understand

Europe looks to Spain to understand the agriculture of the future

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In just a decade, has grown by 3,000% and has generated more than 200,000 direct and indirect jobs throughout Spain. We are talking about pistachio: the ‘green gold’ that, despite initial skepticism, has radically changed hectares and hectares of the heart of the country. But we have known all this for years. What we did not know is that this agricultural boom was going to lead to an entire agrotechnological revolution. The epicenter of “pistachotech”. With 80% of the Spanish pistachio, Castilla-La Mancha has taken a step further to become the European epicenter of this “pistachio technological wave”: from “laboratory” rootstocks and new less common varieties to drones, precision irrigation and sterile insect programs. However, that is not the most interesting thing. As the Nobel Prize winners recently reminded us, what is interesting about this technological boom is the cultural change towards an innovative agricultural environment. But let’s go in parts. What is really happening in Castilla La Mancha? As explained in Enclave ODSAccording to Ángel Minaya (director of Agróptimum), the ultimate idea is to “control the entire process from the origin: the seed, the tree, the management and, subsequently, the industry.” This has led a group of researchers, businessmen and producers to start – often separately – an authentic revolution that goes from genetics to industrial organization. Let’s talk about the seed… This has been one of the first battles, for years California has led the creation of varieties with vigor and high tolerance to pests, salinities and low temperatures. And places like Cuenca have been key in its widespread adoption. They are true all-rounders that also reduce harvesting (alternation of crops) and improve harvesting performance than traditional varieties. They produce more, in a more stable way and are collected with fewer resources. …but it’s not just a seed thing. The truth is that, even having the best seed in the world, the genetic approach is not enough. And it is even less so in areas like Spain where water tensions and the pressure of desertification processes are the order of the day. Therefore, beyond grafts and varieties, precision irrigation and nutrition, computerized phenology, drones and their new remote sensing systems and the mechanization of harvesting have a central role in pushing the countryside towards a techno-digital era that has not quite come to fruition. Until now. And the best example of this is the speed with which the Spanish countryside is considering putting into practice sterile insect techniques that, although they are not yet fully necessary due to the youth of the plantations, are the gold standard of pest management. Good news. After all, the pistachio depends to open and close the harvest window properly and, above all, to process the harvest quickly. Without an extensive technical and industrial infrastructure, it is an almost impossible mission. An ecosystem in full growth. In a context in which agriculture needs massive amounts of genetic engineering, automation and data in real time, the configuration of a high-tech hub in the heart of Castilla La Mancha is excellent news. It not only seems an excellent tool to establish population and develop Empty Spain, but it is beginning to be configured as the great opportunity for the Spanish agricultural industry to reinvent yourself. Image | Christopher Burns | Christopher Balz In Xataka | The best pistachio, the one from Madrid: this is how the capital of Spain wants to become the capital of nuts

There is nothing to make blue in blue eyes. If we want to understand why, we have to resort to physics

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Many of us learned first genetics lessons through peas and eye color. But there is more science when Explain the color that acquire our eyes. Not only does physics intervene but also a somewhat more complex biology than we believed in the beginning. Nature and blue. The blue color It is not one of the most frequent In nature. Perhaps that is why exceptions such as the flowers of this color, the plumages of some birds or the wings of certain insects are striking. A reason is in the optimization of resources. Blue pigments are molecules that reflect light in certain segments of the electromagnetic spectrum, those of blue tones, giving color to an object. The problem with these molecules is that They usually have a large size. This makes them difficult to synthesize by living beings so, if they do not offer a significant evolutionary advantage, they will not be created by our body. It is not chemical, it is physical. That is why when we see the blue color in nature, it is likely that its origin is not in a chemical compound but in some physical phenomenon. This is what happens, for example, in the case of the plumage of some birds, whose origin is in nanostructures whose shape is responsible for reflecting the light in short lengths of the visible spectrum, those of blue color. And it is also the case with blue eyes. Absence of pigmentation. Only that in the case of blue eyes it is not about the nanostructures but of the iris and of the Tyndall effectan effect similar to the person responsible for seeing the blue sky (and the red sunsets), Explain in an article in The conversation Davinia Beaver, expert in regenerative medicine of the Bond University, in Australia. When the light enters our eye, the suspended particles found in it interact with the shortest spectrum lengths, causing them to disseminate more, “bouncing” thus part of the blue color of the waves outside. The brown, quite the opposite. This effect does not occur among people with brown eyes because there is a pigment in this. This “catch” part of the light causing it not to escape so easily from the eye, giving darker tones. The pigment in question: melaninthe same responsible for darker skin tones. There are more eyes colors, such as green or “hazelnut color” eyes. These colors can be seen as the combination of the dispersion of the light of the Tyndall effect, modulated by a certain presence of melanin, either in small quantities or concentrated in some regions of the iris. Genetics is not so simple. The genetics we study in our school stage, of course, is simple, a simplified version of what we know about this field of biology. A field, in addition, that has been advancing over time, becoming more complex as we detract more and more details about its operation, Beaver remembers. Point out, for example, there are several genes that affect the appearance of our eyes, so family ins and outs that lead to one or another eye color may not be as perceptible as we believe. Eye color can also change as a result of other factors such as our age, as melanin accumulates in our eyes, which usually happens during growth. Certain medical conditions, Beaver adds, can also influence this color. In Xataka | We have been trying to decipher if all humans see the colors the same. We still have no response Image | Michael Morse

Trying to understand why human beings like alcohol so much, these scientists have just found a fundamental clue: drunken monkeys

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More than two decades ago, Robert Dudley wondered how it was possible that we liked alcohol. In 2014, the evolutionary biologist of the University of California in Berkeley published “El Mono drunk”, a book where he explored The evolutionary roots of that transcultural hobby to alcohol. According to Dudley, it is the fans of primates to fermented fruits (rich in sugars and with a very light alcoholic content) what is behind all this. The problem, as with all the hypotheses of evolutionary biology, was to demonstrate it. Now we have found some tests. Because Science Advance magazine He has just published a study which shows that wild chimpanzees consume the alcoholic equivalent to one or two human cups. That is, exposure to this substance is regular and “probably” was also in our past as a kind, as Dudley said. How have you discovered it? The team analyzed the fruits consumed by the wild chimpanzees in Uganda and in Ivory Coast. Thus, they discovered that these 21 species had a concentration of 0.3% alcohol on average. To the extent that these animals consume about 4.5 kilos of fruit, the amount of ethanol consumed daily is more than the 14 grams that has a standard glass in the US. Of course, “by adjusting for body weight, which in chimpanzees is around 40 kilos in front of about 70 in humans, the exposure equals almost two glasses,” Explain in SINKSEY MARO, main author of the study. It is true, however, that as consumed throughout the day, researchers have not found signs of drunkenness in chimpanzees. So drink alcohol is something natural? This is a usual confusion when we put on the table lAs evolutionary explanationsbut evidently it is not prices. To start because there is nothing ‘natural’ per se. The Natural-artificial ‘distinction It is something that has very little scientific, philosophical or social basis. We have reached a point where everything is artificial. But, on the other hand, the world has changed a lot. Although the hypothesis can explain the origin of the taste for alcohol in all human societies, constant exposure to alcohol of great concentration such as the one we suffer today has nothing to do with that of our ancestors. Therefore, our taste for alcohol may have a certain evolutionary base; The abuse of ethanol and the health problems it causes are something else. Something much more dangerous. Image | Adam Wyles In Xataka | The greatest fear of the alcohol industry is summarized in just five words: being abstemious is fashionable

74,000 years ago, a volcanic eruption led humanity to the edge of extinction. We begin to understand how we survive

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74,000 years ago, in a remote lake north of Sumatra, a volcano erupted. But it wasn’t a normal volcano. According to archaeologist Jayde N. Hiniak“The Toba expelled 2,800 cubic kilometers of ash to the stratosphere, created a crater of 1,000 soccer fields” and caused a global winter. That could take our species to the edge of extinction: for more than half a century, many anthropologists are convinced that it was that eruption (one of the greatest known eruptions) that reduced the human population to about 10,000 fertile couples. It would be the most critical moment of Homo Sapiens since it arose. It is true that the theory is controversial and the debate around the real climate change that the Toba created is still very alive; However, no one doubts that what happened that day in Sumatra was a huge catastrophe. And that can be seen in archaeological remains. As Hiniak pointed out“Most archaeological sites show a history of resistance.” In areas such as South Africa or the lowlands of Ethiopia these climatic changes led to the adoption of technological innovations such as the development of arches and arrows. In much closer places (such as Indonesia, India or China), the population also suffered deep changes that allowed him to survive. All this can be known because the Toba left many geological samples distributed throughout the world. Studying the deposits before and after the ash of the volcano gives a lot of information on how these societies changed socio-technologically. The flexibility was key. Regardless of what Toba will cause (or not) drastic reduction Of the population, what is clear is that it allows us to draw conclusions about what was the fundamental feature that explains the survival of human communities: behavioral flexibility. Something that allows Image | Tetiana Grypachevska In Xataka | When Newton reached the fundamental laws of physics there was already a sign that said “Leonardo was here”

Canopo’s decree is one of the greatest mysteries to solve the ancient Egypt. And finally we have a key track to understand it

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Egyptologists and especially those scholars dedicated to the study of hieroglyphs and The Ptolemaic dynasty They are in luck. And rightly. A team of archaeologists has located in the site of Tell el-Faran´inin the city of The Husseiniya (Sharqia), an unparalleled treasure in the last century and a half. Not because of the materials with which it is manufactured or its lavishness. No. The key is what he says, how he says it and above all what he does not say. What experts have found is neither more nor less than a famous stone trail Canopo decree. Of course, a very special. What is Canopo’s decree? A Egyptian decree promulgated by the king Ptolemy III Evergetes on a deck of 238 AC, in full Ptolomeics dynasty. The document was written after the high priests met in the city of Canopusto the east of Alexandria, to honor the monarch, his wife Berenice and the little daughter of both, who died by those same dates. It may sound boring, but the decree has been fascinating the Egyptologists. The text exalts the figure of the monarchs (“The benevolent gods”), their donations, campaigns and veneration in the temples. Also of more practical issues, such as the decision to lower taxes those years in which crops did not receive enough water from the Nile, or the creation of a new priestly range and a religious holiday. Another of the ads that it collects is the deification of the deceased daughter of Ptolemy III Evergetes and Berenice, which was called as her mother. Does it say anything else? Yes. Among other issues, the introduction of a new system of leap years which would add an extra day every four years to adjust it to religious rituals. Ptolemy III wanted that additional day to commemorate him and his wife, but the idea He didn’t finish curdling. Today it reminds us how advanced Egyptian astronomy was and how it advanced to Julian calendarintroduced by Julio César in the 46 AC replacing the Roman. Beyond what he says, the decree is valuable for how he says it. The document makes it clear that its content should be expressed in stelae that mixed three different writing systems: Egyptian hieroglyphs, The demotic and The Greek Koiné. The copies should also be distributed among the main temples for the edict to reach every corner of the kingdom. When in the nineteenth century the archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius He discovered one of those specimens in Tanis, he found a valuable help to decipher the hieroglyphs. So or even more than Rosetta stone. How is the new wake? Of sandstone, 127.5 centimeters high and 83 wide, with a thickness of 48. Its upper part is rounded and, in addition to the registration of the central section, distributed over 30 hieroglyph lines carved in relief, the stone shows some interesting decorations. The design is crowned by a large winged solar disk flanked by two royal cobras that show the white and red crowns of Egypt, symbol of the union of the two lands. In the center, an inscription stands out in which “Di-Ank” can be read, a message that could be translated as “the one that gives life.” Why does the finding matter? Because the copies of Canopo decree do not abound. Or at least we have not found them. As remember The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of Egypt, the wake found in Tell el-Faran´in will join the other six known and unearthed versions inKom el-hisn, Tanis either Tell enough. Some are complete. Another are just fragments. “This discovery is considered the most significant of its kind in more than 150 years, since since then no new and complete version of the decree has been found,” Underline. Does it differ in something? Yes. And that is one of the reasons why the wake recovered in Tell el-Faran´in has generated so much interest. Although the decree of Ptolemy III made it clear that it should be captured in stelae that combined the three writing systems (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek), the specimen we just found shows only one. This was confirmed by Mohamed Ismail Khaled, of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, who Clarify that the wake is written “entirely in hieroglyphs”, which differentiates it from other previous trilingual versions. What is it for? Beyond the obvious historical, archaeological and patrimonial value of the finding, Tell el-Faran´in wake has a key utility. From the outset, it has served the Egyptian Minister of Antiquities, Sherif Fathy, to breastfeed for the “continuous achievements” of the archaeological missions of the country and the “support” of the government to the excavation campaigns, something that feels especially good in full controversy by the Tourist megaproject of the Sinai. Political issues apart, scholars are relying on squeezing the content of the wake. The authorities expect them to help them expand their knowledge about the real and religious documents of the Ptolemaic era and “enrich” the understanding of that historical period. If something has aroused interest, it is, however, that the stone includes a single writing system, which seems an exception to the norm that includes the decree. “Open new horizons for our understanding of the language and provides additional information about Ptolemaic decrees, as well as about real and religious ceremonial systems,” Add the government. Images | Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Egypt government and Wikipedia In Xataka | A 2,000 -year -old cup has revealed an unexpected facet of the Egyptians: psychedelic cocktails

Confirm that the summer of 2025 is the warmest since there are records is not enough. You have to understand why. And you have to do it fast

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Astronomical summer is not over yet and it seems that the weather coincides with this, although we have already entered the month of September. However, experts from the State Meteorology Agency (AEMET) have already taken stock of the summer quarter of this year. We knew that this summer had been warm, but now we know that it has been the warmest. Since we have records. The summer of 2025 has been the warmest of the historical series in Spain (in 1961), according to has released recently Aemet. In peninsular Spain, the quarter between June and August has left us a thermal anomaly of 2.1º Celsius, taking as reference the period between 1991 and 2020. This year’s has also been a very warm summer on the islands: 1.5º above what would be common in Balearic Islands and 0.9º more in the Canary Islands. In the Peninsula, “excess heat” has been distributed quite homogeneously, although in important areas of the territory of communities such as Galicia, Castilla-La Mancha, and Castilla and anomalies of more than 2.5º were seen. According to Explain Aemetit was precisely in Galicia and the two plateaus where anomalies of more than 3º are observed. Overcoming the record. The warmest summer until now had been the 2022. The new record exceeds the marking during that summer in just 0.1 and supposes the fourth consecutive year in which positive anomalies are recorded during the summer, always taking as reference the period between 1991 and 2020. June, the most anomalous month. A good part of the situation is due to the heat that We live in the month of June. The first month of this summer was not only the warmest June since there are records, it was also the 30 days with the greatest warm anomaly of which we have record: 3.6º Celsius. During that month the heat was especially concentrated in the east of the country, with a small area between Aragon and Catalunya exceeding 4.5º of thermal anomaly. What happened this summer? Summer was marked by a low atmospheric circulation, with anticyclonic conditions that allowed the intrusion of African heat in almost all of the peninsula. According to Aemet, this summer we saw three waves of heat, two that affected Peninsula and Balearic Islands, and another that reached the Canary Islands. The peninsular affected 40 provinces and lasted for 17 days, from June 18 to July 4. The Second heat wave It was still more intensegenerating an anomaly of 4.2º; It affected 42 provinces and lasted for 16 days, between August 3 and 18. Both heat waves were among the longest we have registered and turned 2025 in the second year with more days with active heat waves (33) after 2022 (41 days). And what about the rains? In addition to warm, summer this year has been dry, at least in peninsular Spain. They saw each other on average 57 mm of rain In the area, 81% of what would be common on these dates. The southwest quadrant was the most affected by the lack of rains, although rainfall was rather scarce in most of the country, except for some areas of the Ebro basin, center of the northern plateau, and some areas of the Mediterranean basin. The situation was unequal in the Balearic Islands, with the western part of the archipelago seeing few rainfall and the eastern area watching a more humid summer. Even more irregular what was seen in the Canary Islands, where together there was a wet summer (133% of the average rainfall for summer), but with very concentrated rainfall in specific areas. In Xataka | We have centuries studying the different types of clouds. What tells us the shape and color of these atmospheric phenomena Image | ECMWF / Victor of Dompablo

Those who understand it end up being their greatest enthusiasts

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Imagine that you ask for Chatgpt either Gemini A poem, a recipe or a summary and the answer appears polished on your screen in seconds. Now ask yourself what happens behind: Models trained with millions of datareal -time inference processes. Those who understand this mechanism usually look at AI with more skepticism; Those who do not understand it so well tend to see it with greater fascination. A recent study suggests that this difference in understanding helps explain who adopts it with more enthusiasm. The usual thing with the new technologies is that the first to adopt them are the ones who understand them best. With artificial intelligence the opposite occurs. An investigation published in Journal of Marketing By Stephanie Tully, Chiara Longoni and Gil Appel shows that people with less literacy in AI are usually the most enthusiastic when using it. The finding is repeated in different contexts and countries: the less it is understood how it works, the more fascination generates and the greater the willingness to incorporate it into the day to day. When understanding less means getting more excited As WSJ points outto reach these conclusions, the authors deployed a battery of studies in several phases, with surveys and experiments carried out in 27 countries. In addition to evaluating concrete tasks, they measured literacy in AI with their own instruments, such as a 25 -question questionnaire, and with a 17 -question test prepared with two AI systems. In one of the experiments, 234 university students indicated whether they would use a free tool for academic work that went from analyzing the beginning of World War I until writing a romantic poem. The pattern was consistent: the lower the technical knowledge, the greater the willingness to use it. According to the authors, the link between low literacy and enthusiasm is not explained because I believe that AI is more capable or less dangerous, but by how its operation is interpreted. For those who do not know the technical details, seeing a system generating creative content can be surprising and even mysterious. That feeling of magic awakens curiosity and trust, which makes these tools more attractive. Researchers add that this relationship is not linked to valuations on the ability of AI, ethical judgments or the fear of its impact, but precisely to that aura of “magic.” The work also emphasizes that this pattern does not mean that the fascination with AI is universal or disappears when understanding its functioning. Those who have more training They tend to see algorithms where others see magicwhich does not imply disinterest, but a more critical approach. In addition, the results reflect general trends and enthusiasm can vary according to the context, the type of task and the user’s previous experience. The study does not intend to simplify the debate, but to provide data on how we perceive these technologies. Researchers point out that these conclusions may have direct applications for companies that develop AI -based products. Identifying users with less technical knowledge as a more receptive audience can help design more accessible marketing and use experiences. At the same time, they warn that feeding the mystery of these technologies can be counterproductive: the more opaque a tool is, the more difficult it is to build long -term confidence. The challenge is to balance curiosity with transparency on how systems work. The study suggests that amazement is an effective entrance door to artificial intelligence, but does not replace knowledge. Learn how these technologies work Help recognize its risksvalue its benefits and make more informed decisions about its use. For users, familiar with technical foundations is a way of continuing to explore without being carried just by novelty. The fascination can continue there, but accompanied by criteria, which in the long term allows a healthier and more productive relationship with AI. Images | Xataka with Gemini 2.5 | Solen Feyissa In Xataka | Europe already has its domestic humanoid robot to compete with Tesla: Neura will be in charge, it will arrive in 2026 and is already priced

A scheme to understand the new Openai in chatgpt

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GPT -5 is here. If you have reached this article, it is probably for one of two reasons: o You are interested in knowing what it contributes The new OpenAI modelor you have encountered an unexpected change in your application of Chatgpt. The model selector, in general, has disappeared, and with it, part of the control that users had. Between what GPT -5 promises and what is now out of reach without paying, the question is served: is it worth subscribing? What has really changed in Chatgpt’s experience? GPT -5 decides on your own how to answer GPT-5 does not work as the previous models. Now chatgpt incorporates a system that Decides automatically How to answer. If it detects that a task is simple, prioritizes speed. If you consider that you need more analysis, it activates its mode of reasoning. Openai describes it as a system that learns from previous patterns and adjusts its behavior based on the context. The result is a more uniform experience, but also more closed. The only exception is the users of the Pro and Team plans, which can continue to manually access the different variants of GPT -5. What do you get according to what you pay The result you get when using GPT -5 in chatgpt depends directly on the plan you have. It is not just a matter of speed or quality of the answers: daily limits changethe available tools and the type of reasoning that the model can apply. And in some cases, even what you see on the screen. OpenAI has designed three access levels for the general public: the free plan, The Plus Plan of 23 euros per month and The Pro Plan of 229 euros per month. Each offers a different experience. Knowing what changes between them is key to understanding why your chatgpt does not behave like that of other users. The following table summarizes what each of the three main levels includes: The free, the plus and the pro. Some differences are subtle – like automatic degradation to a lighter model – and others are much more visible, such as access to advanced tools or GPT -5 Thinking Pro mode. Free Plus pro Base model GPT –5 GPT –5 GPT –5 Allowed messages 10 every 5 hours 80 every 3 hours Unlimited What happens when exceeding the limit? Change to GPT-5-mini Change to GPT-5-mini – GPT -5 Thinking mode (automatic) 1 time a day No restrictions No restrictions GPT -5 Thinking mode (manual) Not available 200 weekly messages No restrictions Thinking Pro Not available Not available Available Image generation Around 3 a day Higher quota Unlimited Advanced voice mode Not available Available Available MODEL SELECTOR MANUAL Not available Only between GPT-5 and GPT-5-Thinking GPT-5 and GPT-5-Thinking. Old models for limited time Monthly price 0 euros 23 euros (includes 3.99 euros of VAT) 229 euros (includes 3.99 euros of VAT) When you use free chatpt you start with GPT -5 in normal mode, but the accountant does not stop: 10 messages every 5 hours. Upon reaching the tenth, the conversation changes to a distilled copy called GPT-5-mini. In addition, the Free Plan only allows a daily message with the way of deep reasoning (GPT -5 Thinking). What really contributes to pay The free plan gives access to GPT -5, but with cuts that appear quickly. Paying solves that initial limit, but also changes the experience significantly. With plus, you can stay in the full model for much longeruse advanced tools and manually force the way of deep reasoning, although with a weekly limit. Pro goes further: it eliminates virtually all restrictions. There is only a “limit” that seeks to avoid abusive use. The most important thing about the Pro Plan is not alone in the number of messages. What it offers is GPT -5 Thinking Pro, a version of the model that uses more computing to think, compare possible answers and reduce errors. This extended reasoning is not available in Free or Plus. The difference is especially noticeable in complex tasks: code, long summaries, reporting reports, technical analysis or complex comparative. For those who use chatgpt as a work tool – and not only for specific consultations – this subscription can be very valuable. Only those who pay more retain total control The new GPT -5 system eliminates the need to choose models … unless you are part of the few who can still do it. Only users of the Pro, Team and Enterprise plans retain access to the complete models selector, which allows manually changing between GPT -5, GPT -5 Thinking, and GPT -5 Thinking Pro. They can also access, for a limited time, some old models for compatibility. As we say, in the rest of the plans – Free and Plus – the experience is totally unified: the system decides for itself how to act, but we can force quick or reasoned responses through the prompt. Images | OpenAI | Omid Armin | Xataka screen capture In Xataka | The AI has so far a nice accessory: with GPT-5, OpenAi wants to place it in the center of all things

We know more than Mars than the seabed. An expert helps us to understand why it is still an enigma and what mysteries keep

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What if we told you that there is such a tiny creature that it can hunt generating a bubble at more than 100 km/h, with a temperature similar to the sun? What if the orcs were smarter than we believe, even capable of having bait traps or hunting the very blue whale? The bottom of the sea It is still a place full of mysteries. We think we know him because we have seen documentaries or movies, but we have barely scratched his surface. Science and separate With a new episode On our YouTube channelalso available as Podcast on Spotify and Ivoox. A space in which we address scientific issues from a close and informative approach. In this second installment, our partner Ángela Blanco talks with Álex Avelloethologist and disseminator, to explore the amazing behavior of marine animals and everything we still do not know about the ocean. The pistolera gamba is one of those animals that costs to believe that they really exist. It is tiny, but its way of hunting has nothing subtle: it closes one of its tweezers to more than 100 km/Hy generates a bubble whose temperature, according to some studies, could approach the surface of the sun. “This always caught with tweezers too, a little above, a little below,” says Alex. The click is so brutal that it can be detected by the sound of a submarine. If the puppets can submerge up to 3,000 meters is not only because of their size or strength, but by a fascinating biological mechanism. “It has an organ that is called sperm … I always say it is like a bag full of wax, a wax -full supermarket,” explains Álex. When they prepare to descend, they let cold water into that organ, which solidifies the wax and turns their heads into a natural ballast. “In this way they go down to every tablet,” he adds. While they descend, they emit clicks that bounce with everything they find, as a kind of sound. There is an idea that is repeated throughout the episode: we barely know what is in the depths. “We know 4% of all oceans,” says Alex. And that leaves a lot of room for imagination. “Today, to me someone comes to make sure Megalodon is impossible for it to exist …”Every time he gives a talk in schools, children ask him about mythical sea creatures. And his answer is not a resounding. Because the truth is that we have not yet reached there. Are dolphins smarter marine animals? Álex clarifies: “Orca is within the family of dolphins … but the orca is superior to the dolphin. In fact, the orcs hunt dolphins, the dolphins do not hunt orcas.” What comes later in the conversation ends up clarifying why. And it is worth listening. Not all animals eat what they are in front of them. Some know how to wait. “Have that ability to say: ‘Ok, I have this that I can eat it right now, But I can use it as a tool… ”, Recalls Álex when talking about an orca who saw in a video as a child. What he did with that fish is difficult to forget. He tells him in detail in the episode. This is not all. In the second episode of science and apart there are more stories that surprise, that make them think and that remind us of everything we do not know yet. You can see or listen to it. Where do you prefer. Images | Xataka In Xataka | There are thousands of people hooked to streaming. One to 3,900 meters deep full of marine curiosities (and memes)

It is a first step to understand why we exist

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The most elementary question that human beings ask ourselves since we are here is simply: why do we exist? According to the best theories about the origin of the universe, We should not be here. The Big Bang should have created identical amounts of matter and antimatter, which would have annihilated each other in an energy flash, leaving an empty cosmos. And yet, here we are, in a universe made of matter. Short. The key to our existence lies in a subtle asymmetry, a small trap in the laws of physics that favored matter over antimatter. Now, the CERN LHCB team has announced the first observation of this asymmetry in the bariones, the particles that make up everything we see: stars, planets and ourselves. It is a milestone that we had been waiting for decades, and that after its Publication in Nature magazine Open a new and fascinating way to solve the mystery of our own existence. The enigma of the material universe. The Soviet physicist Andréi Sájarov saw it clear in 1967. For the matter to prevail above the antimatter after the Big Bang (so that a universe like ours was born, in short) three conditions should be met, including the violation of the load-partner symmetry. Load symmetry (c) means that if you change a particle for its antiparticle (for example, an electron for a positron), physical laws should not change. Parity symmetry (P) is like looking at the process in a real mirror, investing space coordinates. Combined symmetry load-partity (CP) implies that a physical process is indistinguishable from its “antimatter version” in the mirror. If the CP symmetry were perfect, the balance between matter and antimatter would never have inclined. CP symmetry violation means that the cosmic mirror is slightly broken. Subject and antimatter do not behave exactly as specular reflexes. The fundamental piece that was missing. This phenomenon had already been observed for the first time in 1964 in particles called inns, formed by a quark and an antiquark. But there was a key piece of puzzle: it had never been detected in the bariones, formed by three quarks. It was a key piece because ourselves are barionic matter: the protons and neutrons that constitute us are bariones. An imperfect reflex. The CERN LHCB team, one of the great detectors of the great Hadron collider, specializes in studying particles that contain a type of heavy quark called “Beauty” or “Bottom”, in which the effects of the CP violation are expected to be more pronounced. For this investigation, physicists focused on a specific particle: the Lambda B zero (λb0) barion, a kind of heavy cousin of the proton. Scientists analyzed billions of collisions In data from 2011 to 2018observing how this particle disintegrated in four lighter: a proton, a kaon and two pions (λb0 → pk –π+π−). The key to the experiment was to compare the rate of this disintegration with that of its antimatter twin, the disintegration of the anti-barion lambda b zero (λˉb0 → pˉ k+π-π+). If the CP symmetry were perfect, both disintegrations would occur with the same frequency. But it is not so. The LHCB team measured a clear and statistically robust difference. Are we facing new physics? The results have a statistical significance of 5.2 sigmas. In particle physics, an observation with more than 5 sigmas is considered a full -fledged discovery. It is the first time that a barion and its antibarion are observed do not behave identically. The mirror is broken, also for particles that form the tangible world. This discovery is, in the first place, a spectacular confirmation of the standard particle physics model. This model, our most complete theory on the subject, predicts that CP violation must occur in both inns and bariones. The fact that it is finally seen in barions reinforces our current understanding of physics. However, and here comes the most exciting, it is also the beginning of a new chapter. The observed violation is insufficient to explain the enormous mastery of the matter we see in the cosmos. There must be Another source of asymmetrysomething that the standard model does not contemplate. Physicists have confirmed that the universe does not deal equal to matter and barionic antimatter, but hunt continues. Image | Cern In Xataka | You can now download the 800 TB of information that the CERN has just released. They are a treasure of particle physics

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