Black

The reason why electricity took more than 15 hours to restore 100% in Spain: the feared “Black Start”

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The Iberian Peninsula went out at 12:33 of April 28. In just five seconds, two southwest disconnections of the peninsula They removed more than half of the instant demand from the network. The frequency collapsed and interconnection with France jumped by instability. Spain stayed at 0 MW and 0 Hz, never seen. Resting the service was the real challenge. 15 hours of surgical work. At 03:30 on Tuesday, Red Eléctrica, the Spanish electrical system operator, announced that 99.95% of the demand was covered again (100% was not reached until the afternoon in the afternoon). Spain starred in greater practical exercise of replacement of a European network From the great continental blackout of 2006, The first on this scale from a country that obtains its energy mainly from renewable sources. The dreaded Black Start. Turn on the light out of nowhere, start the zero power grid. With 50 million users, Spain has faced One of the most challenging cases of “Black Start” They are remembered. He needed 15 hours because he had to go step by step, first starting the most flexible plants: hydroelectric plants, enabled for Black Start with diesel structure to feed pumps, valves and control systems). Mainless Spain redeemed. With 10% of the Spanish mix and 25% of the Portuguese, the pumping hydraulics was the first ammunition: The hydroelectric plants of the Muela and Aldeadávila They synchronized in three minutes, moving from zero to 3 GW. Each central created its 50 Hz “island” (the frequency at which the turbines have to turn) before introducing load. Red Electric was connecting the turbines one by one and introducing load in a dosing way so as not to stop them. Gas for climbing. With the nuclear off (except for the imported of France, which provided 1.4 GW of power in the replacement), the gas plants became the backbone of the network before reincorporating renewables. Monday’s wind was almost calm and the photovoltaic disappeared at nightfall, so the weight fell on water and gas. Morocco injected several hundred MW who were critical to start plants in Andalusia. As for nuclear. The automatic cut of five of the seven reactors generated a radio traffic jam: the xenon-135 accumulated after a sudden stop absorbs neutrons and blocks the reaction for 24-48 h. 32 hours after the blackout, No nuclear had yet been synchronized. That 3-4 GW hole synchronous forced to squeeze hydraulics and gas and delayed total recovery. The fuses jumped. When the blackout occurred, more than 70% of the generation was renewable (37% solar, 32% wind). 3.4 GW of nuclear energy, 1.6 GW of cycles and 1.4 GW of cogeneration provided the synchronous inertia of the network, but were not enough to compensate for the disconnection of two stations. Neither The interconnected network was enough to sustain the frequency (only 3 GW with France and 700 MW with Morocco). The substations acted as giant fuses against imbalance and isolated the network to avoid catastrophic damage. That is why it is said that Spain and Portugal are energy islands, despite being in the same network as the rest of European countries. Some lessons. With high renewable quotas, which They do not have the inertia of other energy sources To stabilize the network, it takes a greater resilience than the European electricity grid. In other words, invest in investors at network level, batteries and renewable synchronous (biomass or more pumping hydraulics). As well as in better interconnections. All this is planned, but it was not on time to avoid the blackout and the Black Start. Image | Electric Red In Xataka | We have just lived the first great blackout of the renewable era. The debate is now how to get the last one

Black Swans. This blackout is a candidate to be

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How can we prepare for the unpredictable? We are already planning a trip or starting a business, or even if we are quietly fringing some potatoes at home, being Prepared to eventualities You can save us more than one disgust. For a person on foot, and even for a company, dealing with a blackout can enter a category of “foreseeable unforeseen”: we do not know when they will occur but we know from past experiences that it is likely that at one time or another, our light will leave for a while. However, it is likely that people in charge of managing the peninsular power Bru what this week With the same attitude. From his point of view, what happened was something never seen beforea good candidate to catalog like what we call a “black swan.” First of all, what is that of the black swan and where it comes from. The concept was popularized back in 2007, in the book The Black Swan: the impact of the highly unlikely, written by Nassim Taleb, expert in statistics and finance. In the work as essayist of This controversial thinker The concept of uncertainty has a great weight, and the idea of ​​black swan is perhaps the zenit of uncertainty. We are not talking about The 2010 movie Directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Natalie Portman, nor of the animal (although the theory owes its name to this animal). A black swan is an event with two characteristics. The first is that it is a possible but so unlikely event that it is unique in its category, an event that would be unthinkable although in retrospect it could seem even predictable. The second is that it is an event of great impact, we are not talking about a currency that falls singing while we play with it boring. The origin of the name is, we said, in the animal. And, as Taleb explains in his book, until the arrival of European explorers to Australia in the seventeenth century, for the West Swannes were white and talking about a black swan would be limited to the context of the fantastic. Everything changed with the arrival in Oceania and the appearance of dark swans. A Clear example of such an event It would be that of the attacks perpetrated on September 11, 2001. Although on that date the kidnappings of airplanes by terrorists were not something strange, the idea of ​​crashing these vehicles against buildings to maximize the damage caused would have been difficult to imagine. The event would not need to point it out, it also had global consequences. The Covid-19 Pandemia also had global consequences, a global epidemic caused by a until then unknown virus could be seen as a black swan (and in fact There are those who see it like this). However, the idea of ​​a global pandemic, even the idea that it could be caused by a respiratory virus, was not so remote and many raised it as a matter not of “yes”, but of “when.” The 1919 flu pandemic experience, or epidemics such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) not only look a posteriori As warnings, but they were already seen before the pandemic. Prepare for the unpredictable Taleb, an expert in statistics, explains that when we try to estimate the probabilities of an event, in general we have to rely on what we already know. For example, if we want Estimate probability that a new company Continue active A year after its creation, we can serve statistics based on companies founded in the previous years. If we want to predict if a team will win a game, we can also back and attend to the statistics of the team and the rival. That is precisely the limitation of statistical tools: it is among extremely difficult and impossible to estimate the probability of an event that has never been given. Well, what about the blackout? Undoubtedly, the April 28 blackout has been an event of important consequences that We will still have to evaluatethe damages caused by the cut not only the economic but probably had ramifications in other contexts. That part is out of place, the Great question Now is whether this was an unpredictable event. We may not be able to answer this question with certainty yet since, although little by little we are going Knowing new details On what happened, it is still early to know with certainty the causes of this great blackout. As for the dimension, we can find comparable precedents if we look outside of Spain, such as the Italian blackout of 2003 either The one suffered by Texas in 2021. However, those great blackouts were, in a certain sense, conventional. In the Italian case, the cut of a high voltage line that connected Switzerland with Italy fell, dragging with him the entire network of the transalpine country. In the case of Texas, the cold and its impact on gas electricity generation was the cause that the system could not with the demand for electricity of the southern state. In Xataka | How to load your mobile battery when there is no electricity Image | Quartl

While reservoirs from all over the country reach record figures, Spain still has a black dot of the drought: Almería

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For eighth consecutive week, Spanish reservoirs have risen again. It was to be expected: the same rains that have “bitter” vacations to many during Holy Week are now becoming good water news. For the first time in many years, Spain has exceeded the 75% barrier in reservoir water. And yet, this enthusiasm does not reach a very specific area of ​​the country: The Southeast. Where the rains do not arrive. If we see an autonomous map of the country’s water reserves, we will see all of Spain in blue (light, medium or dark). All except Murcia; That, at 36.49% of its capacity, it can only appear in colors close to orange or red. And, although Reservations have grown a lotthe safe basin is still very touched with 10 points less than the historical average. For more Inri, it cannot be said that it is a management problem (although the management of the basin has always been a controversial issue). It is something that extends, as I say, to all southeast. The province of Alicante is at 31.75%. That is to say, above the terrible data last yearbut without reaching the average of the last decade. And then there is Almeria. Almería? What happens in Almeria? That hides among the excellent data from Andalusia (60.59%) and the more than good of the Andalusian Mediterranean basins (55.54%), The province of Almería has a huge problem: its reserves are 11.16%. Slightly better than a year ago, but still below Lbetter 2024 data. Almería’s problem with water is not new. That’s true. If we look, the historical average of the last 10 years in The province is 13.13%. Very slightly above the current figures. And we talk about a place with a huge weight of water intensive industries (agriculture and tourism); one that, in addition, is suffering like nobody Desertification problems and overexploitation (and pollution) of aquifers. As They said a few weeks ago from Ecologists in Action“Seeing Llover away the ghost of drought”, but in areas like Almeria that drought has been anywhere. It is a false impression that only management can difficulty. Lose the water war. At least there are three Almeria regions in which drought not only persists, but It is completely chronified: Níjar, Sierra de los Fizodes and El Levante. And that we talk about the Spanish province that adds the greatest number of rafts of different sizes and characteristics (27,000according to the latest estimates). In 1987, “the first reports on the deterioration of the aquifers of the Dalías field were announced, the point where intensive agriculture was born.” And the problem has only increased: “Every year, Almería starts its agricultural campaign with a structural deficit of around 200 cubic hectometers.” The story is simple, too simple. Almería wanted to become the great laboratory against desertification, but has become a battle territory. A battle that little by little We are losing. Image | Alicia Camacho In Xataka | Arid soils are devouring Almeria, Murcia and Alicante faster than we expected. And it does not seem that we can stop it

Astronomers have seen live the awakening of a giant black hole. They had never detected something so violent

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Good morning, Ansky. SDSS1335+0728 was a black hole so boring that it didn’t even have a nickname. Located 300 million light years, in the constellation of Virgo, he had been asleep from our point of view. But go aroused. The supermassive black hole has aroused in such a violent way that it has left fascinated and somewhat baffled astronomers. Now it is an active galactic nucleus (AGN) dodged affectionately “Ansky”. Years of study. The galaxy where Ansky is began to shine unexpectedly in visible light at the end of 2019. Chilean astronomer Paula Sánchez Sáez, of the Southern European Observatory (ESO), leads the first team that detected activation. “When we saw Ansky illuminate in optical images, we activate monitoring observations with the NASA X -ray space telescope and review archived data of the erosite German telescope,” Paula says in a statement. “But at that time we did not see evidence of X -ray emissions.” The surprise arrived in February 2024. A second team led by Lorena Hernández-García, from the University of Valparaíso (in Chile), saw how Ansky began to emit gusts of incredibly energy and regular X-ray. “It is the first time we observed such an event in a black hole that seems to be waking up,” Lorena explains. Out of the ordinary. He XMM-Newton telescope From the European Space Agency it has allowed to measure the faint x -ray light that comes to us from the explosions, which has been key to measuring how much energy releases Ansky in each “flash”. Known as “quasiperiódicas eruptions” (QPES), X -ray emissions turned out to be ten times longer and ten times luminous than other supermassive black holes. Each eruption of Ansky releases a hundred times more energy than the Qpes observed so far. In addition, it had never seen a time between eruptions so wide, with a cadence of four and a half days. Ansky takes astronomical models to the limit and challenges our current ideas on how these flashes are generated. What causes these explosions? The most accepted theory about the QPES is that they are caused by the interaction of an object (such as a smaller star or hole) with the accretion disc (the hot and bright material that revolves around the black hole before being engulf). They usually occur when the Black hole is eaten a starbut it does not seem to be the case of Ansky. This has led the international astronomer team to consider other possibilities. Perhaps the accretion disk will be formed from gas captured from the galactic environment, and the flares are the result of highly energetic shock waves caused by a smaller object that orbit and disturbed repeatedly the disc. Gravitational waves. Notice Real Time Awakening It is an unprecedented opportunity to check if their energy eruptions could be related to gravitational waves, predicted by Einstein’s relativity and detected for the first time a few years ago. The smooth mission of ESA and NASA will try to observe these disturbances in the space-time fabric from point L1 of Lagrange after its launch in an Ariane 6 rocket planned for 2035. Image | THAT In Xataka | We knew that the supermassive black holes were huge. Thanks to James Webb, now we know we were short

A youtuber has wondered why movies always improve in black and white. The answer: “Less distractions”

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The tendency to move black and white some successful films looks like a fashion more than a hollywood desperate for repairing and selling our favorite films several times. In some cases, however, the results are surprising, and there is an explanation for this: why in virtually all cases the black and white versions of films that were shot in color are so interesting, when they do not directly improve the original? Blanquinegros dinosaurs. It is the question that Youtuber Midday Reviews was asked when he checked for the umpteenth time one of his favorite films, ‘Jurassic Park’, This time in black and white. He discovered in her, thanks to an experiment that did not believe that he was going to take him to any interesting conclusion, a completely new film, one that returned to the terror to the saurios he experienced when he first saw the film, in the cinema and being a kid. The reason: less distractions. According to the author of the channel, this improvement is summarized in one point: the absence of color distracts less, and the viewer focuses unconsciously on planning, textures, lighting, microgest of interpretations. In aspects more linked to film creation, and therefore in black and white movies have a more “cinematographic” appearance. Not only because they are backward for times when films were less naturalistic and more focused on cinematographic language, but because the absence of color makes the spectator more aware that he is watching a fiction. Other examples. Midday Reviews reviews multiple examples of recent films that have received this treatment commercially, such as’Mad Max: Fury on the road‘(that George Miller himself considers The best version of the movie) either ‘Logan‘ (that He was born as an experimentbut that fans and director think that it is the definitive version of the film). Also mentions a case of which We have talked here‘In search of the lost ark’, a completely unofficial experiment, but that reaches the same conclusions as ‘Jurassic Park’: without distractions derived from color, background aspects such as edition or planning shine throughout its glory. You try. Midday Reviews recommends experiencing with your favorite films, ensuring that you will always find some interest with these colorless versions. And to demonstrate it, it puts some unusual examples: ‘Ninja turtles’ has almost expressionist lighting and planning details; And ‘Solo at home’ becomes an absolutely sinister dyes film thanks to its use of contrasts and that make it a film close to the horror genre. We have done it. Of course we have done it. We have tried an absolute icon of horror cinema: the first ‘nightmare in Elm Street’, overflowing with chiaroscuros, contrasted colors and games with lighting and colors. The result is not only a much more rough film, but completely loses the low -budget air of the Wes Craven classic, acquiring a very classic elegance. Apart from the fact that, as the video says, the lack of color allows you to repair in aspects such as the very detailed and terrifying texture of the special effects or makeup. Is it used for all cases? It will be a matter of testing, but the fun does not take away from you. Header | Warner In Xataka | The magic of the 70 mm: what makes a film recorded in this format so special and obsess so many directors

AI is a great black box that prevented us from knowing how “I thought” inside. Until now

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AI do not have No idea what he says Not why he says it. When he responds almost everything makes sense – even his legs of legs – but he only seems to us, because the machines do not understand what they do. They simply do. We do not know how the IAS think inside, but that seems to be able to change soon. Opening the black box. Those responsible for Anthropiccreator of the chatbot Claude, They affirm having made an important discovery that will begin to understand how the LLM work. These models work as large black boxes: we know what we give them starting (a prompt) and what we get as a result, but it is still a mystery what happens within that “black box” and how the models end up generating the content they generate. Why it is important to know how “think” the AI. The inscrutability of AI models generates important problems. For example, it makes it difficult to anticipate If they “hallucinate” or make mistakesand why they have committed them. Precisely knowing how they work inside would allow better to understand those incorrect responses to correct these problems and improve the behavior of these models. Safer, more reliable. Knowing why the IAS do what they do as they do would also be crucial to be able to trust us much more. These models would therefore allow many more guarantees in areas such as the privacy and protection of the data, something that can be a barrier for companies to use. And reasoning models, what. The appearance of models such as O1 or Deepseek R1 has allowed that during these “reasoning” processes the AI ​​apparently shows what you are doing at all times. That list of minitareas that is completing (“searching the web”, “analyzing the information”, etc.) are useful, but the so -called “chain of thought” does not really reflect how our requests are processing these models. How does Claude calculate how much are 36+59? The mechanism is not entirely clear, but in Anthropic they begin to decipher it. Source: Anthropic. Deciphering how AI thinks. Anthropic experts have created a tool that tries to decipher that black box. It is something like magnetic resonance scannars that study the human brain and allow to detect which brain regions play their role in certain cognitive areas. Long -term responses. Although models such as Claude are trained to predict the following word in a sentence, in some tasks it seems that Claude makes a kind of longer term planning of the task. For example, if we ask you to write a poem Claude you first find words that fit the theme of the poem and then go back to create the phrases that will generate the verses and rhymes of the poem. A language to think, many to translate. Although Claude has multi -mounted support, Anthropic experts reveal that their operation by handling several languages ​​is not “thinking” in those languages ​​directly. Instead use concepts that are common in several languages, so It seems to “reason” in the same language and then translate the exit to the desired language. The models cheat. That research also revealed that the models They can lie about what they are doing And they can even pretend that they are thinking when they really already have the answer to our request. One of Claude’s developers, Josh Batson, explained how “although (the model) claims to have made a calculation, our interpretability techniques do not reveal any indication that it has occurred.” How Anthropic’s deciphering works. The Anthropic method makes use of the call Cross-Layer Transcoder (CLT) that works analyzing interpretable sets instead of trying to analyze individual “neurons”. For example, these characteristics could be all conjugations of a specific verb. That allows researchers to identify complete “circuits” of neurons that tend to join in these processes. A good start. In the past OpenAi already tried to discover How their AI models thoughtbut it was not very successful. Anthropic’s work has notable limitations, and for example he does not know why the LLM pay more attention to certain parts of the Prompt than others. Even so, according to Batson “in a year or two we will know more about how these models think about what people think.” In Xataka | Universal Music has just stumbled against Anthropic by Copyright: a victory for AI technology

that our universe is inside a black hole

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The observations of the James Webb space telescope (JWST) have allowed us to realize a strange trend, and that is that a surprisingly high part of the galaxies of our environment revolve in the same direction. This has led them to ask a unique question: is our universe inside a black hole? Two thirds. A survey of more than 260 galaxies made from the observations of James Webb have given a curious result. According to these data, about two thirds of the observed galaxies They turn in the direction of the clock needleswhile the other third revolves in the opposite direction. 263 Galaxies. The data has been obtained in the context of the Jades survey (James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey), which analyzed A region of the universe located in the surroundings of our galactic pole. In this, the sense of rotation of 263 galaxies could be identified. These numbers have caught the attention of experts. In a recent articlepublished in the magazine Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical SocietyLior Shamir, from the Kansas state of the state, pointed out this apparent imbalance and proposed various hypotheses to explain it. Explaining the phenomenon. If the Jades sample is representative of what happens in the observable universe, it could be indicative that galaxies have a “preference” for rotating in a certain directionwhich in turn could be the indication that the universe as a whole “was born” rotating. According to Shamir himself explainsthis rotation inherent in the cosmos is not consistent with contemporary cosmological models, which would make them “incomplete” theories. However, this would be consistent with the so -called “black hole cosmology.” The cosmology of the black hole postulates that the entire observable universe would be inside a black hole and also contemplate the possibility that black holes in our universe in turn content other universes inside. Diverse hypotheses. The black hole hypothesis may be the most fascinating, but not the only one. We pointed out before the possibility that the hypothesis of the existence of a preferential rotation direction was assuming that the sample observed was representative of the rest of the observable universe. However, the possibility of a bias in the sample is not negligible. Doppler effect. According to Shamir himself indicatesthe sample could be overrepresenting the galaxies that revolve in a certain direction. The reason is on the Doppler effect, an effect that links the frequency of the waves that reach a certain point based on the relative speed between such a point and the wave emission focus. When emitter and receiver approach, the waves are compressed, while if they move away, the wavelength increases. This could be occurring with the electromagnetic waves of these galaxies due to the displacement of our solar system when orbiting the center of our galaxy. According to Shamir, the galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction to the rotation of our planet become lougenous, so they can identify better from our point of view. The rotational speed of our planet had been considered too small to alter the data due to the Doppler effect. However, the data can also be alerting that this is not the case, which in turn would imply that we must emphasize some of our measures of the distant universe. In Xataka | We believed to know how many moons Saturn had. After a year studying them, an astronomer team has taken a surprise Image | Lior Shamir, 2025

In search of the lost ark ‘, the answer is to pass it black and white

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At this point, say that Steven Spielberg It is one of the best directors in the history of cinema, it is meaningless. Has shaped Incredible works And, without judging me which is your best movie, I am clear that the one I can see again, another and again without boring me is’In search of the lost ark‘. Not only is the first in the saga of Indiana Jonesbut also a round tape with humor, good argument, sharp dialogues and masterfully shot action. His initial scene with the great rock chasing the archaeologist is part of pop culture and I know I am not the only fan of this film. But I also know that not so many people have seen the black and white version, without sound and industrial metal sounding in the background. Because yes, ‘Indiana Jones: In search of the lost ark’ he has a version made by a fan. And that fan is a winning film director of the best director: Steven Soderbergh. The other Indiana Jones face Soderbergh is a peculiar director. He has films that have been a failure and are somewhat rare, surprises like the raw ‘traffic’ that made him deserving of the academy award and balls such as the saga ‘Ocean’s’. In addition to directing, produces, edits and is director of photography of many of his creations. Also those of others. The director has a blog in which he releases his thoughts, but between filming and filming, at some point in 2014 he thought something like “Has people really see the work so impeccable Spielberg at photography level?” Or something like that, go. Being a director of photography, some of this knows and something proposed: to make his version of one of the most mythical films in history: the aforementioned first installment of ‘Indiana Jones’. I have to admit that, of all the times I have seen it, I had never done it as when I saw the Soderbergh version. I focus on action, I look at the definition of the first planes, I let myself be carried away by the music of John Williams and I must admit that the grain and the color palette flips me. But never, and see that I like photography, I had given me to value that aspect of the movie. I of course was good, but with what Soderbergh did … there I realized to what extent Spielberg is a teacher. Because Stephen does not want to improve what Steven did. Not only would it be a disrespect, but a boldness. What he wants is, precisely, to exalize Spielberg’s work, that everyone can put aside the elements that have nothing to do with pure and hard photography. And, for this, he applied a series of changes to the tape. The first and most evident: it was the color. Not only did he put a black and white filterbut made it hard, accentuating the shadows until it is indistinguishable. It is what stands out the most, but as soon as reproduction begins, the second thing that attracts attention is that John Williams has disappeared. All the sound of the movie, really. The industrial and heavy music of Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross bathe each scene. Turning a Blockbuster As this in something similar to the silent cinema of German expressionism, Soderbergh wants us to concentrate on one thing: admire Spielberg’s hand and eye. Also be didactic and that those who are learning from cinema can do it with one of the best. In this link that leads to your blog We can see the full film in this format, and it is surprising that, beyond that you know it or not, only with the framing, the rhythm of the assembly and the movement of the camera, the argument can be followed so well. You can ride the dialogues in your head: the movie simply works. And be careful, it is not the only film that made an alternative montage. There is also ‘2001: Odyssey in space’but unfortunately that entrance was erased from his blog. The truth is that, in this case, Kubrick sure would not have made him a hint of grace. And it is also true that there are films that these changes feel better than others. ‘Logan‘It has a black and white version and I think it would also work if we take away the sound and focus on what we see. But – by saying another that hallucinates me – something like ‘Matrix‘, For example, I would not work at all with such a change, at least in my opinion. The color is tremendously important in the Wachowski tape. I will be delighted to read in comments what this version of ‘Indiana Jones’ “remastered” by Soderbergh. (And what amounted to me most is that you can see free being Disney’s rights). In Xataka | The director of ‘The substance’ debuted 30 years ago with a homemade tribute to Star Wars that you can now see for free

The Webb Telescope observed the black hole in the center of the Milky Way. Has discovered a chaotic light show

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Three years ago we saw for the first time The Supermassive Black Hole that inhabits the center of our galaxy. Now the James Webb space telescope has opened a window to study its surroundings. And it has turned out to be a chaotic show of lights that never stops. Context. In the center of the Milky Way inhabits A gigantic black hole called Sagittarius a*. Astronomers have managed to unravel the extreme dynamics of their accretion disk, the spiral of gas and dust that turns around it. To do this, they observed it for 48 hours (distributed in several periods of 2023 and 2024) using the Nircam instrument of the Webb Telescope. A disco ball. The observations revealed that sgr a* emits A continuous game of lights and flashes which is characterized by constant blinking interspersed with a series of intense eruptions. These emissions have a weak and continuous component, probably originated in the internal turbulence of the disc, and a bright and short -term component, eruptions associated with magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic fields collide and release huge amounts of energy. Fluctuations can occur in seconds or as changes that extend for days, weeks and months. The explanation. The study of these variable emissions, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letterssuggests that fluctuations intensify at major scales. According to researchers, the small internal disturbances of the disk, associated with fluctuations in density and magnetic field, generate the faint flashes, while large eruptions are related to specific events of magnetic reconnection, comparable to the solar flares, but at levels much older energy. “In our data we observe a constantly changing luminosity,” Farhad Yusef-Zadeh explainsmain author of the study. “Suddenly, Boom! A great explosion of brightness appears suddenly and then calms down, without following a fixed pattern.” This nature, apparently random, demonstrates that the accretion disc is regenerated all the time, causing between five and six and six Great daily rashes, in addition to multiple intermittent outbreaks. The lags. An advantage of the NIRCAM instrument of the Webb Telescope is its ability to observe two infrared wavelengths simultaneously (2.1 and 4.8 micrometers). This allowed researchers to compare how the brightness of eruptions with each wavelength changed. Surprisingly, they discovered that the events observed in the shortest wavelength changed shine a little before the events of the longest. “It is the first time that we see a delay in the measurements of these wavelengths,” said Yusef-Zadeh. “We notice that the longest wavelength is delayed between three and 40 seconds.” This finding is a key clue that energy particles lose energy as they cool, a process known as syncrotron cooling. New observations. Researchers now plan to make a continuous observation of up to 24 hours from SGR A* using the Webb Telescope, which will help them determine if eruptions follow repetitive patterns or if they are truly random. Each flash and every flicker on the accretion disk of the supermassive hole offers us a deeper understanding of physics on the events horizon, one of the most extreme environments in the universe. In other words, it helps us discover how space-time and matter behave under the influence of overwhelming gravity. Image | NASA, ESA, CSA, RALF CRAWFORD (STSCI) In Xataka | The Webb Telescope has managed to penetrate the nucleus of a neighboring galaxy, home to a furiously active black hole In Xataka | Telescopes from all over the world worked together in this image: the black hole of the Milky Way and its magnetic fields

We have dedicated six years to process images of a black hole to reach a conclusion: Einstein was right

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Several years have passed since the Telescope of the Event Horizon (EHT) published the famous first image of a black holetaken in 2017. The photo has yes doquestioned by some researchersbut the EHT last year published a second image of the black hole M87*, taken in 2018. The new photo not only validated the original, but once again corroborates the Einstein’s general relativity theory. The largest radio telescope. To obtain the image of the black hole in the center of the Messier 87 galaxy, we needed to build a radio telescope about 10,000 kilometers in diameter. Since the land has a diameter of 13,000, the EHT took a more reasonable path: Extract data from different receptors, telescopes and radio antennas from all over the world and combine them by interferometry. The EHT produced 250 Petabytes of information in a one -week interval. It took a couple of years to process all the information and publish an image. But first, he added a new telescope to the project (the GLT of Greenland) and took the second image of M87* that saw the light in 2024. Six years processing. The second image of the black hole M87*, taken a year and ten days after the original, in April 2018, took six to process and publish, but it was worth it. On the one hand, proves that 2017’s observations were fine. The Persistence of the size of the central shadow In both images confirms the original estimate of the dimensions of the black hole, dissipating the criticisms about the simulations dependence to calculate this data. On the other, comparing the two images shows that the ring of matter around the black hole is rotating as expected. The brightest part has moved 30 degrees, which is consistent with the models of the hole. We are seeing what Einstein predicted. Located 55 million light years from us, M87* is a supermassive black hole in the center of an elliptical galaxy that manipulates the subject with its magnetic fields and expels the one that does not consume at speeds close to that of light. The image of 2018, like its predecessor of 2017, reflects this tumultuous activity with a bright ring around it. This validates the theory that the diameter of the event horizon, and therefore that of the black hole itself, is intrinsically linked to its mass, framing a central shadow that Albert Einstein’s equations predicted more than a century ago. Why it looks like a donut. That brilliant donut called accretion disc should be very fine, but we get very dispersed and unemployed. Throughout the trip he has made through space, his light has dispersed by the dust in interstellar space, which leads us to see it in this way. Despite the dispersion, the image is clear enough to confirm not only Black hole rotation but also the alignment of its rotational axis with a powerful stream of material (“relativistic jet”) that moves away from M87. The importance of reproducing results. Although it will take six years to arrive, this vindic confirmation the findings of the EHT and is seen as a milestone for global scientific collaboration, in addition to a robust confirmation that we are facing the shadow of a black hole and the matter that orbit it. Future data analysis will help better understand how magnetic fields and plasma flows within the accretion disc interact. In the next decade, we could even have videos of the evolution of M87* in time thanks to the next generation program of the EHT (NGEHT), which promises images of greater resolution and a broader range of frequencies. All thanks to the collaboration of observatories from all over the world. Image | Event horizon telescope In Xataka | A group of astrophysics has knocked down Kerr’s hypothesis. Black holes are still a source of surprises In Xataka | There is water since the beginning of time: NASA has found 140 billion oceans to 12,000 million light years *An earlier version of this article was published in February 2024

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