longest total solar eclipse in history will exceed in almost two seconds the duration of the record until now: the eclipse of June 15 of the year 743 AC, which reached a totality of 7 minutes and 27 seconds on the Indian Ocean, near the current Kenya and Somalia. No eclipse will have lasted so much From before 4000 ACand none will do it until after 8000 AD, so we can be sure that it will be a really unique astronomical event. The total solar eclipse of longer duration in an interval of 12,000 years. The moon will obscure South America. The historical solar eclipse of 7 minutes and 29 seconds will not occur on the mainland: the strip of totality will reach its largest duration over the Atlantic Ocean. However, northern South America will also enjoy extraordinarily long totalities. Especially in Colombia (from Cali to Puerto Ayacucho), Venezuela (from the Orinoco to Imataca) and Guyana (throughout the northern half of the country, including Georgetown). The show will not be limited to that narrow strip. Virtually all South America, including the entire Brazilian territory, can observe a partial eclipse of great magnitude. The eclipse will also be partially visible from Mexico to Paraguay, and west of Africa. In Spain, the Canary Islands will barely touch at sunset. Why it will last so long. The reason for this extreme duration is a “perfect storm” in the positions of the three bodies. The Earth will be at its point farther from the sun (its aphelium), which will make the solar disk look slightly smaller. The Moon, meanwhile, will be at its closest point to Earth (its perigee), so its apparent album will be larger. And finally, the eclipse trajectory will pass very close to Ecuador Earth. This combination maximizes the time that the shadow of the moon takes to sweep the surface of the earth. How we are so sure. Eclipses’ prediction is one of the most successful feats of computational astronomy. The scientists feed their superorders with the current positions and speeds of the Earth and the Moon, and then use Newton’s Movement Laws to know what will happen within several centuries or even millennia. These algorithms are actually models that integrate gravitational equations to project their positions in the future. And they do it with amazing precision, usually with a margin of error of less than one minute over hundreds of years. Primo brother of a recent eclipse. The total solar eclipse of 2186 belongs to the same “lineage” as the great eclipse of North America of April 8, 2024, The Saros 139 cycle. A cycle of Saros is a period of approximately 18 years, 11 days and 8 hours, after which the Sol-Tierra-Luna geometry is repeated almost identically, producing a very similar eclipse but displaced about 120 degrees to the west. The discussions among the eclipses enthusiasts already fantasize about how the hunting of this event will be in 2186. There is talk of flotles of cruises positioned in the Atlantic and flights in hypersonic airplanes to pursue the shadow and further extend the experience of totality. Although we can only imagine it, it is a fascinating reminder of how science allows us to travel in time and be witnesses, at least on paper, of the wonders that the cosmos reserve for future generations. Image | THAT In Xataka | Two European ships synchronized in space to create an artificial eclipse. It is a before and after in solar science

China wanted to be the queen of high -speed trains. So he built all the longest bridges in the world

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Although Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are immersed in a war for have the highest skyscrapers in the worldwhen we talk about megaconstructions, there is no one to have China. It doesn’t matter if we talk about tunnels, Dams, roads and even half -skyscraper. And, when we talk about bridges, there yes There is no rival. From time to time They complete a new pharaonic bridgebut if there is something that shows China’s muscle about it, they are the bridges of the Beijing-Shanghái line. Because it is in it where the three longest bridges are located in the world. Massive and … boring? He Great Danyang-Kunshan bridge It is the longest bridge in the world. It measures just over 164 kilometers and can also be the most boring bridge in the world. The reason is that it is a bridge in which functionality prevailed. It is part of the high -speed network that joins Beijing and Shanghai and in its construction, 10,000 workers used 450,000 tons of steel and 2.3 million m3 of concrete to give life to a structure that had to endure possible ships of ships and the impact of earthquakes. It has 2,000 pillars, 22 tunnels, it has an average altitude of just over 30 meters and trains circulate at a speed of more than 320 km/h. Declaration of intentions. The most striking thing is that it only took four years to complete the work. It is an achievement if we consider that other bridges, such as the Constitution of Cádizthey took more than seven years for about three kilometers. They began in 2006 and the works were completed in 2010, inaugurating both the bridge and the line in 2011. The investment? 8,500 million dollars, and although in later bridges we have seen an aesthetic intention by the engineers, that of Danyang-Kunshan was a declaration of intentions. It became a global reference in rail engineering, but above all in a sample of the Technological advance of the country when undertaking the Infrastructure construction large scale in record time. It is something that has also attracted attention to subsequent works, the speed at which things do, especially, in many occasions of works of great complexity. In dark red, the bridge. In clear red, part of the full line Beijing-Shanghai, a monster. Because although this bridge Have the Guiness record in length and it was an important technical advance, the most imposing thing is that it is only a piece of the puzzle that supposes the high -speed line Between Beijing and Shanghai. It is a connection with a length of 1,318 kilometers and, apart from that of Danyang-Kunshan, there are three other bridges that are on the list of the 10 longest in the world. He Great Bridge of Cangde measures 115.9 kilometers and the Great Tianjin Bridge It “stays” at 113.7 kilometers. The three are the longest in the world, and in the seventh place on the list is the Great Bridge of Beijingwith 48.2 kilometers. The four were completed for the inauguration of the line in 2011, assuming a pharaonic work and, in total, representing a third of the total line length. The artificial island of the Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macao bridge, which is a bridge over the water until it becomes a submarine “bridge” It is called obsession. Because, if we look at the list of the longest trains in the world, China is a constant, monopolizing with eight structures the top ten positions. Not only are they very long bridges to house train lines (the Weinan Weije It has 102.7 kilometers, but it is not from the Beijing-Shanghai line), also for roads. The fifth longest bridge in the world is Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macaohe longest maritime bridge With 55 kilometers (and, this yes, quite attractive), the eighth of the list is the Quingdao Haiwanwith another 44.5 kilometers of road and the tenth is the bridge of line 1 of the Wuhan Metro with 37.7 kilometers. Within those positions of honor, we only find a 54 -kilometer Thai bridge, the Band Na Expresswayand the Lake Pontchartrain Road in the United States with 38.4 kilometers. Images | Mnxanl(2) Pechristener, Highestbridges In Xataka | Three highways, 20 access ramps: China has the most diabolical exchanger in the world in Huangjuewan

NASA’s longest -lived astronaut has returned to the land in his 70th birthday. We are left without the best space photographer

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There are ways and ways to celebrate a birthday, but few like Don Petit’s. He NASA’s longest active astronaut He returned to Earth after seven months at the International Space Station just the day he turned 70. A bittersweet milestone because, although it is healthy and safe, we lose the unique perspective of one of the best photographers of space. Delicated landing in the kazaja steppe. 220 days after its launch aboard the Soyuz MS-26 Russian capsule landed on the plains of Kazakhstan Together with his crew companions, the Russian cosmonauts Aleksey Ovchinin (53 years old) and Ivan Vagner (39 years old). The landing occurred without technical setbacks, although with a small scare: Pettit needed immediate medical attention when extracted from the capsule. The cameras captured him practically motionless after landingwhich revived the debate on the Russian practice to expose the crew instead of prioritizing its intimacy, as is done in the United States and China. 70th birthday, and farewell? “When our capsule lands on those desert plains, I will be literally on the other side of the earth, almost 19,000 kilometers from home. However, I will be at home,” Don Pettit wrote from the orbit shortly before returning. A reflection that puts in perspective what ‘home’ means after seven months seeing the earth 400 km high, from the International Space Station. This has been the fourth space mission for Petit, which accumulates a total of 590 days in space. Despite being NASA’s longest astronaut, it is only the tenth human being that accumulates more time outside the earth. With 48 active astronauts in the space agencythe last incorporated in 2022, it should be thought that this could be its last mission to space. Goodbye to the ISS photographer. If we will miss this astronaut is his extraordinary ability for photography. Pettit is one of the best photographers who have gone through the ISS and during this last mission, he has given us spectacular images again: The dairy and Starlinks: one of its last captures shows the core of our galaxy and zodiac light, with Starlink satellitous steles crossing in the frame Reimaginated terrestrial landscapes: using infrared filters or playing with the reflection of the sun, Petit reveals hidden details of oceanic currents or terrestrial geology with an almost pictorial quality Atmospheric phenomena: captured impressive northern lights during the intense new year solar activity and contributed to the study of elusive “transient light events” (Tles), electric discharges on storms Long exhibition: Master of this technique, has created iconic images of stars steles or the night lights of cities turned into rivers of light by the Iss orbital movement More than photos. Chemical Training and Scientific Engineer rather than Astronaut, Pettit’s creativity is not limited to photography .. invented A cup of coffee to drink without straw taking advantage of the surface tension of the microgravity fluid. And a device that compensates for the movement of the International Space Station to obtain more clear nightcare photos on Earth. It is also Famous for his “Opportunity Science”small experiments carried out in their free time to demonstrate physical principles in microgravity. To play with drops of water charged electrostátically to freeze ice sheets To study their crystals with polarized filters in the freezers of the station. With the return of Soyuz MS-26, expedition 73 is under the command of Japanese Takuya Onishi. He is accompanied by NASA Astronauts Anne McClain, Nichole Ayers and Jonny Kim, and Russian cosmonauts Kirill Peskov, Sergey Ryzhikov and Alexey Zubritsky. In Xataka | The best photos from the International Space Station are made by the same astronaut: Don Pettit

The longest land border in the world made by the human being is a gigantic firewall between the US and Canada

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One of the most controversial borders of the last weeks is, curiously, one in which there are no war conflicts: the one that separates Canada from the United States. It is a peculiar border, with numerous rural points without surveillance and whose straight line looks like a gigantic firewall visible from spaceliterally dividing what he finds in his path. And, although it seems that something like this is a vote of confidence among good neighbors, the latest events show that even the world’s least monitored border can become tensions scenario. The longest in the world. It extends along the whopping of 8,891 kilometers and, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris Of 1783, there were the first steps to define limits in the territory of future United States and British Columbia. It was the moment in which the United States War of Independence was put an end, but the final demarcation of the border would take more than a century to arrive, and would do so in the form of a gigantic firewall. Literally: There is no need to throw imagination: that central line extends thousands and thousands of kilometers The ‘firewall’. The upper image represents a tiny border segment, in one of the rural areas. It is taken from Google Maps Because it is a border of the most visual (and I encourage you to throw a rare sailing through the app discovering curious cases). If a river or a mountain range does not physically separate the territory, Canadians and American are distanced by a gigantic firewall who, in much of the border, is still a straight line that divides forest, rural and even cities. The entire central part of the border and even the Pacific responds to that design based on parallel 49 After the Treaties of Paris and Jaythere were still fringes that would not be resolved until decades later, but one of the decisive moments arrived at the London Convention of 1818. In it, the 49 parallel was established as the border between the two countries, from the Lake Forests to the Rocky Mountains. In 1846, the Oregon treaty The witness collected, continuing the decision that the 49 parallel marked the border from the roco mountains to the Pacific, except a Vancubert that remained in the northern domains. The firewall and a road portion that gets into Canada … and returns to the US Even so, there were borders that were still clear, such as Alaska, so arbitration was created specifically designed for that border. In 1908 the border was consolidated in the International Limits Commission. It was then that the decision was made to physically demarcate the division, creating an immense firewall or strip that definitely marked the limits of each country. The border is full of these markers that delimit the state to which each area belongs Together, but not scrambled. Imagine that you are playing a video game and you want to define a division without you care where the lines fall. Well, a similar case is the one that is lived in some locations that have part of the territory in the United States and part in Canada. It is not that there are curious cases such as Mexico City (which on one side of the street are in the State of Mexico and, in the other, in Mexico City), but that there are buildings with a division that marks that its plant is in two different countries. An example is the Library of Derby Line, Vermont, or Stanstead, Quebec (depends on the side of the border on which you are). On the floor of the reading room there is a black line that marks the country where you are, being one of the most curious cases, but not the only one. In Vermont and Quebec there are houses that catch in the middle of the border, cases such as the Halfway house, which was a tavern/hotel built in 1820 before that part of the border was established and other examples of land with part in the United States and another part in Canada. The house in the US, the tools house in Canada Golf cart parked in the US, Hoyos in Canada Half of the house pays taxes on one side, the other in the other. It is a joke, but there are few constructions that share country Point Roberts. But there are not only lands split in half: also areas that belong to one of the two countries and those that are only land link through the opposite nation. Maybe Alaska is the most famous – also the largest – and, although connected by the Arctic and the Pacific through ship, if you want to go by land you can only through Canada. Point Roberts is one of the curious examples. It is located in the state of Washington and is the ‘piquito’ of a peninsula only accessible by land through Canada. It is one of those cases in which you cross a street and pass from the Canadian city Delta to the American Point Roberts. Point Roberts Something similar occurs with Elm Point, a small uninhabited cape surrounded by lake except by the north, being Canadian territory and the only way to access by land. There are many more examples like this, such as the island of Province whose southern end belongs to the United States and where we can see another example of that firewall we were talking about before. Elm Point Elm Point closely Machias Seal. But of course, so many situations of a territory cut by the border gives rise to some tensions, and the best example of this is that of the Machias Seal Island. It is an island in the Gulf of Maine that is administered by Canada, but which the United States claims as theirs. No one lives, but there is a lighthouse built in 1832 in which Canada maintains Coast Guard personnel. And the reason for this interest on the … Read more

To build the longest world bridge, China turned to a peculiar material: bamboo

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Although Saudi Arabia and Arab Emirates are immersed in a particular war for have the most beast buildingstalking about megaconstructions is to automatically look at China. The Asian giant has some of the works more tremendous, impossible bridges and even Higher abandoned skyscraper in the world. And one of those pharaonic constructions is the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao bridge. With a length of 55 kilometers, it turns out that it is not only formed by steel and concrete: the secret ingredient is bamboo. And according to those responsible, continue like the first day. The bridge. After six years of planning and another eight of construction, in 2018 China opened the imposing bridge that connects Macao and Zhuhai. Its 55 kilometers, 6.2 of them underground, allow to convert a trip that previously lasted three hours into a ‘walk’ of just 30 minutes. And something that resonated in its day was the 420,000 tons of steel (which would be equivalent to 60 Eiffel towers), its more than one million cubic meters of concrete and the flexibility necessary to support typhoons and earthquakes. It is a barbarity, with an underground stretch that disappears and emerges from the sea It looks like a ship, but it is one of the two inputs/exits of the sea Bamboo. It turns out that the mixture added a plant: bamboo. And it is something that is not so weird, since, as we can read In South China Morning Post, China is the largest bamboo producer in the world and is something to give way. In the aforementioned bridge, this element was used on the panoramic platforms that are found throughout the same and the official newspaper Science and Technology commented a few days ago that, after six years installed, these panels have resisted sunlight, typhons and The corrosion of seawater, keeping “as solid as ever.” One more element. Lou Zhichao is a member of the Bamboo Research Institute of the Forestry University of Bamboo and pointed out that, apart from in China, bamboo occurs mainly in developing countries, which gives China a unique advantage and position to the time to process this bamboo. His team, in fact, has been developing more advanced technologies to process bamboo a decade, causing the process to emit less co₂ while encouraging the use of bamboo under constructions due to a relationship between resistance and weight higher than some alloys of some alloys of some alloys of steel. In addition, it can replace wood, plastic and steel itself in some constructions. Bamboo II. Now, although it has interesting properties, it also has a problem: it is prone to decomposition. This means that when bamboo facilities are done, toxic preservatives must be used that make the material much less ecological. The chickens that come through those that come out in environmental matters, basically. And, precisely, the Zhichao team has been working in recent years. One of its latest advances in research is a heat treatment that eliminates nutrients that cause the accelerated decomposition of the material. This allows to reduce its processing time by 50% while increasing durability outdoors without antimoho treatments. Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas airport. You don’t have to go to China to see great structures in which bamboo is clear protagonist. In Spain we have examples such as Madrid airport Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas, in which the roof of terminal 4 is formed by lames 100 mm wide of bamboo sheet. In total, there are 200,000 m² of bamboo with fire resistance and was the ideal material due to the peculiar curved forms of the terminal roof design. It is also a material that was raised for the Futurist Ciudad Oceanix City And the protagonist of the bamboo towers that Paris wants to build for 2050. And scaffolding. Beyond in places as punished as a bridge in such a complicated area and applications in other buildings, bamboo is absolute protagonist in Hong Kong. Specifically, in its skyscrapers, like an exoskeleton that really is a system of Scaffolding During the construction of buildings. For the rest, Zhichao continues to work to expand the use of bamboo as high quality material for several reasons. One because it absorbs 50% more co₂ than common trees. Another because it is estimated that its crop and market benefits some 50 million people throughout the country. And, therefore, he hopes that the government “finance the development of key technologies and reinforce regulation by national and local standards to boost the industry.” Industry tech. Apart from in structures, bamboo is positioning as a material that can be very useful in other sectors. An example is that of consumer technology not as an element that goes within the devices, but as part of the packaging. A few years ago, on a visit to the Innovation Center of Lenovo, They told ushow they were starting to use bamboo in the boxes of their laptops. Bamboo box to the right. On the left too, but after a year underground. The reasons were environmental due to the degradation of their fibers in normal conditions in nature. In fact, it can be buried directly in the garden to use it as fertilizer. In the photo that we leave just on these lines you can see two boxes, one new and one after a year underground, to appreciate its degree of decomposition. And, that sustainability is one of the keys (along with many others, of course) of decarbonization. Images | Xataka, Moso, NRG800, Chronus, HMZB, Chris 73, Kamakura In Xataka | After 120 years of growth, a Japanese bamboo has just flourished. And that is a problem

The longest Greek papyrus found was not what it seemed. His translation has revealed an unknown story of Rome

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The tablets and papyri of antiquity are time capsules that show us a specific moment of the past fascinously, sometimes even in the first person. There is everything from The oldest trigonometric systemor from applied geometry a thousand years before Pythagoraseven stories or anecdotes that reveal us How was life thousands of years ago. Therefore, when the longest Greek papyrus was found, the world was expectant. It turns out that it was something else. A papyrus in Israel, a Roman case. An unprecedented discovery has thrown New light on the functioning of the Roman judicial system and the fight against financial crime in the eastern provinces of the Empire. An international team of researchers from the Academy of Sciences of Austria, the University of Vienna and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has published The study of a Greek papyrus of more than 133 linesthe most extensive ever found, found in the Judea desert. The document, unknown until rediscovery in 2014offers a direct testimony of a trial for fiscal fraud and falsification of documents in the Roman provinces of Judea and Arabia, a region shaken by Jewish uprisings against Rome in the I and II DC centuries As we will see, life then was not as different from what it is today. A legal testimony of imperial Rome. The papyrus, initially Erroneous classified as Nebateoshe remained forgotten for decades until Professor Hannah Cotton Paltiel realized something. When examining it in the Parchment Laboratory of the Israel Antiques Authority, it identified its true nature. That finding motivated the formation of a specialized team to analyze its content, later confirming that it was actually, of notes of prosecutors in a trial against Roman officials on the eve of the Kokhba Bar Revolt (132-136 AD). Not just that. The document of the document is surprisingly dynamic, showing procedural strategies and discussions among prosecutors on the strength of evidence. An exceptionally well documented case within the judicial context of the province of Judea, comparable in importance, for example, to the process of Jesus, especially in terms of written evidence of Roman procedures in the region. A fiscal fraud scandal. As for the pure content of the same, the judicial case documented in the papyrus involves two defendants, Gadalias and Sauloswho operated a network of fraud based on fictitious sale and fraudulent slave manumission without paying taxes required by Rome. Gadalias, son of a notary and possibly Roman citizen, had a criminal history of violence, extortion and falsification of documents. For his part, Saulos, his accomplice, designed the scheme to avoid Roman taxes, using counterfeit documents to register non -existent transactions. The punishment. Under Roman law, falsification and fiscal fraud were serious crimes, punished with forced labor or even the death penalty. The arrest of Gadalias and Saulos not only responded to its criminal history, but also happened in a context of growing political tension. His case, in fact, developed between two great Jewish revolts: The diaspora revolt (115-117 AD) and The Kokhba Bar Revolt (132-136 AD)which led the Roman authorities to suspect that their activities were linked to a conspiracy against the Empire. By the way, the papyrus mentions TO TINEIUS RUFUSthe governor of Judea when the revolt of Bar Kokhba exploded, and places the activity of the defendants in the context of the visit of the Adriano Emperor to the region in 129-130 AD said connection suggests that The Romans saw any illegal activity in the area suspiciousespecially those that could be interpreted as acts of challenge to imperial authority. Economic and social implications. One of the most intriguing aspects of the case is the lack of an obvious economic benefit in the fraudulent liberation of slaves, which raises questions about the motivations of the accused. Among the hypotheses that are considered is the possibility that the case was linked to the traffic of people or the Jewish tradition of redeeming Jewish slavespractice based on biblical precepts. Not just that. The document also provides valuable information about the Roman legal administration in the Eastern Mediterranean, Confirming the application of institutions such as the judicial tours of the governor of Judea and the mandatory jurors in the provincial courts. These structures, widely documented in Egypt, can now be confirmed in other regions of the Empire, which reinforces the image of Rome as that highly organized state with a legal supervision system that even reached the most remote areas. The enigma of the papyrus. He Papiro P. Cotton was found in Judea’s desert, possibly in a cave used as a refuge During the Kokhba bar revolt. It happens that its conservation is a mystery, since judicial documents rarely survive outside the Roman archives. According to historians, it is possible that the trial will never reach its outcome due to the outbreak of the conflictwhich would have led the defendants to hide and carry that document with them. Be that as it may, we are facing one of those findings that occur very occasionally, an extraordinary discovery that provides us with an unprecedented look at the administration of justice in the Roman provinces of Judea and Arabia and that gives us an idea, not Only of the legal mechanisms of the empire, but also of the political and social tensions that marked the time, especially in a region where resistance to Rome was constant. Power, yesterday and today. If you want also, the writing says a lot about how the political elites of Rome worked, demonstrating how the empire regulated the economy and fought fraud even in their further territories, in addition to suggesting that the Romans saw with suspicion any illegal activity in contexts of political agitation, interpreting it as a potential threat to its domain. Politics and power, after all, have not changed so much since then. Image | Israel Authority Antiquities In Xataka | This clay tablet can be the oldest applied geometry example that is known: a thousand years before Pythagoras In Xataka | We have discovered Plato’s tomb in carbonized papiros … Read more

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