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“The citizen wants a train that passes on time and does not break down”

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With the Government trying to boost train travel, Cercanías, conventional medium-distance and high-speed long-distance services lost travelers. That is what the CNMC report tells us, which has its annual report available on how our trains are doing. Downwards. That’s what the CNMC data says in whose report Some details are specified about the use of the train throughout the year 2025. According to these data, the number of travelers fell last year compared to 2024 in all types of connections and types of trips offered by Renfe as a public service operator: Cercanías: decrease of 0.4%. Technical tie. Conventional medium and long distance: drop of 10.8% compared to 2024. Decrease in occupancy from 67.9% in 2024 to 60.2%. High-speed medium distance: decrease of 0.7% but with an occupancy of 77.5% compared to the 79.3% occupancy in 2024. Competence. If we stick to the data where there is competition, train use has increased. And on the high-speed long distance where the roads are liberalized, the number of travelers grew by 12.2%. Madrid-Seville (+18.7%) and Madrid-Málaga (+14.1%) were the corridors that saw the most passengers board the train compared to 2024. These figures make sense if we take into account that Ouigo has been dedicating more resources to Andalusia in the second half of the year. It also, in fact, explains that passengers on the Madrid-Barcelona route fell by 1.7%, the only corridor that reduced the number of travelers in 2024. Punctual and reliable. The data confirms that, without competition, whether or not to get on the train depends largely on how reliable and punctual the train is. César Franco, engineer and former president of the General Council of Industrial Engineers, he pointed us out a few days ago that “the citizen prefers a conventional train that passes on time and does not break down, rather than a half-empty monumental station (…) If the answer is that we are going to spend hundreds of millions to run three trains a day, we are making an economic mistake” Last year, Renfe published its first punctuality report. According to the data collected then, the medium distance accumulated average delays of 15.4 minutes. At the end of the year, the portal where Renfe offers its data on punctuality stated that only 59.4% of medium-distance trains arrive on time or with a delay of less than five minutes. 19.4% of trains suffered delays of more than 10 minutes. And 2026? In 2026 we will most likely see much worse data than in 2025. It must be taken into account that the Adamuz accident (in which a Renfe Avant train derailed and collided with an Iryo train traveling in the opposite direction) closed part of the Andalusian corridor for weeks and led to a cascade of delays on all linessubjected to intense scrutiny and the decision of some drivers to reduce speed. In fact, according to data from the Renfe portal28.8% of Renfe’s long-distance and high-speed trains have arrived late in the first five months of the year (May is the last month with consolidated data) and 11.7% have been delayed by more than 30 minutes. an opportunity. Losing reliability in the Spanish train network is also losing the opportunity to prioritize a more efficient and less polluting transport system. In fact, it allows reducing pressure in large cities, as is happening with the Madrid workers living in Valladolid. Salvador Galve, president of the Railway Commission of the Council of Colleges of Industrial Engineers, said a few days ago in the Senate that “when I go to Barcelona from Zaragoza and have a meeting, I go by car. When I go to Madrid I try to go by train because it usually arrives, but the majority of managers who go from Zaragoza go by car because they don’t know when they will arrive.” And it is necessary to have the necessary frequencies and the minimum reliability required in medium and long distance trains with conventional track and high speed. It is key for thousands of people who need to take the train to, for example, go to the doctor in a big city and return to their place of residence on the same day, with the peace of mind that they will arrive and return at the expected time. Without surprises. Photo | Nelson Silva In Xataka | Spain has 7.5 million dogs, so Renfe has changed its rules for traveling with large pets by train

The Phantom 3500 wants to break the mold by changing the windows for screens. And he’s close to getting it

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A year ago we told you the story of Otto Aerospace and its Phantom 3500, a windowless plane that aims to turn its walls into a panoramic view to the outside. As counterintuitive as it may sound, the company has had an idea: that on a plane without windows we can see better than ever what is around us when we fly. A year later, the project has been taking shape Otto Phantom 3500. Otto Aerospace’s Phantom 3500 is a project that should begin to come together next year. Last year we told you This curious project that aims to fill the fuselage of the plane with screens, eliminating all traces of windows. They called this concept Super Natural Vision, a system of screens that should show the outside in real time thanks to the use of cameras. This futuristic concept has, according to the company, the advantage of improving aerodynamics and thus the consumption of the device but also of simplifying the construction of the fuselage, saving costs. What’s new? To begin with, if you have entered the previous link you will have seen that the company has changed its name and is now no longer called Otto Aviation. Now, the company has adopted the name Otto Aerospacewhich gives an idea that its objective goes far beyond commercial transportation medianet private jets. But the most important thing is that the company has reached an agreement with flexjetwho operate huge fleets of private jets, to make the Phantom 3500 part of their fleet. The agreement contemplates a firm order for 300 aircraft and deliveries starting in 2030. It has not been made public how much the purchase figure is, which Yes, it is estimated in specialized media that the plane will cost about 19.5 million of dollars per unit but there is no confirmed figure for the purchase package of 300 aircraft of this type. Is it possible? According to its creators, of course. And with the purchase of 300 airplanes ahead, it had better be so, they will say at Flexjet. According to the company, the first flights of this private jet will begin in 2027 with a view to approval by US regulators. In his statement, Flexjet points that the purchase of 300 units of this device is one of the largest that has been recorded in private aviation and that it will serve to redefine what it means to fly using a service of this type. Can it be approved?. When launching this project, there is an important question that Otto Aerospace will have to answer. If you want to deliver the first planes in 2030, yes, you should have it under control. To approve an airplane, the Code of Federal Regulations of the US Government points out that “each emergency exit must have means that allow viewing the conditions outside the exit when it is closed.” That is, there must be a window or a reliable system that guarantees viewing of the outside without problems. And isn’t it very expensive? The other big question that Otto Aerospace will have faced is the issue of how much to fill the entire fuselage with screens. And to do this you will have to use high-quality flexible panels with a connection to your external cameras that is fast enough to not generate any type of dizziness as a consequence of a possible lag between the image and the movement of the vehicle. Likewise, filling the plane with screens also entails a cable management problem that will multiply compared to any other type of system and will add weight to the whole. Yet, The company claims to reduce consumption by half of fuel from other private jets that are currently in operation. Photo | Otto Aerospace In Xataka | Billionaires tried to hide their private jets. Now they have another problem: anyone can follow their superyachts

We have been growing rice for 9,000 years under the same thermal rule. We’re about to break it forever

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The rice It is not just another cerealbut it is the fundamental pillar that supports the diet of more than half of the world’s population. For millennia, humanity has relied on its ability to thrive in different latitudes and feed entire civilizations, but now we are about to bring this ancient crop to to unknown territory due to the increase in temperatures we are experiencing. They are documenting it. Rice has a limit to the conditions it can withstand in order to thrive, and science has sounded the alarm by pointing out that the thermal tolerance of rice has remained practically constant for the last 9,000 years, but now, in a matter of decades, we are about to break this barrier. A thermal limit. The research work has focused mainly on cross-referencing archaeological data from millennia ago with contemporary records of cultivation and future climate projections. In this way, after tracing the evolution of rice cultivation over the millennia, researchers discovered that its historical limits have barely changed. This means that ancient civilizations planted rice under temperature conditions surprisingly similar to the maximum temperatures supported by the current varieties we use. This is why the bug, evolutionarily speaking, has not adapted to extreme heat that it had never experienced before. The increase in temperature. The study estimates that, towards the end of the century, the geographical area that will exceed thermal thresholds could multiply between 10 and 30 times in the main rice-growing countries of Asia. This means that the regions that are now the world’s rice granaries could become biologically hostile to the plant, not allowing it to grow. The first cracks. It is not necessary to go to the year 2100 to see the effects of this crisis, but thermal stress is already affecting rice fields. This is evidenced by a recent study that analyzed the practical cultivation of rice in China and showed that global warming is already altering the rules of the game. According to this workthe increase in temperatures is causing alterations in the life cycles and flowering of the plant, in addition to a worse use of the thermal resource in several of the most important rice-growing areas of the Asian giant. In other words: extreme heat is desynchronizing the rice’s biological clock, making the plant less efficient at growing and producing grain. Its consequences They do not focus only on withered plants, but also translate into a drastic drop in production globally. Already in 2017, published research warned of plausible rice yield losses under future climate warming, and now we are seeing that the hotter the heat, the less grain per ear. The social problem. Something to keep in mind is that, although the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide can increase plant growth, the reality is that its effects are distributed tremendously unevenly. Here science warns that these climate alterations are increasing the achievement gap between low-income and middle- and high-income countries. This also means that, while the richest nations will be able to invest in new infrastructure, cooling systems for crops or genetically modified varieties to be more resistant, the nations most dependent on rice will suffer the onslaught of production losses without being able to do almost anything. Race against the clock. A priori, we cannot trust that the natural evolution of rice will save us, because if we look back, we will see that if the thermal limit of the crop has not changed in 9,000 years, it will not do so magically in the next five decades. This means that alternatives must now be considered to save the most basic food or even prepare for a restructuring of agricultural areas in Asia. In Xataka | Spanish rice is discovering that there is something worse than droughts and pests: rice from Myanmar and Cambodia

We’ve found molecules linked to life on Mars, but let’s not break out the champagne just yet

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The Curiosity rover has carried out a chemical experiment on Mars that has never been done on another planet. Thanks to it, it has detected organic molecules that until now had gone unnoticed by us. Does that mean that there is or was life on the red planet? It could be, but it could also be due to many other things. Although we always read this type of news with joy and it gives a lot of sensational headlines, we must analyze the results with the optimism of what they mean for science, but the caution of what they imply in the search for extraterrestrial life. Chemical advances millions of kilometers away. Curiosity’s SAM instrument has carried out an experiment known as thermochymolysis. In it, a reagent called tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is used. to break large molecules into small fragments. Thanks to this, organic molecules can be detected that are invisible with other methods. Among other organic molecules, some rich in nitrogen have been found, which could be related to DNA synthesis. The discovery of benzothiophene, present in some biological processes, also stands out. Let’s not go up. The authors of the study that has just been published thanks to the Curiosity rover they call for caution with its results. They insist that all the molecules found could come from abiotic processes or have reached Mars from other points in space. For example, benzothiophene could be formed by geological or hydrothermal processes. In addition, its presence has been found in meteorites and asteroids on Earth. It could also have reached Mars like this. Only two tries. Regardless of whether the findings have to do with life or not, this study is very relevant for two reasons. On the one hand, because it was the first time that this experiment could be carried out outside of Earth. And, secondly, because Curiosity I only had two tries to do it, but he made good use of them. This is because TMAH was in the exact dose needed, inside two sealed capsules. If the first failed, the second could be tried. If this one did it too, goodbye experiment. That it was done without problems has been a great achievement. This is an annotated close-up of three holes that NASA’s Curiosity drilled into Martian rock at a location nicknamed “Mary Anning” in October 2020. The sample where the rover found a large number of organic molecules came from “Mary Anning 3.” (A nearby site nicknamed “Mary Anning 2” was left unused.) NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS A very old search. Science has been obsessed with the search for life on Mars since in the 17th century some scientists detected with their telescopes what appeared to be the presence of water ice. Already in the 21st century, advances in space exploration allowed orbiters and rovers to be sent to Mars in order to analyze possible signs of life. Some were found. For example, in 2018 methane was detected in its atmosphere. This could be the result of microbial activity, but also geological processes. In 2020 Curiosity found carbon isotopes and later, in 2025, the longest carbon chain found to date. It is true that carbon is necessary for life, but it can also be related to many abiotic processes. In none of these cases has it been possible to demonstrate that there is life behind it, so we still cannot prove that there is life on Mars. Maybe we lack tools. In 2023 a study was carried out in the Atacama Desert to analyze the tools normally used to search for life on Mars. This desert is one of the largest Martian analogues we have on Earth. It has many similar characteristics to those of the red planet; but, of course, it also has more than proven life. However, when analyzed with Mars exploration tools, many of the traces of life that should have appeared were not detected. This shows that perhaps we haven’t found life on Mars yet because we don’t have the right tools. Although there may also simply not be any. The future. Curiosity has carried out this experiment directly on Mars. However, the ideal would be to send rock samples to Earth, to use other more complex analysis technologies there. Another rover, Perseverance, is prepared to collect samples and send them to Earth. In fact, it was scheduled to do so. However, the mission was canceled by the United States Congress last January. Meanwhile, other space agencies aim to replicate the TMAH experiments. This is the case of the ExoMars mission of the European Space Agencywhose Rosalind Franklin rover will also travel with this reagent to carry out thermochemolysis. We’ll have to wait to see what he discovers. Whatever it is, as always, we will read it with caution. Image | POT In Xataka | ExoMars, this is Europe’s most ambitious mission to Mars

Google already knows how to break Bitcoin, but it doesn’t want to say it yet

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“Quantum computers will represent a significant threat for current cryptographic standards.” These are the words of Google in a recent publication in which they seek to draw attention to some quantum frontiers They are closer than they seem. Because, if a few days ago They put a date on the post-quantum eranow they say they know how to break cryptography Bitcoin with the quantum computing. And it’s so crazy that they can intercept transactions before the blockchain I verified them. The PQC era. Google is very active with the topic of the quantum era. They have a team -Quantum AI- focused on researching this technology and how to protect themselves from it, and a few days ago they shared with the world an ambitious objective: all their systems will be prepared for the age of post-quantum cryptography by 2029. 10 GOOGLE APPS THAT COULD HAVE SUCCESSFUL This does not mean that in three years there will be quantum computers galore: it is a self-imposed deadline to migrate all its security systems to post-quantum cryptography systems or PQC, for its acronym in English. It is a superior security layer designed to resist quantum computer attacks and ensure that data such as keys and digital signatures remain encrypted for the long term. Because a current computer would take centuries to break those encryptions, but a quantum one would do it in a heartbeat. less than 10 minutes. But Google has not left it just a declaration of intent. In a study Prepared together with Stanford University, the Department of Computer Science at the University of Berkeley and the Ethereum Foundation, Google details that a quantum computer could derive the private key of a Bitcoin wallet in just nine minutes. They point out that breaking the security of these wallets would require 500,000 physical qubits, which is 20 times less than previous estimates of ten million. And it’s no longer that they breach security, but rather that the speed is so high that, in an estimated 41% of cases, they can intercept and redirect a transaction before the rest of the chain confirms it. Responsibility. In the statement, Google points out that it is its responsibility to lead this field to convey the urgency of accelerating this transition of large digital companies to the PQC era. The sooner this migration of security systems is achieved, the sooner the security of digital signatures will be guaranteed. But of course, if someone enters the studio hoping to find clues, Google has tied the dots together. They have not published the actual circuits and movements, but rather a simulation that allows the crypto community to verify the estimate without providing a manual for potential attackers. Additionally, they detail a long-term vulnerability whereby 6.9 million bitcoins stored in wallets whose keys have been leaked in security flaws are the most vulnerable to quantum attacks even outside the transaction window. Preparation with head. It’s clear that Google is spreading this to raise awareness, but the industry is also carrying years moving. Microsoft wants start with their migration by 2029, the European Commission is rushing to achieve it by 2030 and the US federal agencies they want do it in the 2030-2035 window. And the Bitcoin industry also has something to say. Justin Drake is a Bitcoin security researcher who qualified Google’s progress was “interesting” and commented that, although “there is at least a 10% chance that by 2032 a quantum computer will recover a secp256k1 ECDSA private key from an exposed public key, now is the time to start preparing.” We also seek to put our minds to the matter and not create baseless fear. Shiv Shankar is the CEO of Boundless and has commented that “there is no reason for panic” because “the smartest and brightest minds in the world are focusing on this problem” In Xataka | Superconducting quantum computers are being sabotaged. Fortunately, several Chinese scientists have found those responsible.

Google sets a date for “Q-Day”, when quantum computing will be able to break current cryptography sooner than expected

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The arrival of the quantum computing brings us closer to an exciting horizon. It is a paradigm shift because, if classical computing is based on bits of 0 and 1, quantum computing uses qubits that can be in both states at the same time. Translation: if classical computing does operations one at a time, quantum computing does many at the same time. This opens up an ocean of possibilities, and will also allow any current encryption system to be broken. in a matter of seconds. Google has been around for a decade getting readyand has set a date for his arrival. 2029. PQC. It stands for post-quantum cryptography. It is a set of encryption algorithms designed to resist attacks by quantum computers and allow data that must be encrypted such as keys and digital signatures to remain so in the long term. Those complex mathematical algorithms designed to resist quantum attacks are designed to be implemented on classical computers. That is, it is not the hardware that is updated, but rather the security. Quantum cryptography is another approach, but also more experimental. It is the one that will use the full potential of quantum computing to achieve theoretically unbreakable security. The one that interests us at the moment is post-quantum, and it makes perfect sense because classical and the quantum They will coexist, and what is needed is to update encryption systems so that companies continue to have classic computers, but with security that resists quantum attacks. Q-Day. Companies have been preparing for this for a long time and, as we say, Google is one of them. Carry from 2016 investing in that post-quantum cryptography, migrating some key exchange systems for internal traffic to the post-quantum standard. A while ago they claimed that key exchange within Google services is now resistant to quantum computing by default. Proton also is in it. So as not to leave it there as a pending task that is never finished, they finish to mark a self-imposed deadline to complete the transition. By 2029 they will have to complete this migration of their security to PQC systems. In fact, on their blog, they have announced that Android 17 will integrate an algorithm that will provide quantum-resistant signatures to protect the integrity of boot software. It is a way of saying “hey, we are already preparing,” but basically what there is is a commitment to that security for a time that is near. And it won’t just be the boot system: applications will be able to generate and verify post-quantum signatures within the devices’ secure hardware, and Google Play itself will also begin generating secure keys for applications that choose to participate in the program during the launch cycle of the new system. The industry prepares. Aside from the announcement, the company urged the rest of the technology industry and governments to step up to accelerate the adoption of these more resistant encryption systems. And, although Google has been saying “the wolf is coming” for several years, they are not the only ones. Microsoft wants to start migrating its systems by 2029, culminating in 2033. US federal agencies also want do it for the 2030-2035 window and the European Commission has urged member states to make critical infrastructure resilient by the end of 2030. With this movement, Google has set a date that seems ambitious and is a declaration of intentions. “It is our responsibility to set an example and share an ambitious schedule,” says Google. It is also evident that as a digital infrastructure provider, offering a post-quantum security system before anyone else gives you a competitive advantage because if someone doesn’t arrive on time, they could always buy your services. Companies like Telefónica are also working on it, but when we talk to them They did not give us an indicative date. What they did comment is that they are beginning to see that there are parts of the industry that are becoming interested in their post-quantum cryptography services. Don’t panic. that the arrival of quantum computing represents a headache for everything that is encrypted (blockchain and cryptocurrencies, banking data and transactions and even messaging apps) does not mean that we have to panic. A few months ago, Keith Martin, professor in the Information Security Group at the University of London, commented that, although the threat is realresearchers have been working for years and most of the theoretical work is done. When cryptographically relevant quantum computers appear, the protection technologies will already be ready and we will not have to worry about anything. In fact, at the user level… we can do little. We are not going to be the ones who have a quantum computer at home to be able to encrypt our information. Basically, as I said a few lines ago, it is Google saying “get ready because this is going to come and, as an industry, we have to prepare.” And they have already set a date. There’s not much left… Image | Xataka In Xataka | Putin compared the quantum race to the nuclear race of the Cold War. China has just taken a leap in that war of the future

Saudi Arabia’s ace in the hole to break the Iranian blockade in Hormuz

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Iran’s survival strategy in this war is based on a tactic of geopolitical suffocation: strangling the Strait of Hormuz to impose an unbearable economic cost on the West. However, while the financial market blindly speculates with express truces and the price of fuel follows its own dynamics at the pumps, the physical reality on the ground is about to change. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have a logistical “antidote” capable of rescuing up to 7 million of those barrels, radically changing the equation and breaking Iranian blackmail. The “antidote” in the desert. This lifeline was not improvised yesterday. Known as the East-West Pipeline (or Petroline), It began to be built in the 80s for fear that the war between Iran and Iraq will paralyze the Persian Gulf. According to Middle East Eye, It is a pharaonic artery of some 1,200 kilometers that winds through the Arabian desert, connecting the gigantic extraction fields in the east directly with the port terminal of Yanbu, bathed by the waters of the Red Sea. In this way, the crude oil can go out into the world without coming into the range of the Iranian missiles in Hormuz. As confirmed by the CEO of Saudi Aramco, Amin Nasser, in Financial Timesthe company is working around the clock to raise pumping to the pipeline’s maximum capacity: 7 million barrels per day. Before the crisis, only 2.8 million barrels circulated there. Nasser detailed that about 2 million barrels will remain to feed its refineries on the west coast, leaving the not inconsiderable figure of 5 million barrels per day ready for the global market. The machinery in motion. Saudi Arabia has stepped on the accelerator. “We should reach maximum capacity in a couple of days,” said the head of Aramco, according to statements collected by Reuters. If Riyadh manages to consolidate this route, the kingdom will be able to export close to 70% of its usual shipments. The energy analyst Javier Blas underlines in your column for Bloomberg that right now the critical thing is to look at the flow export outside of Hormuz, and not so much in wellhead production. And shipping data supports this frenetic activity: Bloomberg has detailed as an “armada” of at least 25 supertankers (known as VLCCs) have changed course and are sailing towards the port of Yanbu to load this lifesaving crude oil. Adding to this ball of oxygen is the effort of the United Arab Emirates. Through their Habshan-Fujairah pipeline, which also bypasses the dangerous strait to exit the Gulf of Oman, they are providing between 1.5 and 2 million additional barrels per day, according to the data of Wall Street Journal. The small print. However, as with any large-scale emergency logistics operation, there is no magic wand. Experts warn of several blind spots in this strategy: The port funnel: According to the agency Argus MediaAlthough the Saudi pipeline manages to transport 5 million barrels for export, the port of Yanbu has its own limits. Its nominal loading capacity is about 4.5 million barrels per day in two terminals, but market sources place the proven effective capacity closer to 4 million. The fuel crisis (distillates): As Arne Lohmann Rasmussen warns, analyst cited by Middle East Eyethe current problem goes beyond crude oil; It is a diesel and aviation fuel crisis. The pipeline East-West It transports crude oil, not refined products. This leaves markets such as Europe, which were highly dependent on Middle Eastern refineries (such as the gigantic Emirati Ruwais plant, recently hit by a drone). The Houthi threat and the collapse of the tanks: Moving the oil outlet to the Red Sea returns the spotlight to the Houthi rebels in Yemen. As Greg Priddy points outships loading in Yanbu bound for Asia will have to pass through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, exposing themselves to drone attacks. Added to this is that, faced with the inability to remove ships through Hormuz, the Gulf countries are filling their storage reserves to the limit, forcing Saudi Arabia, the Emirates, Kuwait and Iraq to drastically cut extraction from their wells, as it has progressed Bloomberg. Buying time in the “Battle of the pipelines”. Nobody in the oil industry deceives anyone. Aramco’s own CEO admitted the “catastrophic consequences” What would a prolongation of this scenario have for the world economy? As Blas concludesthese alternative pipelines do not replace the opening of the Strait of Hormuz permanently. Its main mission is another: to buy valuable time. If the Saudi-Emirati duo manages to get this enormous pipeline to spit millions of barrels into the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman, they will stop the panic at the Western pumps and take away Iran’s main negotiating asset. Far from the political and stock market noise, the resolution of this crisis is being fought in the logistical desert. Image | Aramco Xataka | Light and gas have become luxury items. Europe’s plan is to intervene in prices no matter what the cost

This is the Hormuz “swarm” that threatens to break the $100 barrier

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Just enter Marine Traffic to understand the magnitude of the problem. The entire world is holding its breath before a funnel of water just a few miles wide. Through the Strait of Hormuz travels approximately 20% of the world’s daily oil supply and a vital quota of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Today, that global artery is suffering a heart attack. An unprecedented escalation in the Middle East, detonated by attacks of the United States and Israel that ended the life of the Iranian supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has unleashed a hail of missiles and drones. The result is a blockage de facto of the most important sea route on the planet. X-ray of a historical traffic jam. The cover image of Marine Traffic It is a veritable swarm of red icons that crowd on both sides of the strait, especially near the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas and off the coast of the United Arab Emirates. Once we move the cursor over the boats, we see that they are still. According to the data of S&P Globalmaritime traffic has plummeted, between 40% and 50%. There are around 240 ships clustered waiting for instructions. Among them, as analyst Weilun Soon details in Bloombergthere are at least 40 supertankers (VLCCs), inactive giants each loaded with about 2 million barrels of crude oil. And time is against us: according to estimates by JPMorganIf this effective closure lasts more than 25 days, producers will run out of space to store crude oil and will have to stop physical production. The chaos is not only physical, it is also electronic. The data team SkyNews has documented severe interference in ship tracking systems (AIS). The signals are so distorted that some oil tankers appear located inland on radars. The fear is more than justified: the war has already spilled into the water. According to reports from the UKMTO (UK Maritime Commercial Operations) cited by Business Insiderthe tanker skylightflying the Palauan flag, was attacked near Oman. The balance has left four injured and 20 crew members urgently evacuated. Markets in panic and freight rates through the roof. The chain reaction has not been long in coming. In a quick look at the bag, we can observe the initial panic of investors: in the first hours of operations, Brent crude oil (the European benchmark) soared by 13%, reaching $82 per barrel—its highest in 14 months. Although it later relaxed to dawn this Monday around $79, the scare was already in the body. This whiplash has had winners and losers in the European stock markets. As you have detailed Guardian, While oil companies (Shell, BP) and defense companies (BAE Systems) rose sharply, airlines such as IAG or easyJet plummeted by around 10% and 7% respectively, terrified by the imminent increase in fuel costs. Moving crude oil today is a high-risk sport. The daily cost of renting a supertanker has skyrocketed by an unusual 600%, reaching $200,000 a day, as Alex Longley warns in Bloomberg. Insurance must be added to this bill: France 24 reports that premiums against war risks They are going to become between 25% and 50% more expensive for those who dare to enter ground zero. The paradox of OPEC+. The next market movement looked askance at the offices. According to the official statement from OPEC+the cartel agreed to inject an additional 206,000 barrels per day starting in April to stabilize prices. However, this measure is, in practice, a logistical mirage. As analyst John Kemp explains: in your column for Finance TimesOPEC+ has excess capacity of more than 3 million barrels per day, but almost all of that capacity is inside of the Persian Gulf countries. In other words, no matter how much extra oil Saudi Arabia or Iraq promise to pump, if the ships cannot cross the Strait of Hormuz, that oil does not exist for the rest of the world. The analysts of wood Mackenzie, collected by oil price, They have been more forceful: “If traffic is not restored quickly, the barrel will pierce the $100 barrier.” The nuances that will define the crisis. Despite the drama, the world has some escape valves that did not exist in the oil crises of the 70s: Lifesaving pipelines: As Kemp explainsSaudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates can bypass the strait by exporting some of their crude oil through pipelines to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman. However, countries like Iraq and Kuwait are trapped: they are 100% dependent on Hormuz. Global shock absorbers: Analyst Javier Blas shells in Bloomberg that the shale revolution (shale oil) in the United States gives Washington unprecedented control over supply. Furthermore, China lIt has been filling to the brim for years its strategic reserves, which would soften the blow in the short term. The big beneficiary: Ironically, the blockade is excellent news for Vladimir Putin. As Blas points outa sustained rise in prices makes it easier for Russia to sell its sanctioned crude oil on the Asian black market with much juicier margins. The world holds its breath. At the moment, the global economy is paralyzed waiting for what a few ship captains decide. Maritime transport giants such as Maersk have already announced the temporary suspension of all their transits through the area, how to collect France 24. Laden ships will remain idle, “avoiding drama,” in the words of a shipping broker consulted by S&P Global. Today, the fate of global inflation is decided not on Wall Street or central banks, but in the tense waters of Oman and Iran, where a swarm of steel giants have decided to shut down their engines and pray for the storm to subside. Image | MarineTraffic Xataka | Tension in Iran is so high that the Strait of Hormuz is closed. And that will have consequences when you go to refuel.

In the midst of the RAM crisis, Intel counterattacks with ZAM. It is the chip to break South Korean hegemony

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Few would have guessed not so many years ago the Intel transformation. The company that will dominate consumer processors and servers for generations has been through a real ordeal through the desert under the rule of AMD. However, they have returned for their rights and not only –rescue through– have positioned themselves to be the great American foundry, but are looking to take a bite out of the gigantic South Korean RAM memory industry thanks to its new memory: ZAM memory. And its weapon is three-dimensionality. Z for ‘zolution’. Do you remember when, in math class, you drew the first cube? The X axis is east-west. The Y axis is north-south. What the square needed to become a cube is the Z axis, the one up and down. That’s what engineers SAIMEMORYthe company resulting from the collaboration between the Japanese SoftBank and Intel, have applied traditional DRAM memory with a single objective: to assault the enormous market for high-bandwidth memory, or HBMwhich dominates data centers. Puff pastry. A few months ago we told you that the two companies They had embarked on a joint path to stand up to the dominance of Samsung, SK Hynix and Micron in the creation of high-performance memory. lHBM memory is preferred for data centers because it has a beastly bandwidth that allows a greater number of simultaneous operations. It’s like a huge highway. However, it has limitations: it is expensive to produce, requires a lot of energy, and gets hot enough to require expensive dissipation systems. Conventional DRAM memory was not an alternative, but Intel and SoftBank began to ‘play around’ with stacked DRAM memory. It is like a puff of RAM memory (simplifying things a lot), whose main limitation came when connecting each of those thin layers of memory so that the final product had the same capabilities as that highway that is HBM memory. ZAM. After a few months of research, a few days ago at the Intel Connection in Japan, SAIMEMORY and Intel presented the ZAM prototype. According to the companiesa ZAM module can have a capacity of up to 512 GB, it is easy to produce because it consists of designing vertically stacked chips and most importantly: it can reduce energy consumption by 40% to 50% compared to conventional HBMs. If HBMs are expensive and take time to produce, ZAMs are cheaper, can be the solution to alleviate restrictions in the supply chain and, in addition, would lower the energy consumption of data centers (which is one of the problems they have), and are also easier to cool. At the moment, the company’s research points to a theoretical limit of 20 layers, but current designs move around 16 layers, so performance may be better if this current limitation can be overcome. Real alternative. Intel’s ambition is total, since they point out that their DRAM module joining technology allows them to offer two to three times the capacity of HBM modules while being up to 60% cheaper to produce. It all seems like a plus and doesn’t seem like bad technology when established giants in HBM memory creation like Samsung are also researching how to overcome the limitations of connections in stacked DRAM memory. The prototype | Photo by PCWatch Ambition. And, almost as important as the presentation of the ZAM prototype, is the alliance itself. Intel has been away from the memory market for many years. He tried it in the 80s and, again, years later with his Optane technology -that died miserably without making the slightest gap in the market. On the other hand, SoftBank represents a Japan that had the lead in this sector in the 1980s, but was overshadowed by emerging South Korean companies. In fact, Intel’s memories were eaten by the Japanese… and the Japanese by the South Koreans. SAIMEMORY has behind it not only those sharks, but other Japanese companies such as Fujitsu, Shinko Electric Industries, PowerChip Semiconductor Manufacturing or the University of Tokyo. And if ZAM memory works on a commercial level, it will not only be good news to alleviate the memory production chains (perhaps this will also alleviate the domestic market totally destroyed for the data center needs), but will mark the birth of a new and ambitious player who seeks to break the hegemony of the trident he currently leads. We will see it, of course, in a few years, since SAIMEMORY plans complete prototypes in fiscal year 2027 and begin commercialization in 2029. Image | Samsung, Maxence Pira In Xataka | The CEO of Nothing is clear that we do not need a high-end mobile phone every year. A mix of RAM crisis and common sense

break China’s monopoly on rare earths

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If in the 20th century the powers fought over oil wells, in 2026 the battle will be fought on the periodic table. Lithium, cobalt, gallium and rare earths have become the new barrels of crude oil, essential for manufacturing everything from the battery of an electric car to the guidance system of a hypersonic missile. In this scenario, Donald Trump’s administration has encountered an inescapable geological reality: the rhetoric of “America First” has a physical limit. To win the technology race of the 21st century, Washington needs its neighbors. In an unprecedented diplomatic and economic maneuver, the United States has launched an offensive to recruit Mexico, Argentina and a bloc of global allies, with the declared objective of shielding themselves from the vulnerability posed by China’s almost absolute dominance over critical minerals. The peak of strategic anxiety. The epicenter of this Copernican turn was the State Department in Washington, where Secretary of State Marco Rubio and Vice President JD Vance They served as hosts at the “Ministerial Meeting on Critical Minerals”. The call was no less: 55 international delegations sat at the table, under an urgent premise that the free market has failed. The American diagnosis is severe. China controls 90% of rare earth processing capacity and has begun to use that monopoly as a geopolitical weapon, imposing licensing requirements and restricting exports to pressure American industry. “The international market for critical minerals is failing,” said Vice President Vancearguing that Beijing floods the market with low prices to ruin Western competition and then raise prices at will. Project Vault and the lapse. To counter this, the White House has presented tools that rewrite the rules of global capitalism. Trump announced the creation of a strategic mineral reserve valued at 12 billion dollars (10 billion in Ex-Im Bank loans and almost 1.67 billion in private capital). Like the Strategic Petroleum Reserve created in the 1970s, this “vault” —call Project Vault— will accumulate stock to protect giants such as General Motors, Stellantis and Google from future supply crises. But the White House mentality has gone from business to war, literally. In a Freudian slip or statement of intent, the Trump administration’s official documents on these investments list the Pentagon under its 19th-century name: Department of War (War Department). Under this anachronistic headingWashington is already financing mining projects in Alaska and North Carolina, making it clear that resource extraction is no longer a matter of the market, but of pure and simple national defense. The FORGE alliance and “price floors”. To support this scheme, has been launched he Forum on Resource Geostrategic Engagement (FORGE), initially chaired by South Korea, to coordinate a “preferential trade zone.” The revolutionary idea here is floor prices: if China pulls down global prices, the members of the bloc external tariffs will apply to maintain high internal value, thus guaranteeing the profitability of mining investments in allied countries. However, the market has reacted with skepticism to this interventionism. Paradoxically, after the announcement, the shares of American mining companies such as MP Materials and USA Rare Earth plummeted between 6% and 9%. According to analysts cited by Reutersthe fear is that the Trump administration will withdraw direct subsidies for individual projects to focus on this complex global price engineering, leaving local companies exposed to regulatory uncertainty. This entire American strategy draws a two-speed map of the world. On the one hand, there is the technological “VIP club”: the United States, Japan and the European Union will sign a binding trilateral agreement in 30 days to coordinate their industries. On the other hand, there are the suppliers of raw materials: Latin America. Argentina and the delivery of Lithium. In the south, Javier Milei’s administration has decided to unconditionally align its resources with Washington’s interests. Argentina, the world’s fifth largest producer of lithium, signed a framework agreement that ties it to the American supply chain, using RIGI as bait (Incentive Regime for Large Investments). For the White House, Argentina is the key piece to deal a blow to Beijing. At the moment, more than 70% of Argentine lithium travels to China, a flow that the US is determined to cut off and redirect towards its own factories. The operation is already underway. While diplomacy was signing papers, money was moving: the giant Glencore has agreed with the Orion consortium (backed by the US) to acquire assets, demonstrating how Western capital is beginning to take positions on the ground. Secretary Marco Rubio He did not hide his enthusiasm for this total provision: “Argentina is going to be a key partner for the world,” he stated, highlighting not only the extraction, but the country’s capacity to process the materials that the US needs. In practice, this makes the South American country a primary link in American national security. Mexico: The treasure map and the threat of the “Menú”. The situation in Mexico is one of forced pragmatism under threat. With the T-MEC review scheduled for July, the Mexican government accepted an “Action Plan” 60 days that goes far beyond commerce. The agreement opens the door to something that strikes a chord with national sovereignty: the US Geological Survey will collaborate in the “geological mapping” of Mexican territory to locate deposits, an x-ray of the neighbor’s resources carried out from Washington to “provide transparency.” The Secretary of Economy, Marcelo Ebrard, justified the transfer with a phrase of brutal realism: “If you are not at the table participating, you are on the menu.” But for many, Mexico is already being devoured. The “Cambiémosla Ya” collective has issued a fierce alertdenouncing that this plan is a “return to neoliberalism” that subordinates national sovereignty to the industrial needs of the north. They warn that the rush to comply with Washington’s quotas will cause “the dispossession, displacement and destruction of communities”, relaxing regulations to turn the territory into a sacrifice zone for the US energy transition. Passport for rocks, walls for people. The backdrop of this great mineral alliance reveals a contradiction that defines the current era. While … Read more

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