philosopher Archives

What did the philosopher La Rochefoucauld mean when he talked about happiness?

March 11, 2026 by usatoday24

Get in the situation. You arrive at the office thinking that it will be just another Wednesday in March when suddenly your boss tells you that the company has decided to promote you and (in the process) double your salary. Not only that. While you are sharing the news with your colleagues you notice that your cell phone vibrates in your pocket, you take it out and find that that girl you have been pining for for months has just invited you to dinner. Dopamine through the roof. Endorphin rush. You feel like the king of mambo and it’s logical, right? After all, if happiness exists, it must be something very similar to that. From 17th century France François de La Rochefoucauldan aristocrat who liked to fill pages with his reflections, has a message for you: “We are never as happy or as unhappy as we believe.” Why do we do what we do? A question similar to that was asked in 17th century France by François de La Rochefoucauld, politician, aristocrat, writer and a keen moralist with a sharp wit. Answering it took time and giving shape to a fascinating work, Maximsa collection of short reflections with which the author basically seeks “portray the heart of man”. It’s curious what he says. And it is also curious how he says it, resorting to a perceptive, irreverent (sometimes even stark) tone, but in which sincerity prevails above all. To show a button. When La Rochefoucauld tries to clarify what friendship is, he comes to the following conclusion: “It is nothing more than a pact, a reciprocal respect of interests and an exchange of favors; in short, a relationship in which self-love always aims to gain something.” Hard? No more than when you observe, in the same workthat “old people like to give good advice to console themselves for no longer being in a position to give bad examples.” Searching for happiness. If there is an idea that is frequently repeated in Maxims It is that of happiness. What is it? How to achieve it? How to act before it? In trying to answer these questions, the French philosopher leaves reflections like this: “Happiness lies in our pleasure and not in things. We are happy for possessing what we love and not for possessing what others consider desirable.” And in case it wasn’t clear enough, insist a few pages later: “When peace is not found within oneself, it is useless to look for it outside.” There is however a ‘maxim’ by La Rochefoucauld that resonates with a special forcefulness in the midst of 2026: “We are never as happy or unhappy as we think.” In it, the philosopher reminds us that it does not matter if we feel overwhelmed with pleasure by a promotion, a raise in salary or the prospect of a date with our partner. crush. Not even if we have low spirits. In both cases, it is most likely that the brain ‘deceives’ us, adulterating reality. And is that true? To answer it, it is good to go back to the example with which we started this article. Imagine that you have actually just been promoted and your salary has multiplied by two. Does that guarantee you eternal happiness? Isn’t it likely that as the weeks go by you will adjust to your new position and salary? Same with your date. If you start a relationship, won’t that romance end up being incorporated into your ‘normal’? We don’t even have to go to such extreme examples. Doesn’t the rush you feel when you buy a car end up evaporating? A few months ago the coach Hailey Magee shared his own experience in Medium. All her life Magee had dreamed of publishing a book, a goal she had fantasized about as a child. The day she closed a contract with a New York publishing house she felt ecstatic, but that feeling was short-lived. Within a few days his brain was occupied by much less edifying questions: Would the book be successful? Was it good enough? What tasks remained before you finished the manuscript? “As I reached each new goal, the promised land vanished beneath my feet,” ironizes. The joys were ephemeral. They did not disappear or break down. They simply gave way to new objectives and purposes. The “hedonic treadmill”. Magee’s experience is hardly surprising. It responds to a human characteristic that experts have known for quite some time: “hedonic adaptation”the tendency that leads us to return again and again to a state of relative and stable happiness. It doesn’t matter if something great or a misfortune happens to you. The normal thing is that you end up returning to a base feeling. Just as if you were moving on a treadmill. “Even our biggest successes become our new normal and we end up chasing the next milestone just to feel the same,” explains the coach. This capacity for adaptation in which desires are modeled drives us to progress, but also represents a gun for those who seek to exploit our capacity to habituate ourselves to pleasure and the search for gratification. Lottery or accident? It may sound abstract, but it is better understood by reviewing the experiment carried out in the 70s by Philip Brickman and Donald Campbell. For their test they chose a group of people who had won the lottery and another group of people who had been left in a wheelchair due to an accident. They then investigated how their happiness levels evolved. What did they discover? Had the lottery winners’ feeling of happiness permanently increased while the second-place winners (those who had suffered serious injuries) experienced the opposite feeling? Answer: no. “They found that study participants adapted to both positive and negative changes and their overall happiness tended to stabilize over time,” remember Magee before clarifying that this ‘hedonistic adaptation’ is the result of a series of psychological processes, which includes the capacity for “habituation”, which reduces our emotional response to stimuli that … Read more

2,000 years ago the philosopher Seneca said that anger was a burden for people. Today we know that he was wrong

February 19, 2026 by usatoday24

Seneca did not like irritated people. Almost all of us will agree with him on that. The Hispanic philosopher, however, was so angry about the angry people (apparently the irony) that about twenty centuries ago he dedicated an entire treatise to them. (‘Of Anger’)a work in which he reflects on what anger is, its causes, effects, nature, whether or not it is manageable and how we should act when we feel that we begin to hyperventilate and all kinds of expletives gather in our throats. The problem is that Seneca wasn’t entirely right. “Somber and wild”. Seneca’s work does not leave much room for interpretation. It is titled ‘De Ira’ and throughout its three volumes (available online in the Cervantes Virtual Library) the author is dedicated to telling us about what it is, where it comes from and, above all, how to act in the face of anger. His words connect with the best Stoic tradition when advising us to flee from the slavery of impulses and embrace a serene and reflective attitude. “You demanded of me, dear Newbie, that I write to you about the way to control anger. And I believe that, not without cause, you fear very mainly this passion, which is the darkest and most unbridled of all,” Seneca starts in the first chapter of his treatise, addressed to his brother. “The others undoubtedly have something quiet and placid, but this one is all agitation, unbridled resentment, thirst for war, blood, torture, outburst of superhuman fury.” A form of madness? If the above is not enough to make Seneca’s position clear, throughout the following pages he expands on explaining the meaninglessness of anger. The reason? It leads us to forget ourselves in order to harm others, “throwing ourselves into the midst of swords.” “For this reason some wise men defined anger by calling it ‘brief madness’. Powerless like that to control itself, it forgets all convenience, ignores all affection, is obstinate and stubborn, deaf to the advice of reason, agitated for vain causes.” follow the author. The work is full of reflections that go along that same line, but there are a passage especially eloquent in which Seneca warns us of the extent to which anger can distance us from our purposes, even from who we are: “Man was born to help man; anger for common destruction. Man seeks society, anger isolation; man wants to be useful, anger wants to harm; man helps strangers, anger hurts even the most intimate friend; man is willing to sacrifice himself for other people’s interests, anger rushes into danger in order to drag another along.” It makes sense, right? More or less. Anger may condition our behavior, making us act differently than we would if we were calm, but… Is that necessarily bad? Is anger always “the darkest” of passions, as Seneca says? In the 21st century there are authors who are not so clear. one of them is David Robsona popularizer who has published ‘The intelligence trap’among other psychological essays. In July 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, with thousands of people feeling helpless and frustrated at not being able to move freely, Robson published an article on BBC in which he talked about just that: the positive side of getting angry. Its title is also transparent: “The benefits of anger: the good side of doing things with anger.” Beyond its provocative tone, Robson’s essay is interesting because it summarizes recent scientific research that suggests that acting out of rage may not be as bad as Seneca believed. A source of energy. Which defends Robson is that, beyond its destructive power (something that is not denied) anger can have certain advantages. “Anger and related emotions, such as frustration or irritation, can also have advantages, as long as we know how to channel the energy that arises from them.” Its premise is very simple: instead of investing energy and time in repressing anger, why not try to channel that feeling, take advantage of it, use it as a source of motivation? It may sound crazy or self-destructive, but the author recalls studies that raise the same idea: how disturbance (well managed and channeled) can help us in certain contexts. Angrier, higher performance? Robson’s approach is not far from that of Britt Q. Ford, a professor at the University of Toronto, who define anger as “a mobilizing emotion that is physiologically activated”, generating an activation that can be used for certain physical objectives. He doesn’t talk just to talk. Years ago, a group of scientists found that, when they imagined annoying scenes, the subjects of their experiment performed certain physical tasks harder and faster. Their performance seemed to increase when they felt frustrated because they channeled it through physical activity. Robson cites more studies that show similar effects in athletes who throw balls and jump or even among players in the NBA and National Hockey League in the United States. When suffering flagrant and frustrating fouls, players seemed more motivated to score points. “The angrier they got, the faster they threw or the higher they jumped.” Interesting, but with limits. Of course, it has nuances. a study published in 2011 on “anger, aggression and athleticism” found that “a greater number of technical fouls” usually precedes greater “success in aspects of the game that require power and energy, such as making field goals, rebounding and blocking shots,” but that relationship is by no means infallible. Ball throwing requires mechanical movements, the result of repetition and training. Things changed if we talked about aspects of the same sport that require other skills, such as “care.” Goodbye muses, hello pissed off. A good dose of rage can not only have its advantages on the court. Robson quote another study which suggest that anger can improve our “persistence and perseverance in the face of cognitive challenges.” How did they come to that conclusion? Scientists frustrated a group of people by giving them tests that in theory tested their intelligence but were actually impossible … Read more

the Dutch philosopher convinced that saving snails is saving ourselves

February 19, 2026 by usatoday24

Before the arrival of Westerners, in Hawaii there were more than 700 species of snails that were nowhere else. Since then, these Pacific islands have suffered all the human processes that have existed and to have occurred: from the most orthodox colonization to a totally accelerated globalization through rapid urbanization, intense militarization and tourism, a lot of tourism. The result can be summarized in just one figure: today, 60% of those snails have become extinct and those who remain are in frank decadence. Chronicle of many foretold deaths. By the early 20th century, populations were decimated, but still abundant. The boom in rats in the archipelago, the rapid changes in habitats and, above all, the arrival of the pink wolf snail (a foreign predator) have meant that the 200 or 300 species that survive do it in very isolated areas or, directly, only in ‘conversation labs‘. In one of them, in a trailer on the outskirts of Kailua and in the care of David Sischo, director of the snail extinction prevention program of the state, lived George (the last known individual of the species Achatinella apexfulva). He died there on January 1, 2019. That shocked those who were in the archipelago and, among them, Thom van Dooren. The cuckoo species trap. This professor of environmental humanities at the University of Sydney was dedicated to the study of everything that birds could teach us, he realized George’s trick. The same trap as Sudan or what other animals. He realized that “There is value in saving charismatic speciesamong other things because they are very useful for raising awareness among the population and raising funds. But, as recently explained in an interview“we cannot forget that mass extinction also and above all affects invertebrates, which constitute 99% of animal life and are essential for pollination, soil fertilization or the nutrient cycle.” What we can learn from snails. For van Dooren, what the snails are “slowly and gently” teaching us is to think in the long term, to use the forces of others and to understand that if we do not think about the systemic (the preservation of habitats), we will have to fight very difficult battles one by one (apply “violent care” to species to avoid their extinction) But, above all, it gives us three very specific ideas: Being late is a problem: if we act when the problem is already “stopped”, everything is more difficult. If we have to ‘triar’, we have already arrived late: When we put ourselves in “emergency mode” we have to prioritize what can be saved over other considerations because we have limited time and resources. And intensive interventions do not fix the cause: we can rescue, replace, conserve… but if we do not change the underlying pressures we are only postponing the end. Snails can teach us precisely that: that at the end of the day, the important thing is to be clear about what we want and value. From there, it’s time to act accordingly. If not, we are condemned to live in our particular ‘Noah’s ark’. Image | Marina Grynykha | BBVA In Xataka | They identify the smallest species of land snail in the world: it is around 0.5 mm high and its discoverers needed brushes and a microscope

The Spanish philosopher who defends that what is important is in the simple things of everyday life

February 16, 2026 by usatoday24

Anyone who has visited Bruges and wandered through its streets has ended up coming across a wonderful little park surrounded by white houses. He Belgian city beguinage It is, along with twelve others spread throughout Flanders, a World Heritage Site since 1998 and no wonder. Although “it is not known how this movement began,” as Silvana Panciera explainedsociologist and author of a book about them; The truth is that since the 12th century and for centuries, “they proposed that women exist without being wives or religious, emancipated from any male domination.” The curious thing is that the beguinage, like convents and religious writers, are becoming fashionable. Very fashionable. And no, I’m not talking about the Catholic ‘revival’. In recent weeks, the temporary “coincidence” of ‘Sundays‘by Ruiz de Azúa or ‘Lux‘ from Rosalía, had raised the murmur that “Catholicism was back“But, really, I don’t talk about that. As books like ‘Mystics’ by Begoña Méndezwe are talking about something deeper: something that, behind the Catholic trappings, speaks directly to an entire generation of young women. Something that, in the words of Jorge Burón“opens common horizons instead of individual ones.” Saint Teresa was right. Saint Teresa of Jesus may be the most important Spanish thinker in all of history and, very often, readings that are excessively attached to the Christian background prevent us from appreciating the philosophical power that is hidden behind it. Today, when the tensions between personal life and professional development are especially intense in a generation of women that has abandoned traditional frames of reference without yet embracing new ones, Teresa de Cepeda’s ideas are especially relevant. “Between the pots.” A well-known example is in the ‘Book of foundations’when he says that “…understand that, if it is in the kitchen, the Lord walks among the pots, helping you internally and externally.” In that passage, Teresa defends that there is no war between inner life and outer work, that the underlying criterion is not what we do, but how we do it. However, it is not a defense of “everything doesn’t matter.” On the contrary, what he rejects is the automatic superiority of the “elevated” over the “everyday.” Seeking God (the meaning of life, who we really are) is not something we demand the most absolute solitude: It is something that must be done wherever it is necessary. Where it touches. It is not a cliché: a few days ago we argued that the feeling of the end of the era, acceleration, saturation, existential anxiety or problems of legitimacy are something inherent to our days. The feeling that the future is a fiction is the order of the day. Therefore, it can surprise no one that Saint Teresa is more alive than ever encouraging us to take charge of our day. Image | Teresa, the body of Christ In Xataka | The Catholic Church changed the psychology of Europe. Unintentionally, it sparked an era of technological innovation

There are more and more studies that link coffee with living more. And it is very easy to put the leg when preparing that ‘philosopher’ coffee

July 27, 2025 by usatoday24

Numerous myths have accompanied coffee during the last decades, Many related to caffeine. However, in recent years more and more studies are investigating the beneficial properties of coffee in our body. Is being related to a Less probability of dying by cardiovascular diseases or with Benefits for our kidneys. There are still unknowns, such as His influence on the brainbut lately the trend is to study the relationship between coffee and live more. And they are finding green sprouts. Lengthening life expectancy. The idea that coffee reduces the possibilities of premature death is something that has been circulating for a while, but this year has monopolized holders because several are published studies In this regard. Tufts University researchers, in Massachusetts, have published a study in which they have related the consumption of one or two cups a day with a lower risk of death due to any cause and for cardiovascular diseases. Fang Zhang is the main author of the study and considers that it is important that the relationship between coffee and longevity be studied, taking into account that “almost half of American adults drink at least one cup per day.” This data can be extrapolated, since coffee is, behind the water, the most consumed drink in the world. The study. To prove that relationship, the researchers studied data from more than 46,000 American adults over 20 years of age who have been collected in health surveys during the last two decades. From that sample, 7,074 people died, and those deaths crossed with coffee consumption. What did they find? That adults who drank coffee showed a remarkably lower risk of mortality due to any cause. A cup of coffee a day has been associated with a 16% reduction in the risk of mortality. With two to three cups dailythe percentage increased to 17%, and with more cups a day no additional reductions were observed. Along the way, they failed to relate the mortality results due to cancer with coffee consumption -another of the Myths They have circulated. The additives. Now, it is not worth having coffee anyway. Bingjie Zhou is an epidemiologist of Tufts that has participated in the study and comments that “few have analyzed how additives could affect that relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of dying.” What additives do you refer to? To the sugar and the saturated fat that can be in the milk, yes, but also in oil and other additions that some chains implement their drinks. When a small amount of sugar or saturated fat is added (present in the aforementioned whole milk, but also in the cream), that beneficial relationship disappears. Therefore, it would be necessary to have coffee only to give the results that the researchers managed to segment. Caffeine. Zhang states that “the benefits of coffee for health could be due to its bioactive compounds,” but also comments that the key does not seem so much in coffee … as in caffeine. And, if the positive effects of coffee disappear by adding saturated fat or sugar, they are also diluted when coffee is decaffeinated. Decaffeinated coffee drinkers have not shown those differences in mortality rates, a conclusion similar to the one they have arrived Other studies that go further to point that the beneficial is the combination of coffee and caffeine, not only coffee or Only caffeine. A monster or a Red Bull would not be worthultimately. It is on the way to the front. Now, both studies are observational, which means that they are limited when examining the cause and direct effect of coffee. In fact, not being a controlled environment, but a simple survey, admit that the lack of a significant association between decaffeinated coffee and mortality could be due to the fact that the consumption of this type of coffee is much lower. As we say, for now those studies that are connecting coffee consumption with mortality are limited, but that several on the same during the last months indicate an interest in knowing that link. In addition, they are the basis for subsequent investigations that analyze how the multiple components of coffee or the time of the day we take it –that is also being studied– It affects that relationship. Image | Nathan Dumlao In Xataka | In our obsession with having a more “nutritious” coffee, we are throwing an ingredient that knows Charco: Spirulina

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