fleet

Spain vetoed Israel’s passage from the US. Spain will send its best fleet to the US to celebrate its independence

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Next year the United States will commemorate the 250th anniversary of its independence and will do so with a series of phases of enormous international projection in which the Spanish Navy will have A leading role. It is still contradictory as Spain as has vetoed the step of US fighters and warships to Israel. An unprecedented deployment. As we said, despite the fact that diplomatic and political relations between the Government of Pedro Sánchez and the administration of Donald Trump are going through more than notable tensions, especially around defense expense wave Palestine questionthe Navy has decided to get involved in the acts. As? Under the umbrella of the Dedalo Expeditionary Group, Spain will send New York to the Portaeronaves Juan Carlos iescorted by frigates and a combat supply ship, along with the ship-school Juan Sebastián Elcano. The operation will represent The biggest deployment of Spanish Naval Force in American waters in decades, a gesture that underlines that military cooperation remains solid beyond political friction. New York as a stage. The week of July 1 to 9 will become the epicenter of the acts on the occasion of the Independence Day. On July 4, the expeditionary group will participate in a naval magazine organized by the US Navy, while Juan Sebastián Elcano will parade through the East River in the company of the most emblematic sailboats-schools in the world, such as the Amerigo Vespucci Italian, the Swan Branco Brazilian or the Gorch Fock German. In addition, the calendar includes diplomatic receptions, such as the organized on board the transatlantic Queen Mary 2and a great fireworks show. The official motto of the US Navy, “For Navy and Nation!“, seeks to underline the historical role of the US Navy as guarantor of global maritime security for 250 years, reinforcing the international character of the appointment. Diplomacy for naval channels. While the American administration has constituted a specific commission, THE TASK FORCE 250to organize its celebrations, in Spain the proposal to create an interministerial commission It has been diluted for lack of consensus between exteriors, defense and culture. However, the Navy has assumed leadership of the Spanish representation, aware that anniversary is a diplomatic opportunity to remember the Decisive paper from Spain in the independence of the United States. Even King Felipe VI, in a speech in New York, recently stressed the historical importance of that link. Thus, through its presence in North American waters, the Spanish Navy tries to alleviate (or compensate) Government disinterest with a visible gesture and loaded with symbolism. Juan Carlos I The symbol: Juan Carlos I. The flagship of the Navy, the Juan Carlos I holder, has spent the last months in Navantia subjected to A deep modernization of its propulsion system, which forced to readjust the maneuver calendar to ensure its presence in the 2026 appointment. This will also be an opportunity to show the potential of the Spanish embarked aviation, still dependent on the Harrier fighters whose useful life tries to prolong beyond 2028 through the acquisition of spare parts of the American and Italian fleets. Government resistance To acquire the F-35 As a natural substitute and uncertainty Around the future European hunting FCAS, not available before 2042, give this deployment an air of technological and strategic claim. Between passivity and politics. The difference in approaches is evident. While Washington Ha launched the task force 250 With an ambitious program of activities, a communication campaign and a clear strategy to reinforce the national narrative, in Spain the attempt to coordinate an interministerial group has encountered With political divisions And finally it has been abandoned. The consequence, as we said, is that the weight of representation falls almost exclusively in the armadA, what a paradox reveals: the government opts for Punta from Punta For a historical anniversary that could have served to project the image of Spain, while the Navy acts as the main guarantor of the bilateral relationship in a field as sensitive as that of the defense. The Israeli paradox. We commented at the beginning. The deployment of the Navy in New York also coexists with another contradiction in Spanish politics. While the Executive has prohibited that American fighters or ships loaded with weapons to Israel cross territory or national waters in the framework of the Gaza War, the Spanish Navy will send Your best units to celebrate the American anniversary. The decision reflects the complex balance that Madrid seeks: Mark distance in very sensitive foreign policy issues for its electorate and, at the same time, maintain the solidity of the military relationship with the United States, an indispensable ally in NATO and last guarantor of Atlantic security. Military cooperation. Plus: Spanish participation will not be limited to the acts of July. In October, in Philadelphia, the Chief of Staff of the Navy, Admiral Antonio Piñeiro, will be present with delegations of more than 70 countries in the central acts of the 250 Anniversary of the US Navy. A presence that emphasizes again that, beyond the political divergences in international or budgetary matters, the bilateral relationship in defense remains fundamental. In fact, Spain houses in Rota and Morón apart from the American military device, as demonstrated by the recent Hammer operation against Iran, and maintains mutual interest in industrial matters, with an eye on the Navantia constructive capacity to supply naval production deficiencies in a context marked by strength Chinese navy. Spain and its projection. If you also want, the conjunction of the American anniversary with worldwide events, such as the 2026 World Cup, converts this event into A diplomatic showcase first order. The deployment of the Navy not only reinforces the image of Spain as a reliable ally in NATO’s bosom, but also Allows projecting The national maritime tradition through the presence of Juan Sebastián Elcano, Cultural Ambassador and symbol of historical continuity. Together, the effort represents the will of the Navy to maintain the strategic relationship with the United States in the military field, reaffirming that, even in times of political disagreementnaval … Read more

A ghost fleet has mapped the entire submarine structure of the EU. The question is what Moscow will do with that information

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In January 2025 United Kingdom He raised his voice At the international level. The British Secretary of Defense, John Healy, explained that a nuclear submarine and two ships from Royal Navy had sighted a spy ship in the waters of the nation, and that it was the second time in just three months. The message did not stay there. The United Kingdom gave a name and a nation behind the incursion: Yantar and Russia. Now it has been discovered that the ship has been doing much more than that. The resurgence of a war. In recent months, NATO’s attention has moved to a less visible but increasingly critical front: the European seabed. The protagonist of this new concern is, again, The Yantara Russian spy ship that, disguised as a civil ship, toured during almost 100 days The waters of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean with an accurate objective: map and monitor the submarine cables on Europe and North America for their digital communications, their financial transactions, their energy and even their most sensitive military systems. We know all this Thanks to the Financial Timesthat after an investigation based on interviews with NATO naval officers and former members of the Russian north fleet, as well as in radar images of the European Space Agency, he has confirmed that the Yantar came to be located on critical cables in the sea of ​​Ireland and in front of Norway, on the strategic route to Svalbard. The role of Gugi. The Yantar operates under the orbit of the GLAVNOYE UPRAVLENIE GLUBOKOVODNIKH ISSLEDOVII (GUGI), the director of Deep Water Research created in the Cold War and known in the West as Military Unit 40056. Based on Olenya Guba, in the Kola Peninsula, this force is located on the border between the Russian Navy and military intelligence (Gru), dedicated less to science than to espionage. Gugi has about 50 platforms (From minisubmarines capable of reaching 6,000 meters deep to nodriza ships such as Yantar), designed to place sensors, manipulate or sabotage cables and, if necessary, destroy strategic infrastructure in a conflict scenario. Despite the blows suffered (such as the submarine fire Losharik in 2019 or the death of its historic boss by Covid), the organization has continued to receive resources Even in full war of Ukraine, which has allowed to commission new spy units. The Yantar The threat in the gray zone. The reactivation of Yantar’s missions Since the end of 2023 Indicates that Moscow has abandoned the initial caution he showed after invading Ukraine. Analysts like Sidharth Kaoushal (Rusi) They point that Russia has measured NATO’s red lines and is now more willing to take risks. The plans detected in the sea of ​​Ireland, where several cables converge that connect the United Kingdom and Ireland, fit into the Russian logic to act in The so -called “Gray Zone”: Operations of covert sabotage that do not equals an open military attack but can destabilize entire societies. In fact, Western Officers They warn That Moscow could, the case, cut energy or communications to force governments to the negotiation, or even alter the temporal signals that travel through the cables, with devastating effects in sectors such as high frequency financial trade. European vulnerability. The United Kingdom obtains the 99% of its communications Digital of submarine cables and three quarters of its gas through underwater pipelines. Ireland, which does not belong to NATO, is a particularly exposed point: cutting its connections would be to isolate it from the continent without directly attacking an allied member. He parliamentary report British of September 19 warned that the country “could not guarantee an attack or recover in an acceptable period,” also criticizing the fragmentation of responsibilities between ministries. In Denmark, the case of explosions of Nord Stream in 2022 evidenced the same bureaucratic dispersion. Although London has assigned the Royal Navy the mission of Protect these infrastructureexperts point out that the lack of anti -submarine frigates and patrol dependence limit the real response capacity. The Atlantic Bastion project. To close that gap, NATO and especially the United Kingdom they consider the creation of “Atlantic Bastion”: A defensive ring of sensors, submarine drones and acoustic stations in the seabed that reinforces the control of the Greenland-Islandia-Rio-Reinian corridor. Although the plan still lacks concrete financing, its need is increasingly evident. In parallel, surveillance ships such as The British proteus They rehearse with autonomous vehicles capable of documenting the activities of the Yantar and other GGI units, with the idea of ​​exhibiting public evidence and generating deterrence. Admiral Gwyn Jenkins, head of the Royal Navy, He warned This month that Gugi, after a period of relative stillness, “is returning.” Silent war. The activity From Yantar It is not an isolated case: between autumn of 2023 and November 2024, eleven Russian ships (military and supposedly civil) held a almost constant presence in British and Irish waters. Allied intelligence services suspect that Moscow already prepares sabotage scenarios against cables as a pressure measure on the countries that arm Ukraine. While until now these operations have been maintained under the threshold of the open confrontation, the possibility of Russia “turning off” the United Kingdom or Aisle Ireland is not a crazy hypothesis. As summarized Excapitan David Fields, former British naval aggregate in Moscow: “Russian military doctrine consists of hitting first, strong and where it hurts most, to prevent the enemy from even getting rid of war.” On that silent board, the Yantar has become the key piece of a underwater chess that threatens to redefine the limits of European security. Image | Defense ImageryAndrey Luzik In Xataka | A British nuclear submarine has discovered a Russian ship in front of its submarine cables. The second time in three months In Xataka | Research on submarine cables cut in the Baltic has taken a turn: it was not Russia, it was inexperience

Russia’s ghost fleet

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Something does not fit. The useful life of a superpetrolero is usually about 20 years old. After that time, the fatigue of the helmet and maintenance costs make their most logical destiny a scrapping. The largest place in the world for this work is Alang Beach, in India. However, since 2022, the number of oil tankers sent to the scrapping is in historical minimums. Where are those ships. They have not evaporated. According to a Bloomberg reportThey continue to sail, many of them beyond their “expiration date”, turned into zombies of the seas. The question is why. And the answer, as in so many other recent geopolitical issues, is found in the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the creation of A gigantic ghost float to move the sanctioned oil of Russia. The Russian ghost fleet. After the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Western powers, with the G7 at the head, They imposed a cap of $ 60 per barrel to Russian oil transported by sea. The idea was simple: drowning the income with which the Kremlin financed the war without causing a collapse of the energy market. To work, western shipping companies and insurers (who dominate the market) could not serve cargoes that exceed that price. Moscow’s response was a pentadimensional chess play: to build from scratch a FLOOT Ghost Buying hundreds of old oil tankers, on the verge of retirement, through a network of owners impossible to track. According to analysts, this parallel army already has between 600 and 1,400 ships, a naval force dedicated to transporting Russian oil throughout the world, skipping the sanctions. How an oil tanker hides. With the same tricks that were already using other sanctioned states, such as Iran or Venezuela. Turning off the AIS system transpondor, which emits its identity and position. And transferring oil from one ship to another to bleach it, as exposed This satellite image. But also registering it in countries with lax regulations or little supervision capacity, such as Gabon, Liberia or the Marshall Islands and hiring unknown insurers or even operating the ship without reliable insurance. This is how Russia has managed to maintain its exports of crude at very high levels, mainly towards China and India . The problem of the scrapping. Faced with this situation, in Alang, the huge scarter shipyards entered into recession. The ships that should arrive to be converted into scrap metal have remained activeserving the cause of Kremlin. Now, the situation is beginning to change, but in a way that generates a new geopolitical problem. The oldest and most unsustainable ships of the ghost fleet They are also starting to arrive at Alang For dismantling. For local workers, it is an economic relief. For geopolitics, a mines field. On the one hand, withdrawing these ships is a victory for maritime security and the environment. On the other, it is rewarding the sanctioned entities. For Alang’s unscathers, the incentive is purely economic: they can buy an oil tanker sanctioned with a discount of up to 40% on its market value as scrap. In Xataka | Russia is using Ceuta to avoid sanctions: the problem for Spain is that it is totally legal

Someone cut five submarine cables in the Baltic. Finland already points as responsible for a ship of the “shade fleet”

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In the middle of Christmas, five submarine cables that connect Finland and Estonia were damaged. According to the Finnish Prosecutor’s Officeit was a deliberate act: an oil tanker dragged its anchor for about 90 kilometers and cut the electric interconnection Estlink 2 and four telecommunications cables. More than seven months later, on August 11, 2025, The Prosecutor’s Office presented positions For aggravated damage and aggravated interference in communications against the captain and two officers of the Eagle S ship, a ship linked to the call “shadow”That the European authorities associate with the elusion of restrictions on Russian crude. On the night of December 25, 2024, the Estlink 2 link stopped operating suddenly and, shortly after, failures were detected in four data cables that cross the same section of the Gulf of Finland. The service did not collapse thanks to alternative routes, but the technical impact was immediate and the authorities opened an investigation focused on the trajectory of a ship that sailed near the affected area. 90 kilometers groove at the bottom of the Baltic. The damage pattern was unequivocal: a prolonged groove in the seabed that coincided with the passage of the Eagle S. The researchers point out that The trajectory of the ship registered in the navigation data flashes with the damaged areas. Police recovered an anchor whose location coincided with the Eagle S route and with the detected groove, information between the evidence that motivated the accusation against the three officers. A cable that transports 650 megawatts under the sea. Estlink 2 is a high voltage electrical interconnection in direct current that joins Finland and Estonia for the seabed. He entered into market operation in December 2013 and was inaugurated in 2014; Its capacity reaches 650 megawatts and its function is to balance the electrical demand between the two countries. After the cut, Fingrid and Elering activated contingencies to maintain stability, and the link returned to the market at 01:00 of June 20, 2025 after repairs. In addition to the power grid, Four telecommunications cables were damagedaffecting part of data traffic between Finland and Estonia. Among the impacted operators are Elisa, Cinia – of public majority ownership – and a cable managed by CITIC. The repair work began days later and extended several weeks; According to the Prosecutor’s Office, the owners have assumed at least 60 million euros in direct repair costs, without relevant impacts on end users thanks to the alternative routed. An old acquaintance under magnifying glass. He Eagle s It is an oil company registered in the Cook Islands that sailed from the Russian port of UST-Luga with oil products and was detected in the vicinity of the affected area. Several media place their property in Caravella Llc Fzbased in United Arab Emirates. The ship appears in the so -called “Shadow Flot”, formed by boats with opaque structures that have continued to operate despite the restrictions. The European Union included Eagle S on its list of ships sanctioned on May 20, 2025. Can Finland judge it? The debate on jurisdiction. The defense claims that the cuts occurred outside the Finnish territorial waters. Because of this, Reuters pointsthe country would not have competence to prosecute the crew. The Prosecutor’s Office appeals to the territorial effect: the consequences occurred in Finland, in the electricity and communications, and that would justify the criminal action. Helsinki’s court now has the task to decide on competition and, where appropriate, set procedural deadlines. The result of the judicial decision will mark the next chapter of the case. If the Court accepts Finnish competition, the process against Eagle S officers will be a milestone in the European response to attacks against critical infrastructure. Images | HTM (Wikimedia Commons) In Xataka | The USA opened the way and China took note: it is updating its fleet with ships that have electromagnetic catapults

an old F16 fleet that do not fly

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Last week, what the United States had been chasing since Trump was re -elected president. Washington reached an agreement around access and mineral exploitation Strategic and rare earths of Ukraine. Under the same, the United States obtains preferential rights and investment capacity On the natural resources of the nation (including titanium, zirconium, graphite, gas, oil and manganese) in a framework that aims to boost the reconstruction of the country devastated by war, without imposing any debt to Kyiv. For its part, the United States has reactivated help in the conflict. A new pact. The main instrument will be The so -called Investment Fund for the United States – Ucrania reconstruction, a binational entity with the same representation of both parties that will manage new licenses without affecting pre -existing companies or previously compromised budgets. For the Ukrainian authorities, the agreement represents a Investment -based alliancetechnology and shared autonomy, not in economic subordination. The logic of the agreement. One of the most striking elements of the pact is the explicit elimination of any type of Debt obligation from Ukraine to the United States. This gesture dissipates, a priori, Trump’s recurring criticisms about the “lack of compensation” for US military assistance, encrypted by the president in 350 billion dollars (figure “something” different from other levels). Ukrainian Minister of Economy, Yulia Svydenko, stressed that the agreement The legal status does not change of public or private companies of the extractive sector and that the income of the fund will be nourished only from new licenses, ensuring that current public funds will not be touched. Technology and deterrence. Although the agreement did not detail explicit commitments on military aid, both the official narrative and political statements They already pointed to a renewed willingness to support by the Trump administration. For Zelenski, the agreement opens the door to sustained flows of investment and technological transfer not only for economic development but also For defensive purposes. Svydenko indicated that the United States will help attract Key technologies that support the fight against Russia, with possibilities open to projects such as air defense systems. From Washington, the message is unequivocal: the agreement is also an instrument of strategic pressure and firm alignment in front of Moscow. Treasury Secretary Scott Besent declared that the firm represents A clear sign to the Kremlin that the United States bets in the long term for a free, sovereign and prosperous Ukraine. Trump, meanwhile, defended the pact as a way to protect US investment and reinforce the Ukrainian position in front of a “much larger and more powerful” Russia. The first “package”, in fact, It is on its way. F-16 unusable. Yes, the United States has begun to send to Ukraine F-16 fighters retired and non -operational, stored in his famous “Boneyard” of Arizona. The underlying idea is that these are used as a source of crucial spare parts for the growing F-16 fleet donated by European countries. The gesture, confirmed by the American Air Force after the appearance of images that showed involved and partially dismantled fuselages being loaded in a AN-124 Ukrainian In Tucson, it marks a new stage in the complex maintenance logistics that requires the use of these veteran Western fighters in active combat against Russia. The sent aircraft lack essential components such as engines, radars or wings, which makes them unusable in flight, but their value resides in the pieces they do, many of which are scarce in Europe. Transportation, destined for Rzesów-Jjaka, the Key Logistics Center In southeastern Poland for the transit of military aid to Ukraine, it reinforces the hypothesis that these F-16 will be integrated into the support system and not into the operational inventory. An international fleet. It is estimated that Ukraine will receive up to 85 F-16 in flight conditions: 24 from Netherlands, 19 of Denmark, 12 of Norway (which will also donate 10 additional exclusively for spare parts) and 30 promised by Belgium. However, part of these aircraft will go to pilot training at the F-16 formation center in Romania, which further reduces direct availability for combat. Before the loss of units in the front (two fighters They have already been shot downwith the death of their pilots In defensive missions) and the logistics difficulty involved in maintaining an old aircraft fleet, the supply of fuselages dismantled from the United States represents a strategic relief in terms of maintenance, although it does not expand direct offensive capacity. Configuration and tactical capacity. The F-16 Ukrainians have been deployed both in Air-Aire and Aire-Fetierra missions, using missiles AIM-9X and AIM-120 AMRAAM for air defense, in addition to GBU-39/B guided bombs mounted in Racks Bru-61which allows them a capacity Surgical of in -depth attack. Configurations have also been seen with three external fuel tanks, necessary to maximize autonomy in the absence of aerial refueling, and electronic warfare systems such as The AN/ALQ-131that reinforce survival in hostile environments. Units include internal electronic improvements specialized in threat detection and display of countermeasures. Cemetery of fighters as a vital source. The Base Davis-Monthanwhere the official “Boneyard” Air Force is located, still retains hundreds of F-16 fuselages in a variable state. Namely: 150 of model A, 27 of B, 143 of C and 22 of the D, although much of them are not suitable for flying again. Many of the reusable specimens have been diverted to functions such as aggressive airplanes for the Navy and the Air Force or converted into aerial targets QF-16 For training. Moreover, this progressive exhaustion of useful stocks has caused even the United States to extend the useful life of active service, while resisting, for now, the idea of ​​delivering blasting units to Ukraine. Limited supplies. Plus: the slowness in the delivery of F-16 by European allies, such as He has recognized Belgiumis due in large part to the shortage of spare parts. The technical demand that involves putting these fighters (even more so in a previously structured Air Force around Soviet platforms) converts the arrival of parts into an urgent need. … Read more

Its breakwill fleet and a “nuclear” force

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The Arctic, that inhospitable place where from time to time comes to the first place of the newspapers, should be a main actor in the coming years in geopolitical code. Actually, it has long been, because it is very possible that the future of energy is literally floating in its icy waters. That knows more about a nation. For example, Russia has announced its decision to put its flag on the enclave with a floating nuclear plant. And if any nation, call the United States, means something, goes with a lot of delay. Global warming and competition. The accelerated thaw in the Arctic has turned the region into a growing scenario Competition between global powers. With temperatures that increase four times faster than in the rest of the planet, the melting of ice has opened new maritime routes and facilitated access to strategic resources such as oil, gas and minerals. However, this phenomenon has increased the demand for icebreakerships specialized in opening the way in frozen waters. Here is a winner by win. Russia has dominated this race for years with a Fleet of dozens of pinkincluding several nuclear propulsion, some armed with cannons. China, although it is not a properly “Arctic” nation, has also increased its presence With four Rompehielos in operation and a latest generation under construction. And Washington? The United States, in contrast, faces a more than serious disadvantage against Moscow in competition for the domain of the Arctic. The reason? A marked disparity in the quantity and capacity of its breaks. While Russia operates approximately 40 of these “monsters”, including seven heavy polar category and eight propelled by nuclear energy, the United States has Just a heavy break Operational, the Polar Starwith almost 50 years old, and two Rompehielos of medium capacity: the Healy and the Storis (the latter will take operation in Alaska next year). The equation is clear: without sufficient breakers, the American Navy has limited access to the Arctic only during the summer months, which restricts its ability to deploy military troops and teams in case of conflict, especially affecting Alaska’s defense, where the 11th Airborne Division of the Army is located. Interests: Strategy and Economics. We said it at the beginning. Beyond territorial defense, access to the Arctic has become key to the Natural Resources Exploitation and the opening of new commercial routes, facilitated by the melting of ice due to climate change. Russia, with its superiority in the region, could consolidate a de facto domain over these resources before the United States, which has generated fears in Washington. In addition, Donald Trump’s interest in strengthening the American presence in the Arctic is also related to his desire to expand the territory of the countryeven considering economically To Canada and Greenland to annex or submit them to greater influence. The Russian Nuclear Rompehielos “Taymyr” American failure. Trump proposed acquire 40 new breaks To close the gap with Russia, but this idea seems unrealistic given the current state of the US naval industry. Currently, Washington barely manages to advance in the construction of three new heavy breaks, a process that has suffered important delays and cost overruns. From the end of the Cold War, the Arctic ceased to be a priority for the United States, which led to the paralysis of the development of your fleet. Finally and after activating it again, the Polar Security Cutters program, started in 2019, has exceeded its budget by 60%, reaching 5.1 billion dollars, and the delivery of its first ship, the Polar Sentinel, It is not expected before 2030. The construction of Rompehielos has therefore become a kind of “lost art” in the United States, which further aggravates the problem. Technological differences and Russian power. Here is one of the keys. Rompehielos require reinforced helmets and high -power engines to break through the ice, which implies high energy consumption. Russia has solved this problem with Its nuclear breakwill fleetunique in the world, which allows you to operate in the Arctic without fuel restrictions. In contrast, the United States lacks this type of nuclear breakwoods, and although China plans to develop one in the future, Washington does not have similar projects in progress. Russia and China. Russia has maintained a strategic approach in the Arctic due to the importance of the region for its economy, since more than 80% of its natural gas production and 20% of its oil production come from this area. Moscow has promoted the opening of the North Sea route to facilitate the transport of these resources to Asian and European markets, consolidating their influence in the region. There is more, since despite the sanctions imposed by the West after the invasion of Ukraine, which have made it difficult to obtain key components such as propulsion systems and radar equipment, Moscow Keep expanding its advantage. His new nuclear rosebielos rossiya has suffered three -year delaysbut the country continues to lead in operational experience and territorial control in the Arctic. In addition, he has found in China A key ally. Beijing, with the largest naval industry in the world, has begun to invest in the construction of Rompehielos Already provide technology to Moscow, which increases your own interest in the polar region. A revealing fact: a Chinese shipyard took only two years to build a recently broken, while the United States has barely started working in its new model, five years after awarding the contract. Impact on the economy. It is another of the legs to be treated. The Rompehielos deficit also affects the United States economy in other regions, such as The Great Lakes and the North Atlanticwhere the lack of capacity of these vessels has caused economic losses of billions of dollars and the elimination of thousands of jobs. Despite the urgency of modernizing its fleet, the United States faces industrial limitations that make a short -term solution unlikely. American solutions. Thus, the things and the inability of the US naval industry to produce the required speed, an alternative would be … Read more

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