atmosphere

We believed that astronauts from the Apollo missions left the earth. Actually, they did not completely abandon the atmosphere

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The idea that space begins where heaven ceases to be blue is a story for children. Decades of scientific research show that the Earth’s atmosphere It is much bigger than it was believed. Not even the 12 people who stepped on the moon abandoned at all their influence. Where the earth ends. As Explain the expert in heliophysics From NASA, Doug Rowland, there is no clear border. “The atmosphere does not stop at Everest, or where the planes fly. It continues and continues, becoming less and less dense as you go up.” The International Space Station, which orbits our planet about 400 kilometers high, experiences sufficient air resistance to need a periodic impulse. Otherwise, it would fall back to earth. But the real surprise came after Decades of Observations of Soho (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory), a joint mission of ESA and NASA. To the moon and beyond. A study Based on data from the Soho Observatory, he revealed that the outermost layer of our atmosphere, a faint cloud of hydrogen atoms called Geocorona, extends up to 630,000 kilometers, almost twice the distance from the earth to the moon. When astronauts from the Apollo 16 mission installed the first telescope on the moon in 1972, they captured an image of the geocorone shining in ultraviolet light. What they didn’t know was that they were still inside her. In words of Igor Baliukinmain author of the study: “The moon flies through the atmosphere of the earth.” Oxygen on the moon. The presence of the earth on the moon is not limited to hydrogen. Earth oxygen also arrives at our satellite. It occurs for about five days a month, when the moon passes through the Magnetocola of the Earth, the magnetic tail of our planet. Every time it happens, Oxygen ions are accelerated to the satellite and are embedded in the lunar soil. Researchers believe that this process has occurring 2.4 billion years, which means that lunar regolite could keep a record of the evolution of our own atmosphere. The “official” border of space. The Atmosphere is divided into layers: Trophosphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, termosfera and exosphere. The latter, the exosphere, starts about 700 kilometers high and merges with the solar wind about 10,000 kilometers. But their particles are so scarce and so scattered that they can escape towards space. The “official” border of the space is, by convention, the line of karm, located 100 kilometers from altitude. It is considered the point at which traditional aeronautics is no longer possible due to lack of air. However, the geocorone, the luminous part of the exosphere, is the proof that the atmospheric influence of our planet comes much, much further. Image | POT In Xataka | The most prolific astronomer in the world is a complete stranger. Has discovered half of the moons of the solar system

We are on our way to beat all temperature records in a month of June. The fault is of a “jam” in the atmosphere

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Heat is still installed in peninsular Spain. This week a Dana It seems aimed To give us a brief respite but experts anticipate that, as on previous occasions, this will be brief. An exceptional June. There is a week left for the month of June and experts anticipate the possibility of confirming as the hottest in the historical series. All that despite the appearance of tormentous episodes (some of enough intensity) interspersed between extreme heat days. For now the most warm June record The 2017 holds it. That year, the average temperature of the first month of the summer was 24.1 Celsius, three degrees above the average for the period 1981-2010 and 0.1º above the previous record, registered in 2003. That June 2017 was also slightly more humid than it is common for this month, with 3% more rainfall than the average of the period between 1981 and 2010. A stagnant circulation. According to Experts explain As the physicist, disseminator and researcher at Aemet JJ German, the situation could go worse after this week’s truce. An “stuck” atmospheric circulation would be, at least in part, responsible for this month of June anomalous and hot. The situation, if it changes, will be worse. According to German, during the next few days “Subtropical Anticyclonic Dorsal” capable of reaching in itself record levels on the Iberian Peninsula. Meanwhile, under the influence of a Dana. This seems to suggest that the thermal relief caused by the proximity of a Dana will be only temporary. Despite this, the presence of this depression in height implies that we must prepare again for the arrival of instability and rainfall. During the next few days, they will be in force various yellow warnings issued by the State Meteorology Agency (AEMET) to alert the risk derived from these storms. These notices will coexist with those emitted to warn of heat, will concentrate on the north, especially in the northwestern quadrant of the Peninsula. In Your forecastthe agency talks about storms and “locally strong” storms in the northern third, with hail and gusts “very strong”. The situation will affect particularly, says Aemet, north of the plateau, Cantabrian mountain range, Pyrenees and the north of the Iberian system. The risks of a warm summer. Last week, Aemet published its spring analysis and its forecasts for summer. In its presentation, the agency indicated that the first had stood out for high rainfall, while summer could stand out for warmer temperatures. The succession of a wet spring and a summer of heat implies certain health risks: the appearance of some insect pests have put the health authorities alert to the possibility of the appearance of potential vectors of diseases, such as the Tigre mosquito. The hot warm summers also tend to imply a greater risk of fire, although in this case, the rainfall of recent months could play in our favor. In Xataka | We do not know anything about El Niño at this point of the year. That is a meteorological mystery … and good news Image | ECMWF

The atmosphere has been stuck in a “extreme heat generator” on Spain. That means something: a hard summer

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The first fortnight of June has brought us more typical temperatures at the end of July or even August: there have been numerous days in which wide areas of the southern peninsular have seen the thermometers exceed the 40º line. The problem now is not that heat stays with us throughout the summer, the problem is that it may go more. Same trend. The heat seems determined to settle on the peninsula, or at least that is what can be detached from models such as those used by the European Center for Middle Term weather forecasts (ECMWF). To understand why, we have to look higher towards the atmosphere. About 1,500 meters high. According to Explain The physicist, disseminator and researcher at Aemet JJ German in his account Twitterwe have the track in the forecasts on the temperature at height at 850 hectopascales (HPA), which usually refer to an approximate height in the atmosphere of 1,500 meters, the low troposphere zone. The temperature at this level tends to be related to the temperature that we see at soil level, so it can serve as a reference for how temperatures will evolve in the coming days. According to data shared by German, we not only find a temperature above the climatological average (an anomaly above the 5th Celsius), but the situation will last, with the possibility that this anomaly approaches 10th towards the end of June. “This is barbarity: far from returning to balance as normal, atmospheric dynamics on the Iberian Peninsula seem to get stuck in an extreme heat generator,” explained in its publication. Looking at the map. If we focus on The map Prepared by ECMWF, we will also see that heat will remain foreseeably installed on our heads. The forecasts indicate that during the next ten days the almost entire peninsula will be under the influence of temperatures above 20º to 850 HPA, with large areas above the 24th and with some points, the 28th barrier temporarily exceeds. What’s happening. In a second TweetGerman explained what is happening. According to the expert, a Dana located west of the peninsula and a dorsal (an extension of high pressures associated with an anticyclone) would be responsible for the situation. A situation that would be seeing aggravated by the low atmospheric movement, thus achieving what German refers as a “static equilibrium point.” The result: heat and more heat. The result is the intuitive: this warm episode seems to be sentenced to extend over time, at least during the next week. The maximum in a large part of the Peninsular South They could stay above 36º and promptly above 40º. In Xataka | At the end of May we reached 40ºC: it is only the appetizer of the decimer summer a consecutive warmer than normal according to aemet Image | ECMWF

NOAA detected metals in the atmosphere mainly associated with Spacex. The White House has liquidated its research

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The United States Government has just truncated One of the most intriguing research on spatial pollution. A decision that, according to some suspicious voices, is beneficial for the commercial interests of Elon Musk. The latest Trump. In the absence of budgets being approved in Congress, the White House seeks to eliminate the financing of two key research projects on contamination caused by rockets and satellites. The plan is part of the drastic cuts that, along with NASAhas suffered the scientific arm of the National Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research of the United States: the NOAA. A striking finding. At the end of 2023, US atmospheric researchers discovered a growing accumulation of metals in the stratosphere. A team led by NOAA analyzed the sulfuric acid particles sampled by the NASA WB-57 plane on flights of great altitude over Alaska and the western media. He study He identified more than 20 different elements, including lithium, aluminum, copper and other more exotic metals, such as niobium and hafnium. These materials are not found naturally in the atmosphere. They are linked to the space industry, and therefore, they were associated with the increasingly frequent redeeme of rockets and satellites, which vaporize exorbiting. The scope of the problem is still unknown. It is feared, for example, that an exponential increase can damage the ozone layer, which acts as a shield against ultraviolet rays, further destabilizing the climate. Goodbye to research. NOAA’s efforts to solve these doubts were already underway. On the one hand, a continuity study to take new atmospheric samples. On the other, a workshop in which the private industry participated to explore possible solutions. Both remain without federal financing with the cuts, which will force them to cancel them if the budgets are approved. Although the White House has proposed all kinds of science cuts, the PUBLUEPLOYEES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY Organization spokesman said The Guardian That in this case “there is a political motivation”, relating NOAA’s work with the commercial interests of Elon Musk. The Spacex factor. There had never been so many satellite releases because there had never been a rocket capable of landing on their legs. Elon Musk’s aerospace company puts more than 80% of the payload launched to space, in terms of mass. Almost all are satellites of the Starlink constellation, which has become a strategic asset for the United States. Spacex has launched about 8,400 Starlink satellitesof which 1,080 have already reentred. Although Starlink is the largest constellation, other companies have similar plans to launch tens of thousands of satellites to the low terrestrial orbit; Among them, several Chinese startup and the Amazon technological giant, with its satellite internet project Kuiper. In total, the number of satellites in orbit could grow up to 100,000 in the coming years. And with it, the number of atmospheric reentradas. And so every five years. Spacex satellites and the incipient Kuiper constellation orbit the land less than 600 km altitude. Due to the effect of atmospheric braking, they reduce their height and end up burning in the atmosphere five years after its launch. Also the rockets, including the upper stage of Falcon 9, exorbitita to disintegrate in the atmosphere. This is the desirable: that the Space garbage “recycle” in the shortest possible time. But the cadence of launches, headed by Starlink, is producing several resentments per day, that will soon become dozenand then in hundreds. The effect of these daily metal injections in the atmosphere is something that other countries will now have to investigate, at least with public funds. Image | Caribbean Astronomy Society In Xataka | Spacex rockets are opening red holes in the atmosphere. They call them “Spacex Auroras”

NASA has revealed why no astronaut has left the Earth’s atmosphere. Not even when they went to the moon

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From time to time, NASA reminds us with some anecdote or study that things are never how they seem or, failing that, that can always be questionable or have more than one answer. Recently they gave us such a simple explanation about our inability to find extraterrestrial signs that scared. They also clarified why We hadn’t returned To the moon before. The latest: remember that, technically, no human has ever left the earth’s atmosphere. And yes, I don’t even want when we went to the moon. A technically true provocation. To say that no astronaut in history has ever left the earth’s atmosphere may sound to a joke or little less than a conspiracy theory, but, from a scientific perspective and following what atmospheric models say, it is more than us A correct statement. To place ourselves in perspective and following this line of explanation, even iconic figures Like Yuri Gagarin either Neil Armstrongor contemporary space travelers Like William Shatnerhave remained, in physical terms, within the most extreme (although diffuse) limits of the Earth’s atmosphere. The key lies in how the end of that atmosphere is defined: a more complex and expansive issue of what is commonly believed. The atmosphere does not end where we imagine. All this reasoned recently Doug RowlandNASA heliophysics expert. Contrary to the popular idea that the atmosphere ends in a finite layer that dissipates before reaching the terrestrial orbit, the reality is that the atmosphere does not have a clearly defined “roof”. On the contrary, it becomes progressively more dim, but continues to spread. As Rowland toldeven hundreds of kilometers on the surface, where the International Space Station (EEI) orbits, there is still a sufficient air density to gradually stop the station. In fact, if it were not periodically driven with rockets, the EEI would end up falling by atmospheric drag. The artificial border: Kárman. For practical reasons (such as spatial treaties or legal definitions) an international convention has been adopted: The karm linelocated 100 kilometers above sea level, which marks the point where the space begins theoretically. This line serves as a technical threshold, since 99,99997% of atmospheric mass terrestrial is below. Said that, and how Explain the space agency itselfthis definition is useful for regulations and classifications, not so much to describe with physical precision the real limits of the atmosphere. The geocorone: atmosphere that reaches the moon. In 2019, A study based on data from Soho Solar Observatory (NASA/ESA), revealed that the exosphere of the Earth (specifically, a diffuse cloud of known hydrogen atoms Like geocorone) extends to about 629,000 kilometers, that is, beyond the orbit of the moon. What happens? That on that limit there are still about 0.2 hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter. That means that, technically, even the Apollo missions that alunizarized in the 60s and 70s did not abandon the earth’s atmosphere. “The moon flies through the Earth’s atmosphere,” Igor Baliukin came to saymain author of the study, referring to the unsuspected magnitude of this invisible layer. The sun also contains us. The thing is even more complicated when both the Earth and the Moon are Inside the solar atmosphere. This extends to the edge of the helosphere, the limit beyond which the interstellar space begins. At this point it must be remembered that between the atmosphere of the earth and that of the sun there is no emptiness, but a structure of progressive and overlapping layers that contain particles, energy and electromagnetic dynamics. Therefore, and seen thus, the concept of “being in space” is less a matter of abrupt border and more a matter of progressive gradient. So where the space begins? As Rowland explainedthe answer depends on the point of view. If you ask where the atmosphere ends in a practical sense, probably about 400 kilometers, where air density ceases to have significant effect on objects. But from a more rigorous scientific perspective, that atmosphere does not disappear: it only dissipates and dilutes to barely measurable extremes, without disappearing at all. Therefore, “exterior space” is not an empty place, but a continuous environment full of particles, fields and subtle structures. In that sense, all space trips made by humans have elapsed within that extended wrapping that is still part of the planet that launched them. Image | Jasbond007 In Xataka | The last eeuu slap to Europe has sounded up to space: NASA has just left ESA with Artemis In Xataka | NASA is being very complicated to return to the moon. Your auditor no longer trusts that it can fly over for 2025

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