There’s a reason why the Japanese don’t need to dust as much as we do. And you can apply it easily

When I was little and living in Switzerland, there was an unspoken rule that we all knew: the shoes They didn’t go beyond the doormat. It was common to see small shelves outside the doors, on the landing, where footwear that had walked on the street was abandoned. For us it was the norm, but when we crossed borders, that custom faded. Today, however, the situation seems to be changing globally. What we previously saw as a cultural curiosity of Japan or a Nordic eccentricity is beginning to make sense in the rest of the world. The contrast is fascinating. While in many Western homes cleaning is understood as a reaction (cleaning what has become dirty), in other cultures it is a preventive lifestyle design. In Japan the secret is not to clean for hours, but to prevent dirt from getting cross the threshold: “Cleaning is not a reaction, but a life design based on prevention.” This philosophy even extends to the air they breathe; Japanese residential ventilation technical documents highlight the critical importance of creating “air passages” by opening opposite windows to expel suspended particles, an obsession with environmental hygiene that invariably begins at the front door. And it’s not just a matter of visual perception. A study from Macquarie University in Sydney, puts it in perspective: until 60% of the dust and the dirt that accumulates inside a house comes from outside, and enters precisely through our feet. The architecture of custom Why is the world divided between those who barefoot and those who don’t? The answer lies in a mix of climate, architecture and philosophy. In Japan, the border is physical. According to the digital media Nipponthe houses have the genkana specific area at the entrance with a step called agari kamachi. This step marks the sacred boundary between the “outer world” (dirty) and the “inner world” (clean). Furthermore, traditional Japanese architecture uses floors tatami (straw mats), a delicate material that would be destroyed by rigid street shoes. In the Anglo-Saxon world, resistance it’s cultural. Journalist Jeff Yang tells in The Guardian a revealing anecdote about his Taiwanese aunt, who told him a lapidary phrase when she saw him enter wearing shoes: “When you enter my house with shoes, you are walking on my heart.” This clash illustrates the division: for some it is respect; for others, as indicated Real Simplewhere only 31% of Americans always barefoot, is an uncomfortable imposition. In Spain, the story is different and has its own peculiarities. There is no deep-rooted tradition to take off your shoes when entering. Historically, doing it in someone else’s house could even be interpreted as a lack of education or excessive trust (“taking too much confidence”). Unlike Nordic or Asian countries, Spain relies on reactive cleaning, something that users on discussion forums such as reddit rsummarize with humor and irony: “We can afford that custom because we invented the mop.” However, the trend is changing after the pandemic. More and more hosts are imposing the “zero shoe” rule for hygiene. It is the case of the influencer of lifestyle Patricia Fernández who, cited in Readingsassures that “removing your shoes at the entrance is your number 1 rule”, always offering comfortable options or baskets with slippers for your guests. Beyond the visible dirt, taking off your shoes has a profound psychological and symbolic impact. It’s not just hygiene, it’s a transition ritual. Dr. Manuel Viso explained that taking off your shoes sends a powerful signal to our brain: “Let’s change the environment, relax, we’re home, we’ve left work behind.” It is a physical switch for mental disconnection, how to change clothes. From an energy perspective, Feng Shui expert Gloria Ramos details in Interior Magazine that the main door is “the mouth of Qi“(vital energy). Leaving your shoes lying around or entering with them blocks that energy and the well-being of the home. Even the way you do it matters, in Japan etiquette requires not only taking off your shoes, but turn them so that they point towards the door (ready for departure) and do so without turning your back on the host, a gesture that denotes respect and consideration towards the community that inhabits that house. Science tips the balance decisively This is where the cultural debate collides with microscopic reality. If you thought your shoes were clean because you didn’t step in mud, experts have bad news. “99% of the shoes analyzed test positive for fecal matter,” pharmacist Álvaro Fernández flatly states. in The Aragon Newspaper. This is because we walk through streets where there are invisible remains of animal excrement and dirt from public toilets. Microbiologist Jonathan Sexton, from the University of Arizona, confirm in Very interesting that almost all soles harbor bacteria such as E.coli (present in 96% of cases) and Clostridium difficilea bacteria that causes serious intestinal problems. But it’s not just bacteria. According to The Conversation, Shoes carry pesticides from gardens, lead from urban dust, and carcinogenic asphalt sealants that end up in the air in our living rooms. It is important not to fall into alarmism. Although shoes are centers of dirt, they are not the only culprits. A published study in Scientific Reports warns that mobile phones are also “dangerous microbial platforms“that harbor a wide spectrum of organisms, often resistant to antibiotics, and that we constantly carry on our faces. It is another reminder that objects such as cell phones or kitchen sponges can have as much or more bacterial load than footwear. Still, experts like Kevin Garey they clarify thatalthough for a healthy adult the risk of infection from the floor is low (since we do not live at ground level), the recommendation is strict if there are crawling children or immunosuppressed people at home. The trend is clear: the frontier of the doormat is hardening in the West, but with our own style. we don’t have genkanbut we have learned to adapt our halls. More and more homes are incorporating benches, wicker baskets or narrow shoe racks … Read more

I had a 1TB hard drive collecting dust in a drawer. With a cheap case I have resurrected it for my Chromecast

I have a Chromecast with Google TV in the salon for three years and I love it, but it has died of success. Among the system updates, the basic streaming apps (Prime Video, Netflix, Crunchyroll…), and many others that I install to customize it and squeeze itthe device lives permanently drowned. This is what has its biggest flaw: a scant 8 GB of storagewhich in practice come to nothing. While cleaning, I found an old 1TB hard drive from an old computer that I dismantled. I decided that before it continued to collect dust, I would have a use for my Chromecast. And yes, it is very easy use external memory to expand your storage. These were my steps to achieve it. Identify the hardware. The first thing was to know what he had on his hands. It was an internal hard drive (HDD) of a desktop PC, so its size was 3.5 inches. When I looked at the connector I found a SATA (not as “relic” as I thought), the interface of the last decade. With this information, I already knew I needed to convert it to an external drive. Two essential components. The Chromecast with Google TV only has one USB-C port that it uses for food. Therefore, it is not enough to buy a case to put the HDD in: a USB-C Hub was necessary. This hub is key and must have at least one port with Power Delivery (PD) to continue powering the Chromecast, and a USB-A to connect the hard drive. I bought a case compatible with my drive (3.5″ SATA) and the assembly was as simple as possible: remove screws, fit the hard drive into the internal port, and close it. Here’s a note: if your old hard drive is from a laptop (2.5″) you will save a cable bothering with this DIY tech. The casing will not need an independent power supply, although it is ideal to avoid problems. Important step: formatting. Here I had two options: connect it to the computer and format it in exFAT or NTFS or to the Chromecast itself. I ruled out FAT32 because of its 4GB per file limit. This would first make it a unit suitable for storing content and thus playing it, but I opted for the second so that my Chromecast could install apps on it. To do this, I connected the entire set (hub, power and hard drive) and turned on the TV. Maximum volume size Maximum file size Chromecast compatible FAT32 8TB 4GB Yeah NTFS 16 EiB (1,845^7 TB) 16 EiB (1.845^7 TB) theoretical In practice the limit is around 256 TB Requires software exFAT 16 EiB (1,845^7 TB) 64 ZiB (6.4^10TB) Yeah Convert hard drive to “internal” storage. As soon as the device booted up, it detected the new disk. As easy as going to “Settings” > “System” > “Storage” and clicking on “Delete and format as device storage” to leave everything almost ready. This process takes a few minutes and is essential: it prepares the HDD so that Google TV understands it as an extension of its own memory. You can even use the hard drive to record live content. The Chromecast has it among its options Result. The change is substantial. I have been able to install heavy apps like kodi with plugins, VLC, and various light games without the repetitive “memory full” warning. The system still uses the internal memory for essential data, but everything “heavy” goes directly to the hard drive. Extras. Although I stopped at this point, a USB hub provides more possibilities to give more power to the Google Chromecast. Have you bought or have one with a Ethernet port? You can use a cable to avoid Wi-Fi signal problems and never see the buffer of a loading video again. Or you can also use a keyboard to browse the web. Cover image | Pepu Ricca for Xataka Android In Xataka | Best streaming devices: the main alternatives of 2025 for your television

Mediterranean countries seemed ideal for solar panels. Until the dust storms arrived

The Mediterranean has always been seen as a privileged land for solar energy: abundant sun, large extensions and A clear commitment to renewables. However, two factors that come from the south and of the climate change are putting this equation in check: the dust storms of the Sahara and the sustained increase in temperatures. The short. A new study warns that Sahara dust can reduce solar production in southern Europe by up to 50 %. Work, Posted in Renewable Energy magazine By the Hun-Ren Research Center of Astronomy and Earth Sciences of Hungary, analyzes the episodes between 2019 and 2023 in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Greece. More in depth. To reach these conclusions, the scientists resorted to a data arsenal: the forecasts of the European Network of Transport Systems Operators (ETSO-E), NASA MERRA-2 reanalysis, the European database Copernicus Cams V4.6 and satellite cloud and aerosols. Thus they were able to evaluate time and daily how dust alters solar irradiance and, therefore, the ability of panels to produce electricity. The additional finding is worrying: the current photovoltaic forecasts for the next day usually fail. In Spain and Portugal they tend to underestimate the real loss of energy (up to 15% less than expected), while in Italy and Greece the opposite occurs, with overestimations of up to 10%. A problem that aggravates. Saharan dust is not a new phenomenon, but climate change is intensifying both its frequency and its reach. And Spain, as a study of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) warns collected in Xatakait is a true “hot point” of European warming. In the last 50 years, temperatures have increased 3.27ºC in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, more than double the Mediterranean mean. Summer has extended 36 days, rainfall has decreased almost 20% and desertification advances by regions such as Murcia, Almería or Alicante. The scenario for 2050 is a country with steppe or even almost desert climate in much of its territory. If Spain becomes a warmer and more dry desert, dust storms will be more frequent and its impact on even greater solar energy. Is there a possible solution? Until now, the great enemy of conventional solar panels was not only dust, but also heat. As we have developed in Xatakafor each degree above 25ºC, traditional plaques lose between 0.05% and 0.34% efficiency, which can translate into falls from 10 to 25% in very hot days. But a recent study by Laughborough University proposes a script turn: The so -called photoelectocrochemical flow cells (PEC). This experimental technology not only supports heat, but takes advantage of it, with an optimal point around 45ºC. In addition, it does not require active cooling, which lowers installation and maintenance costs. In parallel, startups like the Australian Coolsheet They are developing Passive cooling hybrid systems that cool the panels and, at the same time, heat water for industrial or domestic use. Every 10º less on the plate can be 4% more electrical efficiency. Beyond the results. The research is not limited to more solar panels, but that It must be integrated In the new photovoltaic, more forecast of dust effects, improve real -time monitoring and design technologies that convert heat and extreme conditions into allies, not enemies. Spain and the Mediterranean advance towards a scenario in which the sun will be more abundant, but also more hostile. The future of solar energy is to accept this paradox: it is not just about installing panels, but of adapting them to a changing climate, full of dust, heat and drought. Scientific research, technological innovation and political planning must go hand in hand so that the sun remains the solution, and does not become part of the problem. Image | Eduardo Milla and Unspash Xataka | We believed that the Sahara was going to “eat” Almería and Murcia in the future. Some researchers believe that it will reach Mallorca

The return of Saharan dust

The heat It is still The undisputed protagonist of this summer start, but this week he gives us a brief truce again, at least in the western half of the peninsula. The reason is on the arrival of a Dana from the Atlantic. A Dana that will refresh us but that is also going to collect its price. The calima returns. The calima shape, suspension powder from the Sahara. The forecasts indicate That the arrival of a new isolated depression at high levels, a Dana, will bring more than rains and instability. In this sense, it is expected to be during the day today that the greatest concentrations will be achieved. The arrival of calima fueled by an unstable atmosphere has one more consequence, the “rain of blood” or mud. This phenomenon occurs when the rain drags the dust in suspension, clouding and embarking the surfaces on which water and particles are deposited. According to The forecasts From the State Meteorology Agency (Aemet), the entrance of Calima will occur from Alborán and will reach the Southwest Peninsular, where they could lead to these clay rains. Tomorrow the calima could reach the eastern third of the Peninsula and the Balearic archipelago. A DANA -shaped relief. The good news is that temperatures will fall, first in the western half of the country. Throughout the next few days, meteorologists foresee from a new round of storms, hail and wind. The Dana will also bring instability. Aemet’s forecasts They talk about storms and showers that today can be “locally strong or very strong” and come accompanied by hail and gusts “very strong”, both in the center and in the northern peninsular third. Tomorrow storms and showers could be “locally strong” in addition to coming accompanied by hail and wind in large part of the northwest of the plateau, Cantabrian and Galicia. Given the situation, Aemet will activate today Various yellow and orange notices for rains and storms, especially in the northwestern quadrant of the Peninsula. The orange notices will be activated in much of Castilla y León, as well as in areas of the interior of Cantabria and the Basque Country. Relief, only temporary. The thermal relief propitiated by the Dana will be brief. Experts expect that the second half of the week will bring us back the intense heat of these weeks. Part of the fault will be strengthening A subtropical dorsal that will bring atmospheric stability again in our environment and, with it, will lead to the return of heat. A problem for many. Calima has been a discreet but recurring character in peninsular meteorology, eclipsed by extreme phenomena such as warm episodes and hail storms that we have seen alternate since the end of May. The calima It entails some risks that go beyond the accumulation of dust and mud on the surface. The arrival of dust in suspension can cause irritation in the mucous membranes and obstruct our airways. The result of this can be nasal obstruction, cough or itching in the eyes. Some groups can be specially affected by this atmospheric situation. In Xataka | We do not know anything about El Niño at this point of the year. That is a meteorological mystery … and good news Image | Dust.aemet / Aemet

At the beginning of the 20th century European roads were a dust hell

We complain a lot about them, but the asphalt is that Gray web that joins towns and cities around the world. Today are something we take for granted, but the roads we know Today they have just a century behind them. Beyond allowing the “soft” passage of vehicles, it was the element that allowed the car expansion At the beginning of the 20th century. And we owe everything to an accident in a town in England and dust hateors. John Loudon McAdam He was a Scottish engineer who had a vocation: build roads. He dedicated his life to perfecting these routes because he realized one thing: the traditional stone and earth were easily embodied and the maintenance was constant. In other parts of Europe the roads were also being perfected, but their method, baptized as ‘Macadán’ was the one who imposed. His idea was to raise the roads a bit and give them some inclination so that the water was stored on the sides. To make them more “waterproof”, stone and gravel were crushed and compacted. That was covered with a layer of sand and seems simple, but it was a revolution. Macadán road Macadan’s roads were smoother than stone, it was more resistant and drained better. In addition, it was cheap, so it seemed like a Win-Win For governments and passersby, right? Well … not so much. The main problem was the dust that constantly rose due to that outer sand layer, but soon the natural enemy of the macadan came: the self -propelled vehicle. The first cars were many things, but of course they were not popular. Not everyone could afford a car, but who did one had to spend some time shaking the dust after a trip along Macadán’s roads. The dust is not a friend of speed, since it is impregnated in the mechanical components, in the clothes and enters through the nasal and mouthpieces of the drivers and passengers. The chance that gave rise to modern roads Mcadam’s contribution was great, but also hit by the new century. This is how Edgar Purnell Hooley enters this story. This Welsh inventor was walking a good day of 1901 along a Derbyshire County road when he realized that part of the road was covered with something black. When he asked what had happened, he was told that a carriage had lost a barrel of tar, spilling on the road and, to try to cover it, someone poured a scum of nearby furnaces. The mixture had solidified and, without pretending, had created a section of smooth road, no dust or potholes. Hooley was lit the bulb and, neither short nor lazy, patented in 1902 the process of heating tar, mixing it with sand, crushed stone and other elements and compacting it. It was baptized as ‘Tarmacadam’ and it is the element that revolutionized the roads for that new ‘animal’: motorized horses. It seemed the ideal solution by reducing dust, having much lower maintenance than the macadan and maintaining those resistance properties to the inclement weather. Besides, Little by little it was improved adding resins and portland cement to the mixture. They soon wanted to try that ‘miracle’ and the Radcliffe Road de Nottingham converted on the first paved road in the world. The Babylonians already used the asphalt to perform some processes, but Hooley’s technique to mix scum and tar was the real revolution on the roads Launching tar in the London of the IGM Those eight kilometers showed that Tarmacadam was the mobility solution of the new century, but the car revolution was not only occurring in England. At the same time that Hooley patented his idea, Alberto I of Monaco confessed that he was fed up with the dust raised by the cars. Dust covered tourism was not attractive, so he asked a Swiss doctor named Ernest Guglielminetti to do something. “We only breathe dust, the flowers suffer and it is absolutely necessary to do something. Would you have any idea?” That was his Challenge/Prayer For Guglielminetti, who had an idea. He recalled that, during his work in Indonesia, part of the hospital floor was composed of wooden planks covered with tar to facilitate cleaning. So, he proposed to spread a mixture of hot tar, sand and records along forty meters in part of the land road surrounding the oceanographic museum. It was a success and they began to asphalt other roads. In addition, tar was abundant because it was a residue of gas plants for municipal lighting that, until it began to take advantage of roads, was thrown … into the sea. Guglielminetti and his machine to heat the tar Unlike Hoolyy, Guglielminetti did not patent absolutely anything, but remained very active perfecting the tar mixture, even participating in the First International Road Congress held in 1908 in Paris. It was there when He explained that dreamed with a network of thousands of kilometers of paved roads connecting all the countries of the world. The conclusion of that congress was that tar was the ideal solution, but before it, there was already a League against dust that promoted the benefits of the asphalting. Everything developed quite fast, something logical if we take into account that the car also began to popularize. Putting Spain as examplein 1900 there were three cars enrolled. In 1905 there were already 275, but in 1910 the figure was almost 4,000. That rapid evolution and adoption of the car required a renovation of roads. With the passage of time, the tar stopped used Due to its adverse health effects, being replaced by oil derivatives, but maintaining the basis of what Hoolyy and Guglielminetti devised. And, returning to the Welsh inventor, the story did not end too well. Tarmac registered as a brand and founded the TAR Macadam Syndicate Ltd, but he was not a businessman and sold Sir Alfred Hickman. In addition to Wolverhampton parliamentarian, he had a siderurgy, so the scorus for the asphalting came out for free. He … Read more

There are more and more intrusions of Saharan dust in southern Europe. Now we know that fungi and bacteria are accompanied

Since 2021, Calima’s episodes They have been increasingly frequent and intense. In fact, in these few years, the intrusions of Saharian dust in Spain have doubled. We already knew that this was becoming A huge public health problem And that, at the same time, it was a key factor in fertilization of large areas of the planet. What we just discovered is, in addition to dust, there are many more things in that calima. How are “more things”? A joint research team of the Blanes Advanced Studies Center (CEAB-CSIC) and the Ecological Research and Forest Applications Center (CREAF) He has discovered that “bacteria and fungi from the soils of the deserts of North Africa occupy the skies of southern Europe continuously.” They do, in fact, “even long after the great injections of Saharian dust produced by the episodes of Calima.” Analyzing 30 years of rains. To discover it, researchers They have studied Rain samples between 1987 and 2014 and have compared the results with the soils of the deserts of North Africa. In addition, they have recreated the main atmospheric dynamics that are in charge of dispersing microorganisms globally. And this is important? The truth is that yes. Until now It was thought that the microbiota present in a specific ecosystem was basically derived from that ecosystem and its neighbors. Now we have experimental record that continental distances can travel without major problem. On a practical level, all this not only has an impact on soil fertilization, but also on the spread of antibiotic -resistant genes or allergies. Could it be that the growth of allergies among the population was linked to that growth in dust intrusions on the peninsula? The increasingly small world. During the last decades we have believed that new information and transport technologies have made the world smaller and smaller. And it’s true. What we did not know is that the world was already very small before all this. And that changes the preconceived ideas we had been handling. Therefore, it is getting clearer, that we will have to assume the complicated task of manage comprehensive all ecological systems of the earth. And we better be prepared to do it well. Image | Copernicus In Xataka | More pollen, more deaths behind the wheel: the unexpected effect of the allergies season on traffic accidents

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