In the 19th century they were not particularly sad, but no one smiled in the photos. Although they had reasons for it

It’s strange to come across a current photo in which no one is smiling. If we see her, we assume that something is happening: either she wants to give a serious image, or something happens that we don’t know about, or the intention is precisely to go against it, not to smile. However, there was a time in which the usual thing was not to do it, not to show the slightest emotion in the photographs. What is the reason for this attitude? Were they so sad in the victorian englandSpain at the beginning of the century and so on? Actually, there is a very simple explanation. The exhibition. We all know that in the early days of photography, that is, between about 1840 and 1880, cameras required people to remain completely still for several seconds, or even, in the most primitive photos, minutes. Maintaining a natural smile for so long was uncomfortable, and fatigue ended up turning a natural smile into a stiff grimace. Furthermore, any movement resulted in a blurry image, which ran the risk of the model appearing in the photo with a blur on his face like a specter from beyond the grave. Hence the much simpler and more accessible custom of remaining with a relaxed gesture. Decent photographs. But there came a time when photographs did not require more than a moment of exposure, and there were still models with long faces. What was it due to? In reality it was not a technical question, but rather a question of how photography was understood. Perhaps with a vision inherited from when a portrait was a canvas that took days to create, required effort for the painter and model, cost money and could not be reproduced, but rather remained a unique piece. For all this, the portrait was clothed with a certain solemnity. It didn’t matter that these new portraits were much simpler and faster to do: They preserved the aura of dignity and special occasion of the oil paintings. Example: the dead. The legendary photos of the deceased or post-mortem photography They are a perfect example to understand how the medium was perceived for a time. They were a surprisingly common practice during the 19th and early 20th centuries and had a very clear purpose: being still a medium that was not widespread, photography was the only opportunity that many families had to preserve a portrait of the deceased, since they had not been able to do it while they were alive (and with the high infant mortality rate of other times, even more so). Furthermore, with this aura of dignity and pomp that the photograph had, it was incorporated into the elaborate mourning process. Victorian. Smile bad. In the 19th century, smiling openly in public or in portraits was often associated with frivolity, lack of seriousness, or even drunkenness. Educated and respectable people maintained a serious composure. If you have ever seen material from the tone period, let’s say, libertineyou will see what contagious smiles. It’s not that in the 19th and early 20th centuries people didn’t know how to smile: it was the circumstance in which photos were taken. That is why photos have been found taken in more familiar settings, at parties with very close relatives or close friends, where some of this rigidity is lost and people smile widely. Smiling badly, part two. And if we started with a reason as prosaic as “it’s easier not to smile than to smile,” we ended up with another equally practical reason: smiles one hundred and fifty years ago were terrible. The dental hygiene It was much worse than today and the dentures were full of holes, at best. When it came to passing on to posterity, it was normal for the models to decide not to show their teeth. Photo of Lia Den in Unsplash In Xataka | A tractor engine and three floors: this is the Victorian steampunk house that is touring the United States

The countries with the greatest oil reserves, exposed in this graphic with a sad protagonist: Venezuela

Humanity is still tied to oil. Although the rise of renewable energies He pointed to one revolutionrecently we have seen that, when things get ugly and We need energy peaksone has to Pull fossil fuels again. The oil companies themselves who got into the renewable car They unchecked a few months agoand that is why it is interesting to know What countries have that oil. And it is something that is illustrated perfectly in this graph. The rich. Prepared by Visual Capitalist With data from the EIAin it the production is not shown, but the reserves. They are two very different things and will make sense immediately. Before that, Venezuela’s reserves are imposing, with 303,000 million certified barrels. Secondly, Saudi Arabia with 267,000 million and, in third place, an Iran in which oil has been the protagonist in recent weeks due to the confrontation with Israel. A lot of distance from Venezuela we have Canada, Iraq, Eau, Kuwait, Russia, the United States or Libya. And, of these last names, the two American countries are those that are separated in the graph because they are not part of the OPEC. OPEC+ and the monopoly. In 1960, five heavy pesos on that list (Venezuela, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi IRK and Rabia formed the organization of oil export countries, OPEC. Its objective was to coordinate and unify oil policies to maintain stable prices, ensure supply and, above all, protect your interests. Over time other countries were added, forming the well -known OPEC+ (which has its own internal cohesion problems. Together, member countries concentrate about 80% of global oil reserves, but although Venezuela has imposing reserves, its production does not go to par due to political blockages and limitations. At its peak, they produced three million barrels per day. Today they are the twenty -first producing country with 770,000 barrels per day, behind countries with much lower reserves. One of the wells that China is operating China wants to sign up for the list. At the top, the United States, Saudi Russia and Arabia lead the ranking with 8-12 million barrels per day, but although it does not appear in the graph, there is a country that we should take into account: China. Currently, the Asian giant is the Greater World Oil Importerbut in recent years it has increased significantly Its internal production. Thanks to pharaonic works that include some of the deepest wells carried out by humanityin March of this year they got a record of 4.6 million barrels per day. It was the highest point in the history of the country and, although inequality was very high between production and import, apart from continuing excavating they have been made with record reserves in recent years. It is calculated that They tell With more than 1,180 million stored barrels that would shield them, for a while, of any cutting in the supply. The United States, for example, also has a reserve to respond to crises and the sources vary, but the updated figures point to about 400 million barrels. Pure and hard strategy. Beyond the obvious importance of oil on the economy of a producing country, we have the Strategic Facet. As oil continues moving the worldhaving large reservations allows countries to exercise their influence on international politics. As? Coordinating production to influence prices and economyFor example. And we have also seen how oil has been a protagonist agent in armed conflicts. The invasion of Iraq, for example, or the war between Iran and Israel that, without affecting the flow of crude oil, already caused that The market will panic. Images | Visual Capitalist, CNPC In Xataka | The oil market faces a triple coup and IEA is clear why: Iran, Opep+ and electric vehicles

With the first 100% successful launch of Ariane 6, Europe has started leaving the sad well in which I was in which

Europe already has the two rockets totally operational They put it in a mess: Vega-C and Ariane 6. The European Space Agency (ESA) breathes relieved, but knows that it is not the same to recover autonomous access to space as to compete with Spacex. For that, more investment in private companies will need. The Ariane 6 rocket has flown, now, without mishaps of any kind The rocket for heavy loads ariane 6 of that He has successfully completed his first commercial flight. After numerous delays, the rocket took off in its Ariane 62 configuration (with two lateral propellers and a short cofa) from the always cloudy European space port in the French Guiana. The launch operated by Arianespace was impeccable, both in rocket yield as in live broadcastwhich had four cameras aboard the pitcher. In this second launch, the first commercial and the first totally successful, the Ariane 6 put in Heliosíncrona orbit the spy cso-3 satellite of the armed forces of France. He did 1 hour and 6 minutes after takeoff, 800 km altitude. The CSO-3 satellite has thus joined its precursors CSO-1 and CSO-2, launched in 2018 and 2020 by Soyuz rockets, before the EU forbade collaboration with Russia. The new French recognition network offers optical and infrared images with unprecedented quality for France and its allies. The Ariane 6 rocket, developed by Arianegroup for ESA, is therefore operational. His first launch, held in July 2024 (one year after Ariane 5 flew for the last time) was successful in the takeoff and deployment of several satellites, but failed to exorbitar, leaving two reentry capsules strained in orbit that were part of the mission. A temperature parameter out of the rank caused the rocket software to prevent the third ignition of the Vinci engine of the upper stage. A software update was enough to face the second launch, although it has occurred almost eight months after Ariane 6 debut. Europe begins to recover its sovereignty in space ESA already sees light at the end of the tunnel. The European launch crisis caused by the delays of the Ariane 6 heavy rocket and the incidents of the Vega-C light rocket reduced the number of annual flights to only threethe minimum of 15 years. Strategic missions such as Galileo (European GPS) or Spanish military satellite spainsat ng 1 They had to be thrown by Spacex. By 2025, ESA plans to make 10 space releases, six from Ariane 6 (including the first Ariane 64 with four propellers) and four vega-c. It is far behind the nearly 200 launches scheduled by the United States (mainly, Spacex Starlink missions), but it is a number that is closer to the goal of recovering autonomous access to space, something that becomes special importance with the Europe rearme announced by Ursula von der Leyen. Josef Aschbacher, general director of ESA, said that the United States It allocates five times more public money to the space sector that Europe, which explains the gap in the rhythm of launches and the manufacture of satellites. The question is whether Ariane 6 and Vega-C, which are not reusable rockets, can even compete with Spacex’s falcon. And as Aschbacher knows no, that is tending all kinds of contracts for a new generation of reusable European pitchers, in which companies such as the Spanish PLD Space participate. Image | Arianegroup In Xataka | China and Europe are investing a fortune in their own Starlink: the US advantage is too big to ignore it

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