All the skulls of the great apes were equally large. Until homo sapiens got fifth

Talk about the human evolution is talking about a gigantic puzzle of which we have completed a large percentage, but whose last pieces resist us. There are many who continue trying to put these pieces together, and each new fossil studied brings us one step closer to the goal… or to rethink everything. One of those questions was at what rate the hominid brain evolved compared to that of the great apes, and the conclusion of a new study It has been devastating. Double. The hypothesis. The researchers at University College London, led by the Spanish Aída Gómez-Robles, started from a well-known premise: current humans have brains about three times larger than those of our closest ape relatives. And not only a different sizealso a noticeably different cranial structure. While most great apes have forward-projecting faces and small brains, humans have a flatter face with a larger head and rounded. The exception among the apes would be the gibbons and their heads were rounded, but with much smaller brains. The hypothesis they used was that these craniofacial adaptations evolved at an accelerated rate in humans thanks to the advantages of having a large brain, but also that social factors would have influenced this accelerated transformation. The study. The team examined virtual models of skulls of several species of modern primates. Thus, they analyzed the skulls of seven species of “great apes” including humans, two species of gorillastwo of orangutans, chimpanzees and bonobosas well as nine species of hylobatids or “lesser apes”, like the aforementioned gibbons. To do this, and using a technique that allows landmarks to be mapped onto anatomical structures, the researchers divided each skull into four sections. They analyzed the markers of the upper face, lower face, front and back of the head and compared between all the skulls analyzed. As a control group, they used hylobatids, since the species separated from hominids about 20 million years ago and they realized something: while gibbons are very similar to each other, hominids are very different from each other. And, among them, humans are the ones that evolved the most. At an astonishing speed, too. Face + neuroskull. The conclusion is that the human brain It evolved twice as fast as that of other hominids. Studies have already been done on additional factors driving accelerated changes in the brain and skull, but this study is the first to quantify the speed at which different species evolved. And, in addition to speed, what they found is that the human face transformed almost as quickly as the neuroskull. Brain expansion and facial flattening are related, but in other species there is not such a clear relationship between the evolution of the neurocranium and the face. Therefore, the team concluded that there was something external at play: a selective pressure caused because we started living in a society. “The face is the interface through which we interact with other people, so a possible explanation is that the selective pressure that caused its accelerated evolution is related to how we interact with each other in a social group,” exposes Gómez-Robles. Implications. This has not happened exclusively with humans. In the case of gorillas, the UCL team concluded that they had had the second-fastest rate of cranial evolution, probably also driven by social selection, which means a larger cranial crest is a symbol of higher social status. Now, as we said at the beginning, although the UCL study has demonstrated the evolution of human brain growth in relation to that of other similar species, there are still pieces of the great puzzle to put together. Future studies can examine other aspects to better understand what were those biological or social factors that drove the accelerated cranial development in humans. Images | UCL, Jacklee In Xataka | A 4.4 million-year-old ankle has rewritten human history: our first steps were not as we thought

Tinder has a serious problem with bots posing as humans. So it’s going to ask you for facial recognition.

Creating a fake profile on Tinder can take just a few minutes. Soon it won’t be so simple. The app is implementing a security measure to combat the problem of fake accounts which will force all users to undergo facial verification. Show me your face. Face verification was optional, but with Face Check it is made mandatory for all new users. During the account creation process, a selfie video will have to be taken as “proof of life”. The measure is already underway in some countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Colombia and India, among others. There is no date, but it is expected that it will soon be deployed in the rest of the world. Does not save the photo. Tinder’s security manager tells it in Wired. During verification, the app does not save a photo of our face, but instead saves reference points on the shape of the face and converts them into a mathematical hash. The app compares that file with its database to check if it matches another account. With this measure, Tinder will prevent the creation of bot accounts, but it will also prevent the same person from having multiple accounts. a serious problem. We don’t have updated data on the volume of fake accounts, but in 2021 it was at least 23%. Tinder admits that almost all (98%) of the moderation actions they carry out are motivated by fake accounts, spam and fraud. And the problem is serious. In 2024, Bloomberg published a report about the extent of romance frauds, many of them carried out through fake profiles created by AI. The usual topic is cryptocurrencies and other fraudulent platforms. According to the Federal Trade CommissionIn 2022 alone, more than $1.3 billion were scammed in the United States. Loss of interest. After the boom of the pandemic, Tinder began to lose users, especially paid. Others like Bumble also began to decline and the trend has continued. According to this survey78% of users were tired of using these apps. It’s what they call ‘dating fatigue‘ and basically it is that we are too lazy to flirt through apps. and trustworthy. The fact that apps are full of fake profiles does not help their growth and Tinder knows it. The new measure is aimed at regaining the trust of users, ensuring them that they are talking to a real person and not a bot or a multi-account. Of course, it still does not address other problems, such as those who upload fake photos, lie about their relationship status or they use ChatGPT to seem more interesting than they really are. Image | Pexels In Xataka | Singles are fed up with Tinder. So they are starting to turn to an old acquaintance: marriage agencies

the first “drone” attack in history

If the war in Ukraine has shown us anything, it is that the rules of the game have changed. The drones dominate the battlefield and they don’t have to be cutting-edge creations: commercial and recreational drones They can perform precision attacks. However, the technical and even psychological foundations were laid more than 175 years ago, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire carried out the first bombing with unmanned vehicles of history against Venice. In the mid-19th century, today’s Italy did not exist. The territories were fragmented into a series of kingdomss, but within the framework of the liberal revolutions of 1848, some of those kingdoms tried to become independent from the control of the Austrian Empire. That same year, Venice rebelled and proclaimed itself the ‘Republic of San Marco’. It was a symbol of resistance to Austrian rule and, evidently, the Empire was not going to let it pass. Led by Marshal Radetzkythe Empire carried out a siege of the city, but as you might already guess, Venice is not an easy city to attack due to the “natural” defenses of the canals. Yes, in a war of attrition, disease and famine would take their toll on the population, but the Austro-Hungarians were in a hurry. Faced with the impediment of bombing and attacking the city in a conventional way, someone came up with an idea as crazy as it is tempting: bomb it with drones. Well, with the drones of the time. The UAVs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire against Venice The key name in this story is Franz von Uchatius. He was an artillery lieutenant who was also an inventor. Nothing like what he proposed had ever been done and I would have loved to have been in the room when he presented his idea, but basically the plan was loading hot air balloons with explosivesand control them in some way so that they would release the bombs on the city. Specifically, what von Uchatius suggested was launch 200 balloons both from the ground and from the SMS Vulcano (which we could consider as the first aircraft carrier in history), each loaded with about 15 kilos of explosives and a detonation system based on continuous combustion fuses (coal and cotton with fat). Each of the ‘drones’ It would have an activation system using copper wires and, in the case of some prototypes, galvanic batteries. Remote control? The wind and a series of estimated flight calculations, as well as a very strong desire for each of the balloons to fall where they had to fall: on the city’s population. On July 12, 1849 began the deployment of Austro-Hungarian drones, the first time humanity experienced that remote aerial threat. Now, the result was very different from what the attacking forces expected. Military failure… BUT Although they did the calculations, the balloon-bombers had no real guidance: they were pushed randomly by the wind. And the result was devastating for both forces, as impossible as it may seem. The first thing is that few bombs hit the city and the material damage was practically non-existent. In fact, changes in the wind and failure in those calculations caused some of the explosions to affect the Austro-Hungarian forces. Basically, the balloons were unpredictable. But do not think that the Venetian population had reasons to rejoice about this, since, although we may intuit that they would rejoice to see how the weapons of the enemies “revealed” against them, the truth is that the Venetians added a new concern to those they already had: an unlikely attack. The possibility of being attacked from the sky by devices like this It shocked the population and, although it was not the reason why the city capitulated days later (most likely it was due to the desperation caused by the siege), it was surely another item to add to the list of concerns. Although useless militarily, it was the conceptual germ of an unmanned aerial attack, something that was also used in the war between the US and Spain of 1898, later it was continued exploring in the World War I (where chilling new ways to kill each other were invented) and perfected in the modern era. Although the use of balloons with dangerous cargo has not stopped being used, and an example of this is the balloons with excrement that are thrown between North and South Korea. With all that this implies at a security level, since a few months ago they were feces, but they could perfectly have been explosives. Images | Timetoast National Library of France In Xataka | Using aerial balloons to smuggle tobacco is common in Eastern Europe. And then the airports have a problem

the time change is no longer useful

Twice a year we repeat the same ritual: moving the hands of the clock, checking the microwave, setting the alarm clock. A small gesture that changes our routine and that, for decades, they said promised savings that almost no one sees anymore. Although this year could be one of the last. Pedro Sanchez has announced that the Government will propose to the European Union to eliminate the seasonal time change for next year. But the question that concerns us here is: does it really help to save energy? Boating soon. According to an analysis prepared by Papernestthe time change barely moves the electricity consumption needle. The report, based on data from Red Eléctrica de España (REE) between 2020 and 2024, reveals that the time adjustment today has an almost imperceptible effect on light demand. “The time change no longer has a clear effect on electricity consumption. In several years an increase has even been observed during the afternoons,” states the report to which we have had access. More in depth. The analysis compares the week before and the week after each time change for five consecutive autumns. The results show very small variations – between -6% and +2% – and without any pattern. In three of those five years, consumption in the period of greatest domestic activity (from 6:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.) even increased between 0.3% and 2.4%. Only in 2022 was a significant drop in consumption recorded, close to 6%, although analysts attribute this to the exceptional energy context of that autumn: record electricity priceslower general demand and a more moderate use of heating. A specific decrease that, according to the report, is not directly related to the time change. Source: Papernest (2025), with data from Red Eléctrica de España (REE). In summary, Spanish homes consume practically the same electricity before and after the change. Neither natural light nor temperatures seem to have an appreciable influence. “This reflects that the impact of the time change on the electricity consumption of current homes is practically insignificant,” concludes Papernest. New habits dilute the supposed savings. If decades ago the time change served to make better use of daylight and reduce spending, today the structure of electricity consumption has completely changed. The report points to several factors: teleworking, electric heatingconnected devices and continued use of household appliances that previously only worked in certain strips. In other words, consumption is no longer concentrated only in daylight hours. Electrical activity has been “delocalized” within the day, and the idea that turning the clock back or forward an hour can make a notable difference is no longer true. Furthermore, the document itself highlights that the small variations between weeks cannot be attributed to changes in temperature or solar radiation: there is no consistent correlation between meteorological conditions and demand oscillations. And in the pocket? Neither. Papernest calculates that the average savings per household barely reaches 1.4 euros per year, even in the most optimistic scenario. The calculation is based on the average annual consumption per home in Spain (3,487 kWh, according to Iberdrola), an average reduction of 1.4% after the time change and an average price of €0.132 per kWh. “Even in this optimistic scenario, the economic effect of the time change is practically insignificant compared to the annual electricity bill,” the report summarizes. Translated into an understandable figure, the time adjustment saves about €0.12 per week, or the equivalent of one hour of an LED bulb on. It is a symbolic gesture rather than a measure of efficiency. With savings out of the equation, the debate has moved to another area: that of the body and mind. The energy argument has become obsolete. So what reasons remain to maintain or eliminate the time change? The focus on health and well-being. The consensus between specialists from the Spanish Sleep Society (SES) and other scientific institutions it’s clear: winter time – the one now adopted in October – is the most appropriate from a biological point of view. International studies support this idea: maintaining winter time promotes rest, reduces fatigue and improves morning safety. On the contrary, permanent daylight saving time can generate constant “social jet lag”, especially in the westernmost areas of the country, where sunrises would be delayed until after half past nine in December. The clock no longer changes anything. Five years of data and the same result: changing the time does not save energy, money, or effort. The human being is an animal of habit, which is why it has survived the change of time due to the inertia of the symbolic gesture. Currently, electricity consumption depends more on our routines, climate and technology than on the sun coming through the window. Perhaps, as my colleague titled: “The country that never tires of hurting itself: the truth about the time change is that it is a controversy in which we can only lose.” This weekend we will turn the clocks backbut the time that really counts—that of consumption and rest—no longer moves. And it may literally be time to stop moving it. Image | FreePik and Unsplash Xataka | Without knowing it, Pedro Sánchez has also reopened the other great melon of the hour in Spain: whether Galicia is in his zone or not

is that they “hack” your brain so that you eat even more

The consumption of ultra-processed foods For many, it is an ideal option in the case of not having time to cook or simply because it is something they don’t like to do. The problem is that science recently issued an alert what points to the risk that exists between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and structural changes in the brain that cause us to eat even more. As if it were a true ‘vicious circle’ from which it is very difficult to escape. The study. Using data extracted from brain scans Of almost 30,000 middle-aged participants, the team of scientists has seen the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and markers of adiposity, inflammation, or metabolism. But what interests us in this case, above all, are the modifications in brain structure. For this they used the data from UK Biobankmaking the average intake of ultra-processed foods among those studied 46% of the energy consumed in an entire day. But what was also interesting is that the scans measured cortical thickness, the integrity of the white matter and the microstructure of deep areas related to feeding. Changes in the brain. High consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with changes in brain regions that play an important role in controlling appetite and the reward effectespecially the nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, putamen and amygdala. The fact that it alters nucleus accumbens It is related to the reduction of neurons and an increase in extracellular space that is compatible with the processes associated with overeating and food addiction. But in addition, the study found that part of these changes were mediated by systemic inflammation and metabolic imbalances. An addictive loop. Although part of the effect involves increased adiposity and inflammation, the analysis suggests direct mechanisms on brain areas that regulate compulsive eating behaviors. Specifically, the brain changes associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods could reinforce patterns of seeking out and excessive consumption of these same products, creating a loop that perpetuates eating the same thing. This fits quite well within clinical theories about the addictive nature of some processes and their ability to “hijack” brain circuits, reward. These circuits are what generate the pleasure that opens the door for us to have an addiction to the ‘stimulus’ that presses that pleasure button that we have in the brain. There are exceptions. Obviously, not all ultra-processed foods are the same. The research clearly differentiates between processed foods. There are some that are clearly positive, such as frozen vegetables, but others are negative, these being those that have industrial addictives and chemically modified compounds. Specifically, it has been seen how the harmful effects are strongly linked to additives such as emulsifiers, artificial sweeteners and other compounds that promote the intestinal inflammation that we hate so much, impacting the brain directly. And we already know that attacking the microbiota of our intestine has consequences that are increasingly important. Public health. The conclusions of the study reinforce the growing consensus in the scientific literature on the impact of ultra-processed foods on health. The accumulated evidence points to the importance of reducing its consumption and moving towards stricter regulations on the composition and also the advertising that is being done. The authors of the study point to the need to reduce the intake of ultra-processed foods and strengthen standards within the industry to improve the health of all citizens. Something that also has an impact on them having less contact with the doctor and that can liberalize services. Reprogramming brains. Faced with the question of whether ‘ultraprocessing’ reprograms our brain, there is still a long way to go to analyze the different pathways that exist. But clearly we are facing a first step in understanding food addiction. Images | Kobby Mendez Shelley Evans In Xataka | When it comes to meat, science knows there’s something better than protein shakes: lean pork

Best antivirus for computer

Let’s tell you what they are the best antivirus for computerwhich you will be able to use on both Windows and macOS. We have already told you what the best free antivirus or the best online antivirusand now it’s time to go to the paid ones, which you can also use in many cases on your mobile. We are going to start by explaining why you may be interested in using an antivirus on your computer in these times when even Windows has its own. Then, we will go on to tell you some of the things you should Be sure to choose the antivirusand we will end by giving you the nine main alternatives. And as we always say at Xataka Basics, we encourage you to leave us your experiences with these antiviruses and recommendations in case we have left out one that you consider better. Thus, all users will be able to benefit from the knowledge of our xatakeros. Why use an antivirus on your computer Although current operating systems offer their own protection systems that serve to block most threats, cybercriminals are always one step ahead. It’s a constant grind, and by the time one threat is resolved, new ones are already being launched. Thus, new viruses, phishing and malware attacks, as well as zero-day exploits, appear every so often. Third-party antiviruses carry them companies specialized in cybersecurityand therefore its only job is to detect new threats and launch updates for its antivirus with which to protect you. Their reaction time for new threats is lower than that of the operating systems themselves, and that is why they are useful if you want the best security. This does not mean that the antivirus on your cell phone or computer is bad, but that it can be improved with the additional layer of security that these programs offer. The laboratories of antivirus companies are dedicated to monitoring the Internet in search of new threats, checking the data received from their users to detect them, and investigating them in their laboratories to obtain a solution as soon as possible. A modern antivirus not only detects and removes malware, but also protects you against fraudulent URLs, blocks exploits in real time, protects your browsing, monitors your email, and offers you tools against identity theft or malicious encryption of your computer in a Ransomware attack. Therefore, in summary, your operating system offers you basic protection for most threats, but if you want better protection you should use a specialized program. Whether you consider it necessary or not It depends on each of usthe data we keep on our computer and how much it can hurt us to lose it in the event that a virus attacks us. But the tools are there if you consider them necessary. Keys to choosing the best antivirus for your computer Choosing the best antivirus is not always easysometimes it will seem like everyone is offering you almost the same thing. Therefore, we are going to tell you several keys that you should look at when evaluating which one to bet on. royal protection: The most important thing about an antivirus is its ability to detect threats and block them in real time. For this, it is advisable to look at the results of independent laboratories that are responsible for measuring these parameters. Impact on performance: Some antiviruses are lightweight, but others can consume more resources and slow down your computer, especially if it is a few years old. Seek information about this before making a final decision. Extra features: There are antiviruses that offer extras in their prices such as a VPN, password managers, cloud copy systems, parental controls or identity protections. Consider whether these additional tools convince you or if you prefer something with less and a more affordable price. Pricing and renewal policy: Look closely at the price sections. Sometimes you will see additional prices the first year, but then the renewal increases considerably. Others will have more recurring offers, and others may seem more expensive but it will always be the same price. Consider the total price of the renovations and not just the promotions. Compatibility and support: Make sure you are going to pay for an antivirus that has applications for your desktop operating system but also for your mobile if you need it. Also offer customer service in your country. Ease of use: There will be some antivirus that are easier to use and simpler, and others that are more complex but perhaps also more configurable. Evaluate what you need. Reputation and transparency: Search the Internet for cases in which a brand or antivirus has failed, in order to check their reputation and transparency, ensuring that they have not had scandals or controversies over their privacy. The best antivirus for computer (paid) And then, we are going to go with the list of the best paid antivirus that you can install on your computer. For each of them we are going to give you a description with its main characteristics, as well as a link to its official website so you can download it. bitdefender One of the best security software you can find, specializing in dangers such as phishing or ransomware. It also offers an isolated browser for sensitive tasks such as managing your bank, protects you from tracking by ads, and has a password manager. It is available for Windows, Mac, Android and iOS. However, it is not completely perfect, as it does not have such good scores when it comes to blocking malware or defending against malicious web addresses. It offers a VPN, but using it will require a slightly more expensive subscription. Your individual plan has a price of 49.99 euros per yearand can be used on five devices with the same account. Ten euros more for a VPN. Kaspersky Kaspersky is one of the best antivirus on the market, and in all the tests carried out it usually has a score close to or … Read more

the alpha generation is here

Have you seen someone on social media shouting “six-seveeeeen” with their hands in the air and an inexplicable smile? Don’t worry: you’re not losing your mind or getting into the weird side of TikTok (well, maybe a little). It is the new meme that is sweeping the Alpha Generation, and it is repeated so many times that it seems like a collective invocation. Nobody knows what it means, and that’s the funny thing. But here we want to know its origin. If we follow the trail it takes us to December 2024, when the rapper Skrilla released the song “Doot Doot (6 7)”. According to The Wall Street Journalthe “6-7” of the track refers to Philadelphia’s 67th Street, where many of his friends grew up. But within weeks, the internet hijacked the number and stripped it of any context. The next protagonist was Taylen Kinney, a 17-year-old point guard in the Overtime Elite league. In a video with teammatesKinney rated a Starbucks drink by saying, “Like a six… six… six-seven,” while moving his hands as if weighing two options. That simple reaction —explains The New York Times— was uploaded to TikTok, and within a month it was a cultural symbol. Kinney gained over a million followers, launched his brand “Mr. 67” and up to a “6-7” canned water line. 12 years old. But the definitive explosion came with a 12-year-old boy, Maverick Trevillian, nicknamed “the 6-7 boy.” At a basketball tournament organized by content creators, he shouted the phrase with such enthusiasm that became an instant meme. “Kids say ‘6-7’ every second of every day,” admitted to The Washington Posta medium that interviewed him along with his parents. From there, the cry jumped from phones to real life: teachers suffer from it, parents prohibit it, and even South Park dedicated an episode to the phenomenon. And what does it mean? If you’re trying to look for a hidden meaning, stop doing it: there isn’t one. “6-7 is a joke without a punchline, a joke without logic”, explains CNN. It is the typical occurrence that spreads precisely because it makes no sense. “Nobody knows what it means and that’s the funny thing,” said an American professor to the same medium. For some, it is a kind of generational secret language. As linguist Gail Fairhurst points outusing the meme is a form of belonging: if you know when to say it, you are within the group; If not, you’re out. The absurd works as an emotional password. Euronews defines it forcefully: “It means nothing. Absolutely nothing.” Although some children use it to qualify things (“Taylor Swift’s new album is a 6-7“), the consensus is that its value is in its emptiness. It is, as Skrilla himself would say: “An energy without explanation.” And, of course, the adults are baffled. “Teachers avoid saying six or seven in class, it’s like throwing catnip at cats,” a Texan teacher joked in The Wall Street Journal. Alpha memes: the evolution of absurdity. Each generation had its way of confusing adults. Millennials invented digital sarcasm; Generation Z embraced the nihilistic irony of “Skibidi Toilet“. But Generation Alpha has gone further: its humor is defined by total incomprehensibility. The linguist Salvatore Attardo, quoted by The Washington Postmaintains that “the mechanisms of humor have not changed since Greece; what has changed is the format.” What were once comic novels are now ten-second videos or two shouted numbers. From Euronews They point out that this nonsense as a reaction to contemporary chaos: in an overwhelming world, shouting “6-7” is a form of joyful rebellion. There is no cynicism, no political message: just the joy of not having to explain anything. And, in a way, that fits with today’s digital zeitgeist. Memes have become “cultural glue” for a decade: from “Let’s calm down” to “Chill Guy”, each one reflects the psychology of its time. If the “Chill Guy” embodied zen calm In the face of burnout, “6-7” represents total surrender to fun chaos. Although it’s not the first time. In reality, shouting out random numbers has an illustrious history. The Washington Post compares “6-7” to the enigmatic “23 Skiddoo!”an expression that swept the United States between 1905 and 1906. Nobody knew what it meant, but everyone repeated it. More than a century later, the “Ok, Boomer” marked another generational boundary: a subtle (or not so subtle) way of saying “you wouldn’t understand.” The difference is that “6-7” doesn’t mean anything about anything. No criticism, no irony, no message. It is a shared void, a community joke. Generation Alpha didn’t invent the trend of adopting a random number as a motto. It only perfected the idea that meaninglessness can unite us. Adults react (and kill the meme). As always, the adults arrived late. Guardian I already warned: “As soon as the media talks about it, the meme is dead.” Some American schools have banned saying “6-7” in class. Other teachers, resigned, use it to neutralize it: “The best way to kill a meme is for adults to say it,” said a linguist. And while analysts classify it as an example of “brain rot”we can do another different reading. It is a linguistic game, a form of belonging as innocent as saying “ola k ase” more than ten years ago. In the words of comedian Josh Pray: “I’m trying to get our numbers back before I turn 67 and they yell at me in the street.” A legacy of meaninglessness. Perhaps in a few months “6-7” will disappear, replaced by another number (“41” and “93” are already circulating, according to Know Your Meme). But his brief reign says a lot about how younger people communicate: in fleeting, self-referential codes that are completely impenetrable to older people. Perhaps therein lies its hidden message: that there is no message. That the Alpha Generation, raised among algorithms and crises, reserves the right to play with language without looking for meaning. And that, in a world where everything is analyzed, explained and monetized, can be a … Read more

Although it may not seem like it, meritocracy does exist in Spain. At least among the millionaires

In Spain, the idea that millionaires are born rich by inheritance It is changing, or at least that is what the various data and analyzes say. Recent figures show that in Spain the number of millionaires has increased “self-made“, scratching space for those who They have inherited their fortune. However, as in so many aspects, the data can tell different realities. Millionaires in Spain according to UBS and Forbes. The report ‘Billionaire Ambitions Report 2024’ prepared by the Swiss bank UBS, reveals that 44% of billionaires in Spain have created their fortune from their own work or investments. However, this figure contrasts with the published data by Forbeswhich show that about 74% of the big millionaires in Spain are rich thanks to inheritances that they have received from their family, leaving only 26% of those who would have obtained it on their own merits. Rich or very very rich: that’s the difference. So, which data is correct, UBS or Forbes? The short answer is both, because the difference is in the type of millionaire analyzed and the sample size. Forbes focuses only on billionaires (with assets in the billions of euros), while UBS includes highest net worth millionairesbut not necessarily at the global peak. According to the study data According to Charles Schwab, it takes $2.3 million to be considered a rich person. But to be considered a UHNWI (Ultra High Net Worth Individuals) or people with a assets available to invest of more than 30 million dollars. Depending on where that threshold is placed, the percentages also change. Heirs and own fortune. If only those who have more than 30 million dollars to invest (the UHNWIs) are taken into account, the percentage of Spanish millionaires who have inherited their fortune drops to the 14% that UBS indicated. This percentage also coincides with that given by the study by Jonathan Wai and David Lincoln which examines the nature of fortunes around the world. According to the data from this study, in Spain 38.4% of millionaires have received an inheritance and have multiplied that money through investments or their own projects, creating a new fortune from a previous financial base, while 47.5% have managed to build their wealth without receiving a significant inheritance. These figures show that meritocracy among millionaires exists, but adds the nuance that, in many cases, this fortune is the result of a combination between inheritance and effort staff. Don’t call it meritocracy: call it environment. When creating a new fortune Not everything is reduced to inheriting money, but it also depends largely on the social environment and the opportunities offered by birth. in a wealthy family. Having access to contacts, preferred education, and financial support increases the chances of success, even for those considered “self-made.” According to a report According to the Social Observatory of the La Caixa Foundation, it takes four generations to rise from a situation of poverty to the middle class. The report ‘To Have and Have Not – How to Bridge the Gap in Opportunities’ prepared by the OECD, points out that the socioeconomic environment of parents contributes up to 75% to the definition of their children’s opportunities. That is to say, a young person born into a wealthy family has more opportunities and economic support to start projects—which may be a failure, but also a resounding success—that a young man with few resources. That family support must also be taken into consideration when labeling “self-made” fortunes. Although this does not detract from the merit. In Xataka | If the question is how much money do you need to be rich, generation Z is clear: more is needed every year Image | Unsplash (Shane)

Windows XP’s “FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8” was legendary. Windows 95 was even worse

Recently we knew the origin of the legendary Windows XP activation key. That famous set of digits (“FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8“) that many of us end up memorizing became a singular demonstration that attempts to protect software do not always go well. Microsoft knows a lot about this, because its first systems to protect its operating systems and applications were even worse. The rule of “Let it be divisible by 7”. Microsoft tried to protect illegal copies of Windows 95 with a system that varied depending on the type of license. That system, however, was really weak. One of the most common licenses was the “CD Key”, which asked us for a code made up of 10 characters and two segments: XXX: could be anything from 000 to 998, but with one curious exception: the three numbers could not be the same (111, 222, …). XXXXXXX: The second segment is where a simple algorithm came into action. For the number to be valid, it was enough that it was divisible by seven. Not only that: you could enter 0. Microsoft ended up prohibiting entering all zeros, but it didn’t matter: the rule of being divisible by 7 was still fulfilled. That made coming up with compliant combinations very easy. One of the most used CD Keys was 000-000007, but 111-1111111 was also widely used Office 97 used one more digit. Instead of 10 digits, Office used 11 in two segments. XXXX: could be anything from 0001 to 9991. There were no prohibited numbers but the fourth digit had to be the third + 1 or 2. If the result was greater than 9, it became 0 or 1. XXXXXX: the same requirement as the previous one, although at least in Office 97 it did not seem to be necessary for it to comply with being divisible by 7. Thus, two keys that could work were 0001-0000007 and 1112-1111111. Things got complicated (a little) with the OEM keys. If our computer arrived with Windows 95 preinstalled, it could be that instead of a CD Key what we had to enter was an OEM Key. These keys consisted of four segments: XXXXX: represented the date the key was printed. The first three digits could be anything between 001 and 366, and the last two were the year, which could range from 95 to 03. For example, a key with 19296 as the first segment means that it would have been printed on July 10, 1996. If you wanted maximum compatibility with Windows XP, it was ideal to use 02 as the last two digits. OEM: The second segment simply had those immutable letters. XXXXXXX: the third segment had to be divisible by 7, but with another small condition: the first digit had to always be zero. XXXXX: The last segment was completely random, and could be any number of the appropriate length. Thus, to comply with validity we had keys such as 00100-OEM-0000007-00000, but it was possible to use any other such as 06900-OEM-0694207-80085. How was all this revealed? You could figure out how Windows 95’s key system worked if you’d seen enough of them. However, what really allowed us to understand this entire algorithm was the leak of the Windows NT 4.0 code, which is in fact available at Archive.org. This allowed some users to reveal both on video as in detailed articles How was it possible to discover the “check_retail_key) function of Windows NT 4.0, which was part of the system’s setupx.dll file. In Xataka | Nostalgia does not disappear. So much so that there are people developing a new web browser for Windows XP

Justice has told them a couple of things

Convert a window into a door to have private access to the common patio, install the washing machine, place pots and a clothesline. This is how two owners acted of a building in Seville without having the authorization of the community of neighbors. The Provincial Court has confirmed that they must now reverse all the works and remove their belongings from the patio. Conflict. As you can read in the sentencethe lighthouse was a common space belonging to two buildings. One of them filed a lawsuit against these owners for opening a hole in the wall that faced the patio, allowing them to access directly from their home and use the area as if it were private, just as they explain from NewsWork. All of this without having requested or obtained the approval of the owners’ meeting. The defense. The reported neighbors alleged that there was discrimination, since another owner had maintained a similar door to the same patio for decades. They also argued that the neighbors at the time expressed indifference and that the lawsuit was motivated by poor personal relationships. However, none of these arguments succeeded. What the law says. The Provincial Court of Seville rejected the appeal and confirmed the First Instance ruling. Just like express From the middle, according to article 7.1 of the Horizontal Property Law, no owner can make alterations to common elements without express permission from the community. Opening a hole in the façade requires approval by board agreement, something that in this case was never requested. The problem of exclusive use. The court pointed out that he article 397 of the Civil Code establishes that no community member can use a common space in a way that excludes others or prevents their use. By installing a washing machine, pots, clothesline and other personal items, these owners were depriving the rest of the neighbors of shared use of the patio. Someone doing it is not enough. The fact that another neighbor has been granted that right does not automatically authorize the rest of the owners to do the same. The sentence discard the “comparative grievance” as a justification for repeating previous violations, especially when there is no community agreement to support it. In this way, the community would have acted within the legal framework. A recent use. The defendants were also unable to demonstrate that they had acquired rights through the passage of time. The acquisition of easements by prescription requires peaceful, public and continuous use for at least 20 years, according to the article 537 of the Civil Code. In this case, just as share the medium, the intervention was recent and without legitimation. Conviction. The two neighbors must close the door, replace the original window and remove all elements from the common patio: washing machine, flower pots, clothesline and any other object. In addition, they are obliged to repair the damage caused in the area and assume the full cost of the work to restore the previous state of the façade and the shared patio. Cover image | Javier Gomez In Xataka | The best horror movie of this winter has been released. And the protagonists are the owners of a home in Spain

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