physicists

A study rises to 90% the probability that we see a black hole exploit. Physicists have become nervous

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At some point in the next 10 years we are probably witnessing the explosion of a black hole, according to a new model published in Physical Review Letters. In the light of the telescopes, this very powerful event has the potential to confirm the most famous theory of Stephen Hawking and give us a catalog of unknown particles of the universe. Short. A team of theoretical physicists of the University of Massachusetts Amherst It has recalculated the probability of seeing live the violent explosion of a black hole under the assumption that there are primary black holes in hibernation. Its conclusion is that the most potentially transformative event of modern cosmology could be just around the corner: they calculate more than 90% possibilities that we witness the explosion of a primary black hole during the next decade, under the assumptions posed by the model. The Fat Prize for Physics. Seeing a black hole would be transformer in at least three fronts. It would be the first direct observation of the Hawking radiationthe famous theory of 1970 with which Stephen Hawking postulated that black holes losing mass slowly emitting particles, so they are not completely black. In addition, it is believed that A black hole in evaporation emits all fundamental particles whose mass is lower than its temperature. Therefore, the explosion of a black hole should reveal from the electrons and quarks that we know, to hypothetical particles of dark matter and others completely unknown to science. Finally, the event would confirm the primary black holes. Unlike the black holes that are formed by the collapse of mass stars, it is believed that the primordials were formed in the extreme conditions of the universe less than a second after the Big Bang. “I would completely revolutionize physics and help us rewrite the history of the universe,” says Joaquim Iguaz Juan, co -author of the study. How a black hole explodes. The idea that black holes can explode directly derives from Hawking radiation. The theory says that the lighter a black hole, the higher its temperature and faster emits particles. This creates an uncontrolled process: as it radiates, loses mass and heats up even more. Consequently, it radiates at an increasing rate until, in its final moments, it fades into an explosion of high energy radiation (mainly gamma rays). The problem is that, until now, physicists believed that the chances of seeing such an event were infinitesimal. These calculations, based on black holes without electric charge (black schwarzschild holes), suggested that explosions occur, at most, once every 100,000 years. With those chances, we would have to be very lucky to see one. Where that 90% probability comes from. The researchers decided to question the departure assumption: what if the primary black holes are not electrically neutral? The new hypothesis proposes the existence of a force similar to electromagnetism, But in the dark sector: With a “dark photon” and a very heavy “dark electron”. If a primary black hole was formed with a small dark electric charge, its destination would change completely. This mechanism works as a brake. As the black hole loses mass due to hawking radiation, its load/mass ratio increases, causing its temperature to drastically, which submits it to a state of hibernation for billions of years. After that time, the dark electric field near the horizon becomes so intense that he discharges the black hole, causing the final explosion that we have been waiting for. Why does this increase the chances of observation? Because this long stability period allows much lighter black holes (and, therefore, much more numerous) survive to this day. A greater number of nearby candidates drastically increases the local explosions rate, passing from one every 100,000 years to one every 10 years. We have the technology to see it. The best part is that we do not need to build new technology. Gamma ray observatories as Hawc in Mexico And Lhaaso in China are already scanning the sky and are perfectly able to detect the outbreak of a nearby primary black hole, at a distance of up to 0.3 light years. “We already have the technology to observe these explosions, so we should be prepared,” says Michael Baker, lead author of the study. If it happened, it would be a historical moment. We would be seeing, for the first time, the final echo of the creation of the universe, a first look at the most fundamental secrets of the cosmos in a single and spectacular outbreak of light. In Xataka | Stephen Hawking made a prediction on black holes in 1971. A new signal has been overwhelmed

Physicists believed that the neglect was a useless particle. Now they suspect that it is the key to universal quantum computers

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Experts Quantum computing with those who have had the opportunity to speak, such as Spanish physicists Ignacio Cirac either Juan José García RipollThey argue that quantum computers will be able to make great contributions when they are capable of amend your own mistakes. The main problem they face in this area is noise, understood as the disturbances that can alter the internal state of the cubits and introduce calculation errors. The strategy for which many of the research groups that are involved in the development of quantum computers are opting for monitoring the operations carried out by the cubits to identify real -time errors and correct them. The problem is that from a practical point of view This strategy is very challenging. Logical cubits represent a way to overcome the difficulty involved in the use of hardware or physical cubits, which are extremely noise sensitive, and, therefore, prone to make mistakes. Each logical cubit is constructed abstractly on several physical or hardware cubits, so that a single logical cubit encodes a single cubit of quantum information, but with redundancy. It is precisely this redundancy that allows to detect and correct the errors that are present in the physical cubits. Anyway, the researchers will have one more tool to deal with the errors of quantum computers. It can even be the most powerful resource that they currently have at your fingertips: the Neglectón. Universal quantum computers are one step closer One of the most promising research fields in this area is topological quantum computing. Its purpose is to protect the delicate quantum information that the cubits work coding it in the geometric properties of exotic particles known as ISING anions. An important note before moving forward: in condensed physics an anion is not the same as in chemistry. In fact, Ising’s anions are quasiparticles that, in theory, arise in some two -dimensional materials. Its existence has not yet been demonstrated experimentally, so they are a theoretical result at the moment. It seems a complicated concept, and it is, but in this article we do not need to deepen much more. What we do need is that Ising’s anions They are presumably much more robustand, therefore, resistant to errors that traditional cubits. In practice this implies that moving some anions around others in a specific way should allow researchers to carry out logical operations with them. This is the reason why they are so attractive in quantum computing. And, in addition, they have another great advantage: this configuration is largely immune to external noise. Ising’s anions are quasiparticles that, in theory, arise in some two -dimensional materials Currently, Ising’s anions are thoroughly investigating in the condensed matter laboratories of the entire planet because they are one of the main candidates to participate in the construction of universal quantum computers, and, therefore, immune to errors. Aaron Lauda, ​​professor of mathematics, physics and astronomy at the University of Southern California (USA), Holds the following: “By themselves, Ising’s anions cannot perform all the necessary operations for a general purpose quantum computer. The calculations they support are based on the ‘braided’ (branding), And they require physically moving anions around each other To carry out quantum logic. For Ising’s anions, this braided only allows a limited set of operations known as Clifford doors, which fall short with respect to all the power required for universal quantum computing. “ Fortunately, the research team led by Lauda has found a way to transform ISING anions into universal structures that are capable of performing any quantum calculation through braided. Its solution for the moment is only theoretical, but its potential is enormous. The surprising thing is that what they propose is to resort to a new type of anion known as Neglectón that was initially discarded when it was “discovered” in the theoretical framework. In fact, Neglelectón has gone from being a mathematical waste to be the new hope of quantum computers. In theory when combining Ising’s anions and neglect, universal quantum computing will be possible through braided. According to Aaron Lauda Only one neglect is needed because it remains in the stationary or static state while the calculations are carried out by braiding Ising anions around them. It is a surprising conclusion. One last note to conclude: The neglect is not a fundamental particlesuch as the electron or the quark; It is a theoretical quasiparticle that arises from the collective behavior of many other particles in a two -dimensional system. Let us trust that it is consolidated as the definitive tool that will allow researchers to carry quantum computing from theory to practice in a robust and efficient way. Image | IBM More information | Science Daily In Xataka | Bitcoin encryption and other cryptocurrencies will fall. And those responsible will be quantum computers

Gather physicists from all over the world

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In Spain there are a group of 25 scientists who have spent the last two weeks discussing advanced theoretical physics together with professors of such prestigious centers as the King’s College or the universities of London, Cambridge and Edimburg. So far exceptional. One more summer course. The striking thing is that this brain meeting willing to unravel the mysteries of the universe has not been held in Madrid, Barcelona or any other great city in the country. The appointment It was organized in As Barreirasuntil recently an abandoned village of Galicia. And all thanks to an Italian physique who one day believed that an uninhabited area of Ourense was not a bad place to unravel the mysteries of physics. In a place in Galicia … Castro Caldelas is a town of little more than 1,200 inhabitants located in full Ribeira Sacra, in the province of Ourense. There, in the parish of Poboeiros, there is a small core called As Barreiras that according to The last census The INE has a single neighbor. In that remote point of Rural Gallego he put his eyes a while ago the cultural association La Ricottawhich has been marked among other objectives Organize courses and divulation workshops. One of its promoters is Paolo Benincasaan Italian physicist of long experience that has gone through universities Wenster Ontario, Durham, Santiago de Compostela or the Theoretical Physics Institute and Niels Bohr International Academybetween Other centers first level. His role is important because he has combined his interest in recovery and as barreiras with his scientific profile. Slowly cooked. How to fit a priori pieces so different? Beninnsa began to spin over a decade ago, in 2013, and a few years ago he took a key step in As Barreiras. “I bought this site and started reforming it in 2021,” he says in statements collected by The avant -garde. What it refers to is the place where it has ended up organizing its peculiar summer of Sages, a large house surrounded by a farm and a Palleira (a traditional Galician construction) that has rehabilitated patiently to turn it into a classroom. To carry out the project, Beninnsa created the association, in which two physicists who work in Madrid and a Galician who are responsible for finance participate. Could you go further? Beninnsa and his companions decided that yes, so this year they decided to boost a summer school In As Barreiras, an initiative aimed at 25 students Postgraduate and postdoctorals interested in fields such as theoretical cosmology. Not just that. In addition to gathering students, the course was attended by four King´s College of London, the University of London, the University of Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. The long twenty participants are offered free accommodation and food. Although, yes, if the environment was not conventional the stay Nor was it: They stay in tents with mattresses and sleeping bags on the plot. All this of course in full as Barreiras, an environment that, Remember The organizers were “evicted until the creation of the La Ricotta project.” And how did he? At least the course has generated expectation. The voice of Galicia sign that the organizers received 50 requests for 25 places and the selected ones come from places so distant As India, the USA, Japan, Brazil and different parts of Europe. Classes They started on July 21 and end on August 1, 12 days of Border Research They also served to insufflate as Barreiras. The course even had dissemination workshops. The school has also had the economic support of the Galician Institute of High Energy Physics (IGFAE), a center linked to the University of Santiago de Compostela, and the European Research Council. Now Benyncans already dreams of go further And why not? Continue to encourage the old village with science. Images | Google Maps and Max-Planck-Institut Für Physik (Facebook) In Xataka | A town in Zamora had been abandoned for years. Until an American arrived with enough money to buy it

Physicists believed that this quantum phenomenon was impossible. They were very wrong

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This appointment of Richard FeynmanNobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to quantum electrodynamics and one of the most admired scientists of the twentieth century, condenses very well The complexity of quantum physics: “If you think you understand it, you don’t really understand quantum physics.” Quantum mechanics study the laws that govern The world of the very smallof the particles, as well as the interactions to which the atomic and subatomic structures are exposed. Most of these rules are radically different from the laws we have become familiar with in the world in which we live. In the macroscopic world. Many physicists have spent the last century trying to understand how known quantum phenomena work, and also striving to identify unknown quantum rules. The problem is that working with the extremely small, with the particles, is very difficult. However, this does not mean that they are not successful. To hunt and capture the elusive transition of super -artedia Physicists Klaus Hepp and Elliott H. LIEB predicted in 1973 a quantum phenomenon known as super -transiant phase transition. For more than half a century the scientific community has worked out without success to find evidence to protect the existence of this mechanism beyond mere theory. But everything changed on April 4. That day a group of researchers from Rice University, in Texas (USA); the University of Shanghai (China); NASA’s National Laboratory (USA) or the National University of Singapore, among other scientific institutions, published an article in Scienceadvances in which he explains the procedure he has used to experimentally observe this quantum phenomenon so elusive. Understanding what is the transition of super -transiant phase and all its implications is not simple, but we can get a rather precise idea about what this mechanism consists of if we observe it as a sudden change in a particle system that causes many of them begin to behave in a coordinated way. When this phenomenon does not occur, atoms interact in a weak way and behave in a disorganized way, but when the super -artary phase transition arises, they synchronize and exhibit the same behavior, giving rise to a new state of matter. When the super -transiant phase transition arises the atoms are synchronized and exhibit the same behavior The most surprising thing is that this new state gives the material unusual properties from a macroscopic point of view. The researchers who have mentioned some lines above have managed to carry out the first direct observation of this mechanism. And they have succeeded by triggering the transition in a glass composed of erbium, iron and oxygen subjected to a temperature of −271.7 degrees Celsius. In addition, they exposed it to a magnetic field of no less than 7 teslas, so it was more than 100,000 times more intense than the magnetic field of the Earth. What they pursued was to induce the transition of super -transiant phase by coupling the spin of the particles. And they succeeded. The spin is an intrinsic property of The elementary particleslike the electric charge, derived from its time of angular rotation. The first experimental evidence that endorsed its existence It arrived in 1922 Thanks to the experiments of German physicists Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach, although scientists did not begin to understand the nature of this very important property of elementary particles until a few years later. The reason why it is not easy to understand precisely what the spin is because it is a quantum phenomenon, so it is not quite correct to describe it as a conventional rotation movement in space. Even so, the description that I have proposed in the previous paragraph is usually used for a didactic purpose because it helps us to intuit without too much effort what we are talking about. In any case, the most interesting thing is that the transition of super -transiant phase opens the door to the next generation of quantum technologies. This is the really important thing. According to physicists involved in this experiment, this mechanism can be used to put quantum sensors endowed with a much higher sensitivity than those currently available. And it can also be used to produce more robust cubits for Quantum computers. Sounds good. I hope your predictions are fulfilled. Image | Generated by Xataka with Dall-e More information | Scienceadvances In Xataka | CERN has achieved something unprecedented: transform smartphones sensors into an antimatter chamber

CERN physicists believed that symmetry between quarks up and down is broken. Is much more than they expected

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The quarks, the elementary particles that constitute the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus, are fermions. And the electrons, too. There are several typesalthough physicists like to talk about ‘flavors’: up (UP), below (Down), charm (Charm), strange (Strange), Cima (top) and background (Bottom). The most frequent in ordinary matter They are the quarks up and downalthough top is very interesting for a curious reason: it is The heaviest elementary particle that we can find in nature. An interesting note since we move in the field of fermions: supersymmetry is a theoretical model of particle physics that proposes the existence of a hypothetical particle that is matched with each of the fundamental particles we know. PSIANS EXPLAIN THE EXISTING RELATIONSHIP Among the bosonsthat have a spin with whole value, and the fermions, which have a semientero spin. However, it is important that we do not overlook that it is a hypothetical theoretical framework that, therefore, has not yet been observed in nature. Not even experimentally. Physicists still do not understand how quarks and gluons combine The strong nuclear interaction, which is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, is the “glue” that keeps the quarks together to give rise to protons, neutrons and other hadrons. It is also responsible for the cohesion and stabilization of the nucleus of atoms. Until now, particle physicists considered that this force interacts with all quarks, regardless of its flavor, in the same way. This mechanism is known as isospin symmetry and respects, yes, the differences that exist between the masses and the electric charges of the quarks. A kaon is a subatomic particle constituted by a quark and an antiquark, but not by any quark; It is a strange quark According to Isospin symmetry, the collision of heavy ions, which are atoms or molecules that have acquired positive or negative global electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons, should essentially generate the same amount of kaons with electric charge and neutral kaons because The mass of the quarks up and down is similar. An note before moving forward: a kaon is a subatomic particle that is constituted by a quark and an antiquark, but not by any quark; It is a strange quark. The presence of the latter gives them very peculiar properties, so studying them is very useful to understand the characteristics of the subject a little better. What has surprised CERN physicists is that The Na61/Shine experiment has evidenced that Isospin’s symmetry is not fulfilled. And does not do so because heavy ion collisions generate a very large imbalance between the production of loaded kaons and neutral kaons. In recent years, physicists suspected that a certain degree of imbalance could be given, but what they did not expect is that this difference was so great. This is very important for a reason: current theoretical models have difficulty explaining it. It may seem like a problem, but it is not at all; It is an opportunity. In particle physics when such a discrepancy appears What is happening in your experiments. This particular disparity has the ability to help them better understand how strong nuclear interaction works and how quarks and gluons are combined to give rise to the production of hadrons. Image | Cern More information | Cern In Xataka | “If we get our goal, a revolution in physics will be triggered”: we talk to Santiago Folgueras, a physicist of CERN

The CERN prepares a colossal bet by 2070. Some physicists believe it can take it to ruin

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Santiago Folgueras is a young Spanish physicist who is leading an interesting project in CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). During The conversation I had with him Several months ago he told me in detail What is your Intrepid projectwhich will be linked to the future HL LHC (High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider or high luminosity LHC). However, what caught my attention was the enthusiasm with which he told me about FCC (future circular colliding), which will be the machine that will presumably happen to HL LHC. If the itinerary that has planned the CERN continues its course as has done so far the HL LHC will be ready at the end of this decade. In 2030. and will be able to produce no less than 40 million collisions per second. The amount of information that will generate will be so huge that it will be necessary to put a system that is able to analyze the data in real time and make a decision regarding the collision that has just been produced. This is precisely the purpose of the HL LHC: drastically increase the number of collisions if we compare them with those that have occurred in the previous LHC iterations. The luminosity measures, in fact, how many potential particle collisions are produced by surface and time unit. It is measured in reverse femtobarns, so that each of them is equivalent to 100 billion collisions between protons. Of course, these are billion on a long scale, so an reverse femtobarn are 100 million million collisions. FCC design is under discussion Since the accelerator experiments began, in 2010, until the end of 2018, which was the moment in which its activity ceased, 150 reverse femtobarns occurred inside. According to the current planning of CERN technicians, the modifications required by LHC to increase its luminosity should be able to produce 250 reverse femtobarns every year until reaching 4,000 during the entire period of activity. The purpose of CERN physicists is that the FCC is able to reach a 100 tev energy during the second stage of the project In any case, the most interesting is to remember that the improvements that CERN technicians are introducing in the LHC respond to the need to find fissures in the standard model with the purpose of Expand our understanding of the world of particles. Some of the questions that CERN’s physicists have the hope of being able to answer with the help of HL LHC are what it is and what properties it has The dark matterbecause Neutrinos have mass And why There is no antimatter In the universe. There is no doubt that they are exciting questions. However, CERN’s physicists plan does not end the LHC HL. When all its operation cycles finally conclude this institution plans to build the FCC, an accelerator much larger than the LHC HL and capable of reaching much higher energies. Presumably will have a circle of 100 km (that of the current LHC measures 27 km), and its construction will start in 2038. The purpose of CERN physicists is that the FCC is capable of reaching during the second stage of the project an energy of 100 TEV (Telelectronvoltios). To train a precise idea about what we are talking about we just have to remember that the current LHC works with an energy of 16 TEV. If everything goes as scheduled, the FCC should be prepared not beyond 2070. According to the CERN, the first phase of the project, which does not the complete plan, will cost about 17,000 million dollars. Vladimir Shiltsev, a physicist specialized in accelerators at the University of Northern Illinois (USA), calculates that the entire project will cost At least 30,000 million dollars. According to Nature Some physicists, such as Jenny List, a researcher in the Hamburg Electron Syntron (Germany), criticize this plan and defend the construction of a linear accelerator of up to 33 km instead of a circular one. According to them, the linear option will be much cheaper and will allow the same experiments as a circular installation. We will see why option finally opt, but there is no doubt that these discussions are necessary to make the right decisions. Scientists still have plenty of time to weigh everything and direct the project by the most conducive path. Image | Piotr Traczyk/Cern More information | Nature In Xataka | The CERN has an ambitious plan: it wants to demolish the special theory of Einstein’s relativity

Generating electricity using earth rotation seemed impossible. These physicists have shown that it is not

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In July 2016, two American physicists, Christopher F. Chyba, from Princeton University, and Kevin P. Hand, from the NASA jet propulsion laboratory, published in Physical Review Apply A very exotic scientific article. In his text they defended the possibility of generating electricity taking advantage of The Earth Rotation Movement. His proposal required to build a device that was able to interact with The magnetic field of our planetbut at that time very few scientists took it seriously. Despite the bad initial reception that his job received, Chyba and Hand have spent the last nine years trying to build his electricity generation machine with the purpose of demonstrating that, indeed, his proposal works. However, during this period they have joined a third physique, Thomas H. Chyba, who investigates in Spectral Sensor Solutions, an Albuquerque company (New Mexico). It is dedicated, among other things, to develop electrooptic sensors to detect chemical, nuclear, biological and radiological threats. Chyba and Hand were right from the beginning On March 19, these three physicists published in Physical Review Research A new scientific article in which they experimentally demonstrate that, as suggested in their 2016 text, it is possible to generate electricity taking advantage of The rotation movement From Earth. To carry out their demonstration they have built the apparatus capable of interacting with The Earth’s magnetic field of which they talked in their 2016 article. Interestingly, this device is very broadly speaking a manganese and zinc ferrite cylinder that behaves like a magnetic shield. The experiment of these three physicists has shown that 18 electricity microvolts were being generated through the cylinder Once they had it ready, they guided him in a north-south direction with an angle of 57 degrees with the purpose of being perpendicular to both to the Earth Rotation Movement as to its magnetic field. And then they placed electrodes at each end of the cylinder to be able to measure the voltage of the electric current that they expected to be generated. And they succeeded. His experiment showed that they were being generated 18 electricity microvolts through the cylinder without any other energy source. According to these physicists, the only plausible possibility is that, as they expected, the land rotation movement is responsible for the generation of this small amount of electricity. When Chyba and Hand proposed their idea in 2016, other scientists criticized it by arguing that any voltage caused by a device similar to that they have finally built would be canceled at the time when electrons were repositioned during the generation of an electric field. But your experiment shows that it is possible to capture that voltage. An 18 microvolt voltage is insignificant in practice. It’s true. However, this is not important; The relevant thing is that, apparently, the proposal of these three physicists works. In fact, your plan goes through climb this technology To generate much more electricity, enough at least to be useful. In any case, there is something important that we should not overlook: its experiment still has to be replicated by other scientists and in other test scenarios to verify that this voltage has not really been generated by any other external source that, perhaps, the protagonists of this article have not taken into account. Image | POT More information | Physical Review Research In Xataka | NASA has made the calculations: China can slow down the earth with a filling of the three throats

The most precise map of the Earth has been created by a team of physicists. And it has little to do with what we are used to

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One of the great challenges of cartographers trying to create world maps is the impossibility of recreating the surface of a sphere in a plane. At least faithful, precise and legible. The map on disk. He last attempt For creating a map that minimizes the distortions associated with the representation of the surface of the sphere in a plane has given a curious result: a plane whose authors compare it with a vinyl disk. The reason is that on this map our planet is represented as two circles, one showing the northern hemisphere and another the south. The map has imperfections, but its authors consider that it is the most faithful projection to date. “You can’t do everything perfect,” pointed in a press release Richard Gott, one of the authors, “a map is as good in a thing as it may not be to represent other things.” A problem of (more than) half an millennium. Humanity has known for thousands of years that Earth is spherical, but this rarely was a problem for two reasons. The first is that the cards only included the Eurasia and Africa region, the Americas, Oceania or Antarctica did not enter the maps until To this we must add that the maps were not so precise that the distortions of This problem They will charge relevance. Many times they didn’t have to be: it was not until the modern era that cartographic precision began to be vital, especially for those who threw themselves into the sea. From Mercator to Winkel Tripel. Mercator’s projection is a of the oldest And even today is one of the most used. This projection was created in the 16th century by Gerardus Mercator with the intention of facilitating transoceanic navigation. While this map maintains precision in the shapes of the elements such as seas or countries, The sizes are significantly distortedmaking areas close to the poles more with respect to those located in Ecuador. A lot of history. Centuries of work have led less distorting maps. Among them, the authors of this new plane include the Winkel-Tripl, a projection created by German cartographer Oswald Winkel in 1921. This map is not so helpful for navigators and still has distortions around the poles, but represents a commitment . It is also the representation used by the National Geographic Society. “Disco” version, showing here on the obverse and the reverse on the same plane. Gott et al. Scoring the maps. If the plane is not perfect, why do your authors think it is close? In 2007 David Goldberg and Gott itself created a maps score system based on six criteria: local forms, areas, distances, flexion, asymmetry, and cuts. The punctuation system is inverse: a spherical mapamundi would have a score of 0.0, and from there, any added distortion would add greater score. The punctuation system was introduced into An article In the magazine Cartography: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization. Being work of the same team does not result from this letter to be able to minimize the score. If the Winkel-Tripl had a score of 4,563, the new map Reduces error to 4,497 points. The “trick.” The new projection presumes to achieve better scores than its alternatives in the six variables stipulated by Gott and its team, however there is one in which it emphasizes particularly thanks to a trick, that of continuity. If we take any map we will see that there is a cut, usually located in the Pacific Ocean, between Asia and Oceania, and the Americas. This is a great source of distortison according to Gott’s criteria and his team. Your solution: a disc with two faces. The Gott map is raised to present itself in the form of an disk, which gives continuity to the “cut” we see in Ecuador (and that, that, The authors explain The map could also be placed along the zero meridian). From Earth to the confines of the cosmos. The authors of the new map took advantage of their new projection to Cartogarafiar Other other elementsfrom the planets of the Solar System to the celestial vault, including a story map Microwave cosmic background. In Xataka | The real size of all countries in the world, compared to the size of the maps In Xataka | The map that teaches us what the world will be like within 250 million years Image cover | Rectangular version of the projection of Gott, Goldberg and Vanderbei *An earlier version of this article was published in February 2024

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