answer

His new mode does not give the answer, he builds it with you

by

A frequent criticism among many teachers – and also among students – is that Chatgpt tends to offer direct answers to any consultation. Even assuming they are correct –We know that AI models can still hallucinate-, the user gets the solution without having traveled the path that leads to it. There are ways to guide the model through Prompts to avoid that immediate response and make it an ally of learning. But that additional effort does not always compensate. And in practice, if there is no more direct alternative, many choose not to use it. That alternative has just arrived. It is called “study mode” and its proposal is clear: help you learn, not just to answer. What is the chatgpt study mode Chatgpt was already a very popular tool among students. But his usefulness in learning had always been in question: Is it used to learn or only to solve tasks? He Study mode It was born precisely to answer that question. From today, the users of the Free plans, Plus, Pro and Team can access this new way of using chatgpt: an experience that does not directly deliver the solution, but accompanies the user to it. A change of approach that wants to leave behind the “do my homework” and get closer to “Explain how it is done.” According to OpenAithe study mode is designed to guide the user instead of giving the answer directly. They do so, they explain, through orientative questions, clues and a clearer structure that facilitates step by step learning. They also ensure that the system adapts its behavior based on the level of the user and its objectives. The answers are divided into understandable blocks, with less information saturation and more context when necessary. All that, without losing flexibility: it can be activated or deactivated at any time. The mode of study has not come out of nowhere. The company led by Sam Altman assures that you have worked with teachers, pedagogues and experts In learning science to define how the system should behave in educational contexts. The intention, they say, is that the model not only resolves doubts, but does so that it reinforces understanding. To achieve this, they have been based on principles such as active participation, self -reflection, cognitive load management, the promotion of curiosity or the use of comments oriented to improvement. How to use and what have we met To activate the study mode, it is enough to open chatgpt and select the “Study and Learn” option in the tools menu. From there, you can launch any questions related to duties, preparation of exams or topics that you want to understand better. The system automatically adjusts and changes its way of responding. In our tests, for example, we ask for help to solve a statistics problem. Instead of giving us the solution, The model began asking simple questionsoffering small clues and asking us to make calculations. The answer did not come suddenly, but step by step, as if a tutor guided the process. This behavior can be seen in the following captures: first the consultation, then the reaction of the system, and finally the invitation to which we solve part of the problem on our own. This is just the beginning For now, the study mode works through personalized system instructions. It is a provisional solution that allows us to observe how users interact and adjust the behavior of the model based on that feedback. The company plans to integrate these functions directly into the main models, once you have learned enough from this first stage. It is also exploring new capabilities, such as clearer visualizations for complex concepts, long -term learning objectives and a finer customization depending on the student’s level. At a time when the educational debate on these models is still open, the bet of the American startup comes with a clear message: it is not enough to have answers. You have to teach to understand them. China, for example, is already building that future with tools like Deepseekintegrated directly into university programs. With this step, the ball is on the roof of other technological giants. How will Microsoft, Google or the new Asian promises? The competition is no longer measured in capabilities. Also in real utility in the classroom. Images | Xataka with Gemini 2.5 Flash | Screen capture In Xataka | Anthropic has seen that their users do not stop using the 200 euros plan a month of their AI. They had to stop their feet

To the question of whether the food loses nutrients in the freezer, the answer is depends on how let’s defrost it

by

In a casual conversation, the bread issued came out. Consumption a lot bread I make at homeand there are times that I have to freeze it. It is a practice that seems normal to me and in the bakery themselves give me bags for the freezer, but my friends do not think the same because “Defrosting bread is not the same“Hence the question about how freezing affects the food we consume, and the truth is that it is a rich issue and with many nuances. And almost more important than freezing, it is defrosting. There things can get dangerous to our health. Crystal. Humanity takes thousands of years using what it has at its disposal to better conserve food. The brine is a tacticbut in areas with ice and snow, They buried the food so that it did not rot. And then, the miracle arrived: the freezer. We underestimate it because we have it at home, but it is a fundamental tool, and what happens when we put a food in the freezer is that the low temperature freezes the water present in said food. And here is the mother of the lamb: not all foods freeze the same because, the more water they have, the more complex it will be a good defrost, the more its structure is altered and it is what can lead to us to think that the freezer is not so positive and that it alters the nutrients. But as we said, there are nuances. It depends on what we freeze. What happens is that internal water form crystals When frozen. The more water, the more crystals they form and, if the freezing is slow, those crystals can break the cell walls of the food. When we defrost it, the crystals get rid of and it is what can cause food to be softer or perceive like water. Vegetables and fruits suffer more than meat Because the amount of water they have inside is greater, but as we said, there are nuances because there are rich starchy vegetables whose molecular structure is maintained more than desirable after that freezing. If we crush the frozen fruit directly, provide flavor and texture to a shake. Does not lose its nutrients and we will not notice the change in texture Taste and texture. An example. Freezing peas or corn, rich in starch, allows, after defrosting, both texture and taste are maintained satisfactorily. However, lettuce, which has a huge amount of water, not only is left without grace and soft when defrosting, also loses its flavor. That happens because, in cell breakage, food loses its juices and, if in the meat or fish it is less evident, in fruits or vegetables whose base is the water becomes much more palpable. Then it also depends on what we do with that food: eating a defrosted lettuce is a punishment, but if we freeze watermelon, which is basically water, and without defrosting it we make a shake, the result will be satisfactory. Although even there we will notice a change of flavor. And very fatty foods such as milk or a yogurt can separate proteins, creating lumps by defrosting them. The avocado, however, endures it well. There is fruit that better supports freezing And the nutrients? But one of the central themes of the debate revolved around the Loss of nutrients of frozen foods. This may be the point at which there is more confusion, and luckily it is a point that has been studied to be able to extract some conclusions. Again, there are nuances. Proteins, fat -soluble vitamins such as A and D of meats and fish, minerals and fiber remain stable in freezing. An investigation from the University of Guadalajara suggests That even freezing can be beneficial to preserve certain nutrients that bioactive compounds would “eat” if we do not freeze food. However, The opposite occurs with hydrosoluble vitamins such as C or some of Group B, which are reduced slightly not during freezing, but in the defrosting of food. And then it is not the same industrial ultra -Gellation, which freezes foods very, very fast, than the one we can do at home. In that industrial freezing, water crystals are much smaller because it does not give time to develop, damaging the cellular structure of the food. Freeze well. It is complicated that we have at our disposal a freezer that allows us to cryogenize a steak in seconds, but what we do are techniques to freeze foods in the best possible way. To freeze them, it is best to introduce what we want to freeze in an air without air or in a hermetic container so that it does not contaminate the rest of the food we keep and its flavor does not alter, and to defrost them, There is a trick of tricksbut above all two that are fundamental. As important as freezing is how we defrost. If it is something that we are going to cook at the moment, we can resort to the microwave or directly to the pan. In that rapid defrosting, juices are those that have hydrosoluble vitamins and, when the interior of the product reaches the optimal temperature, it would be suitable to consume. But if we have chicken, fish or a frozen homemade pizza dough, it is Bad idea to leave the piece defrosting on the countertop Or, worse, expose it to the sun. There the thing becomes complicated and can even be harmful to the flavor due to something very simple: in a defrosting at room temperature, the base that supports the surface is defrost before and favors that the bacteria that had remained in pause retake their activity in a big way thanks to the fact that they have life, nutrients and more water than before, increasing the risk of poisoning. The best if we are not in a hurry? Plan and get out of the freezer what we are going to eat the next day … Read more

If the question is what is the worst way to uncover some horns, the answer has a coldplay: live and 4k

by

The video is not hard Not 15 secondsbut they have been enough so that on July 16, 2025 it has become the worst day in the life of Andy Byron, CEO of Astronomerand Kristin Cabot, the company’s staff director. The reason is very simple: on Wednesday a KISS CAM The ‘hugged’ hugged, with intertwined hands and in a clearly affectionate attitude during a Coldplay concert in Boston. The problem is that Byron and Cabot are not novice, no husband and wife. Moreover, the pink press assures that each one has their respective spouse and the KISS CAM It shows how they separate embarrassed when they focus them. With those wicker the story is told alone: suspicion of horns, viralitypublic clerk … and the one that is undoubtedly the great summer of summer. Who is not going to like a good drama? Chris Martin is usually the great protagonist in Coldplay concerts. However on Wednesday he offered one in the Gillete de Boston state in which he ended up eclipsed by two members of the public, and very much in spite of those involved. At one point in the performance the filmmakers activated the KISS CAM And they began to focus on the stands to give it more epic (and a comic point) to the evening. Nothing that is not frequently seen in the US stadiums. Click on the image to go to Tweet. The problem is that in one of those sweeps the camera focused on a middle -aged man and woman in an attitude that clearly implied that they were a couple. They both smile. He behind. She in front. He passing his arms under his chest and squeezing her against himself. She holding her hands. The scene promised kiss, but when the couple’s attitude was seen on the screen, it was another very different. Instead of kiss, There was frightened. She throws her hands to the face to cover it while he changes the expression and bends down to hide. In the end the two find a way to sneak among the public before Martin’s Pasmo. – Or they have an adventure or they are very shy, The singer joked. And the truth is that the attitude of the couple, nervous, dislocated and that at all times tries to hide, suggests the first: a secret affaire. With the immortalized scene by the KISS CAM Before thousands of witnesses, networks and pink press smelled the carnaza and began to look for who were that man and woman. It didn’t cost them much. The man seen in the recording is not a stranger, but Andy Byron, Astronomer’s CEO, a startup that according to Precise Newsweek He reached the category of “unicorn” in 2022 by achieving an assessment of more than one billion dollars. She (Kristin Cabot) is also a successful directive, with more than 20 years of career behind her back and experience in Neo4J or observeit. In Astronomer it is almost a newcomer: He joined in November of 2024. The revelation of who were accompanied by something else: he triggered the speculation about the assumption Affaire forbidden. Byron He is married With a woman named Megan, educator. In networks and media It has been aerated that Kristin Cabot would also have a partner, Kenneth, a businessman from the fashion sector, although New York Post He assures that it is actually his ex -husband. Without eating or drinking it, both (Megan and Kenneth) have seen how their history underwent public scrutiny. The worst part has undoubtedly taken byron’s wife, who suddenly found a mess bombardment (of all kinds and tone) In networks in which until then it had maintained a low profile. The situation came out so much as a mother that He chose to eliminate Your Facebook and Instagram accounts. Nor has that prevented They have spread of his and his children. The situation has been complicated so much that it was even published yesterday An alleged statement in which Byron It apologizes For what happened during the concert and speaks of “a deeply personal error that broke out in a very public scenario.” The note also apologizes to his wife, family and co -workers. Problem? Astronomer He has assured to Men’s Journal that this note is actually a Fake And it is not related to Byron or the company. Beyond the alleged affair, if the KISS CAM From Coldplay or not one “horns” live and 4K or what happens now with those involved, both personal and professional, what happened in Boston opens an old debate: the Ethical limits In stories that, like this, expose anonymous people to the scorn. In Xataka | I have asked the AI any bullshit and now I am writing a news about her

If the question is how to make a team more productive, the answer according to Jeff Bezos is clear: with two pizzas

by

Amazon is one of the world’s largest companies and Jeff Bezosits founder and former CEO, one of the richest people. In a company like Amazon, productivity, Talent management and the synchronization of the equipment is very important and that everything flows in the best possible way a rule as curious as useful and interesting is responsible: that of the two -pizz teams. The “problem” of the scale. As Explain Daniel Slater, World Innovation Culture Director at Amazon Aws, When Amazon began It was structured “to achieve rapid agility and offer constant value to customers.” Amazon was, at that time, an “inventing machine.” That is why hiring and organizational structure were prioritized. The problem is that Amazon, which started as an electronic commerce, climbed. Climbed, and how. When the company was smaller, the teams “were more centralized and closely linked”, but as the firm began to grow this structure resulted in greater slowness and inefficiency. To face it “we radically change our technical architecture to what is known as Microservice architecture“, explains Slater.” We discourage our monolithic architecture in a vast network of unique and independent services “, which allowed to launch news and offers faster. But that’s not all. According to Slater, to maximize the ability to remain close to users and their needs, at the same time that new products and services are launched, Amazon invented a new way of organizing the equipment. Instead of large teams, the firm opted for smaller and agile teams capable of taking advantage of the architecture of microservices. For this, a fairly peculiar rule was used. The teams of two pizzas. The concept is quite simple and is that no team should be so large that more than two pizzas are needed to feed it. Not because A Amazon make a hole in accounting Buy a median of three more ingredients in the nearest Domino’s, but because “the smallest teams minimize the lines of communication and reduce the general expenses of bureaucracy and decision making.” It is assumed that with Two pizzas They can eat about ten people, although that is an opinion that would be willing to fight with nails and teeth. In any case, “the two -pizz teams” is a somewhat searched form to refer to teams of less than ten people. This size “allows two -pizz teams to spend more time focusing on their customers and constantly experiencing and innovating for their benefit,” says Slater. Does the team need three pizzas to eat? Well, then it’s too big | Image: Pexels The advantages of small equipment. As they expose from Amazon, small teams increase “involvement and training” and reduce the known as Ringelmann effect (Individual productivity is reduced as the group becomes larger, and vice versa). Citing the Hackman and Vidmar studyAmazon says that the smallest teams “also increase employee satisfaction” since “in large teams, individual contributions are less recognizable and individual involvement on specific areas becomes more diffuse.” These small teams, say from Amazon, also allow to experience faster and reduce the cost of failure. A TEAM, A PRODUCT. How do you implement these “two -pizzas teams”? Easy: a equipment for each product or service. In the words of Daniel Slater: “Instead of maintaining complex systems or solving problems that cover multiple services, business lines or customer segments, two pizzas equipment focus on a single service or offer, and only on customers that use it. This unique approach favors effectiveness and scalability.” More pizzas. If the team grows, something likely if the needs increase, “we look for ways to divide it into separate equipment of two pizzas that work in a sub -section of the service with a single subprocess.” However, from Amazon they are aware that this structure is not for everyone and has its counterpart. “Two -pizz teams are not perfect, and are not immune to limitations; an example is that with so many autonomous teams, of a single process, which They work quickly To meet the needs of their own clients, there is the risk of duplication and development in silos, “says Slater. It is also necessary to collaborate between teams so that rapid experimentation is effective, as well as for Share errors and learning. Image | Flickr (Smithsonian Institution), Pexels *An earlier version of this article was published in July 2025

The answer was on the other side of the Pacific, in Japan

by

It is not enough to promise that a plane is less noisy. You have to prove it. That is what NASA proposed with its X-59an experimental plane that wants to change The future of supersonic flight. To achieve this, I needed data. Very precise data. And therefore, although the project is American, a key part of validation was carried out in Japan, in one of the supersonic reference facilities in Asia. The X-59 Quesst is an experimental plane created with a very specific mission: demonstrate that it can be flown at supersonic speed without that meaning a rumble on land. What NASA wants to eliminate is not speed, but noise. The classic boom Sonic, that dry burst that rumbles when an plane overcomes the sound barrier, remains one of the great obstacles for supersonic flight Return to commercial aviation. The X-59, on the other hand, promises something different: A slight THUMPbarely noticeable from the ground, thanks to a design that controls – and disintegrates – the shock waves before they are based on an acoustic explosion. But it is not enough to design a stylized and elongated form. It is not enough to simulate it on a computer or anticipate its behavior with computational models. What defines X-59 is not only its silhouette, but the sonic firm that projects When flies to Mach 1.4. That firm, that acoustic footprint should be measured with surgical precision. And that’s where Japan enters the scene. NASA did not do everything at home: key part of the validation was done in Japan Although the epicenter of the project is located in Palmdale, California, under the direction of Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, part of its most delicate validation was carried out on the other side of the planet. Instead of limiting yourself to try your model in your own facilities, NASA decided to repeat the trials In a supersonic wind tunnel of the Japanese space agency (Jaxa), located in Chofu, Tokyo. There, researchers from both agencies They exposed a plane modelreduced to 1.62 % of its actual size – 50 centimeters from tip to tail – to conditions that simulated its cruise speed. The objective was clear: to verify how the air flowed around the aircraft and, above all, register with the highest possible precision level its sonic signature. Japan’s choice was not symbolic. As NASA itself detailsthis was the third round of wind tunnel tests carried out with that same model: one was made in Ohio, at the Glenn Research Center; another, in the same Jaxa tunnel years before; And the latter, also in Chofu, was raised as part of a cross validation strategy. Even if you put the model in another wind tunnel, a slightly different version of the data is obtained, that is something good, Melissa Carter explainedresponsible for the NASA Supersonic project. “By using the same model in both tunnels, we can increase the certainty of the data and our understanding of the X-59 design.” The measurement of the pressure profile – the acoustic footprint that leaves the plane when it breaks the sound barrier – does not admit errors. And the best way to reduce any margin of uncertainty is to verify that, under different conditions And with independent instrumentation, the results remain consistent. That is what allows collaboration with Jaxa. As part of an agreement signed in 2020both agencies pledged to share data, compare methodologies and repeat essays in both countries, thus reinforcing the solidity of the entire experiment. The wind tunnel where the tests were performed is not any. It is a supersonic installation operated by Jaxa, with a section of just over a meter by one meter. Although their dimensions may seem modest, they are ideal for working with very small models such as X-59. In it, the air flow can reach sufficient speeds to simulate real flight conditions, which is just what NASA engineers were looking for. For Jaxa, the opportunity was also key. The Japanese agency has been developing its own “silent” supersonic flight program for years, With projects like Sky Frontier. Sharing information with NASA allows you refine your own designs, Learn from different approaches and validate your simulation tools with real data. In return, it offers experience, equipment and infrastructure that complement those of the United States. Images | NASA (1, 2, 3) | Roméo A. In Xataka | Ryanair’s new competition does not come from any European airline: it comes from India and has an ambitious plan

If the question is "How are the sales of electric cars in Spain" The answer is: Beating figures at vertigo

by

57,374. Those were the electric cars sold in Spain 2024. The numbers were not especially good. The country was expected to take a step forward and begin to cut land to the European average. However, we barely stay in a market share of 5.6%, by the 13.6% European. Last year, our country grew more than 11%while in Europe the electric car contracted 5.9%, dragged by falls in the sales of Germany (first European market by volume) of 27.4%. However, Spanish numbers They were not good If we take into account that our Portuguese neighbors enrolled more than 41,000 electric and their market share was 19.9% despite being a much smaller market. Austria, where a fifth of the cars sold in our country is sold, also exceeded 44,000 units. However, 2025 is being very different. Spain is still far from the European average. By size, less electric cars are sold. And yet, the trend indicates that we can find us about 100,000 electric cars sold at the end of the year. In Xataka The Rimac Nevera R is the fastest car to reverse. What he does not even get back is that millionaires buy it The 100,000 units barrier With the last day of June, vehicle registrations were closed in the first half of the year. Then we knew that the volume of electric had reached 46,235 units. It is 83.87% more than the previous year when at this point 25,146 completely electric cars had enrolled in Spain. At this time, this technology already represents 7.58% market share. It is still very far from the 15.4% marked by the European Union. But growth is very substantial and is well above the common market, which grows by 25.4%. In Xataka Electric cars with more autonomy that can be bought in 2025 Although it remains to be known how the month of July will end, everything indicates that the 50,000 units barrier will be exceeded. Only in June 11,243 electric cars were sold so it is evident that this barrier will be overcome and in The most optimistic horizon The possibility of exceeding 100,000 electrical units begins to be interwoven. Last year, the last months of the year were an incentive for companies to give a good push to sales. Either with discounts to improve the numbers of the year or, As other experts also point outto improve photography with automation. {“videoid”: “x8qycii”, “autoplay”: fals, “title”: “xiaomi su7 !! a real bomb! Keep in mind that in recent months a good handful of electric vehicles have arrived at more competitive prices In all segments, which should bring electric mobility to more and more buyers. This year the concessionaires have reached the Renault 5an electric car of between 25,000 and 30,000 euros that has been very well received for its aesthetics and its behavior. He KIA EV3a very competitive car for autonomy/price, also reached the Spanish dealers at the end of 2024 and has settled in 2025 as one of the best selling. Do not forget about Tesla, whose Model 3 and Model and They are still the best selling electric cars. To this is added that Byd and Hyundai have put affordable and perfect vehicles on the street Dolphin Surf and Insert. And large but competitive vehicles are to arrive in price such as the Mazda 6e. In Xataka We have traveled 2,500 kilometers with an electric car and we have learned something: diesel is still the king And do not lose sight of the fleets or taxis effect. He TOYOTA BZ4Xdisappeared in 2024, is already one of the 10 best -selling electric cars in Spain since was approved for taxi and His autonomy was improved. Byd already reached an agreement with Uber In 2024 but it is also providing cars to Cabify In a clear strategy for Teach your cars On the street. It must also be taken into account that European manufacturers still need to enroll large volumes of electric. The extension granted by the European Union To avoid fines it only delays the problem of having to put on the market More than 30% of electric cars to be below the maximum emission limits allowed. Not doing so means leaving by 2026 and 2027 even higher volumes of electric registration difficult to digest. Photo | Renault In Xataka | Spain will manufacture the electric car that Europe needs. And Stellantis’s bet for Vigo and Zaragoza is the test (Function () {Window._js_modules = Window._js_modules || {}; var headelement = document.getelegsbytagname (‘head’) (0); if (_js_modules.instagram) {var instagramscript = Document.Createlement (‘script’); }}) (); – The news If the question is “how are the sales of electric cars in Spain” the answer is: beating figures at vertigo It was originally posted in Xataka by Alberto de la Torre .

Mathematicians have been trying to solve the mystery of Da Vinci’s ‘vitruvio’. The answer was in sight

by

The history of art is full of universal icons, but few, very few, reach the popularity level of the ‘Vitruvio man’ drawn around 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci. And it is logical. Artistic and scientific issues apart, the work has become a reference Pop. The original is preserved in the Accademia di Belle Arti Venice, but the same face, the same body, has stamped over the last decades in books, t -shirts, sweatshirts, backpacks and posters. That without counting every time we have seen it reproduced on the big screen. The most curious thing is that despite that exhibition, the ‘man of vitruvio’ is still surrounded by mysteries. Or so it was until now, at least. A London dentist believes having solved the complex mathematical puzzle that Leonardo hidden in the work. A name: Marcus Vitruvius. Leonardo da Vinci’s is (by far) the most famous, but the Tuscan genius was not the only one in representing the man of vitruvio. We keep more or less similar samples from other artists, such as Francesco Di Giorgio Martini either Giacomo Andrea de Ferrara. And it’s normal. After all, these are exercises based on the canon of the human body of Marcus Vitruvius (Exactly, hence his name), a Roman architect and engineer. It was he who many centuries before Leonardo theorized about human physiognomy in Of archiecture. “In the body, the central point is the navel. If a man placed himself on his back, with extended hands and feet and a compass focused on the nave The architect theorized Roman in the first century before our era, convinced that a man’s proportions can adjust to a square. But … how to do it? That is the theory. Different thing is practice. Throughout the different artists have launched themselves to represent human physiognomy partially inspired by the canon of proportions proposed by vitrubio. Not everyone with equal fortune. By 1490 Leonardo Da Vinci, who then was around 40, got down to work in one of his notebooks and prepared a drawing that during the last five centuries has fascinated scholars and profane. The work shows a man in several overlapping positions, standing, with extended legs and more or less open arms. All perfectly registered in a square and in a circle in an exercise that would probably have fascinated the Roman architect. We have recorded the result in memory and a quick search arrives on Google to find good quality reproductions, but there is a pending mystery: how the hell did Leonardo did? The great ask unknown. Yes, the result is obvious. And yes, the drawing is there for those who want to copy it in detail. But … what recipe Did Vinci continue to plan and execute it? What calculations did you use? Was it based on any pattern? And if so, what system did you employ? “The search for the Da Vinci geometric method has generated numerous theories, each of which tries to explain the measured relationship between the circle and the square in the original drawing,” Explain Rory Mac Sweeney, the British dentist who believes he has found the key. “For more than 500 years, the Da Vinci geometric system for the precise relationship between the circle and the square in his drawing of the ‘Vitruvio man’ has remained in the mystery,” Mac Sweeney abounds, which has just published An article reviewed by parts in Journal of Maythematics and Arts. What if the key is the golden proportion? His theory is just that, a theory, but it is interesting because it offers an alternative to the most popular explanation, which argues that to draw his drawing Da Vinci was inspired by the Aurea proportionan idea that reinforces the collaboration of the Tuscan with his compatriot Luca Paciolithe author of Of divine proportion. The problem, Remember Mac Sweeneyis that this explanation has not just been perfect. “It produces a significant error, which seems unlikely given Leonardo’s geometric precision.” Good riddle, bad explanation. Other authors have provided alternative explanations to the mystery of Vitruvio, such as Leonardo was based on octagons or a heptagon, but Mac Sweeney believes all these theories present “a fundamental problem”: they approach more or less the measures used by the artist in his diagram, but in the opinion of the British researcher it is difficult to connect them with the themes that really obsessed Da Vinci. “They are still purely abstract mathematical exercises, without connection with Leonardo da Vinci’s documented interest in human anatomy, natural functional and main relationships. As geometric riddles, they work. As explanations of Leonardo’s methodology and intentions, they do not offer a convincing justification of their specific decisions,” Reflect. Hidden “with the naked eye”. The most curious thing is that Mac Sweeney believes that the solution “has been hidden with the naked eye” in the handwritten annotations left by Leonardo himself next to the drawing. Specifically, it refers to a comment in which the artist points out that, with the body in a certain posture, the space between the legs forms an equilateral triangle. For a long time it was believed that this phrase was a simple poetic ornament, pure rhetoric or a practical guide for composition, but the British expert believes that it is the key to mystery. And what is special? That the triangle adjusts to a natural pattern, one that Mac Sweeney knows well for his dentist profession: Bonwill’s trianglean imaginary equilateral triangle of the human anatomy that marks the fundamental geometric relationship for the proper functioning of the jaw. “Connects the mandibular condyles with the midpoint of the lower central incisors and corresponds precisely to Leonardo’s explicit reference to an ‘equilateral triangle’ in its construction of the ‘vitruvio man’”, Clarify. “The construction of Leonardo demonstrates the same tetrahedral principles present in craniofacial architecture,” insists The British dentist before citing studies and calculations that reinforce its hypothesis. “The equilateral triangle, which Leonardo made explicit reference between the legs of the figure, when replicating six times around the navel, creates the … Read more

We had been asking us for years why Chernobyl wild boar were so radioactive. The answer was not in the accident

by

Almost four decades after the accident of the nuclear power plant located in Prypiat, Chernobil animals They continue generating fascination. These survivors in one of the most polluted regions in Europe They surprise us In many ways, but there is an enigmatic species in this place is that of wild boar. One of the most radioactive species of Chernobil. Solving the mystery. Have A new trackrevealed by a team of researchers, about these animals: we finally know why their radioactivity is greater than that of other species. The answer does not have so much to do with the nuclear accident in itself but with something that happened quite before. More radioactive? It is very little that we still know about Chernobil animals. One of the most curious enigmas was that of wild boars. To understand why we have to talk about one of the most polluting radioactive isotopes, the Cesio 137 (CS137). The semi -dear period of this isotope (the time in which half of the atoms we have of the material will have disintegrated) is just over 30 years. The concentration of cesium in the trophic chain should in principle even reduce to a greater extent since atoms tend to leak on the ground or be dragged by the water to the rivers. Going down. That is why the level of radioactivity in animals such as deer or roams has descended significantly in the area. Not only this situation has not occurred in the towns of Jabalís: its radiation levels have remained almost constant, that is, the descent is not even in line with which the semi -detail of the CS137 would imply. Is the “wild boar paradox” Nuclear tests and radioactive truffles. The response starts from Cesium 135. The team that resolved this mystery managed to focus not on radiation levels but in its origin. They found that it was this other Isotope of Cesium who was behind this phenomenon. The CS135 has a much longer half -grooming period, which explains why the reduction had been lower. This also makes it harder to detect the presence of CS135. As Explain the responsible team From the study, each type of nuclear incident has its own “signature”. It is estimated that 90% of CS137 present in Europe was released by the Chernobil accident, but this is not the case of CS135. The origin of this is 68% in the nuclear tests developed in the context of the Fíra war. The fair depth. The feeding of wild boars has also been one of the key factors when it comes to understanding the reason for their radiation levels. These animals feed on a type of truffle (Elaphomyces) that grows in the subsoil, at depths of between 20 and 40 centimeters. As we indicated before, part of the Radioactive Cesium He leaked year after year on the floor of the area. At the rate of a few millimeters a year, the Cesium (both the one from the nuclear tests and the accident) has been advancing towards these depths, contaminating these fungi, food source of the wild boars. From Chernobil to Bavaria. The study that clarified this mystery was carried out by analyzing a population of 48 wild boar in the state of Bavariasouth of Germany. The Analysis details They were published in the magazine Environmental Science & Technology. In the long term. The study results invite us to think that the situation will not change in the short term. That is, it is unlikely that the levels of radioactivity of wild boars begin to descend in the coming years until they are equal to those presented by other similar animals such as deer or roeans. The greatest radiation present in these animals has made the hunters resist their capture. This implies that the populations of these wild boars will go increasing. Perhaps their expansion through central Europe makes the radiation levels of these animals decline generation after generation but, from what we have seen, this process could still be extended for decades. In Xataka | Birds, wild boars and even a prehistoric clam: these are some of the species that returned from extinction In Xataka | Some Spanish scientists are recreating the cranobil accident in Seville. Objective: See how it affects biodiversity Image | Joachim Reddemann / Кирил урин *An earlier version of this article was published in July 2024

If the question is whether Spain can deny its bases to give air support to Israel, the answer is not so simple

by

And suddenly, Spain. Actually, and as we will see, the country’s geographical situation makes it a kind of “technical stop” for the different military conflicts in which the United States has been. The war that is taking place In the East It is another chapter, but with the exception that, quite possibly, Spain will not enter. What raises a logical question: could it refuse to use its air bases? Reinforcements from Spain. First the news. Within the framework of the growing military escalation between Israel and Iran, the United States has discreetly intensified its deployment in the Middle East with the help of key infrastructure in Europe, including Bases in Spanish territory. It is official, since the Minister of Defense, Margarita Robles, confirmed that Washington has begun to use the Rota bases (Cádiz) and Morón de la Frontera (Seville) To park cistern airplanes, a measure framed in the bilateral agreements in force between the two countries. Robles said that the presence of these aerial means is carried out within the limits established by the joint defense treaties. Specifically, the agreement allows the deployment of up to 15 replenishment aircraft in Morón, although international media Like BBC They have reported the arrival of “something else”: at least 30 KC-135 aircraft In recent days, distributed between Spain, England and Scotland. Logistic support for fighters. We have come counting these days. The role of these cistern aircraft It is strategic: They allow to expand the operational scope of combat aircraft such as the F-16, F-22 and F-35 that the Pentagon has mobilized towards the Persian Gulf region. According to Reutersthis aerial reinforcement would also include the deployment of a USE USERindicating a projective combat capacity in several dimensions. Although the Secretary of State for Defense, Pete Hegseth, has insisted that it is a deployment for purposes andStrictly defensiveUS military sources have confirmed that these platforms have already been used to Interception operationsdemolishing drones and missiles launched by Iran in response to the Israeli attacks initiated the previous Friday. Reactions in Spain. No doubt, the use of Spanish military facilities by the United States It has generated restlessness within the Spanish parliamentary arch itself. Podemos has presented a Question battery In Congress to demand explanations to the Executive on the arrival, last Friday, of the cistern aircraft to the base of Morón. In their brief, they express suspicions that these facilities are being used as a logistics scale in support of military operations in favor of Israel. The party led by Ione Belarra has also questioned the government about itself I was aware Of these movements and if it supervises its purpose, putting on the table the debate on operational sovereignty and indirect involvement of Spain in an international conflict of high intensity. A Eurofighter Typhoon from Ala 11 in Morón in 2015 Legal and preceding basis. The current use of the military bases of Rota and Morón by the United States is part of a strategic relationship Started in 1953when Spain, even under the Franco dictatorship, signed the calls Madrid agreements. In exchange for financial and military aid, the installation of US bases in Spanish territory was authorized, in what was a shy international opening step. This initial network It included the bases from Zaragoza, Torrejón de Ardoz, Morón de la Frontera and broken, and constituted one of the First gestures from Spain to aspire to NATO entersomething that would not be completed until 1982 with the firm, and until 1999 with full accession to the integrated military structure of the alliance. The agreed of 88. The current legal basis that regulates the shared use of Rota and Morón It was established With the Defense Cooperation Agreement Signed on December 1, 1988 Among the governments of Felipe González and Ronald Reagan, he was finally the final of the Cold War. This text has been amended Three occasions (In 2002, 2012 and 2015) to adapt to geostrategic and operational changes. According to the Ministry of Defense, the second amendment protocol set a period of validity eight years old since its entry into force (May 21, 2013), which made it expired on May 22, 2021. However, article 69 of the agreement provides for a Annual automatic extension If none of the parties expresses its opposite will six months in advance, which has been happening until today, with Some exceptions. Rattan Operational limitations. Although US jurisdiction governs certain aspects within the perimeter of the bases, Spain retains sovereignty and political control over its strategic use. In fact, the United States cannot use the facilities unilaterally, but requires express permission from the Spanish government, as stipulated The agreement. This principle has been maintained, although in practice it has not meant obstacles during, For examplethe wars of Iraq and Afghanistan, when the governments of José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero authorized their use No restrictions. Similarly, in 2021 Spain allowed both bases to temporarily welcome Afghan collaborators of the United States during his escape from Kabul. Military presence. According to the agreementUnited States can keep up to 2,200 military, 36 aircraft and 500 civilians in Morón, although the current contingent is around 600 troops. In rota, the allowed limit amounts to 4,250 military and 1,000 US civilians. These figures reflect a gradual reduction compared to previous decades, and in 2023 The transfer of the rapid response force for Africa was confirmed from Morón to A base in Italyevidencing an operational replication that directly affects the employment and economy of the nearby areas, which receive about two million euros per year in direct income of the State. Real veto capacity. Therefore, to the big question, could Spain deny the use of its air bases to the United States with respect to the Israel-Iran conflict? The short answer is that yes, in fact, There are examplesas with the return of Torrejón in 1991 and Zaragoza in 1992. Plus: In 1986, the government of Felipe González advertisement that would not automatically renew the pact, also demanding The withdrawal … Read more

Log In

Forgot password?

Forgot password?

Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password.

Your password reset link appears to be invalid or expired.

Log in

Privacy Policy

Add to Collection

No Collections

Here you'll find all collections you've created before.