Tired of being told that philosophy was just opinions, one guy set about collecting all the “philosophical facts” he could find. He got 200

Philosophy has a reputation for discussing everything and the truth is that it is a reputation that has been hard-earned. However, it is not a matter of saying the first thing that comes to mind. It’s not even a matter of opinions, no matter how informed they may be. At least, that is the opinion of philosopher Bryan Frances. In fact, Frances is convinced that, in reality, philosophers only discuss details and minutiae: in substance, they agree on almost everything. But of course, it is not enough to say it: it must be defended. So he began to do something strange for a philosopher: instead of arguing it, he began to compile this enormous core of shared truths. That is, to make a list. But let’s start at the beginning. Frances’s thesis is that, as I say, there is great agreement among philosophers about the truth of many substantive claims. What’s more, he is convinced that, in philosophy, there is progress equivalent to that of any other science. That is, “based on facts.” The thing is that discipline — for better or worse — tends to revolve around the controversial. The curious thing is that he realized that not even the philosophers themselves were aware of this. And what a list… So, neither short nor lazy, he published ‘Philosophy as Fact-Based Discipline: 200 Philosophical Facts, published in Philosophical Studies‘: the list. A list of elementary truths pedagogically comparable to introductory science material. “It’s not the deepest,” but it’s (definitely) something cumulative and useful to understand. But, beyond that, it is also a way of reclaiming the discipline in a climate that repeatedly questions the role of the humanities in the body of knowledge. And what truths are those? Once we have made it clear that it is not about talking about deep truths (Does free will exist? Why being and not nothingness? etc…), the question becomes evident: what are they then? They are simpler things like, for example, what beliefs are (which come in many formats, they can be about almost anything or they can exist even if we are not aware of them), what evidence is (which are not just tests), what biases, emotions or faith are. It’s very interesting review the 200 facts because there are very interesting things about things that one had not asked: does believing in something make it true? Does the evidence have direction? Is suspending the trial a rational thing to do? Thought in action. But beyond the facts themselves, Frances’ idea is intelligent because it points to something singular: there is cognitive progress, an ultimate structure of reality to describe, a philosophical ‘holy grail’ to find. It’s not much, I admit. But the idea that the universe is not the horrible chaos it seems is (in its own way) comforting. Image | Alan Dela Cruz In Xataka | “A place of joy with pain”: the phrase that summarizes the Aztec philosophy to be happier in this life

Not collecting the shared shares of the Gordo de Navidad correctly can cost you a lot of money

El Gordo de Navidad is much more than a lottery draw. It is a cultural tradition that has taken root in Spain, causing many people to share tenths with family, friends or co-workers as a symbol of hope and good wishes sets. However, this gesture of good will, so common these days, can become a serious problem if the prize is not collected correctly. The Technicians of the Ministry of Finance (Gestha) they insist in which the way of collecting and distributing the prize is key to not ending up paying more taxes than necessary nor face subsequent tax penalties. Treasury is one more to distribute. In the Christmas Lottery, prizes over 40,000 euros are taxed at 20% on the part that exceeds that amount, so that a tenth awarded with the Gordo de Navidad (400,000 euros) becomes 328,000 euros net for the winner and 72,000 euros for the Treasury. Aitor Fernández, head of the tax area of TaxDownexplains that “the first 40,000 are always exempt. That leaves us with a total of 360,000 euros on which the 20% tax is applied,” and remembers that the bank already delivers the money with the withholding applied, so that the winning person directly receives the net amount. How to collect a shared tenth without fears. The Tax Agency recommends that, when a tenth is shared by several people, all participants identify themselves at the time of collection or designate a representative with notarial power to certify the identity and the percentage of prize that corresponds to each participant. Fernández details that the banking entity is in charge of taking the data of “how many are the winners, how it is distributed and is in charge of settling the tax before the Administration, giving each beneficiary their already net part.” If all the participants are identified, the financial institution distributes the exemption of the first 40,000 euros among all of them and applies to each one the corresponding withholding on the part of the prize that corresponds to them, in proportion to their percentage. Thus, they all appear as beneficiaries before the Treasury, which can verify that each one has supported 20% of what exceeds 40,000 euros without there being any double taxation or suspicion of donations covert The mistake that one collects and then distributes. The TaxDown expert warns that the greatest risk appears when a single participant collects the tenth in his name without leaving a record that this prize will be distributed later, and then distributes the money through transfers to the rest. “It is a mistake that can be made and should be avoided at all costs,” emphasizes Fernández. In that case, both the 40,000 euro exemption and the 20% withholding apply only to the person listed as the prize holder, while subsequent movements can be seen as cash gifts. As Fernández details, for the Tax Agency “subsequent transfers corresponding to a hypothetical distribution would be considered donations, which consequently implies that they are taxed.” This means that whoever receives the money could have to pay the Inheritance and Donation Tax, with the added problem that many autonomous communities only reduce this tax among first-degree relatives, while among friends, unmarried couples or other distant relatives the tax cost can skyrocket. A prize free of charge. Regarding the treatment of the prize in personal income tax, the TaxDown tax expert recalls that, once the withholding corresponding to the special tax Regarding lotteries, the amount obtained is not taxed again in the Income Tax return and does not affect access to scholarships or aid that depend on income, although it may influence the Wealth Tax of those who are obliged to present it. Fernández emphasizes that “what they pay us is what we can dispose of” and that there will only be new taxation if that money is invested and generates interest or capital gains, which, then yes, will have to be declared in the personal income tax as capital gains, but not for the money received from the lottery. For this reason, the expert remembers that it is best not to rush when investing that money and it is best to think about it calmly. At the end of the day, letting it “rest” is not going to entail an additional tax expense. In Xataka | Why do millionaires like Zuckerberg and Gates decide not to leave all their money to their children? Image | Flickr (Aiaraldea Gaur eta Hemen)

Do not make mistakes with the Treasury when collecting it

Statistically, the probability of touching you The Christmas Jackpot is 0.001%. However, has touched you and, suddenly, everyone has a plan for your money. The joy is real, but so are the doubts. How much money really reaches your account, what silly mistakes can turn into a prize in a problem and, above all, what you should do with that money to avoid the “lottery effect” and in five years you will be left without money and with more debt than you have now. No joke, many lottery winners they have ended up ruined. To avoid any scares, we have consulted with Aitor Fernández, head of the tax area of TaxDownto tell us how to avoid surprises with the lottery. A prize clean of dust and straw. In the case of the Christmas Lottery, the key tax rule is the “special tax” that the Treasury applies, in which the first 40,000 euros are exempt from taxation, and a 20% withholding is applied to the rest. “You do not receive the 400,000 euros of the first prize, but you directly receive 328,000 euros because the bank already applies the withholding on account of taxes,” says Aitor Fernández. “Only those prizes lower than 40,000 euros, which is the exemption limit.” “The positive part is that you don’t have to do anything to the Treasury, you will receive the net amount.” Of the 400,000 euros, the first 40,000 are exempt, so 20% is applied to the remaining 360,000 euros. This implies a withholding of about 72,000 euros in taxes. Therefore, the bank will give you a total amount of 328,000 euros when collecting the first prize. The calculation is the same for second and third prizes. The fourth and fifth prizes are tax free because its amount is less than the 40,000 euros established by the Treasury. The tenth is shared, not the taxes. A custom almost as deep-rooted as the Christmas Lottery is share the tenths with co-workers, friends or family. However, when it comes to collecting it, a decisive factor must be taken into account: who collects the prize. The temptation is for the person who has the ticket to go to the nearest bank to deposit their tenth and then distribute it among the rest of the group. This is the biggest mistake. As the tax expert highlights, “if a single person collects and then distributes, the Treasury can interpret it as a donation, so it is advisable to record the participants and percentages from the moment of collection.” In this way, the bank itself distributes the prize and withholds its share of taxes from each participant. Otherwise, the Treasury could demand from the person who collects it the payment of Inheritance and Donation Tax, especially taxable when it comes to donations when there is no relationship. Is it awarded? I buy it from you. From Gestha warn to the winners of the main Christmas Jackpot prizes that people may appear interested in buying the winning tenth for an amount greater than the prize itself. It looks like a double stroke of luckbut in reality it is the prelude to possible problems for the winner, both with the Treasury and with Justice. This is a fraud that involves an unjustified increase in assets (when you win the lottery there is evidence of its origin), so it is no longer governed by the same “special tax” of lottery prizes, but rather by the maximum of the autonomous community of residence. Furthermore, he would incur a crime of money launderingwhich would also have problems with the law for it. As Fernández highlights, “it is neither free money nor fiscally innocuous.”​ A very distributed Gordo…in Finland. There are more and more Spanish workers who They emigrate to other countries to workeither tourists coming to Spain and participate in the Lottery tradition with friends or family from Spain. How are these prizes taxed for non-residents? The AEAT classifies lottery prizes for non-residents by linking them to the same special tax that applies to residents. That is to say, in principle, nothing changes and from the outset the same withholding is applied as to any resident. However, Aitor lands it “when you are going to collect, this person has to identify himself and the tax is 20 percent. The impact is the same. Where it gets complicated is later, since here the double taxation agreements and there we will have to see in each country”, because the country of residence can require to declare income or request a refund of what was paid in Spain, and even adjust the taxation by requesting a refund of part of the amount paid in Spain and pay tax on a percentage in the country of residence. Tips to avoid going bankrupt: use common sense. According to a study of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, only 49% of the adult population has financial knowledge, so finding yourself overnight with more than 320,000 euros in your current account “can lead to making illogical and irrational decisions regarding businesses or very expensive purchases,” says Mireia Cabero, professor of Psychology and Educational Sciences Studies at the UOC. In this scenario, the TaxDown expert recommends using common sense and, above all, forget about the rush. “We no longer have to pay taxes again for the prize we have received for having it in the bank. Without doing anything, that money will not be taxed again, unless we already have a lot of assets and we have to declare the Wealth Tax. Normally winning the lottery is not going to get you into the Wealth Tax”, so he recommends letting that money “rest” until you have a plan of what to do with it. In addition to staying calm, Fernández recommends “let a few days pass, get advice, learn a little about the investment options that exist, see what to do with this money and what investments we are comfortable with and always reserve something so as not to put all our eggs … Read more

I had a 1TB hard drive collecting dust in a drawer. With a cheap case I have resurrected it for my Chromecast

I have a Chromecast with Google TV in the salon for three years and I love it, but it has died of success. Among the system updates, the basic streaming apps (Prime Video, Netflix, Crunchyroll…), and many others that I install to customize it and squeeze itthe device lives permanently drowned. This is what has its biggest flaw: a scant 8 GB of storagewhich in practice come to nothing. While cleaning, I found an old 1TB hard drive from an old computer that I dismantled. I decided that before it continued to collect dust, I would have a use for my Chromecast. And yes, it is very easy use external memory to expand your storage. These were my steps to achieve it. Identify the hardware. The first thing was to know what he had on his hands. It was an internal hard drive (HDD) of a desktop PC, so its size was 3.5 inches. When I looked at the connector I found a SATA (not as “relic” as I thought), the interface of the last decade. With this information, I already knew I needed to convert it to an external drive. Two essential components. The Chromecast with Google TV only has one USB-C port that it uses for food. Therefore, it is not enough to buy a case to put the HDD in: a USB-C Hub was necessary. This hub is key and must have at least one port with Power Delivery (PD) to continue powering the Chromecast, and a USB-A to connect the hard drive. I bought a case compatible with my drive (3.5″ SATA) and the assembly was as simple as possible: remove screws, fit the hard drive into the internal port, and close it. Here’s a note: if your old hard drive is from a laptop (2.5″) you will save a cable bothering with this DIY tech. The casing will not need an independent power supply, although it is ideal to avoid problems. Important step: formatting. Here I had two options: connect it to the computer and format it in exFAT or NTFS or to the Chromecast itself. I ruled out FAT32 because of its 4GB per file limit. This would first make it a unit suitable for storing content and thus playing it, but I opted for the second so that my Chromecast could install apps on it. To do this, I connected the entire set (hub, power and hard drive) and turned on the TV. Maximum volume size Maximum file size Chromecast compatible FAT32 8TB 4GB Yeah NTFS 16 EiB (1,845^7 TB) 16 EiB (1.845^7 TB) theoretical In practice the limit is around 256 TB Requires software exFAT 16 EiB (1,845^7 TB) 64 ZiB (6.4^10TB) Yeah Convert hard drive to “internal” storage. As soon as the device booted up, it detected the new disk. As easy as going to “Settings” > “System” > “Storage” and clicking on “Delete and format as device storage” to leave everything almost ready. This process takes a few minutes and is essential: it prepares the HDD so that Google TV understands it as an extension of its own memory. You can even use the hard drive to record live content. The Chromecast has it among its options Result. The change is substantial. I have been able to install heavy apps like kodi with plugins, VLC, and various light games without the repetitive “memory full” warning. The system still uses the internal memory for essential data, but everything “heavy” goes directly to the hard drive. Extras. Although I stopped at this point, a USB hub provides more possibilities to give more power to the Google Chromecast. Have you bought or have one with a Ethernet port? You can use a cable to avoid Wi-Fi signal problems and never see the buffer of a loading video again. Or you can also use a keyboard to browse the web. Cover image | Pepu Ricca for Xataka Android In Xataka | Best streaming devices: the main alternatives of 2025 for your television

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