introduced

50 years ago, an inventor introduced the first water engine. He was Spanish, a visionary and a complete fraud

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“Of my patent, the license for Spain is transferred free of charge to the State for the benefit of all Spaniards.” Loud and clear, this is what Arturo Estévez Varela, the inventor of the water engine and, without a doubt, a great Spaniard. At least that’s what they must have thought. NODE viewerswhich in the early years of the 1970s included the words of this man from Extremadura. “That died with my father and we haven’t bothered to move it either,” said Arturo Estévez Jr. in a report for RTVE in 2009. Perhaps due to lack of knowledge or, probably, due to having too much knowledge. Knowledge that the invention, in reality, was completely unrealizable and that the patents shown to the journalist from the public entity have no value. But who was that man in a suit who drank from a jug before filling the tank of a motorcycle with water and made it work? Behind the name of Arturo Estévez Varela there was an inventor, an enormous visionary and, why not say it, also a scammer. Before his water engine, this Extremadura native born in Valle de la Serena (a small town of just over 1,000 inhabitants in the province of Badajoz) had already devised a chicken roaster with infrared and the “wing plane”, a device that allowed rockets to be recovered. Space X in Franco’s Spain. Arturo Estévez Varela in a demonstration of his invention With four liters of water, 900 kilometers of autonomy But if Arturo, who perhaps at this point we should start calling Don Arturo, became famous for something, it was for his water engine. An invention that, according to what he said, allowed you to travel by car 900 kilometers with just four liters of water. Statements included in the press of the time. It was October 1970 and, evidently, it seemed like magic. How did good old Don Arturo get a motorcycle he was taking around Spain running? Yes, with water, but also with hydrogen. Water was only one of the pillars of his invention. The third was hydrogen. And the second, a mystery. Town to town and city to city, Don Arturo traveled throughout Spain, generating a stir as he went, capturing the attention of the press and, as we have seen, also of the NODO. What this Extremaduran inventor did not reveal was what was hidden in that substance that, together with water, allowed the combustion engine of his motorcycle to work. In theory, the water reacted with a mineral that Arturo did not want to reveal. This reaction produced hydrogen which, when burned in the combustion engine, made the motorcycle work. That is, the procedure was similar to that have tried in Toyota. It is not a motor fuel cellis a combustion engine that burns hydrogen, a much more inefficient process. If we consult different sources on the Internet, many agree that the Francoism came to order a technical report to check if what that unknown inventor said was true. Obviously, everything was left in water, yes, but borage. missing These same sources end their story at the same point. Don Arturo was tireless in making himself heard, in convincing people and strangers that his invention worked and that it was the solution to many of Spain’s problems. However, it disappears. Nothing else was heard of him and the fables begin. Since the Franco regime tried to hide the invention until the oil companies decided to silence it. It seems that the secret, however, was not so secret. In this blog They recover a large part of press clippings from the time. Shortly after making himself known and without being listened to by the Government, Don Arturo managed to get someone to trust him. That someone was José Carrera Rey, a businessman who bought half of the rights to the invention at a price of six million pesetas. It is at that moment that Don Arturo loses track of him. José Carrera Rey then discovers that he has in his hands an invention that is useless. What it doesn’t have are six million pesetas and he doesn’t have a partner either. In desperation he denounces Don Arturo but nothing is heard from Don Arturo again. Only an indictment, in 1974, for an alleged crime of fraud, managed to get Don Arturo to appear in court. However, in December 1977 the magistrates were clear: Justice matters were already going very slowly in Spain and Don Arturo had not committed any crime of fraud because he believed in his invention, so there was no type of deception. Due to the dates on which the Spanish Television report was recorded and what his son says, Don Arturo died on the border of the 80s and 90s and took his secret to the grave. A secret which, according to the scientists who have studied the case, was boron. He boron It is a chemical element that, in reaction with water, produces hydrogen that, even, can become inflamed due to the enormous heat released. Hence, Don Arturo always warned that his “secret mineral” and water had to be mixed in controlled quantities. As collected The Vanguard last summer, the water engine, therefore, is perfectly functionalbut very little useful. To obtain 5 kg of hydrogen, with which a fuel cell Toyota Mirai (more efficient than burning hydrogen) travels about 600 kilometers, 45 liters of water and 19 kg of boron are needed. The problem is, basically, the 68,000 euros that 19 kg of boron would cost, according to what was reported in the Catalan newspaper. Was it functional? Of course, but, at its side, the first liter of synthetic and emissions-neutral fuel at 2,800 euros It no longer seems so expensive to us. Image | Commons In Xataka | The 194 kilometers that changed the history of the automobile have a first and last name: Bertha Benz In Xataka | The history of the first traffic light in Spain, installed in 1926: six lights … Read more

Columbus introduced the pineapple to Europe in 1496. 200 years later the English went crazy

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When the gun is drawn it is to shoot, the one who takes it out to show it is a parguela. That always made me more amused than necessary. phrase of one of Callejeros’ ‘caughts’ on public roads, and I always associated it with what we buy for status. If we are what we have, we show what we have to demonstrate our position. And in 17th century England, what the richest people took out for a walk to show off their power was… a pineapple. The Blackberry phones back in the dayto the just like watchesjewelry, cars or yachts, are status symbols. They are elements that we use to show the social level in which we find ourselves. Up to a Labubu would go into this example, and if these symbols have something in common, it is that they are expensive. In the case of the pineapple, the fruit was introduced to Europe in 1496 with a single specimen of a pineapple. And this exotic fruit did not hit hard in Spain, but in an England that experienced a real “piñamania”. From the pineapple fever… It was on his second transatlantic voyage when the explorer in the service of the Spanish crown returned with the pineapple. In the Guadeloupe island He found the fruit and took back to Spain a large quantity of this “pina de Indes”, or fruit of the “pine of the Indians”. He offered it to the Catholic Monarchs and it seems that… they liked it. So much so that, according to the historian Peter Martyr d’Anghierathe king “preferred it over everything else.” It was what was needed for the subjects will embrace the fruit with open arms. It is a mystery how and when pineapple was introduced to England, but it is believed that, in the mid-17th century, Charles II of England held a feast at which pineapple was the exotic dish. And more important than its flavor, was that the pineapple, being unknown in the Old Continent, was not associated with any cultural reference. If the apple was the forbidden fruit, the pineapple was a blank canvas. In an article by BBC We can read how Lauren O’Hagan, from the School of English, Communication and Philosophy at Cardiff University, explains that this allowed the pineapple to be given a mythical quality: it was the symbolic manifestation of the divine right of the king. There it is nothing, but it is still easy to identify thanks to the “crown” of the pineapple and the golden color of the exterior and, above all, the interior. This earned him the nickname “King Pine,” and the royals wasted no time in doing what they did best: turning something unattainable to the people into something more than separated them from the plebs. King Charles II commissioned a portrait of himself being entertained with a pineapple, the ornamentation of palaces and mansions began to adopt the pineapple as a structural ornament. Drawings, tapestries, more paintings, tableware, furniture ornamentation, medals and… this: Dunmore Pineapple It was exotic, but there was also an interest in starting to cultivate it in Europe, and that was possible in the mid-17th century. Heated greenhouses They allowed us to replicate the tropical climate (more or less) to start growing pineapples. And you would think that the more pineapples on the market, the lower their value will be, right? Well, the opposite happened. Since these greenhouses were very expensive, and growing the first pineapples was not an easy task, the fruit was seen as a investment. It took years to flower in a very expensive facility and, furthermore, it was possible that a large part of the harvest was lost for different reasons. There were more, yes, but since the upper classes were the only ones who could afford a pineapple and were aware of its value… they were not going to eat it. And thus began the climax of this story: pineapple rental. The wealthiest, who could spend 80 pounds on one (tight to inflation, between 12,000 and 16,000 pounds), they were not going to eat a piece of fruit worth 20,000 euros, so they used it as ornamentation. Since they last several days without going overboard, they organized events in which they had the pine cones as if they were vases (or LEGO figures), clearly visible to the guests. When it started to get soft, they ate it. And what did those who had money, but couldn’t afford a pineapple, do? Rent it. This is how a parallel business emerged. to satisfy that demand. Shark mentality of those businessmen who thought about the business of renting pineapples to the wealthy classes, but not much. It was considered shameful to be caught leaving a pineapple rental store (it would be admitting social defeat), and the absurdity reached limits like seeing people walking around holding a pineapple. The equivalent of going out into the street with a ‘Luisvi‘ bragging about ‘Luisvi’. But soon the gentrifiers’ worst nightmare would occur: globalization. …to the democratization of the pineapple The progress In transportation, with steamships that began to make more frequent trips between Great Britain and the colonies where pineapples grew wild, pineapples began to be stored in warehouses, along with other goods. Soon, the pineapple invaded the market, and if before only the upper classes could afford a pineapple, now the working class could also delight in its flavor. O’Hagan recounts that “at the time, the pineapple-eating working class was used as a visual metaphor for the problem of progress in satirical prints.” If everyone could eat pineapple, It wasn’t special anymore.. Suddenly, the image of pineapple as a prohibitive fruit fell away, like “I liked Nirvana before it became mainstream.” They were sold in carts on the streets, even cheaper than potatoes, and when a way was devised to fit a pineapple in a can, the fruit definitively lost its appeal for the wealthiest. There was only one thing left to remember that glorious past: art, tableware … Read more

Ten years ago, this man introduced radical changes in ‘Dungeons & Dragons’. Thanks to them, it is now a millionaire fever

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‘Dungoons & Dragons’ is the Role game par excellenceand his reign has not turned off the least since 1974, when his most primitive version, still very little affordable because of his rules system, He saw the light. He still had decades ahead and much to evolve to become the accessible entertainment that moves millions of devotees from fantasy of all the world that is today. In the Comic-with Malaga We have had the opportunity to listen to Jeremy Crawford, one of the architects of the fifth edition of the game. It is considered the most modern and affordable: its way of simplifying the classic rules without losing all the richness and complexity that had made ‘D&D This was told by Crawford, a recognized game enthusiast who is also a precise analyst of everything that is attractive to the franchise. The fifth edition broke sales records from its departure, with 3 million copies sold (“It is the first edition of D&D whose sales have not stopped increasing”), But what factors contributed to this unprecedented success? A good part of this is attributed to the explosion of online retransmissions of items, As we count at the time: “Thanks to the fundamental role of Dimension 20 And many other live games programs, now just enter YouTube, Twitch or other services to see how the game is. You can see how fun it is. You can see that it is not as intimidating as it might seem by the extensive regulation “ An important part of this growth is also due to the “analog” part of that diffusion: players shared their enthusiasm for the game with friends and family, inviting them to try it. This made, despite having half a century old, the game was new to many people: “Much of what happened is that you started telling your friends. You started inviting your family,” says Crawford. This emotional connection contributed to the sustained increase in sales, a phenomenon that unusual in previous editions, which normally experienced a decrease after launch. Recommended readings However, all this does not start from the void. There are some previous and foundational elements that had to study before getting to work. Crawford told us that his team “not only studied the previous editions, but that we immerse ourselves in the books that inspired the original games (Elric’s novels, ‘The Lord of the Rings0, HP Lovecraft and Conan stories …) to understand firsthand on what the original D&D creators were based.” Much of that material was “included in the list of readings that Gary Gygax provided in the first edition of the Dungeon Master guide” To this is added that Crawford feels “a deep love for ancient mythology and world history.” This personal interest, together with their trips through Europe and the reading of ancient books about occultism and history, constitutes “a large part of my inspiration when working in any fantastic world.” The objective is to understand “how people thought in the past and then transfer that to the worlds we create, the adventures we design, and incorporate part of that inspiration.” This approach guarantees a large range of options for players, by “resorting to as many sources of inspiration as possible.” Finally, Crawford detailed some steps that had followed to determine which elements of ‘d & d’ conserve and which to let them evolve during the design of the fifth edition: one of the things is “play a lot. There is nothing to play your own game as a designer. And in the case of ‘D & D’, also being the Dungeon Master. “And there is the key to the contagious enthusiasm that Crawford communicated to the audience. Crawford told the public that “any of you who is a game director in ‘D&D’ or other role -playing game, is a game designer. Because being a game designer means creating experiences for other people to enjoy, which is exactly what a master’s degree does.” And he concluded: “Every time someone asks me: ‘What should I do to be a game designer?’ I often say that you have to be a game director, because it is experienced in real time how people respond to what one has created. And also how people usually do what they want in response to what one has created” And that was a bit the summary of what Crawford injected to the fifth edition: all the attendees were designers of the game because to start, the designers of the game were also players. That was the key to an impulse for ‘Dungoons & Dragons’ in its fifth edition and today survives. Header | Gian-Luca Riner in Unspash In Xataka | To play Dungoons & Dragons you just needed ball, paper and dice. Now a course of 2,000 dollars wants to teach you better

In 2024 Japan introduced autonomous buses. Now 68% of the prefectures want one

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Urban mobility is immersed in a process not only of change, but of revolution. When electrification still has not advanced to the combustion car in All countriesthere are already those who move file in the autonomous driving. And not with Promises like ‘Robotaxi‘, but with autonomous vehicles that are already circulating in the cities. Japan is an example of this and, after months testing an autonomous bus on a very specific route, almost 70% of the country’s prefectures want to. And it is not because ‘Mole’: Japan is one of those countries that, almost more than any other, needs public vehicles without driver. Autonomy Level 4. At the end of December last year, A driver without a driver began to cover A route of 800 meters between the stations of Takahama Eki-MAE and the terminal of the port of Matsuyama. It would repeat the path 60 times a day and, although its figures are modest (12 passengers and a speed of 35 km/h), it has become an example for something very concrete: it has level 4 autonomy. The vehicle is quite bland, but it is up to sensors and AI systems that allow analyzing everything that happens around it in real time. It is what allows you to operate on its own, even in danger situations, and Five levels of autonomy which establishes the Society of Automotive Engineers, this minibus is almost at the maximum level. Although there is a Operator ‘Vigía’. Buses. The manufacturers have put the batteries, since Japan made a review of the Road Traffic Law with which, as of April 1, 2023, they allowed the use of level 4 autonomous vehicles on public roads. Several companies put themselves to it and, apart from the mentioned Matsuyama line, other companies are offering an internal bus service, all with level 4 certification. They are very specific journeys such as Haneda Innovation City In Tokyo, with a level 4 bus that leads at a maximum speed of 12 km/h in an internal circuit of 800 meters or those of Tier IV that already They operate A continuous service between Komatsu station and Komatsu airport. Expansion. The government itself is promoting The expansion of this technology, setting objectives such as establishing services at the regional level in at least 50 locations by the end of this 2025 and in more than a hundred by 2030. The priority is mobility services such as buses or taxis, not so much private or logistics vehicles. He liked it. Both the measures and the operation of these buses have liked, so much that almost 70% of Japanese prefectures They are considering Adopt level 4 buses to guarantee the mobility of the inhabitants, especially in poorly populated areas to which it perhaps does not ‘rent’ so much to send a bus operated by a human. And is there any benefit to the traveler himself? At the moment, the studies point to rates that are not very different from those that are applied in conventional services, but the savings for the traveler is estimated at 11% for bus trips and up to 61% for taxi trips as technology evolves, matures and settles. But of course, that is the estimated thing, another song will be that companies apply sales as the product costs them less. Need. And the most important thing about this expansion of autonomous buses, at least in Japan, is that it is not simply to apply technology for applying or saving jobs. It is something that responds to a real need: Japan has no workers. Long and tendency we have treated the demographic winter that the country is living and the measures they are adopting (some more effective than others) to relaunch birth. The problem is that The population is very aged, There are no young workers And that is why Robots are used either Autonomous systems. And not only urban mobility, since it is raising that the first ‘bullet train’ debut in 2029. And it is not that it is unique in the world (years ago We already got on one in Malaga), But as we say, in the case of Japan we are talking about something crucial because, if there are no workers, the robots will have to assume the task. Image | Iyotetsu In Xataka | The autonomous driving was the great absent in the presentation of the Xiaomi Yu7 and there is a reason: the Chinese government

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