age

Denmark’s life expectancy has grown. His politicians have taken the opportunity to raise the retirement age up to 70 years

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Demographic aging is putting serious to the labor market and the pension systems of countries around the world. Most European countries have already taken measures in this regard delaying retirement age legal for your workers. However, Denmark has been the most expeditious: from 2040, Danish workers will have to wait until he turned 70 to retire. With this reform, Denmark is like the country with the Higher retirement age from Europe. Progressive increase up to 70 years. According to what was published by The media Danes, the Danish Parliament has approved with 81 votes in favor and 21 votes against the new law that will raise the retirement age from the current 67 years to 70 years in 2040. According to explained The British BBCthe process will be carried out progressively, progressively looking at 68 by 2030, the 69 by 2035 and, finally, reaching up to 70 years in 2040. More pensions for a longer time. In 2006, the Danish parliamentary arc parties signed the well -being agreement in which the country’s life expectancy was indexed. That measure served as the basis for Danish retirement age It will rise From the 65 years they had in 2004, at the 67th that was reached in 2019. However, last year the Social Democratic Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen said that the variable escalation of the retirement age should be renegotiated to shorten the increases in increases. Reducing these deadlines would serve to adapt to the current life expectancy of the country. According to data of the Better Life Index From the OECD, Denmark has an 82 -year half -life expectancy. Are they too many years? Some Danish workers consider the new retirement age excessive. In statements To the public station Denmark Radio, Tommas Jensen, roof assembler, assured that he had undergone knee surgery, shoulder and back. “I just turned 47 and I see that I have many years left in the labor market. Maybe I have to look for a new profession.” Jesper Ettrup Rasmussen, president of one of the main union confederations in the country, described the proposal as “totally unfair.” “Denmark has a healthy economy, and yet imposes the highest retirement age of the entire European Union. A later retirement means losing the right to a decent life in old age.” In the same line He manifested Trade union leader Henning Overgaard, who considered that working until 70 was unfeasible for jobs with greater physical demand. “Many politicians have gone to university. You can read reports and see statistics, but that does not replace having risen at four in the morning with frost in the beard and the back hunched over by yesterday’s turn,” said the unionist. Europe retires between 65 and 67 years. Given the progressive aging of the European population, most European countries have chosen to delay the retirement age of their workers to maintain the stability of their pension systems. Nevertheless, According to data From the Finnish pension center, most European countries have maintained their retirement fork between 65 and 67 years. The measure that the Danish Parliament has taken is the most ambitious in terms of postponement of the retirement age of its workers. In Spain, the legal retirement age It remains in the 65 years until 2027 provided that a minimum of 38 years and six months have been quoted. If this requirement is not met, the minimum age to retire will increase progressively until reaching 67 years in 2027. In 2025, the legal age to retire if 38 years and three months or more have been quoted and more is 66 years and eight months. In Xataka | There is a man who has been working for the same company for 86 years. And you have no plans to retire In Xataka | From the “great resignation” to “great prejubilation”: the labor market loses the experience of those over 55 years Image | Unspash (Diana Parkhouse, Hannah Thiel)

The ice age had a solar storm so powerful that its effects can still be detected in trees

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How powerful can it become a solar storm? More than one will have ever asked this question for mere curiosity. And also out of necessity. Answering this question is important in order to prepare in the face of potential storms of great magnitude, but it is complicated: we have a limited sample and the most intensity events are those that happen less frequently. But now we have a new track. The mother of all storms. A recent study has analyzed The remnants of the greatest solar storm of which we have record to date. The storm, about 500 times more powerful than the largest solar storm since the beginning of the space era, would have happened about 14,300 years ago. Although We already had enough previous clues about this eventThe new study facilitates the work of preparing for such events, and can also help us improve our radiocarbon dating techniques. 14,300 years ago. The discovery of this solar storm has been possible thanks to the detection of a radiocarbon peak, the well-known carbon-14, happened towards the year 12,350 AEC, towards the end of the last glacial period. This implies that the storm is not only the most powerful of which we have record, it is also the only solar storm known outside the Holocene, the contemporary geological era (if we exclude the existence debated from the anthropocene). Different storms. The storm analyzed was a solar particle storm. There are different events That we can catalog as solar storms, each with its characteristics, such as radio blackouts, solar radiation storms or geomagnetic storms. Radiation storms, such as the one studied, are produced when large amounts of charged particles from the sun reach the magnetic field of the earth. This field tends to divert the particles towards the poles, making the effect on high latitudes greater. Carbon 14. The team responsible for the new study He turned to a new model Chemist-Climatic, Socol: 14C-EX, for analysis. This is a model designed to rebuild solar storms of particles in climatic conditions of the past glaciations. Thanks to this model, they explain, it was possible to verify that this solar storm was 18% stronger than the event of the year 775 EC, the largest solar storm known until the discovery of this event. “Compared to the largest event in the Modern Era of Satellites (the 2005 particle storm) the old 12,350 AC event was about 500 times more intense, according to our estimates,” explained in a press release Kseniia Golubenko, co -author of the study The details of the study were published In an article In the magazine Earth and Planetary Science Letters. More than establishing a record. The study allows us to establish a new framework to the “most pessimistic scenario,” says Golubenko. Knowing what we can face gives us essential tools when preventing this type of event. The study can also help scientists who study something very different: archaeologists. The analysis has been based on carbon-14, a very important isotope when it comes to very diverse organic matter remains, from fabrics to ships. Understanding the peaks of this isotope caused by the impact of loaded particles from the Sun can help us to date back objects created in past times. In Xataka | NASA has calculated how much time we would have to prepare before a devastating solar storm and has got to work to get that time Image | NASA/GSFC/CIL

The electric car has an average age of just 3.5 years and does not stop falling. It is very good news

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Changing car is usually a reason for joy in a house. Unless you are forced by the circumstances of an unexpected breakdown or before what has been expected, acquiring a new vehicle is usually exciting for the buyer. And it is because, on average, it occurs every long. Whenever it is not electric, of course. A study. The average age of electric vehicles is 3.5 years. That is what the latest available report states S&P global in which this dynamic is studied. The figure is inferior to that of past years and remains down. In 2022, the Middle Ages was 3.7 years and in 2023 of 3.6 years. The figure contrasts with that registered for diesel and gasoline cars. Following the reverse road, the Middle Ages of the American Mobile Park has been growing over the years until it is 12.6 years. Taking into account that the electric car barely represents 3.2 million vehicles of the 286 million units in operation in the country, its impact on the Middle Ages is negligible. And in Europe? In Europe there are no data segmented by technologies. Acea, employer of manufacturers in Europe, only refers to the average age of cars in the continent and by countries. Points out that in Spain, According to the latest studiesIt is 13.9 years. A figure higher than the European average. In the continent, the average is 12.5 years. A figure that is lower because in Germany and France, the two largest car markets in Europe, the decade is barely exceeded. They are also the markets where more electric cars are bought. Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland or Sweden, countries that are located in the European average or in the upper part in the purchase of electric cars, also have lower figures in the Middle Ages of the mobile park compared to the rest of Europe. On the contrary, Spain, Italy and all the rest of Europe have the most aged mobile park. Although the almost 14 Spanish years are far from the more than 17 years of Greece, we share with those countries that the market share in the purchase of electric cars is very low, just a third of the European average. Why is the electric car important? The impact of the electric car on the Middle Ages of the mobile park is evident, especially the smaller the market. It is shown that where cars are growing are more modern. This is because the Middle Ages of the electric, as seen in the United States and is presupposed in Europe, is very low. It has all the meaning of the world. If electric car sales continue to grow, the Middle Ages has to go down. In the study of S&P global It is pointed out that in 2024 there were 50% more electric cars in American streets than in 2022. If sales are stopped, on the contrary, the age of the mobile park will increase in line. In the United States, where the sample is more than 286 million cars the impact is very low. In Europe, on the contrary, the impact is more evident because we can segment through countries. It is estimated that there is 256 million cars in circulation in Europe But Luxembourg, Germany, Sweden and Belgium are the countries where there is a higher percentage of cars with less than two years. Removing the peculiarities of Luxembourg, coincide (again) with electric sales. Two good news. That the electric car continues to expand its customer base are good news for the fleet of vehicles at European level. Confirms that every view more customers are trusting technology and that adequate incentives There are more drivers willing to jump into the electric car. It also means greater security. This is independent of the new car sold. With European obligationsa new car is always going to be safer than one with more than a decade behind it. Although they were systems that have already been seen ten years ago, now all cars (regardless of the price) have to have systems such as rear camera, emergency braking or lane output alert. And a regulate. Although with good prospects. And is that S&P globalin its report in this regard in 2023, it indicated that 6.6% of the electric cars that were in operation a decade before had been sent to recycle. The figure is higher than that of vehicles with combustion motor (5.5%). This means that the electric car becomes obsolete before, which has all the logic. We are talking about a technology that advances very quickly and, above all, has been widely improved in the autonomy offered by the vehicle. It’s easy to think about Many vehicle fleets They have gone to better life as better options have been offered. In addition, it must be taken into account that the same has been seen in the second -hand market. The depreciation of electric cars It is much faster and more accused than those of combustion. If the company interested in selling it cannot place the car, the most logical thing is to send it to destroy if you need space and replace its fleet. More and more cars. To all of the above we must add that the average age of the cars is expected to remain in the coming years since the electric car seems to have an ally between the fleets. Countries like Belgium or Germany They have discovered that the company car is an especially attractive means to boost sales of this type of car. While a individual aspires to have a car for many years in property, unless you opt for a rentiercompanies often use this formula since it allows them to renew the fleet every three or four years. If we take into account that the electric car has grown a lot among rentals And companies of all kinds, we have years ahead where its Middle Ages remains very low. Photo | In Xataka | I’ve been trying electric cars for … Read more

We thought that oil was a thing of the past. But the oil companies that have remained faithful to raw live their golden age

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While the rise of renewables continues full -potato wind, as can be seen in projects such as GLOBAL RENEWABLE Watchthe big refineries are starring an unexpected return to the center of the energy stage. The commitment to hydrocarbons. Unlike other companies in the sector, French TotalEnergies did not turn completely in an energy conversion. Yes, he invested in renewables. Yes, he developed liquefied natural gas projects. But he never abandoned his base: oil and gas. According to Reutersthe company has increased its UPSTREAM production (crude and gas extraction) compared to the first quarter of 2024. Although oil prices are below the level of a year ago, gas sales have improved, and fuel production is returns to be profitable. Refinement in recovery. The situation is dragging the effects of a profitability drop that has affected the entire industry. According to the company, the profit margins in the oil refining in Europe have increased in the last six months, but there are still 59% below the levels of a year ago. All this is due to multiple reasons, such as a weak demand, the growth of New refineries in Asia and Africa, OPEC+ overproduction and Trump’s tariff war. Even so, as the news agency has detailed, Totalenergies has increased fuel production, partially benefiting from that slight recovery on the margins. The strategy. According to Ahmed Ben Salem, an analyst at Oddo BHF, among the greats of the sector, Totalenergies is “the most resilient in a weaker macro environment, backed by diversification towards liquefied natural gas and renewable energy.” And it is not the only one that has found a new balance between transition and profitability. While Timenergies clings to a hybrid strategy, its Anglo -Saxon rivals are also adjusting the course. BP, for example, has trimmed His green ambitions to focus again on hydrocarbons. Exxonmobil He has opted strong for carbon capture. Together, all of them seem to be converging in the same idea: crude has not yet said his last word. The paradox of the transition. In the decisive decade for climate action, refining recovery sounds almost to Anatema. Can the energy sector continue to win time with fossil fuels without losing the decarbonization train? This dynamic does not occur in a vacuum. As I know He explained The tariff war and the firmness of the OPEC+ to continue producing the barrels has caused a drop in oil prices, with the Brent and the WTI stabilized around 60 dollars a barrel. This scenario impacts directly on the refineries, which try to balance fossil profitability with the growing stark pressure. Image | Pexels Xataka | The US plan to reduce oil is about to derail what worked best in its economy

We knew that the olive trees were very old trees. What we did not imagine is that they arrived at 4,000 years of age

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The olive tree is undoubtedly one of the most iconic trees in the Mediterranean basin. The olive groves have populated the fields of southern Europe and the Levante since time immemorial, but such is the longevity of this species that the history of some of these trees also goes back, at least to antiquity. An example of this is the Vauves olivelocated on the Greek island of Crete. Conservative estimates throw this tree about 2,000 years. This would imply that in his life he could be a mute witness of events such as the division of the Roman Empire, the fall of Biscay and the Ottoman Empire and, of course, the birth of contemporary Greece. Broader estimates calculate that this tree could reach 4,000 years of age. This would not only do it contemporary of figures such as Pythagoras, Aristotle or Alexander the Great but also implied that this plant was born in the Crete Minoica and it was Witness of the collapse of the late bronze ageone of the most intriguing events that occurred at the dawn of history as and how we understand it. But perhaps the most surprising detail of all this is that the olive tree of Vouves continues to bear fruit. This has led many to wonder, how is it possible? What makes this specimen already its species in general so long? The olive tree (Olea Europea) has a life expectancy that, although it does not become ancient, does exceed several centuries. It is estimated that the life expectancy of the trees of this species Round the five centuriesalthough there is some debate about it. In this sense, A study published in 2021 In the magazine Dendrochronologyestimated that the majority of “monumental olive trees” had maximum ages that ranged between 300 and 500 years. Estimating the age of an olive tree is difficult. We indicated at the beginning that the estimates of the age of this millenary tree ranged between 2,000 and 4,000 years, a very wide fork precisely because of the difficulty that involves calculating the age of these trees. Dendrocronology is based on using the growth rings of tree trunks to estimate their age: how many rings, so many years. Counting rings in a carved copy is simple, but doing it in a living tree and doing it in an olive tree is already another song. The trunks of the olive trees grow irregularly, which implies a seemingly chaotic pattern in the rings inside, making the count especially difficult as pointed out A study published in 2013 In the magazine Plos One. His curious growth could be related to his longevity. According to Scott Travers, Biologist at Rutgers University, In an article for Forbesone of the “Secrets” behind longevity of these trees is in vegetative or clonal reproduction. That is, in the fact that this tree consists of various cuttings that start from the same root. This, adds Travers, allows this type of plants to survive extreme conditions, including similar fires, cuts and incidents. Another of the tricks for survival, Continue explaining traversIt is in the biochemistry of the tree, which offers mechanisms that allow repairing damaged tissues, as well as defending against pathogenic organisms. The same oil that humans take advantage of by the tree that gives us through its fruits. The elders of our environment Spain also has ancient olive trees, although we do want to find a tree that competes in age with the olive tree of vouves, we have to go to Portugal. It would be an olive tree located in Abrantesin the center of Portugal. According to a study conducted by the University of Trás-Montes and Alto Douro (Utad), Mouchão It would be the tree that would have this record with an age that would be around 3,350 years. Spain also has ancient olive trees and among all of them stands out The Arión Fargaa tree that we can find in the province of Tarragona. The estimated age of this olive tree is more than 1,700 years. This implies that this millenary tree would have been planted at the time of Emperor Constantine I. Olives are not the only millenary tree species in our environment. Cedros, Secuoyas and even Dragos Canarios can also reach ages that would pale the biblical matusalem. The olive trees are trees with a long life expectancy but do not usually fill the lists of the longest trees on the planet. The two longest -known non -cloned trees are two pines called Prometheus and Matusalemto which ages are estimated above 4,000 years. Both belong (or belonged in the case of Prometheus) to the species Pinus Longaevathe “long -lived pine” so it is not completely surprising this fact. When Prometheus was cut, the botanists who analyzed him told more than 4,800 rings, so he was estimated at an age of about 4,900 years. Estimates indicate that Matusalem has also surpassed for decades The 4800 -year -old brand. If we include clonal organisms we can find older trees. For example, the Pando forestconsidered the largest living organism on the planet, composed of thousands of cuttings of the same clonic tree, could have close to 80,000 years old According to some estimates. In Xataka | A retiree planted a tree in 2003 in one of the most dangerous areas of Sao Paulo. Today is an amazing “jungle” of the city Image | Eric Nagle, CC by-SA 4.0

North Africa was outside the bronze age map. A metallic waste has been put in the center of history

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If we look at the map From the Bronze Age, we observe that much of Europe and the Middle East are the protagonists of the period of the Ancient bronze. For a long time it was estimated that Egypt was the only focus of Metallurgical development In Africa during the Bronze age. For years, we thought that the rest of the territories were empty and it was with the Phoenicians when settlements and metal development began. We were wrong. And young archaeologists have shown that Morocco was more connected to other Mediterranean regions of what we thought. And the Kack Kouch settlement is the test. The Phoenicians. The Maghreb was an absent zone in the debates about late prehistory in the Mediterranean region. It was known that he received some influences from the European bronze, but they were pieces, because they did not produce their own metallurgy until the colonization of the Phoenicians. Morocco arrived around 800 AC, founding colonies such as Lixusbut it turns out that there were already stable settlements on the Mediterranean coasts of Africa. In North Africa, the representation is Egypt … and it ended Kach Kouch location Kach Kouch. In 1988, a team formed by Moroccan and Spanish researchers discovered the settlement of Kach Kouch. It was an important finding, since the survey made in 1992 revealed that, at some point between the VIII or VI ac centuries, there had erected a half -hectare camp with cabins built with mud. It was probably an agricultural people and the researchers said that, probably, Kach Kouch had been founded by Phoenician sailors to control access routes to the Mediterranean from the Lau River. Why the Phoenicians? Because the remains found belonged to amphorae of this culture that would have served to transport wine, oil or wheat. Frozen. After the 1992 excavation, the archaeological site had not been analyzed again, until now. He Kach Kouch Archaeological Projectled by researchers from the National Institute of Archeology of Morocco, set out to reach the bottom of the settlement. Literally. The SE development In two phases – in 2021 and 2022 – and, although the archaeological interest was present in both, one of the objectives was that the students of the institute be formed in archaeological methodology. What they found was far beyond what would be expected of training practices: Kach Kouch was not a Phoenician settlement, but had centuries there. Through drones, differential GPS, 3D models and radiocarbon dating, the team of researchers discovered that three phases of occupation had been given in the settlement. Occupation phases | Image of The Conversation, H. Benattia Ancestral occupation. These occupation phases were between 2200 AC and 600 BC and the researchers They have isolated The three phases due to the remains they found. First phase: Between 2200 and 2000 AC the remains are scarce, such as ceramic fragments without decorating, a flint lasc and bovine bones. It could have been a sporadic occupation, but existing. Second phase: Between 1,300 or 900 AC the occupation would have already been stable with circular housing and warehouses, evidencing a sedentary society. Kach Kouch would be agricultural, mainly, due to the silos and grinding stones found. For the remains, it is estimated that they cultivated barley and wheat that complemented with the breeding of sheep, goats and cows. Third phase: Between 800 and 600 AC here and the Phoenicians have played a role. This external cultural influence brought elements such as ceramics to lathe and iron tools, which were mixed with local architecture and stone buildings. From left to right: plant remains, carved bones, flint lacquers The metal. Therefore, the new discovery indicates that, centuries before the arrival of the Phoenicians, Kach Koach was already a stable settlement. But there is a key piece that reveals that the first bronze object found in the region could have arrived through the broader exchange networks of the Mediterranean: among the important recent discoveries, a bronze fragment dated between 1110 and 920 ac This is the oldest bronze evidence in the Maghreb area and, although the phrase is very manida, it is something that changes everything in the archeology of North Africa because the fragment is a waste of the function in a mold, but it is the oldest bronze object known in North Africa if we do not have Egypt into account. In the image on the right, we see a rest of an amphora. On the right, objects A a are grinding tools. E a g are the metal remains so relevant The Phoenician influence. Hanza Benattia is one of the authors of the study, as well as the director of the Kach Kouch archaeological project and, as explained in The conversationevidently the Phoenicians played a role in this story. During the VIII and VII AC centuries, the inhabitants of the settlement had the same material, architectural and economic culture they had during the previous phase, but contact with the Phoenicians introduced new cultural practices. “For example, circular housing coexisted with other squares made of stone and framework of wood and mud, combining phenistic and local techniques,” says Benattia. In addition, he points out that products such as vine and olive tree began to be cultivated, and that was when they began to use ceramics made around and the use of iron objects. This is the first thing that was found in 1992 and for what was considered that the settlement was Phoenician. However, the archaeologist points out that, towards 600 BC, the settlement was abandoned. There is no evidence of violence, so social or economic changes would have pushed the inhabitants to other more prosperous close settlements. To look for. It is curious how a simple waste from a material that should not be there changes the historical perception not only of a specific place, but of a region. As we said, the Magreb was excluded from the conversation about the late prehistory of the Mediterranean, but as Benattia points out, this discovery “not only … Read more

The “Handled PC” are living their golden age

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Yesterday was an exceptional day for nintenders. Nintendo Switch 2 It is official, a console that finally comes to compete with the best in the market, and that leaves Several errands to other companies. Switch’s particularity in front of his rivals remains his portability, and in this generation he is closer than ever to be The final console. However, although it seems that it has no rivals, the truth is that the “Handled PC”, or consoles that we can turn into both desktop and computers, are at their best. Asus Rog Ally X. The Rog Ally X of Asus It is literally a computer locked inside a console. A beast that was born in 2024 with an AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme processor, 16 GB of RAM and 512 GB of internal storage and … a price of 799 euros. In hardware terms there is no comparison and, in software, here we talk about a console with Windows 11. There are no Nintendo games (at least officially), but it is a weight alternative. Asus Rog Ally, 7 -inch Fullhd screen, AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme, 16 GB of RAM, 512 GB of storage and Windows 11. * Some price may have changed from the last review Steam Deck. Steam Deck It is one of the clear references within its segment, despite taking time in the market. A beast with Zen 2 processor, OLED screen in its latest generation, external connectivity up to 8K 60 fps and its own system: Steamos 3.0 (based on ARCH). This console is also around 700 euros, but is closer to a computer than a video game device. Valve Steam Deck SSD of 512 GB + 16 GB of RAM, 7 inches, 60 Hz, 1280 x 800 px, hand games console * Some price may have changed from the last review Lenovo Legion Go S. Recently we could try the Lenovo Legion Go Sa beast with Steamos and option to Windows. The tonic is similar to that of its rivals: AMD processor, a lot of storage, option to use desktop functions, etc. The price? Also more expensive than Switch 2, 630 euros for Windows version. Its “Sin S” version, the Lenovo Legion Go, is also available with even more radical specifications. Lenovo Legion Go – Gaming Portable console 8.8 “WQXGA (AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme, 8C, 16GB RAM, 1 TB SSD, Integrated AMD graphics card, Windows 11) Black, Legion Coldfront cooling system * Some price may have changed from the last review MSI The Claw. MSI is known for manufacturing computers, but also knows how to make consoles with Windows 11. The Claw A1 follow the line of the other devices: PVP between 600 and 800 euros, in this case an Intel Core Ultra 7, and a lot of chicha under the hood. MSI Claw A1M – Full HD 7 “120Hz (Intel Core Ultra 7, 16GB RAM, 512GB SSD, Wi -Fi 7, Windows 11) * Some price may have changed from the last review All are missing something. Nintendo, everyone needs to be Nintendo consoles. The company has achieved something that plays in its favor: buyers who bet their consoles for the mere fact that consoles … are from Nintendo. A nostalgia fever, exclusive games only available on its platform and a different philosophy, one in which the graphics go to a secondary plane (not so much in this second generation) and the only thing that matters is the experience with the game itself. Image | Xataka In Xataka | Adult life has made me sitting to play is increasingly complicated. Until I bought a portable console

A “small ice age”

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“No realistic adaptation measure can face such fast temperature changes under a collapse” of the Gulf current. In recent years we have discussed a lot about The weakening of the AMOC and about the consequences that, especially for EuropeI could have all this. And yet That study phrase that returned the old fear of the researchers to the fore: the one that says that we do what we do, THE END OF THE AMOC It would be a catastrophe of unsuspected proportions. Everything will happen too fast. The amoc is The oceanic flow that runs from north to south in the North Atlantic basin. The process begins with sinking to the cold water background in front of Greenland and the movement of this south. The replacement of that water with a warmer (which flows on the surface to the north) allows to transfer heat from the Gulf from Mexico to Europe. The cold comes. The problem is that the importance of this current in Europe is capital. Without it, both Western Europe and East of North America would cool very significantly. We would see how a “generalized cooling throughout the North Atlantic and Northern Hemisphere in general“That the temperature would collapse in Europe, how they would strengthen” from the winter storms, with more and more powerful explosive cyclogenesis “and a much more snow (taking a lot of productive lands from the market in a matter of years). The change would be (will be) brutal and we know it in good ink. The story is full of examples. The small ice age was, according to NASA a period that began around 1550 and consisted of three cold peaks (around 1650, 1770 and 1850) interspersed with relatively warm intervals. Those peaks were extremely hard and are key triggers of three of the great geopolitical conflicts of the continent: the wars of religion, the French Revolution (and Bonapartism) and the revolutions around 1848. But also the fall of the Ming dynasty in China. These years are full of anecdotes, from the Swedish troops crossing the frozen sea in the Swedish war Until the suspicion that the cold was the Calve factor that caused the wood of the Stradivarius to be denser than usual. Hunger, pain and suffering. In National Geographic published in his day A small summary of historical testimonies where it can be verified that “aldeano aldeans (survived) based on bread made with ground nuts stall The floor was too hard to dig. We are not in 1600, of course. And that shows, especially, in our ability to ‘adapt’ and to use internationalist networks to ‘cushion’ local or regional changes. No one can argue that, in recent decades, our systems have improved: beyond our assessment, Andalusia now has double irrigation that in the 90s in similar climatic circumstances. However, as the authors say, it is very difficult to imagine some scenario in which a climate change of that draft does not lead to a deep economic, political and social crisis throughout the entire continent. And that, of course, is the worst problem of all. Right now, all of Europe is in a hurry for a warmer climate, so that The Sahara extends to the northso that The rains and snow become more rare. At the time the Gulf Current is stopped (And it is increasingly clear that it will stop) We will be headed to the opposite situation. But without time to react. As the old woman said (and probably apocryphal) Chinese curse, we seem destined to live interesting times. Image | Juanedc In Xataka | In 536 the sun began to shine less than the moon. The small ice age began then began

After years of Japanese, in Spain there is already a generation at the gates of an uncertain scenario: old age without children

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In 1960 each Spanish woman had throughout her life almost three children. Today They do not reach 1.2. The data is just that: data, demographic means, pure statistical mathematics, but they serve to understand better trends that are every time more present in homes of homes. As I know Birth sinkslife expectancy and Families changeSpain meets A new reality: The first “without children” generations look at old age with the challenge of facing that last vital stage without offspring. No children. Neither grandchildren. The big question is … why? And what does it imply? Figure issue. Spanish demography (like that of Other other countriesinside and out of the West) It is changing. A lot. And fast. In fact it has been doing it for a long time. If we review the fertility index we find that It has collapsed Throughout the last decades: of 2.94 children per woman in 1967 we have gone to 1.12. And going down. Translated into babies that supposes that today they are born in Spain less than half that in him Baby Boom. The trend has been the opposite among people who live alone. At least over the last years. If in 2014 the unipersonal households supposed 24% of the total From the census, six years later they were already 26%. Another reality is those who live in a couple but choose to do it without offspring. In 2020 the INE counted near four million of homes with that profile, two out of ten. Generations without children. A few months ago the CIS contributed an even more interesting approach. Its technicians They asked to people born over the last decades if they had children and found themselves with which the percentage of ‘Sies’ fell clearly as the age of the interviewees did. It is a predictable trend among younger respondents, under 34, but the study reflects something else: among cohorts with more advanced ages, which are already peeling retirement, there is also a considerable percentage of people without offspring. And to show a button. If 89% of people of 75 or more years had children, that percentage went to 81.5%Among the interviewees from 55 to 64 years. If we go to the fork from 35 to 44 years the proportion drops even more, to 62%, and if we descend even more, focusing on the population between 25 and 34 years, we find that only 32% of respondents have had at least one offspring. Why is it important? Because as I pointed out recently The Spanish newspaper (EPE) in An analysis On that same phenomenon, the data of the CIS show us that Spain is at the gates of a demographic milestone: the arrival in the old -generation old age in which a relevant percentage of people has chosen to have no offspring. According to the CISin the age strip from 55 to 64 years they represent 18.5%. “The ghost of old age without children”. Between that 18.5% of people without offspring, such as I confessed recently A couple in the fifty to EPE, there are those who already contemplate with concern to the “ghost of old age without children.” That is, the perspective of becoming greater or becoming dependent without children or grandchildren who, if necessary, can serve as a network. “It seems that you are always going to be autonomous, but the aging is noticeable year after year and seeing it in your elders causes restlessness because having children does not mean that no one will take care of you, but you can have support, at least someone to call,” Write The same couple. They now have octogenarian parents who need help and “someone for everything.” “What would they do without their children?” Marking the way. 18.5% may seem a reduced percentage yet, but THE STUDY OF THE CIS It is interesting for something else: it suggests that this scenario of ‘old age without children’ will be increasingly common. Among the interviewees of 45 to 54 years the percentage of those who claim to have no offspring represents 21.3% and between the people aged 25 and 44 touches 36-66%. Maternity It has been delaying With the passing of the decades and today it is located in almost 33 yearswith what the logical thing would be for these percentages to soften, but still the trend is clear. THE CIS Confirm In addition, another reality that institutions such as the INE have been drawing for a long time: many of the couples who have been parents have had a single descendant, so the support they can receive in their old age will depend on a single child. It comes to review two figures to understand it: among those over 75 years of age the percentage of people with children who claim to have had more than a offspring reaches 90.3%. Among the interviewees of 55 to 64 years that same proportion already collapses to 73.5%. A complex reality. The big question arriving at this point is … Why do the Spaniards have fewer children than a few decades ago or do we even opt for not having them? The answer is complex and adds multiple factors, including cultural, labor and social changes, but a few months ago the CIS reflected Another factor Same relevant: the economic one. According to your polls, 77.3% Of the Spaniards believe that people have no children “due to lack of economic means.” 44.1% indicate another cause that goes along the same lines: “Conciling problems” work and professional life. Moreover, the research center states that 59% of respondents who have not been parents recognize that they would have liked to be. “Create support networks”. The other question that remains by throwing is … What will this increase in people who reach old age without children or grandchildren? Will it translate into greater pressure for public coffers? The problem is not exclusive to Spain. Other countries (Even in Asia) They also face the challenge of seeing how their demographic pyramid is widened … Read more

Age does not make us more irritable, rather on the contrary

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The physical effects of aging usually jump and perhaps that’s why they are well known. During the most advanced stages of our life we ​​usually lose strength and flexibility, we get tired more and our skin wrinkles. But beyond being forgotten, Something changes in our brain. Not only with their abilities but also in what affects our character and our personality. Because the changes that we live at the psychological level with the advance of age go beyond the dementia we associate with this period. The changes are varied and include both positive and negative aspects. The question of what these traits are rather complex. Different people age differently, so some of the studies on the subject may be contradictory. “The exact change in an individual’s features is unpredictable,” Explain in an article in Psychology Today The psychologist of the Edinburgh René Mõttus’s Unviersity. One of the personalities that we associate with the elderly is that of the old Cascarrabias. The idea that as we get older we become more irritable and closed of mind is quite widespread, but Scientific evidence is very limited. It is true that age can lead us to a certain degree of social isolation and that this generates psychological stress that in turn supposes a slab for our physical and mental health, as indicated A study Posted in 2014 in the magazine Annual Review of Psychologybut the myth of the old Cascarrabias may well be just that: a myth. Because many studies have found that the trend points in the opposite directionthat is, when we age, on average, we tend to make ourselves friendlier. According to Mõttus, the idea that people become more kind, cooperativeorganized and responsible is in general more accurate: “Such changes in personality are slightly more common among people than opposite changes.” One of the key phenomena in the development of our personality when we age is that of the so -called personality maturation. Maturation It is not an exclusive phenomenon of youth but is maintained until the elderly is well advanced. As we become greater, the charge of responsibilities increases. For example, we go from having numerous people who take care of us (not only in the family, also in social) to having to be more and more of ourselves. And not only does the number of people who can take care of us decrease, it also usually increases the number of people we must take care of, such as our partner or our children. This can make us get more responsible with age. As we pointed out before, there is diversity in changes and not everything is positive. On the one hand because there is a lot of diversity in the changes, on the other because there are traits that seem to tend towards an evolution that we could catalog as “negative.” A study Made by Mõttus himself and published in 2011 in the magazine Psychology and Aging He observed different results when studying different age cohorts and observed that the group of octogenarians analyzed progressed towards lower extraversion, cordiality and awareness, something that did not happen in the sexagenaries analyzed (the other cohort included in the study). Live 100 years Studying changes in personality as our age progresses is not a simple task. The world living different generations of people changes a lot for comparing one generation with another does not give us too much information. To know how this we must study the same group of people (OA very similar groups) over the years. Doing this is not easy since they require cohort studies that expand over years or decades. Knowing if these changes have any limit is also complicated. The studies with cohorts are losing participants over time, as is natural, and with it. It is psor that some analyzes should be limited to comparing people of several generations, such as a study conducted in Japan and Posted in 2006 In the magazine AGE (Dordrecht, Netherlands). This reminds us of one of the problems that can be associated with this type of studies: The survivor bias. At an early age our personality keeps a certain correlation with the risk of dying since in our personality a certain risk propensity can be marked, which in turn increases the probability that, for example, we fight in a traffic accident. The same can be worth in other ages. A more prone personality to addictions can also lead to premature death. The question is whether this continues to occur throughout our lives. The answer may well be, which would imply that the studies analyzing this type of changes must take into account this possible bias when comparing people of different ages, even when they are compared with themselves. In Xataka | One of the greatest aging experts has just explained what he does to live more. It makes sense Image | Andrea Piacquadio

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